The problem of the place of arguments in a person’s life. The problem of finding the meaning of life (Unified State Examination Arguments). The problem of treating people fairly

Antoine Marie Jean-Baptiste Roger de Saint-Exupéry(1900, Lyon, France - July 31, 1944) - famous French writer, poet and professional pilot.

A. de Saint-Exupéry “The Little Prince”. The Old Fox taught the Little Prince to comprehend the wisdom of human relationships. To understand a person, you need to learn to peer into him and forgive minor shortcomings. After all, the most important thing is always hidden inside, and you can’t see it right away.

This is the story of the accidental landing of the writer himself and his mechanic Prevost in the desert.
The symbol of life is water, it quenches the thirst of people lost in the sands, the source of everything that exists on earth, the food and flesh of everyone, the substance that makes rebirth possible.
The dehydrated desert is a symbol of a world devastated by war, chaos, destruction, human callousness, envy and selfishness. This is a world in which man dies of spiritual thirst.

A rose is a symbol of love, beauty, and femininity. The little prince did not immediately discern the true inner essence of beauty. But after a conversation with the Fox, the truth was revealed to him - beauty only becomes beautiful when it is filled with meaning and content.

“Loving does not mean looking at each other, it means looking in the same direction” - this thought determines the ideological concept of the fairy tale.

He examines the theme of Evil in two aspects: on the one hand, it is “micro-evil,” that is, evil within an individual person. This is the deadness and inner emptiness of the inhabitants of the planets, who personify all human vices. And it is no coincidence that the inhabitants of the planet Earth are characterized through the inhabitants of the planets seen by the Little Prince. By this, the author emphasizes how petty and dramatic the modern world is. He believes that humanity, like the Little Prince, will comprehend the mystery of existence, and each person will find his own guiding star, which will illuminate his path in life. The second aspect of the theme of evil can be conditionally called “macroevil”. Baobabs are a spiritualized image of evil in general. One interpretation of this metaphorical image is associated with fascism. Saint-Exupéry wanted people to carefully uproot the evil “baobab trees” that threatened to tear the planet apart. “Beware of the baobabs!” - the writer conjures.

Saint-Exupéry encourages us to treat everything beautiful as carefully as possible and try not to lose the beauty within ourselves on the difficult path of life - the beauty of the soul and heart.
The Little Prince learns the most important thing about beauty from the Fox. Outwardly beautiful, but empty inside, roses do not evoke any feelings in a child-contemplator. They are dead to him. The main character discovers the truth for himself, the author and the readers - only that which is filled with content and deep meaning is beautiful.

Misunderstanding and alienation of people is another important philosophical topic. The deadness of the human soul leads to loneliness. A person judges others only by their “outer shell”, without seeing the main thing in a person - his inner moral beauty: “When you tell adults: “I saw a beautiful house made of pink brick, there are geraniums in the windows, and pigeons on the roof,” they do not can't imagine this house. They must be told: “I saw a house for a hundred thousand francs,” and then they exclaim: “What a beauty!”
People must take care of the purity and beauty of their planet, together protect and decorate it, and prevent all living things from perishing. So, gradually, unobtrusively, another important theme arises in the fairy tale - environmental, which is very relevant for our time. The Little Prince's journey from star to star brings us closer to today's vision of cosmic distances, where the Earth, due to the carelessness of people, can disappear almost unnoticed.
Love And the Fox reveals one more secret to the baby: “Only the heart is vigilant. You can’t see the most important thing with your eyes... Your Rose is so dear to you because you gave her your whole soul... People have forgotten this truth, but don’t forget: you are forever responsible for everyone you have tamed.” To tame means to bind oneself to another creature with tenderness, love, and a sense of responsibility. To tame means to destroy facelessness and indifference towards all living things. To tame means to make the world significant and generous, because everything in it reminds of a beloved creature. The narrator comprehends this truth, and the stars come to life for him, and he hears the ringing of silver bells in the sky, reminiscent of the laughter of the Little Prince. The theme of “expansion of the soul” through love runs through the entire tale.

