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Born on January 29, 1890 in Moscow in the family of the famous artist L.O. Pasternak. The Pasternak family maintained friendships with famous artists (I. Levitan, V. Polenov, M. Nesterov, S. Ivanov, N. Ge), musicians and writers visited the house, including L.N. Tolstoy.
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At the age of 13, under the influence of composer A.N. Scriabin, Pasternak became interested in music, which he studied for six years (two piano sonatas he wrote have survived). Scriabin – music teacher of B. Pasternak
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I grew up. I, like Ganymede, was carried by bad weather, carried by dreams. Troubles grew like wings and separated from the earth. I grew up. And the veil of the woven Compline enveloped me. Let's say goodbye with wine in glasses, the sad play of glass, I grew up, and now the heat of my forearms chills the embrace of an eagle. The days are far away when, as a forerunner, Love, you floated above me. But aren't we in the same sky? That’s the beauty of heights, that, like a swan that has buried itself, you too are shoulder to shoulder with the eagle.
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In 1903, he broke his leg in a fall from a horse and, due to improper healing (the slight lameness that Pasternak hid remained for the rest of his life), was exempted from military service. Subsequently, the poet paid special attention to this episode as one that awakened his creative powers (it occurred on August 6 (19), on the day of the Transfiguration - cf. the later poem “August”). In 1905, he fell under Cossack whips - an episode included in Pasternak’s books. Pasternak graduated from high school with a gold medal and all the highest grades, except for the Law of God, from which he was exempt. After a number of hesitations, he abandoned his career as a professional musician and composer.
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In 1908 he entered the Faculty of Law, but then moved to the philosophy department of the historical and philological faculty of Moscow University, then, in the summer of 1912, he studied philosophy at the University of Marburg in Germany. At the same time he proposed to Ida Vysotskaya, but was refused, as described in the poem “Marburg”. In 1912, he visited Venice with his parents and sisters, which was reflected in his poems of that time. I saw my cousin Olga Freidenberg in Germany. He had many years of friendship and correspondence with her.
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After his trip to Marburg, Pasternak also abandoned the idea of further concentrating on philosophical studies. At the same time, he began to enter the circles of Moscow writers. Since 1914, Pasternak joined the community of futurists “Centrifuge.” In the same year, he became closely acquainted with another futurist, Vladimir Mayakovsky, whose personality and work had a certain influence on him. Later, in the 1920s, Pasternak maintained connections with Mayakovsky’s Lef group, but in general after the revolution he took an independent position, not joining any associations.
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Pasternak began publishing in 1913 (collective collection of the Lyrics group), and in 1914 he published the collection “Twin in the Clouds,” in which he showed himself as a distinctive and original poet. However, Pasternak himself considered this collection “immature.” Nevertheless, it was after “Twin in the Clouds” that Pasternak began to recognize himself as a professional writer.
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In 1916, the collection “Over Barriers” was published. Fearing possible conscription into the army, Pasternak spent the winter of 1916 in the Urals, near the city of Aleksandrovsky, Perm province. It is widely believed that the prototype of the city of Yuryatin from Doctor Zhivago is the city of Perm.
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Pasternak’s parents and his sisters left Soviet Russia in 1921 at the personal request of A.V. Lunacharsky and settled in Berlin. Pasternak began active correspondence with them and Russian emigration circles in general, in particular with Marina Tsvetaeva. In 1922, Pasternak married the artist Evgenia Lurie, with whom he spent the second half of the year and the entire winter of 1922-23 visiting his parents in Berlin. In the same 1922, the poet’s program book “My Sister is Life” was published, most of the poems of which were written in the summer of 1917. The following year, 1923, a son, Evgeniy, was born into the Pasternak family.
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In the 1920s, the collection “Themes and Variations” (1923), the novel in verse “Spektorsky” (1925), the cycle “High Disease”, the poems “Nine Hundred and Fifth” and “Lieutenant Schmidt” were also created. In 1928, Pasternak turned to prose. By 1930, he completed his autobiographical notes, “Safety Certificate,” which outlines his fundamental views on art and creativity. Drawing by V. Mayakovsky
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In 1935, Pasternak participated in the International Congress of Writers in Defense of Peace in Paris, where he suffered a nervous breakdown (his last trip abroad). The late 20s and early 30s saw a short period of official Soviet recognition of Pasternak's work. He takes an active part in the activities of the Writers' Union of the USSR and in 1934 gave a speech at its first congress, at which N.I. Bukharin called for Pasternak to be officially named the best poet of the Soviet Union. His large one-volume work from 1933 to 1936 is reprinted annually.
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In 1935, Pasternak stood up for Akhmatova’s husband and son. In 1937, he refused to sign a letter approving the execution of Tukhachevsky and others, and demonstratively visited the house of the repressed Pilnyak. He spent 1942-1943 in evacuation in Chistopol. He helped many people financially, including the daughter of Marina Tsvetaeva. In 1952, Pasternak had his first heart attack, described in the poem “In the Hospital,” full of deep religious feeling: “Oh, Lord, how perfect are Your deeds,” the patient thought.”
