Today, there are active volcanoes in countries such as Iceland, Hawaii, Indonesia, Mexico, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Russia, Japan and many others. Many volcanoes -
Not just an awe-inspiring sight, they cause harm to people, sometimes there are victims of volcanoes, and evacuation of the population often occurs. Because of this, many people wonder - do volcanoes have an eruption season?
Surprisingly, there may be such a “season.” Volcanoes do not discriminate between seasons, but there may be other factors that influence their eruptive activity.
Eruptions caused by changes in the planet's rotation speed.
The rotation of the planet directly affects the change of seasons, but the rotation of the Earth is also associated with less significant factors - these include the activity of volcanoes.
Such factors cause the Earth's rotation speed and the gravitational force between the Earth and the Moon to change. This, in turn, affects the length of the day - the length of the day can vary in milliseconds. But even such small changes can affect the processes occurring inside the planet.
Recently, researchers have come to an interesting conclusion. It was found that since the 19th century, the speed of the Earth’s rotation has changed significantly, and this has affected volcanic activity. The authors of the article proved through research that in the period from 1830 to 2014, the speed of rotation of the Earth decreased, and this influenced the rapid increase in the number of volcanic eruptions. These findings were published in the journal Terra Nova.
With a slight decrease in the Earth's rotation speed, a huge amount of energy is released per year - 120,000 Peta Joules. This is such a large amount of energy that it would be more than enough to light and heat the United States for a year. All this energy goes into the bowels of the earth, and this affects volcanoes.
The released energy changes the Earth's electromagnetic field, and this contributes to the disturbance of the magma. Magma is a liquid; when disturbed, it rises to the surface, causing volcanic activity.
This is not the only factor influencing volcanic activity.
Eruptions caused by climate change.
It's no secret that the temperature on our planet is constantly rising, this is causing glaciers to melt and sea levels to rise. According to cryptological research, in the past, melting glaciers caused significant bursts of volcanic activity.
Studies conducted in the 1970s mathematically prove that melting glaciers led to frequent volcanic eruptions. From this it follows that there is a direct relationship between changes in the Earth’s temperature and the level of the world’s oceans with volcanic activity.
Eruptions due to melting ice.
Nowadays, there is a tendency towards an increase in the melting of Antarctic glaciers. This has a direct impact on the earth's crust. Polar glaciers are very heavy. Every year, as a result of melting, there is approximately 40 billion tons of less ice. Because of this, the pressure of ice on the earth's crust decreases - it bends and cracks. Apparently, volcanic activity will increase in proportion to the melting of glaciers.
However, the connection between melting glaciers and volcanic activity remains only a hypothesis and has not yet been proven by scientific research.
Photos from open sources
Lately the Earth has started to smoke a lot. Today, volcanoes erupt all over the world. In particular, we can highlight active volcanoes in countries such as Iceland, Hawaii, Indonesia, Mexico, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, volcanoes on the Kuril Islands in Russia, Japan and many others. Moreover, many volcanoes seriously threaten the lives and property of people, and in some cases there were deaths and mass evacuation of the population was carried out. It is for these reasons that many people are concerned with the question - do volcanoes have an eruption season?
Surprisingly, this question can be answered in the affirmative. Of course, volcanoes do not distinguish between seasons, but other, very significant and intriguing factors can cause an eruption.
Eruptions caused by changes in the planet's rotation speed.
As you know, the change of seasons is caused by the fact that the Earth's rotation axis tilts to the side and moves away from the sun. Meanwhile, the rotation of the planet is also influenced by more minor factors, which also include volcanic activity.
Due to such minor factors, the gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Moon, as well as the speed of the Earth's rotation, are constantly changing. Naturally, the length of the day also changes. Of course, changes are measured in milliseconds, but even such imperceptible gravitational and temporal changes can lead to serious destructive processes occurring inside the planet.
Recently, in the research journal Terra Nova, an article was published that convincingly argued that, since the 19th century, there have been significant changes in the speed of the Earth's rotation, and as a result, volcanic activity has increased. The authors of the article conclusively established that in the period from 1830 to 2014, the most significant changes in the speed of rotation of the planet occurred, and they are directly related to the increase in the number of large volcanic eruptions. And, according to the authors of the article, it is the decrease in the speed of the Earth’s rotation that is the catalyst for more frequent volcanic eruptions.
Even a barely noticeable decrease in the planet's rotation speed releases a huge amount of energy. It was estimated that this released 120,000 Peta Joules of energy per year. This amount of energy is more than enough to light and heat the United States for an entire year. However, all free energy is transferred to the surface of the Earth or its depths, which affects volcanoes in the most negative way.