Only friendship can melt the ice of loneliness and alienation, since it is based on mutual understanding, mutual trust and mutual assistance.
“It's sad when friends are forgotten. Not everyone has a friend,” says the hero of the fairy tale. At the beginning of the fairy tale, the Little Prince leaves his only Rose, then he leaves his new friend Fox on Earth. “There is no perfection in the world,” the Fox will say. But there is harmony, there is humanity, there is a person’s responsibility for the work entrusted to him, for the person close to him, there is also responsibility for his planet, for everything that happens on it.
Exupery wants to say that each person has his own planet, his own island and his own guiding star, which a person should not forget about. “I would like to know why the stars glow,” said the Little Prince thoughtfully. “Probably so that sooner or later everyone can find theirs again.”

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy ---1828 --- 1910 Novel "War and Peace"

Pierre (Tolstoy's "V. and the World") was helped to survive in captivity by the wisdom of Platon Karataev, who taught him to live simply and appreciate what you have: the sun is shining, the rain is falling - all is good. There is no need to rush, rush around in search of happiness - live and rejoice, be happy that you live. He found a common language with everyone, even the French.

Using the example of Pierre Bezukhov and Platon Karataev L. N. Tolstoy showed two completely different types of Russian characters, two different social heroes.
The first of them is the count, who was captured by the French as an “arsonist” and, miraculously, escaped execution. The second is a simple, experienced, patient soldier. Nevertheless, the soldier Platon Karataev managed to play an extremely important role in the life of Pierre Bezukhov.
After the execution of the “arsonists,” of which Pierre became an eyewitness, “it was as if the spring on which everything was held was pulled out in his soul, and everything fell into a heap of meaningless rubbish. Faith in the improvement of the world, and in the human soul, and in God."
A meeting in a booth with Platon Karataev helped Pierre’s spiritual revival: “He felt that the previously destroyed world was now being erected in his soul with new beauty, on some new and unshakable foundations.” Karataev made a huge impression on Pierre with his behavior, common sense, expediency of actions, and ability to “do everything not very well, but not badly either.” For Pierre, he became “an incomprehensible, round and eternal personification of the spirit of simplicity and truth.”
Bezukhov, having endured severe suffering and fear of death, finds himself in another world. He sees how Karataev carefully arranged all his “household” in the corner, how a little dog ran up to him and began to caress him. The soldier started talking about something very simple, began muttering prayers. All these everyday words and actions in those conditions seemed to Pierre a miracle, a great discovery of the truth of life. Pierre felt the new beauty of the recently destroyed world, received “peace and contentment with himself”: “And he, without thinking about it, received this peace and this agreement with himself only through the horror of death, through deprivation and through what he understood in Karataev."
Karataev feels like a part of the people: ordinary soldiers, the peasantry. His wisdom is contained in numerous proverbs and sayings, each of which reveals an episode of Plato’s life. For example, “where there is justice, there is untruth.” He suffered from an unfair trial and was forced to serve in the army. However, Plato takes any twists of fate calmly; he is ready to sacrifice himself for the well-being of his family. Karataev loves every person, every living creature: he is affectionate with an ordinary stray dog, helps other prisoners, sews shirts for the French and sincerely admires his work.
Platon Karataev becomes for Pierre an example of the perception of another world, where simplicity and truth, love for humanity reign.
The relationship between Platon Karataev and Pierre Bezukhov developed very briefly in the novel. Due to the worsening illness, Karataev was shot by the French.
The soldier passed away unnoticed, and Pierre took Karataev’s death calmly, as a matter of course.
Plato appeared next to Pierre, like a savior, at the most difficult moment of his life and left casually. But, despite this, his personality is so extraordinary and his influence on Pierre’s fate is so great that Karataev cannot simply be counted among the episodic heroes of the novel.
It was not for nothing that years later Pierre often remembered him, thought about what Plato would say about this or that event, “would he approve or not approve.” The meeting of these two heroes largely determined the future fate of Count Pierre Bezukhov and showed the greatest wisdom of the Russian people, embodied in the guise of the soldier Platon Karataev

Unified State Examination essay:

Meaning of life. Each of us at least once thought about why he was born. And if for some the goal is hoarding, then others will devote themselves to serving the weaker, the unfortunate, those in need of help. In both cases, the well-being and fate of those around us may depend on our choice. The problem of finding the meaning of life, which is so important for modern society, is posed by the author of the text offered to me - the famous religious philosopher A.I. Ilyin.