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The novel Doctor Zhivago was created over ten years, from 1945 to 1955. Being, according to the writer himself, the pinnacle of his work as a prose writer, the novel represents a broad canvas of the life of the Russian intelligentsia against the backdrop of the dramatic period from the beginning of the century to the Civil War. The novel is permeated with high poetics, accompanied by poems by the main character - Yuri Andreevich Zhivago. While writing the novel, Pasternak changed its title more than once. The novel could be called “Boys and Girls”, “The Candle Was Burning”, “The Experience of Russian Faust”, “There is No Death”.
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The publication of the novel in the West - first in Italy in 1957 by the pro-communist publishing house Feltrinelli, and then in Great Britain, through the mediation of the famous philosopher and diplomat Sir Isaiah Berlin - led to real persecution of Pasternak in the Soviet press, his expulsion from the Union of Writers of the USSR, and outright insults in his address from the pages of Soviet newspapers, at meetings of workers. The Moscow organization of the Union of Writers of the USSR, following the Board of the Union of Writers, demanded the expulsion of Pasternak from the Soviet Union and deprivation of his Soviet citizenship. It should be noted that a negative attitude towards the novel was expressed by some Russian writers in the West, including V.V. Nabokov.
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From 1946 to 1950, Pasternak was nominated annually for the Nobel Prize in Literature. In 1958, his candidacy was proposed by the previous year's laureate Albert Camus, and Pasternak became the second writer from Russia (after I. A. Bunin) to receive this award.
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Despite the fact that the prize was awarded to Pasternak “for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for the continuation of the traditions of the great Russian epic novel,” through the efforts of the official Soviet authorities it was to be remembered for a long time only as firmly associated with the novel “Doctor Zhivago”, anti-Soviet the essence of which was constantly revealed by literary critics at that time.
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Despite his exclusion from the Union of Writers of the USSR, Pasternak continues to remain a member of the Literary Fund, receive fees, and publish. Because of the poem “Nobel Prize” published in the West, he was summoned to the Prosecutor General of the USSR R. A. Rudenko in February 1959, where he was charged under Article 64 “Treason”, but this event had no consequences for him , possibly because the poem was published without his permission.
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BORIS PASTERNAK (1890 -1960) In everything I want to get to the very essence: In work, in search of a path, In the turmoil of the heart To the essence of the past days, To their cause, To the foundations, to the roots, To the core... video
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“I was born in Moscow, January 29th, old style, 1890. “I owe much, if not all, to my father, academician of painting Leonid Osipovich Pasternak, and to my mother, the excellent pianist Rosalia Isidorovna Kaufman,” wrote Boris Pasternak.
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FATHER The head of the family, Leonid Pasternak, is a talented artist who gradually became a prominent figure in creative Moscow. He managed to sketch almost everything he saw at home, on walks, at evenings and meetings.
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MOTHER Rosalia Isidorovna, after several brilliant concert seasons, devoted herself almost entirely to her family: her husband and children, who soon became four. But she continued to play, and her music lessons were a good help to the family budget.
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Vedeneev's house near the old Triumphal Gate, where B. L. Pasternak was born. When Boris was almost four years old, his father Leonid Pasternak was invited to work as a teacher at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. He received a workshop in the main building and a small apartment in a two-story outbuilding, where the family moved. This was a district of Moscow where simple families lived: cab drivers, artisans, railway workers...
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FAMILY “...I am the son of an artist, I have seen art and great people from the first days, and I am accustomed to treating the high and exceptional as nature, as a living norm. Socially, in the hostel, for me from birth it merged with everyday life...” B. Pasternak video
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Evenings were held at home, which were attended by famous Russian writers, musicians, artists L. Tolstoy V. Serov I. Levitan V. Polenov A. N. Scriabin The furnishings of his parents' home served as the basis for his artistic development. The family structure created a lifelong habit of professional work, and at the age of 70, Pasternak could say with confidence that there was not a wasted day in his life when he did not work. In 1945, he wrote about his experience: “What makes an artist, what creates him? Early impressionability in childhood, we think, and timely conscientiousness in adulthood.”
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BOYHOOD Three events were most important for the spiritual development of the future poet: introduction to Christianity, passion for music and philosophy. The parents professed the Old Testament, and the Russian nanny secretly took the boy to the Orthodox Church. Pasternak's first creative hobby, along with drawing, was music. Until the age of 10, Boris was taught at home by his mother. The first successes were a letter to his father in 1895 - he was away in St. Petersburg. At the time of writing, Boris was only five years old. This is what Leonid Pasternak later wrote: “I read the “son’s letter” for the first time - it’s impossible to describe it!!!” video
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PASSION FOR MUSIC At the age of 13, at a neighboring dacha, he heard A. N. Scriabin compose the Third Symphony. The genius of the newborn music fascinated Boris. he decides to enter the conservatory and studies composition there for six years. However, the demands that he placed on himself with youthful maximalism were impossible to fulfill, and Boris abandoned musical education and the profession of a composer. A. N. Scriabin video
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GYMNASIUM building of the 5th Moscow Gymnasium on the corner of Molchanovka and Povarskaya To enter Moscow University, you needed a gold medal in a state gymnasium, Pasternak graduated from the gymnasium with a gold medal and all the highest marks, except for the Law of God, from which he was exempt.