All this free amount of energy is transferred to the surface of the planet, and changes its electromagnetic field. In turn, the change in the electromagnetic field causes disturbance of the magma, and the magma, like any other disturbed liquid, expands and tends to rise to the surface, which significantly increases volcanic activity.
Terra Nova's research is far from complete, but it is already clear that even small changes in the Earth's rotation speed affect seismic and volcanic activity.
However, there is another natural phenomenon that can cause volcanic eruptions. This is rapid climate change.
Eruptions caused by climate change.
In the last decade, it has become clear that the planetary consequences of temperature change are melting glaciers and rising sea levels. As evidence, the researchers cite cryptological studies showing that the melting of glaciers in the past was accompanied by a significant surge in volcanic activity.
About 19,000 years ago, the Ice Age was in full swing. Most of Europe was covered in ice, then a sharp warming occurred, and the ice cap began to melt, and living conditions became suitable for human habitation.
But since the 70s of the last century, studies have shown that melting glaciers led to frequent volcanic eruptions. It was mathematically proven that in the period between 12,000 and 7,000 years, the level of volcanic activity increased 6 times!
Thus, there is a direct dependence on the change of cycles (cooling/warming) and the level of the world ocean, with volcanic activity.
Eruptions due to melting ice.
The ice layers are very heavy, and Antarctica loses about 40 billion tons of ice every year. The consequence of this is that the reduction of the planet's ice cap leads to the fact that the earth's crust bends and cracks.
Photos from open sources (website)
Unfortunately, this theory is especially relevant given that the melting of glaciers is increasing and increasing year by year. Melting of glaciers may take hundreds of years, but volcanic efficiency will increase proportionally with each melting glacier.
On the other hand, the connection between melting glaciers and volcanic activity has not been proven by the scientific community, and is considered one of the hypotheses for increased volcanic activity.
Information on super-volcanoes in various Internet and media sources worries many sensible people. Super-volcanoes are activated to one degree or another, and dramatic changes are observed in their nature. This is a super-volcano in Germany, which was considered completely extinct, but next to it in the lake the water temperature increased sharply. In Africa, faults began in the earth's crust with the release of magma, still on a local scale and in areas where people do not live. Super-volcanoes are becoming active in Italy, Indonesia, and the Philippines.
Their younger brothers are already erupting, and volcanoes have awakened throughout the Ring of Fire of the Pacific Ocean. Why such a rapid awakening of the fiery element? And what to expect in the coming years? In 2002, several new geysers with healing hot water appeared simultaneously in the Yellowstone Nature Reserve. Local tourism companies immediately began to promote this phenomenon, and the number of visitors to the park, which usually amounts to about three million people a year, increased even more.
However, strange things soon began to happen. In 2004, the US government tightened the regime for visiting the reserve. The number of security guards on its territory has sharply increased, and some areas have been declared closed to visitors. But seismologists and volcanologists frequented them. They had worked in Yellowstone before, because the entire reserve with its unique nature is nothing more than a huge patch on the crater of an extinct supervolcano. Actually, this is where the hot geysers come from. On their way to the surface of the earth, they are heated by the magma rustling and gurgling under the earth's crust.
All local sources were known back in the days when white colonizers recaptured Yellowstone from the Indians, and here you have three new ones! Why did it happen? Scientists became worried. One after another, commissions to study volcanic activity began to visit the park. What they dug up there was not reported to the general public, but it is known that in 2007, a Scientific Council with emergency powers was created under the Office of the President of the United States. It included several of the country's leading geophysicists and seismologists, as well as members of the National Security Council, including the secretary of defense and intelligence officials. George W. Bush personally chaired the monthly meetings of this body.
That same year, Yellowstone National Park moved from departmental subordination to the Department of the Interior under the direct control of the Scientific Council. Why would the American authorities pay so much attention to a simple resort? And the whole point is that the ancient and, as it was believed, safe supervolcano, on which the Paradise Valley is located, suddenly showed signs of activity. The miraculously clogged springs became its first manifestation. Further more. Seismologists discovered a sharp rise in soil under the reserve. Over the past four years, she has swollen by 178 centimeters. This is despite the fact that over the previous twenty years the ground rise was no more than 10 centimeters.
Seismologists were joined by mathematicians. Based on information about previous eruptions of the Yellowstone volcano, they developed an algorithm for its life activity. The result was shocking. The fact that the intervals between eruptions are constantly decreasing was known to scientists before. However, given the astronomical duration of such intervals, this information had no practical significance for humanity. Well, in fact, the volcano erupted 2 million years ago, then 1.3 million years ago and the last time 630 thousand years ago.