Analyzing this problem, the author tells a fairy tale-parable about an eccentric who was very rich and had everything “that a person could only wish for.” We learn that, despite this, the hero felt: the most important thing in his life was missing. It is no coincidence that the writer focuses the reader’s attention on the “sorrowful burden”, the hero’s misfortune: the author needs to show how similar an eccentric from a fairy tale is to a person living in the modern world. An important place in the text is occupied by a kind of forecast: from the author’s point of view, no matter what “new and new tools, means and opportunities” are put at a person’s disposal, without a specific goal in life, it “will be missing the main thing.” The writer analyzes the natural scientific and technical inventions of the last century and says that it is “a dormant fiery mountain, unpredictable and capricious.” The final part is an appeal to contemporaries with a warning about the troubles that will happen if a person “does not go in search of the meaning of life.”

The author’s position is beyond doubt: A.I. Ilyin is convinced that every person needs to find his own meaning in life, because “life without meaning... becomes more dangerous than ever.” Only in this case, as the author believes, “the possibilities of creation” will not become “means of universal destruction.”

Of course, I agree with the philosopher’s opinion: a person who has not found the meaning of life turns it into existence. In addition, I am sure that when defining priorities for ourselves, each of us must understand: the well-being and fate of the people around us may depend on the goals we set.
To prove this, let us turn to the work of F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”. Before us is a hero whose meaning in life is to be the one who is “allowed to step over the blood.” For this purpose, he kills the old pawnbroker and her sister Lizaveta, destroys a living soul for the sake of his idea, turns away from close people, and causes serious concern for his mother, sister, Sonya Marmeladova, and Razumikhin. Raskolnikov's story helps to understand that the priorities set by the main character influenced both Raskolnikov himself and the destinies of the people around him.

In order to understand how important it is to determine the meaning of life, let us turn to the work of B. Vasiliev “My horses are flying...”. The author talks about a hero who influenced the fate of not just one person, but an entire city. Dr. Jansen, a doctor in the poorest district of Smolensk, was respected for his life filled with the meaning of serving people. He considered his calling to be dedication to his work, the ability to sacrifice time for the sake of patients. Dr. Jansen's story is confirmation that each of us, when determining the main values ​​of our lives, is obliged to think not only about ourselves.

Text-parable by I.A. Ilyin, works by F.M. Dostoevsky and B. Vasiliev allowed me to rethink my attitude to the problem of the meaning of life. I thought about the fact that in the twenty-first century a person must feel “where” he is going, “why” he has been given enormous opportunities, “how” he must use, apply all this so that the path of life does not turn into a “path of ruins.”

Text by I.A. Ilyina:

(1) In a certain city there lived an eccentric... (2) He was very rich and had all the things that a person could only wish for. (3) His house was decorated with marble staircases, Persian carpets and gilded furniture. (4) In the garden surrounding this luxurious palace, flowers were fragrant, cool fountains were flowing, and overseas birds delighted the ears with their whimsical singing.
(5) However, despite his outward well-being, our eccentric felt that he was missing something most important, which he could not even name. (6) A decisive and courageous man, he could do so much, he dared almost everything, but he did not know what he could strive for, and life seemed meaningless and dead to him. (7) Nothing made him happy, and wealth, increasing more and more, gradually became a sad burden for him.
(8) Then he went to an old woman who was nurturing her ancient wisdom in the cave of a slumbering fiery mountain. (9) The eccentric told her about his misfortune, and the old woman answered him: (10) “Go to the big world to find what was missing. (11) Your misfortune is great: you lack the main thing, and until you find it, life will be misfortune and torture for you.”
(12) This fairy tale always comes to my mind when I think about the modern world and its spiritual crisis. (13) How rich humanity is in goods of a lower order! (14) And everything will become richer. (15) Space will be conquered, mysterious forms of matter will be discovered and mastered. (16) More and more new tools, means and opportunities will be placed at a person’s disposal, but the main thing is missing.
(17) The “how” of earthly life develops non-stop, but the “why” is imperceptibly lost. (18) It is as if a person who suffers from absent-mindedness plays chess and has developed for himself a far-sighted, complex plan, the implementation of which is already half completed, and suddenly he forgets his plan. (19) “Wonderful! (20) But why did I do all this? (21) What did I actually want with this?!” (22) Let's remember the natural science and technical inventions of the last century. (23) Electricity, dynamite, bacterial cultures, reinforced concrete, airplane, radio, atomic splitting. (24) This is enough and super-sufficient to create something great. (25) Reaching such a transcendental level, on such paths presupposes the presence of a comprehensive, inspired, far-sighted, purposeful consciousness, the development of art, which carries enormous spiritual and educational power. (26) Life without meaning under such conditions becomes more dangerous than ever. (27) Possibilities for creation can become means of universal destruction. (28) After all, in themselves they are neither good nor bad, they are only a powerful, uncertain “possibility”, a dormant fiery mountain, unpredictable and capricious in everything.
(29) Modern humanity must at least intuitively feel “where” it is going, “why” it has been given these opportunities, “how” it must be used, applied, so that the creative path of knowledge does not turn into a path of ruins. (30) What will happen if a bunch of spiritually rootless and morally unbridled “conquerors of the world” start tinkering with the tools of modern chemistry, technology and science? (31) The misfortune of modern man is great, because he lacks the main thing - the meaning of life. (32) He must go in search. (33) And until he finds the main thing, troubles and dangers will lurk more and more often. (34) Despite all the power of his mind and the breadth of his capabilities.