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UNIVERSITY Marburg University in Germany In 1912, trying to get acquainted with philosophical thought locally, he went to Marburg for three summer months. He successfully read papers at seminars, and Professor Cohen invited him, after graduating from Moscow University, to return to Germany to prepare for his doctorate. He replaced the law faculty of Moscow University, initially chosen for its ease, with the philosophy department of the historical and philological department, where he entered in 1909. While enthusiastically studying philosophy in his first years, he at the same time began to write poetry and prose.
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1913 - THE DECISION TO BECOME A POET The Lyrica publishing house, created by several young people, published an almanac in which Pasternak's first five poems were published. Pasternak invariably opened all his collections with the first of them: “February. Get some ink and cry!..” That same summer he wrote poems that formed the basis of the collection “Twin in the Clouds.” Poetry becomes his vocation, his “soil and destiny.” She absorbed both his passion for music and interest in philosophy. Cover of one of the collections of poems by B. Pasternak After a short trip to Italy, Pasternak returned to Moscow in order to graduate from university and make his way into literature.
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February. Get some ink and cry! Write about February sobbingly, While the thundering slush burns in the black spring. Get the cab. For six hryvnia, Through the gospel, through the click of the wheels, Transport yourself to where the downpour is even noisier than ink and tears. Where, like charred pears, thousands of rooks will fall from the trees into puddles and bring down dry sadness to the bottom of your eyes. Underneath it, the thawed patches turn black, And the wind is torn with screams, And the more random, the more true Poems are composed in tears. 1912 audio
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THE PURPOSE OF CREATIVITY IS SELF-DEDICATION... collection “Twin in the Clouds” (1914) collection “Over Barriers” (1914 – 1916) “Sister is My Life” (1922) book of poems “Themes and Variations” (1923) poem “Lieutenant Schmidt” book of poems “Second Birth” (1930-1931) collection “On Early Trains” (1941) novel “Doctor Zhivago” (1945-1955) autobiographical story “Safety Certificate” translations of works by William Shakespeare
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AMONG THE FUTURISTS In the spring of 1914, Boris Leonidovich met with Vladimir Mayakovsky, who made a huge impression on him. Pasternak fell in love with him as the first poet and the obvious leader of futurism, a new poetic movement that loudly declared itself in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1914, the first collection of the futuristic group “Centrifuge” was published - “Rukonog” with poems and an article by B. Pasternak. video
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“Of course, I’m always ready for anything. Why could it happen to everyone, but not to me..." B. Pasternak video
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FAMILY LIFE In 1922, Pasternak married the artist Evgenia Lurie. In 1923 (September 23), a son, Evgeniy, was born into the Pasternak family. In 1932, Pasternak married Zinaida Neuhaus. On the night of January 1, 1938, Pasternak and his second wife gave birth to a son, Leonid Olga Ivinskaya video
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PEREDELKINO A haven of peace, work and inspiration... In 1936 he settled in a dacha in Peredelkino, where he would live intermittently until the end of his life. video
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THE NOVEL OF A WHOLE LIFE In 1945, Pasternak began writing the main work of his life - the novel Doctor Zhivago. The last amendments to the text of the novel were made in the winter of 1955, and at the beginning of 1956 it was submitted to the New World magazine. With an interval of more than a year after its publication in Novy Mir, the novel was supposed to appear in Italy in translation. However, the editor of Novy Mir, K. M. Simonov, refused to publish the novel in the fall of 1956, and its publication in his homeland was banned for more than 30 years. The Italian translation was published in November 1957, followed by foreign Russian editions and translations into almost all languages of the world. video
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“This novel is a novel of a moral turning point of the 20th century, a novel that puts the history of human feelings above history as such...” E. Yevtushenko “In terms of content, clarity, and absorption in my favorite work, the life of recent years is almost a continuous holiday of the soul for me. I am more than satisfied...” B. Pasternak
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NOBEL LAUREATE Pasternak became the second writer from Russia (after I.A. Bunin) to receive this award. Since 1946, Pasternak has been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature seven times. In 1958, it was awarded to him “for outstanding achievements in modern lyric poetry and the continuation of the noble traditions of great Russian prose.”
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LETTERS FROM “INDENANT” WORKERS HAVE BEEN IN THE NEWSPAPERS... “Suppose a frog is dissatisfied and it croaks. And I, a builder, have no time to listen to her. We're busy. No, I haven't read Pasternak. But I know: in literature it’s better without frogs...” excavator driver “... to deprive the traitor of Soviet citizenship...” from the decision of the meeting of workers of the Hammer and Sickle plant
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“People who are morally discerning are never satisfied with themselves, they regret a lot, they repent of a lot. The only reason I have nothing to repent of in life is the affair. I wrote what I thought, and to this day I remain with these thoughts. Maybe it's a mistake that I didn't hide it from others. I assure you, I would have hidden it if it had been written weaker. But he turned out to be stronger than my dreams, power is given from above, and, thus, his further fate is not in my will. I won't interfere with it. If the truth that I know must be redeemed by suffering, this is not new, and I am ready to accept any...” (B.L. Pasternak) RESPONDING TO THE ACCUSERS...