(According to I.A. Ilyin*)

Text from the Unified State Examination

(1) The writer lives for them, his readers and viewers. (2) In novels, stories, stories, the author certainly - sometimes even involuntarily - shares his life experience, his thoughts, suffering and hopes.

(3) Later, letters can convey to the author the opinion of those for whose sake all his incessant thoughts, turmoil, his defenseless frankness, his work. (4) One of the readers in his letter recalls how once in the House of Writers he heard from me the lines of a poem, the author of which I cannot now name with certainty:

(5) And people are looking for happiness, As if Happiness, Happiness exists...

(6) Many, many questions from readers can be reduced to this common semantic denominator: what is the concept of “happiness” in reality? (7) They are also interested in whether I have ever been absolutely happy. (8) I answer immediately and without hesitation: “absolutely” I have never been. (9) As Arkady Isaakovich Raikin said, the most meaningless question is: “Are you okay?” (10) Does anyone ever have everything go well?!

(11) And if suddenly it were... (12) To feel such boundless, thoughtless and careless happiness is, in my opinion, immoral and sinful. (13) After all, even if everything seems to have turned out well for you, someone at the same time is experiencing mental and physical torment...

(14) The classics of Russian literature penetrated the depths of universal human situations, universal human conflicts and psychological cataclysms. (15) They comprehended the incomprehensible complexities of existence. (16) What do they think about the happiness so desired for everyone? (17) Pushkin, as you know, wrote: “There is no happiness in the world, but there is peace and will.” (18) By will he meant freedom. (19) Lermontov was looking for “freedom and peace” - and this was perhaps his most secret aspiration. (20) Lermontov was looking for “peace,” but in reality he was likened to that sail that “is looking for storms, as if there is peace in storms!” (21) “We only dream of peace...” - Alexander Blok stated sadly many years later. (22) Perhaps in the second half of the twentieth century people no longer dream of peace. (23) But we still crave peace of mind, in which only creative rest and beneficial rest are possible in any other activity necessary for people. (24) Worldly prosperity did not often visit the immortals. (25) It is generally accepted to consider Goethe the darling of fate. (26) But Irakli Andronikov showed me Goethe’s letter, in which the “darling” said that if there had been at least one completely happy month in his life, he would have considered his whole life happy. (27) So much for “absolutely”!

(28) On the monument to Father Lermontov in Tarkhany we read:

(29) You gave me life, but you didn’t give me happiness.

(30) You yourself were persecuted in the world, you have only experienced evil in life...

(31) It was hard for the immortals. (32) “In life I have only experienced evil...” ... (33) This also applied to the poet himself. (34) But how much wisdom and light did he give to people?!

(According to A. Aleksin)

Introduction

Happiness is a relative concept that has become the main goal of human existence. No matter how different people may be, everyone strives for happiness: the poor, the rich, the simple worker, and the highly educated professor. Old and young, sick and healthy, smart and stupid... And everyone has their own happiness.

Text problem

What is absolute happiness? What is it like? Is happiness the meaning of human life? A. Aleksin reflects on this in his text.