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FROM N.S. LETTER KHRUSHCHEV “I am connected with Russia by my birth, my life and my work. I cannot imagine my isolation from her and life outside of her... My departure beyond the borders of my homeland is tantamount to death for me...” B. Pasternak
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Having initially responded with gratitude to the award he deserved, Pasternak, after a week of threats and harassment, was forced to refuse the award.
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Only on December 9, 1989. The Nobel Prize will be awarded in Stockholm to Evgeniy Borisovich Pasternak, the poet’s eldest son, and only a year before this the novel “Doctor Zhivago” itself will be published in Russia for the first time.
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PASTERNAK DIED OF LUNG CANCER ON MAY 30, 1960 IN PREDELKINO How proud we are, bastards, that he died in his bed... A. Galich “Most likely, many years after I die, it will become clear on what broad, broad grounds my activity of recent years was directed, what it breathed and fed, what it served...” B.L. Parsnip form
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Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (1890-1960) 125 years since the birth of Bokuchav M.V. Teacher of Russian language and literature at Udelninsky secondary school No. 34
It is customary for everyone to live and burn, But then you will only immortalize life, When you draw a path for it to light and greatness with Your sacrifice. (Boris Pasternak “Death of a Sapper”)
The highest complexity of life is simplicity. Simplicity of poetic formulations with depth of meaning. This is declared by one of Boris Pasternak’s most famous poems, “In everything I want to get to the very essence...”, which can rightfully be considered the poet’s literary credo. In this work, he outlined his views on what poetry should be, and why he personally does not consider himself a talented writer, although he strives for perfection.
In everything I want to get to the very essence. At work, looking for a way, In heartfelt turmoil. To the essence of the past days, To their cause, To the foundations, to the roots, To the core. I would plant poems like a garden. With all the trembling of the veins, the linden trees would bloom in them in a row, single file, at the back of the head. I would bring into the poems the breath of roses, the breath of mint, meadows, sedge, hayfield, thunderstorms. In everything I want to get to the very essence. At work, in search of a path, In the turmoil of the heart... All the time grasping the thread of Fate, events, Live, think, feel, love, Make discoveries.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak was born in Moscow on January 29, according to the old style on February 10, 1890 in the family of the artist Pasternak and the pianist Kaufman. Since childhood he was surrounded by art. Boris Leonidovich was born into the circle of the Moscow intelligentsia. In the house where he grew up there were musicians, artists, and writers. As a child, Pasternak studied painting.
Having fallen under the influence of the great Russian composer Scriabin, 13-year-old Pasternak became interested in music. Scriabin – music teacher of B. Pasternak
But in 1909 he entered the philosophical department of the historical and philosophical faculty of Moscow University. He goes to Germany. And although his studies in philosophy are going very successfully, he parted with it as decisively as he had parted with music before. Pasternak became interested in poetry. Poetry becomes his vocation, his soil and destiny. She absorbed both his passion for music and interest in philosophy. In a poem dedicated to Pasternak, Anna Akhmatova wrote: “He was awarded some kind of eternal childhood.”
Eternal childhood was the very essence of Pasternak’s poetic personality. With wide open eyes he looked at the world, admiring its captivating diversity. At the beginning of his poetic career, Pasternak wrote exquisite poems for a narrow circle of connoisseurs. A turning point occurred in the 20s, when the poet turned to social problems. It has become leaner, simpler, more classic.
In Paris, from under the roof, Venus or Mars Look at the new farce announced on the poster. Someone can't sleep In the beautiful distance In the tiled old attic. He looks at the planet, As if the firmament Refers to the subject of His nightly concerns. Don't sleep, don't sleep, work, Don't interrupt your work, Don't sleep, fight drowsiness, Like a pilot, like a star. Don't sleep, don't sleep, artist, don't indulge in sleep. You are a hostage to eternity In captivity of time.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak is a poet-philosopher, a thoughtful artist who peers with interest at the life around him. The inquisitive mind of the poet wants to penetrate into the very essence of things, understand them and tell the world about his discoveries. He had the talent to express deep and subtle human feelings, and soulfully depicted pictures of nature. He admired the beauty of the world and tried to find beauty everywhere.
The hum died down. I went on stage. Leaning against the door frame, I catch in the distant echo what will happen in my lifetime. The darkness of the night is pointed at me with a thousand binoculars on the axis. If possible, Abba, Father, carry this cup past. I love your stubborn plan And I agree to play this role. But now there is another drama, And this time fire me. But the schedule of actions has been thought out, And the end of the path is inevitable. I am alone, everything is drowning in pharisaism. Living life is not a field to cross.
In the spring of 1956, Boris Leonidovich Pasternak finished work on his main work, the novel Doctor Zhivago. Actually, he wrote it for 11 years, but as he himself believed, all of his previous prose, poetry, all his work in general and his whole life were just a preparation, a draft of this novel. By and large, writers, even those close to Boris Leonidovich, had a low opinion of the literary merits of his novel.
Anna Andreevna Akhmatova believed, for example, that “A poet of genius dabbles in prose.” Others, winking, spoke to each other about the main character of the work like this: “It would be good if Yuri wrote more poetry.” The poems from Doctor Zhivago were indeed unanimously recognized by everyone as almost the best of all that was created.
Chalk, chalk all over the earth, to all limits. The candle was burning on the table, The candle was burning. Like a swarm of midges in the summer Flying towards the flame, flakes from the yard flew towards the window frame. The snowstorm sculpted circles and arrows on the glass. The candle was burning on the table, The candle was burning. The candle was blown from the corner, And the heat of temptation Raised, like an angel, two wings in a cross shape. It was light all month in February, and every now and then the candle was burning on the table, the candle was burning.
But finally, the novel was finished. The author sent manuscripts to Soviet magazines and handed one over to an Italian publisher, with a request not to publish the novel until it appeared in Soviet magazines. But soon angry letters came from the editors, and in Italy the novel was published, and in an incredibly short time the novel was translated into almost all European languages.
In 1958, for outstanding services in modern lyric poetry and in the traditional field of great Russian prose, the Swedish Academy awarded Pasternak the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was perceived in the USSR as a purely political action.
Boris Leonidovich was happy, but his loved ones were terrified. The days have begun that will be called the “Garden of Gethsemane.” A campaign of persecution against the poet unfolded on the pages of the press. Pasternak was expelled from the Writers' Union, and he was threatened with expulsion from the country. In response to criticism and to the offer to leave the country, the poet replied that he could not imagine himself outside of Russia, outside of his Motherland. A criminal case was even opened on charges of treason. ALL THIS FORCED Pasternak to refuse the prize.
“It’s a very difficult time for me,” he wrote on November 11, 1958 to his cousin Markova. “It would be better to die now, but I probably won’t commit suicide.” On May 26, 1960, Boris Leonidovich Pasternak had an x-ray and was diagnosed with lung cancer. On May 30, 1960, Boris Pasternak died.
At the very beginning of June 1960, the great Russian poet Boris Pasternak was buried in the village of Peredelkino near Moscow. For many decades, this was the first funeral of a writer of this magnitude who died in his bed. He was never in a camp or in prison. Outwardly, a completely prosperous life, except for those two years that passed after he was awarded the Nobel Prize, those two years that killed him.
Boris Leonidovich was buried in the church that was always visible from his window. Thousands of people came to accompany him on his final journey, despite the fact that on that day all trains to Peredelkino were canceled. Everywhere was full of spies. The funeral was photographed. Many knew that they would no longer have any Soviet future. It was a real civic act. The memorial service turned into an anti-government demonstration.
Anna Akhmatova, who was there, said: “I have a feeling that this is a celebration, a big religious holiday. This is what happened when Blok died. A real Russian funeral, you have to deserve it.” They walked and walked and sang “eternal memory.” These words begin the novel “Doctor Zhivago,” which has another title. Relatives knew that on the folder with the manuscripts, “There will be no death!” was written in Pasternak’s sweeping hand.
The writer's grave in Peredelkino It is everyone's custom to live and burn, But then you will only immortalize life, When you draw a path for it to light and greatness with Your sacrifice. (Boris Pasternak “Death of a Sapper”)
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Boris Pasternak was born in the family of artist L. O. Pasternak and pianist R. I. Kaufman. Musicians, artists, and writers often gathered in the house; among the guests were L. N. Tolstoy, N. N. Ge, A. N. Scriabin, V. A. Serov. The atmosphere of his parents' home determined the deep rootedness of Pasternak's work in cultural tradition and at the same time taught him to perceive art as everyday painstaking work.
As a child, Pasternak studied painting, then in 1903-08 he seriously prepared for a career as a composer, in 1909-13 he studied at the philosophy department of the historical and philological faculty of Moscow University, in 1912 he spent one semester at the University of Marburg in Germany, where he listened to lectures by the famous philosopher G. Cohen. After graduating from university, he was engaged practically only in literary activities, but his professional musical and philosophical training largely predetermined the features of Pasternak’s artistic world (for example, in the forms of construction of his works, researchers noted kinship with musical composition).
Pasternak's first steps in literature were marked by an orientation towards symbolist poets - A. Bely, A. A. Blok, Vyach. I. Ivanov and I. F. Annensky, participation in Moscow symbolist literary and philosophical circles. In 1914, the poet became a member of the futurist group Centrifuge. The influence of the poetry of Russian modernism (symbolists - mainly at the level of poetic images, and futurists - in the unusualness of word usage and syntax) is clearly visible in Pasternak’s first two books of poems, “Twin in the Clouds” (1913) and “Over the Barriers” (1917). However, already in poems of the 1910s. the main features inherent in Pasternak’s own poetic vision of the world also appear - a world where everything is so intertwined and interconnected that any object can acquire the properties of another nearby, and situations and feelings are described using a deliberately “random” set of characteristic features and unexpected associations , thoroughly permeated with an almost ecstatic emotional tension that unites them (“And the more random, the more true / Poems are composed to the point of sobbing” - the poem “February. Get out the ink and cry!...").