A comment

The author says that writers and poets, through their works, share with the reader thoughts, doubts, and emotional experiences. People often ask creative individuals what happiness is, apparently relying on their life experience and ability to see the inner world.

Aleksin is sure that it is impossible to be absolutely happy, that everything can never be fine. Even if we assume that absolute boundless happiness has arrived, how can one feel careless given the suffering and torment of those around them?

The classics of Russian and world literature had their own idea of ​​happiness - for the majority it was peace and freedom. Although few, or rather, none of them had to experience happiness in real life. Pushkin, Lermontov, Blok - they all suffered, and from their suffering magnificent poems were born, filled with the deepest meaning.

Author's position

According to A. Aleksin, the main goal for an artist, a creative person, is not only to find happiness, but also to help readers better understand their place in life. This is the meaning of the difficult life of poets, writers, musicians, and artists.

Your position

I think that bringing light and a better understanding of life is the destiny not only of creative individuals, but of each of us. Awareness of the positive results of one’s actions, efforts, and labors is happiness. Perhaps this is the meaning of our short life - to give birth to another person and help people feel the value of their existence. In other words, true happiness lies in self-realization, in the struggle for the well-being of the world around us.

Argument No. 1

Many works have been written about happiness. One of the most famous was the poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” The heroes of the poem, seven men from surrounding villages, go in search of a happy man in Russia.

On the way they meet various heroes: a priest, a landowner, wealthy Russian men who live by honor and justice. None of them found happiness in life, each had their own difficulties.

Russian peasant women are not happy either. Matryona Timofeevna is considered lucky by the people, although she works for seven, and in her youth she lost her first-born son.

Unfortunately, Nekrasov did not finish the work. From his draft notes it becomes clear that the main “lucky” person of the poem is Grisha Dobrosklonov, a man who lives for the good of his people.

Argument No. 2

Another understanding of happiness is presented by L.N. Tolstoy in the epilogue to the novel “War and Peace”. All their lives, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov were in search of answers to eternal questions: what do we live for? how should one live? is there happiness? what does it consist of?

The moral quest of one ended in death - Prince Andrei died during the War of 1812. And the other found simple human happiness - Pierre married Natasha Rostova, they gave birth to three children, formed a strong family, for the sake of which they built their future lives, without fear of problems and difficulties.

Natasha Rostova, a flighty girl in her youth, turned out to be a faithful wife and a wonderful mother, putting her personal ambitions on the altar of the needs of her husband’s life.

Family is a person’s true pleasure, his meaning of life, his happiness.

Conclusion

Everyone is happy in their own way, everyone has their own ideas about happiness. It is not easy to achieve, for the sake of happiness you need to sacrifice a lot, then a person’s life will become filled with meaning.

God created man in his own image. But the most important thing that he gave to his creation was the ability to think, reflect and make choices. Sometimes we face very complex problems that seem quite difficult to solve on our own. In this case, the heroes of literary works come to the rescue, offering their weighty arguments. The problem of choice is the main topic of Unified State Exam essays, so the younger generation needs to properly prepare for the decisive stage in their lives.

Problems of choice in human life

Think about it, how often in a day do you have to solve questions to which there are two or even more answers? First you think about what to eat for breakfast, then how to dress for school and which way to go there. After classes, you usually wonder whether to do your homework now, or after the party? Should I go for a walk with Masha or Kolya today? All these issues are just minor daily problems that you can surely handle easily.

But in life there are more serious choices. Sooner or later, you will have to think about where to go to study, where to work, how to determine your path in life. We need to think about this now, on the threshold of adulthood. This is why teachers ask students to read works at school, analyze them and draw conclusions. So that in the future it will be easier for you, based on the experience of others. We invite you to consider the problem of life choice found in literature. We present the arguments as examples.

Social problems

What difficulties might a young person have with society? Teenagers, as you know, are very emotional and emotionally unstable people. During puberty, they have completely unusual thoughts, and sometimes it seems to them that the whole world is against them. But survival in society is the key to a happy adult life. And you need to learn this as early as possible. The table on the left side presents the selection problem, arguments from the literature on the right.

School relationship problems

Such difficulties also occur quite often. Moreover, understanding them, let alone solving them, can be very difficult for a teenager. Parents, as a rule, cannot or do not want to interfere with the relationship between teachers and students. Let's consider what the literature has to say about this.