Pasternak's image of the world and the method of its poetic transmission find their most complete embodiment on the pages of the third book of poems, “My Sister is Life” (1922), dedicated to the summer of 1917 between two revolutions. The book is a lyrical diary, where behind the poems on the themes of love, nature and creativity there are almost no concrete signs of historical time. Nevertheless, Pasternak claimed that in this book he “expressed everything that can be learned about the revolution, the most unprecedented and elusive.” In accordance with the author’s aesthetic views, to describe the revolution, what was required was not a historical chronicle in poetic form, but a poetic reproduction of the life of people and nature, engulfed in events of a global, if not universal, scale. As is clear from the title of the book, the poet feels his deep kinship with everything around him, and it is due to this that the love story, intimate experiences, and specific details of life in the spring and summer of 1917 are transformed into a book about the revolution. Later, Pasternak called this approach the “intimization of history,” and this way of talking about history as part of the inner life of its participants was used by him repeatedly throughout his creative career.
Since the early 1920s. Pasternak becomes one of the most prominent figures in Soviet poetry, his influence is noticeable in the work of many younger contemporary poets - P. G. Antokolsky, N. A. Zabolotsky, N. S. Tikhonov, A. A. Tarkovsky and K. M Simonova.
For Pasternak himself, the 1920s. marked by a desire to understand modern history, going side by side with the search for an epic form. In the poems “High Disease” (1923-28), “Nine Hundred and Fifth” (1925-26), “Spektorsky” (1925-31), “Lieutenant Schmidt” (1926-27), the revolution appears as a logical part of the historical path not only Russia, but throughout Europe.
Financial difficulties forced Pasternak to turn to children's creativity; he felt a certain freedom: the drawing was simplified, the intonations became more restrained, the number of words not included in the active stock was reduced.
In 1928, Pasternak received an offer from Gosizdat to republish his first books. Pasternak was disappointed in many of his creations and he had to rewrite many of them anew.
Pasternak formulates his position in art, ideas about the poet’s place in the world and history, illustrating the main points with a description of his own biography and the fate of the poet-contemporary closest to him - V. V. Mayakovsky. The poet’s suicide was a heavy blow, and Pasternak wrote the poem “The Death of a Poet.” It caused the rejection of many comrades who did not want to admit their guilt in the death of Mayakovsky.
In 1934, Pasternak gave a speech at the First Congress of the Union of Soviet Writers, as a member of the board, and took part in almost all events of the Union. His defense of the creative independence of writers and their right to their own opinion often provoked sharp criticism from party curators of literature. During the years of growing Stalinist terror, Pasternak repeatedly stood up for the innocent repressed, and his intercession sometimes turned out to be fruitless.
Since the mid-1930s. and until the very end of his life, translation became one of Pasternak’s main literary activities. He translates modern and classical Georgian poetry, the tragedies of W. Shakespeare (“Othello”, “Hamlet”, “King Lear”, “Macbeth”, “Romeo and Juliet”), “Faust” by I. Goethe and much more, while striving not to an accurate transfer of the linguistic features of the original, but, on the contrary, to the creation of a “Russian Shakespeare”, etc. In 1939, he took on the translation of “Hamlet”. Meyerhold wanted to stage it on the stage of a theater in Leningrad, but the director was arrested; however, Pasternak continued to work on the translation, fleeing the upcoming depression.
In 1940-1941, after a long break, Pasternak began writing poetry again. In 1943 the poet made a trip to the front. The result - “Poems about War” - was compiled into the book “On Early Trains” (1943), testifying to Pasternak’s loyalty to the range of selected themes and motifs. He began reading his poems at Moscow University, the political museum and the house of scientists. His work is popular abroad.
Pasternak himself considered the novel Doctor Zhivago, on which he worked from 1946 to 1955, to be the result of his work. Already in the 1910s. Pasternak, turning to prose, tried to create a picture of the moral and spiritual life of his era, the history of his generation. The story “Childhood Eyelets” (1918), surviving prose fragments from the 1930s. indicate numerous approaches to this topic. The basis of the novel, dedicated to “eternal” questions (about death and immortality, the rootedness of human life in culture and history, the role of art and nature in overcoming the disharmony that death, war and revolution bring into the existence of the world and man), is based on the “new idea of art ” and “Christianity re-understood”; within the framework of these ideas, culture is considered as the result of humanity’s desire for immortality, and the main value of the Gospel and European literature is the ability to illustrate high truths with the “light of everyday life.” A range of philosophical problems is analyzed using the example of the fate of the Russian intellectual - doctor and poet Yuri Zhivago, his friends and relatives, who became eyewitnesses and participants in all the historical cataclysms that befell Russia in the first four decades of the 20th century. The eternity of the problems and situations in which the characters of the novel find themselves, with all their specific social and historical conditioning, is emphasized by the evangelical and fairy-tale plots of the poems of the main character, which make up the last part of Doctor Zhivago.
Pasternak was denied publication of the novel in his homeland. He submitted it to an Italian publisher for publication, and in 1957 Doctor Zhivago was published in Italian, soon followed by Russian, English, French, German and Swedish editions (it was published in the USSR only in 1988). In 1958, “for outstanding services in modern lyric poetry and in the traditional field of great Russian prose,” Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was perceived in the USSR as a purely political action. A campaign of persecution against the poet began on the pages of the press, Pasternak was expelled from the Writers' Union, he was threatened with expulsion from the country, and a criminal case was even opened on charges of treason. All this forced Pasternak to refuse the Nobel Prize (the diploma and medal were awarded to his son in 1989).
I disappeared like an animal in a pen.
Somewhere there are people, will, light,
And behind me there is the sound of a chase,
I can't go outside.