Family problems

Where would we be without them? Family problems always arise at any age. We can hurt the person closest to us, and not even think about his feelings. He will still forgive. And sometimes we hurt our own parents the most. It is very difficult to protect yourself from mistakes. But you can read what the problem of choice is. Arguments from the literature will help with this.

The problem of choosing a life path. Arguments from literature

Even an adult sometimes feels like his life has failed. The work is not to your liking, the profession does not bring the desired profit, there is no love, nothing around promises happiness. Now, if I had then, ten years ago, gone to study there, or married so-and-so, then my life would have turned out completely differently, perhaps happier. A person creates his own destiny and everything depends on this choice. The biggest difficulty is that the literature will help to understand this extremely complex issue.

Probably the best example for the younger generation is Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”. The theme of the entire work is choosing your place in life. Based on the destinies of several people, the author tells what can happen if you are weak-willed, or, conversely, strong-willed and stubborn. Ilya Oblomov, as the main character, carries negative traits - inability to work, laziness and stubbornness. As a result, he turns into a kind of shadow, without purpose and happiness.

Another example of how inheritance, and not one’s own choice, influence a person’s life is “Eugene Onegin” by A. S. Pushkin. It would seem, what else does a young nobleman need? Carefree life, balls, love. There is no need to think about how to work, where to get money for food. But Onegin is not satisfied with such a life. He protests against established social life, against the moral standards of his time, for which many consider him an eccentric. Onegin's main task is to find new values, the meaning of his life.

What to do with the profession

Another insoluble problem of the younger generation is the problem of choosing a profession. Parents can give completely different arguments when offering their child the best activity in life, in their opinion. Now this situation is not uncommon. Moms and dads force them to go to study where their child does not want to go. They argue their position in different ways: being a doctor is profitable, being a financier is prestigious, being a programmer is in demand, but a poor teenager just wants to become a machinist.

This happened with the main character of Mikhail Weller’s work “I Want to Be a Janitor.” The main character had a problem choosing a profession. His parents gave him arguments in favor of who he should become. They advised me to look at others who successfully defend their candidate's theses and perform at concerts after the conservatory. But the hero did not want to exchange his freedom for sitting in his pants in classrooms and studying books. He was attracted by his childhood dream of becoming a janitor, which is what he aspired to.

An example of the fact that it is not enough to choose a good profession to your liking, but you also need to develop your skills, is given by A.P. Chekhov in the story “Ionych”. Especially if you are a doctor. This was the case with the main character Ionych. He worked conscientiously, helping people until he became obsolete. He did not follow new developments in pharmacology and was not interested in new methods of treatment. He risked losing his well-being. Moral of the piece: choosing the right profession is only half the success; you need to improve your skills and talent.

Problem Arguments

All our actions are influenced by the world around us. Before taking this or that step, we will definitely think about whether it contradicts the norms of social relations, conscience, morality, etc. This is all a problem of moral choice. The arguments here are simple. A wise man once said that there is never a right decision. Because for you it will be true, but for others it will be false. Let's see what literature teaches us.

Personal problems

The most painful topic for teenagers is love. At the same time, it is the most interesting thing to write about. And how many examples can you give! Love and romantic relationships are another issue of choice. The essay is forced to be written based on one’s own thoughts, which are sometimes confused and mixed up. Let's consider what arguments can be given in this context.

I immediately want to remember the tragic love of Romeo and Juliet in Shakespeare's play. Misunderstanding on the part of relatives and enmity between clans lead to tragic consequences, although the young people were sincerely in love and experienced only the most tender and virginal feelings for each other.

An excellent example of a real romantic relationship in Kuprin’s story “The Garnet Bracelet”. After reading this work, I want to believe that love is the best feeling that has ever arisen in a person. “Garnet Bracelet” is an ode to the young, a hymn to happiness and prose of innocence.

Love is sometimes destructive. There are arguments for this in the literature. The problem of choice appeared before Anna Karenina in the novel of the same name by L.N. Tolstoy. The feelings that arose for the young officer Volkonsky became destructive for her. For the sake of new happiness, a woman abandoned her devoted husband and beloved son. She sacrificed her status, reputation, position in society. And what did you get for it? Love and happiness or sadness and disappointment?

Problems of ecology, relationships with nature

The problem of choice in life is different. A variety of arguments were given. It's time to talk about the environment in which we live. Recently, humanity has seriously thought about the fact that man, in fact, treats his home, Mother Earth, very disdainfully. And all actions aimed at preserving the health of the planet do not bring significant results. The ozone layer is being destroyed, the air is being polluted, there is practically no clean fresh water left in the world...

Do you allow yourself to leave garbage behind after a vacation in the forest? Do you burn plastic and put out the flames before leaving? The authors wrote a lot about relationships with nature. Let's consider what can be useful for the Unified State Exam.

Let's start with the dystopian novel “We” by E. Zamyatin. We are talking about the inhabitants of a certain Unified State who have become numbers, and their entire existence is possible only within the framework of the Tablet of Hours. They have no trees and rivers, because the whole world is built from human buildings and devices. They are surrounded by perfectly even proportions of glass houses. And relationships and love are allowed if there is a pink card. Such a world was depicted by Zamyatin specifically to show that a person will turn into a programmed robot without nature, real feelings and the beauty of the world around him.

The struggle between nature and man takes place in E. Hemingway’s work “The Old Man and the Sea.” This shows the real problem of human choice. The arguments are flawless. If you want to live, hold on. This applies to both a weak old man and a strong shark caught on a hook. The fight for life goes to the death. Who will win and who will give up? A short story that makes you think deeply about the meaning and price of life.

The problem of patriotism

Excellent arguments about love for the Motherland can be found in many. It is in these difficult times that the sincerity of feelings truly manifests itself.

An example of ideology about false and true patriotism can be considered L. N. Tolstoy’s epic novel “War and Peace.” There are many scenes in the books dedicated to this. It is worth remembering Natasha Rostova, who persuaded her mother to sacrifice carts for the wounded at Borodino. At the same time, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky himself is mortally wounded in a decisive battle.

But the greatest love for the Motherland is among ordinary soldiers. They do not make loud speeches, do not praise the king, but are simply ready to die for their region, for their country. The author directly says that Napoleon was defeated in that war only due to the unity of the entire Russian people. The French commander in other countries faced exclusively the army, but in Russia he was opposed by ordinary people of different classes and ranks. At Borodino, Napoleon's army suffered a moral defeat, and the Russian army won thanks to its powerful fortitude and patriotism.

Conclusion

How to pass the exam perfectly is the main problem of choice. We tried to present arguments (Unified State Examination) that are most often found in essay topics. All that remains is to choose what you need.

The problem of finding the meaning of life, the path of life. The problem of understanding (loss, gain) of the purpose of life. The problem of a false goal in life. (What is the meaning of human life?)

Abstracts

The meaning of human life lies in self-realization.

A high goal, service to ideals allows a person to reveal the powers inherent in him.

Serving the cause of life is the main goal of man.

The meaning of human life is in the knowledge of truth, faith, happiness...

A person cognizes the world around him for self-knowledge, for the knowledge of eternal truths.

Quotes

Need to live! At the last line! On the last line... (R. Rozhdestvensky).

“To live honestly, you have to struggle, get confused, struggle, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again, and quit again, and always struggle and lose. And calmness is spiritual meanness” (L. Tolstoy).

- “The meaning of life is not to satisfy your desires, but to have them” (M. Zoshchenko).

- “You must love life more than the meaning of life” (F.M. Dostoevsky).

- “Life, why were you given to me?” (A. Pushkin).

- “Without passions and contradictions there is no life” (V.G. Belinsky).

- “Life is boring without a moral goal” (F.M. Dostoevsky).

Literary arguments

In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" reveals the theme of the search for the meaning of life. In order to understand its interpretation, it is necessary to analyze the search paths of Pierre Bezukhov and Andrei Bolkonsky. Let's remember the happy moments in the life of Prince Andrei: Austerlitz, Prince Andrei's meeting with Pierre in Bogucharovo, the first meeting with Natasha... The goal of this path is to find the meaning of life, to understand oneself, one's true calling and place on earth. Prince Andrei and Pierre Bezukhov are happy when they come to the idea that their lives should not be for them alone, that they must live in such a way that all people do not live independently of their lives, so that their lives are reflected on everyone and so that they all live together .

And A. Goncharov. "Oblomov." A good, kind, talented person, Ilya Oblomov, was unable to overcome himself and did not reveal his best traits. The absence of a high goal in life leads to moral death. Even love could not save Oblomov.