Dark forest and the shore of a pond,
They ate a fallen log.
The path is cut off from everywhere.Whatever happens, it doesn't matter.
What kind of dirty trick did I do?
Am I a murderer and a villain?
I made the whole world cry
Over the beauty of my land.
But even so, almost at the grave,
I believe the time will come -
The power of meanness and malice
The spirit of goodness will prevail.
The novel “Doctor Zhivago” for several decades remained one of the most read Russian novels all over the world, largely defining the idea of Russian literature of the 20th century.
Letters occupy a special place in Pasternak's legacy. Correspondence with M. I. Tsvetaeva 1922-36. represents not only an important creative dialogue between two major contemporary poets, but also an intense epistolary novel; After the publication of Doctor Zhivago, a huge amount of space was taken up by correspondence with foreign correspondents about the novel, in which Pasternak saw a sign of the “spiritual unity of the century.”
Pasternak's poetry and prose organically combined the traditions of Russian and world classics with the achievements of Russian symbolism and avant-garde.
In 1990, in the village of Peredelkino near Moscow, in the premises of Pasternak’s former dacha, a museum of the poet was opened.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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Boris Leonidovich Pasternak 1890 - 1960 In everything I want to get to the very essence. At work, looking for a way, In heartfelt turmoil. To the essence of the past days, To their cause, To the foundation, to the roots, To the core.
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Childhood Born on January 29, 1890 (February 10, n.s.) in Moscow in the family of a famous artist. Since childhood, the future poet was surrounded by music, painting, and literature. Pasternak's first creative passion is music.
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Family Father - artist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts Leonid Osipovich (Isaak Iosifovich) Pasternak and mother - pianist Rosalia Isidorovna Pasternak (née Raitsa Kaufman, 1868-1939), moved to Moscow from Odessa in 1889, a year before his birth. In addition to the eldest, Boris, Alexander (1893-1982), Josephine (1900-1993) and Lydia (1902-1989) were born in the Pasternak family.
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Studying at the gymnasium In 1903, in a fall from a horse, he broke his leg and, due to improper healing (the slight lameness that Pasternak hid remained for the rest of his life), was exempted from military service. In 1901, he immediately entered the second grade of the fifth Moscow gymnasium. Pasternak family
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Studying at the gymnasium From 1906 to 1908, Vladimir Mayakovsky studied in the fifth gymnasium, two grades lower than Pasternak, in the same class with Pasternak’s brother Sasha. Pasternak graduated from high school with a gold medal and all the highest grades, except for the Law of God, from which he was exempt. After a number of hesitations, he abandoned his career as a professional musician and composer. During his years of study at the fifth Moscow gymnasium
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Higher education In 1908, he entered the law department of the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University. In the summer of 1912, he studied philosophy at the University of Marburg in Germany with the head of the Marburg neo-Kantian school, Prof. Herman Cohen. At the same time, he began to enter the circles of Moscow writers. 1908
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The beginning of literary activity Since 1914, Pasternak joined the community of futurists “Centrifuge” (which also included other former members of “Lyrika” - Nikolai Aseev and Sergei Bobrov). In the same year, he became closely acquainted with another futurist - Vladimir Mayakovsky, whose personality and work had a certain influence on him. Later, in the 1920s, Pasternak maintained connections with Mayakovsky’s Lef group, but in general after the revolution he took an independent position, not joining any associations. Pasternak and Mayakovsky
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Pasternak's first poems Pasternak's first poems were published in 1913 (collective collection of the Lyrics group), the first book - "Twin in the Clouds" - at the end of the same year (on the cover 1914) 1913
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First collections. Years of revolution. In 1916, the collection “Over Barriers” was published. During the years of the revolution, Pasternak found himself in the Urals, in Perm. This city served as the prototype for the city of Yuryatin in the novel Doctor Zhivago. Pasternak’s parents and his sisters left Soviet Russia in 1921 at the personal request of A.V. Lunacharsky and settled in Berlin. Pasternak began active correspondence with them and Russian emigration circles in general, in particular with Marina Tsvetaeva, and through her with R.-M. Rilke.
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20s In 1922, Pasternak married the artist Evgenia Lurie, with whom he spent the second half of the year and the entire winter of 1922-23 visiting his parents in Berlin. In the same 1922, the poet’s program book “My Sister is Life” was published, most of the poems of which were written in the summer of 1917. The following year, 1923, a son, Evgeniy, was born into the Pasternak family. With wife and son
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Creativity In the 20s, the collection “Themes and Variations” (1923), the novel in verse “Spectorsky” (1925), the cycle “High Disease”, the poems “Nine Hundred and Fifth” and “Lieutenant Schmidt” were also created. With family, 1921
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“Safety certificate” In 1928, Pasternak turned to prose. By 1930, he completed his autobiographical notes, “Safety Certificate,” which outlines his fundamental views on art and creativity.
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Official recognition At the end of the 20s - the beginning of the 30s there was a short period of official Soviet recognition of Pasternak's work. He takes an active part in the activities of the Writers' Union of the USSR and in 1934 gave a speech at its first congress, at which N.I. Bukharin called for Pasternak to be officially named the best poet of the Soviet Union. His large one-volume work from 1933 to 1936 is reprinted annually.