M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths” showed the drama of “former people” who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.

“A person needs not three arshins of land, not an estate, but the entire globe. All of nature, where in the open space he could demonstrate all the properties of a free spirit,” wrote A.P. Chekhov. Life without a goal is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story “Gooseberry”. Its hero, Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Himalayan, dreams of purchasing his own estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. In the end, he reaches her, but at the same time almost loses his human appearance (“he’s put on weight, he’s flabby... - just behold, he’ll grunt into the blanket”). A false goal, an obsession with the material, narrow, and limited, disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life...

I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco” showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.

Many heroes of Russian literature are looking for an answer to the question about the meaning of human life, about the role of man in history, about their place in life, they constantly doubt and reflect. Similar thoughts worry both Pushkin’s Onegin and the main character of the novel M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time” Pechorin: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?..” The tragedy of their fate is clearly understood “between the depth of nature and the pitifulness of actions” (V.G. Belinsky).

Evgeny Bazarov (I.S. Turgenev. “Fathers and Sons”) goes further than his literary predecessors: he defends his beliefs. Raskolnikov even commits a crime to prove the correctness of his theory.

There is something similar in the hero of M. Sholokhov’s novel “Quiet Don”. Grigory Melekhov, in search of truth, is capable of internal changes. He is not satisfied with “simple answers” ​​to the complex questions of time. All these heroes, of course, are different, but they are close in their restlessness, desire to understand life and determine their place in it.

A. Platonov’s story “The Pit” touches on the problem of finding the meaning of life. The writer created a grotesque that testifies to the mass psychosis of universal obedience that has taken over the country! The main character Voshchev is the exponent of the author's position. Among the communist leaders and the dead masses, he doubted the human correctness of what was happening around him. Voshchev did not find the truth. Looking at the dying Nastya, he thinks: “Why now do we need the meaning of life and the truth of universal origin, if there is no little faithful person in whom the truth would be joy and movement?” Platonov wants to find out what exactly motivated the people who continued to dig the hole with such diligence!

A.P. Chekhov. The story “Ionych” (Dmitry Ionych Startsev)

M. Gorky. Stories “The Old Woman Izergil” (The Legend of Danko).

I. Bunin “Mr. from San Francisco.”

Possible introduction/conclusion

At a certain point in life, a person certainly thinks about who he is and why he came into this world. And everyone answers these questions differently. For some, life is a carefree movement with the flow, but there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth in search of the meaning of life.

Life is a movement along an endless road. Some travel along it “on official business”, asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others are frightened by this road, running to their wide sofa, because “life touches you everywhere, it gets you” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual self. One of them is Pierre Bezukhov, the hero of the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".

The problem of freedom of moral choice. The problem of choosing a life path. The problem of moral self-improvement. The problem of internal freedom (non-freedom). The problem of individual freedom and human responsibility to society.

Abstracts

It depends on each person what the world will be like: light or dark, good or evil.

Everything in the world is connected by invisible threads, and a careless act or an unexpected word can result in the most unpredictable consequences.

Remember your High human responsibility!

A person cannot be deprived of his freedom.

You can't force someone to be happy.

Freedom is a conscious necessity.

We are responsible for other people's lives.

Save while you can, and shine while you live!

A person comes into this world not to say what it is like, but to make it better.

Quotes

Everyone chooses a Woman, a religion, a path for themselves. To serve the devil or the prophet

Everyone chooses for themselves. (Yu. Levitansky)

Above this dark crowd of the Unawakened people, Will you ever rise, O Freedom, Will your golden ray shine?.. (F.I. Tyutchev)

- “Effort is a necessary condition for moral improvement” (L.N. Tolstoy).

- “You can’t even fall freely, because we are not falling in emptiness” (V.S. Vysotsky).

- “Freedom is that everyone can increase their share of love, and therefore good” (L.N. Tolstoy).

- “Freedom is not in not restraining oneself, but in being in control of oneself” (F. M. Dostoevsky).

- “Freedom of choice does not guarantee freedom of acquisition” (J. Wolfram).

- “Freedom is when no one and nothing prevents you from living honestly” (S. Yankovsky).

- “To live honestly, you have to rush, get confused, fight, make mistakes...” (L.N. Tolstoy).