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Second marriage Having met Zinaida Nikolaevna Neuhaus (nee Eremeeva, 1897-1966), at that time the wife of pianist G. G. Neuhaus, together with her in 1931 Pasternak made a trip to Georgia, where he met the poets T. Tabidze, P. Yashvili. Having interrupted his first marriage, in 1932 Pasternak married Z. N. Neuhaus. In the same year, his book “Second Birth” was published - Pasternak’s attempt to join the spirit of that time. In 1938, in his second marriage, Pasternak’s son Leonid was born. 1936
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30s In 1935, Pasternak participated in the International Congress of Writers in Defense of Peace in Paris (his last trip abroad). Pasternak and Chukovsky at the first congress of the Writers' Union in 1934
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Alienation from power In January 1936, Pasternak published two poems addressed with words of admiration to I.V. Stalin, but by mid-1936 the attitude of the authorities towards him was changing - he was reproached not only for “detachment from life”, but also for “ worldview that does not correspond to the era,” and unconditionally require thematic and ideological restructuring. This leads to Pasternak's first long period of alienation from official literature. As interest in Soviet power wanes, Pasternak's poems take on a more personal and tragic tone.
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Translations By the end of the 30s, he turned to prose and translations, which in the 40s became the main source of his income. During that period, Pasternak created classic translations of many of Shakespeare's tragedies, Goethe's Faust, and F. Schiller's Mary Stuart.
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In 1935, Pasternak stood up for Akhmatova’s husband and son, who were released from prison after Pasternak and Akhmatova wrote letters to Stalin. In 1937, he showed enormous civic courage - he refused to sign a letter approving the execution of Tukhachevsky and others, and defiantly visited the house of the repressed Pilnyak. He spent 1942-1943 in evacuation in Chistopol. Helped many people financially, including the daughter of Marina Tsvetaeva, 1942
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During the war years During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, B. Pasternak writes poems about the heroes and workers of the war. In 1943 the collection “On Early Trains” was published, in 1945 - “Earthly Space”. In 1943 he went to the front with a team of writers. After the war, he created the book. "Earthly space", "Selected poems and poems", "When it clears up" 1943, Chistopol
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The novel "Doctor Zhivago" The novel "Doctor Zhivago" was created over ten years, from 1945 to 1955. Being, according to the writer himself, the pinnacle of his work as a prose writer, the novel represents a broad canvas of the life of the Russian intelligentsia against the backdrop of the dramatic period from the beginning of the century to Civil War.
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The novel “Doctor Zhivago” The novel, touching on the innermost issues of human existence - the mysteries of life and death, issues of history, Christianity, Jewry, was sharply negatively received by the authorities and the official Soviet literary environment, rejected for publication due to the author’s ambiguous position on the October Revolution and subsequent changes in the life of the country. 1954
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Publication of the novel Publication of the novel in the West - first in Italy in 1957 by the pro-communist publishing house Feltrinelli, and then in Great Britain, through the mediation of the famous philosopher and diplomat Sir Isaiah Berlin - led to real persecution of Pasternak in the Soviet press, his expulsion from the Union of Writers of the USSR, outright insults against him from the pages of Soviet newspapers and at workers' meetings. The Moscow organization of the Union of Writers of the USSR, following the Board of the Union of Writers, demanded the expulsion of Pasternak from the Soviet Union and deprivation of his Soviet citizenship.
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Nobel Prize From 1946 to 1950, Pasternak was nominated annually for the Nobel Prize in Literature. In 1958, his candidacy was proposed by the previous year's laureate Albert Camus, and Pasternak became the second writer from Russia (after I. A. Bunin) to receive this award. With the wording: “For significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for the continuation of the traditions of the great Russian epic novel,” September 24, 1958, on the day of the Nobel Prize presentation with K.I. Chukovsky
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Nobel Prize. Reaction at home The awarding of the prize was perceived by Soviet propaganda as a reason to intensify the persecution (for example, Literaturnaya Gazeta wrote on October 25, 1958: “Pasternak received “thirty pieces of silver,” for which the Nobel Prize was used. He was awarded for agreeing to play the role of bait on the rusty hook of anti-Soviet propaganda... An inglorious end awaits the resurrected Judas, Doctor Zhivago, and his author, whose lot will be popular contempt."
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Refusal of the Prize Pasternak was also subject to personal pressure, which ultimately forced him to refuse the prize. In a telegram sent to the Swedish Academy, Pasternak wrote: “Due to the significance that the award given to me has received in the society to which I belong, I must refuse it. Do not consider my voluntary refusal an insult.” Jawaharlal Nehru and Albert Camus took it upon themselves to intercede for the new Nobel laureate Pasternak with Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, but everything turned out to be in vain, although, of course, the writer was neither shot nor imprisoned, which would have been impossible in Stalin’s time.
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“I’m squeezed like an animal in a pen..” Despite his exclusion from the Union of Writers of the USSR, Pasternak continues to remain a member of the Literary Fund, receive fees, and publish. Because of the poem “Nobel Prize” published in the West, he was summoned to the Prosecutor General of the USSR R. A. Rudenko in February 1959, where he was charged under Article 64 “Treason”, but this event had no consequences for him , possibly because the poem was published without his permission.