The Geological Society of America expected his awakening no earlier than 20 thousand years later. But based on new data, computers produced an unexpected result. The next catastrophe should be expected in 2075. However, after some time it became clear that events were developing much faster. The result had to be adjusted again. The terrible date has approached. Now it looms between 2012 and 2016, with the first figure looking more likely. It would seem, just think, an eruption, especially since it is known in advance. Well, the Americans will evacuate the population from a dangerous area, and then they will spend money on restoring the destroyed infrastructure.
Alas, only those who are not familiar with supervolcanoes can argue this way. Perhaps this is worse than a nuclear war! A typical volcano, as we imagine it, is a cone-shaped hill with a crater from which lava, ash and gases erupt. It is formed like this. Deep in the bowels of our planet, magma is constantly boiling, which from time to time bursts upward through cracks, faults and other “defects” in the earth’s crust. As the magma rises, it releases gases, becoming volcanic lava, and flows out through the top of a fissure, commonly called a vent. Solidifying around the vent, the products of the eruption build up the cone of the volcano.
Supervolcanoes have a feature that, until recently, no one even suspected of their existence. They are not at all similar to the cone-shaped “caps” with a vent inside that are familiar to us. These are vast areas of thinned earth's crust, under which hot magma pulsates. A simple volcano looks like a pimple, a supervolcano looks like a huge inflammation. Several ordinary volcanoes may be located on the territory of a supervolcano. They may erupt from time to time, but these emissions can be compared to the release of steam from an overheated boiler. But imagine that the boiler itself will explode!
After all, supervolcanoes do not erupt, but explode. What do these explosions look like? From below, the pressure of magma on the thin surface of the earth gradually increases. A hump is formed with a height of several hundred meters and a diameter of 15-20 kilometers. Numerous vents and cracks appear along the perimeter of the hump, and then its entire central part collapses down into the fiery abyss. The collapsed rocks, like a piston, sharply squeeze out gigantic fountains of lava and ash from the depths. The force of this explosion exceeds the charge of the most powerful nuclear bomb. According to geophysicists, if the Yellowstone mine explodes, the effect will exceed a hundred Hiroshimas. The calculations, of course, are purely theoretical.
During its existence, homo sapiens has never encountered such a phenomenon. The last time it boomed was during the time of the dinosaurs. Perhaps this is why they became extinct. As it will be? A few days before the explosion, the earth's crust above the supervolcano will rise several meters. At the same time, the soil will heat up to 60-70 degrees. The concentration of hydrogen sulfide and helium in the atmosphere will increase sharply.
The first thing we will see is a cloud of volcanic ash, which will rise into the atmosphere to a height of 40-50 kilometers. Pieces of basalt traps will be thrown to great heights. As they fall, they will cover a gigantic area. In the first hours of a new eruption in Yellowstone, an area within a radius of 1000 kilometers around the epicenter will be destroyed. Here, residents of almost the entire American northwest (the city of Seattle) and parts of Canada (the city of
Calgary, Vancouver).
Streams of hot mud will rage over an area of 10 thousand square kilometers, the so-called pyroclastic wave - the deadliest product of the eruption. They will arise when the pressure of lava shooting high into the atmosphere weakens and part of the column collapses on the surrounding area in a huge avalanche, burning everything in its path. In pyroclastic flows at 400 deg. it will be impossible to survive. Hot flows will kill about 200 thousand people in the first minutes after the eruption begins.
But these are very minor losses compared to those that America will suffer as a result of a series of earthquakes and tsunamis that the explosion will provoke. They will already claim tens of millions of lives. This is provided that the North American continent does not go under water at all, like Atlantis. Then the ash cloud from the volcano will begin to spread wider. Within 24 hours, the entire territory of the United States up to the Mississippi will be in the disaster zone.
Volcanic ash only sounds harmless, but in fact it is the most dangerous phenomenon during an eruption. Ash particles are so small that neither gauze bandages nor respirators protect against them. Once in the lungs, the ash mixes with mucus, hardens and turns into cement. Territories located thousands of kilometers from the volcano may be at risk. When the layer of volcanic ash reaches a thickness of 15 centimeters, the load on the roofs will become too great and buildings will begin to collapse.
It is estimated that between one and fifty people in each home will be killed or seriously injured. This will be the main cause of death in the areas around Yellowstone bypassed by the pyroclastic wave, where the ash layer will be no less than 60 centimeters. Other deaths will follow from poisoning. After all, the precipitation will be extremely toxic. It will take two to three weeks for clouds of ash and ash to cross the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and after a month they will cover the Sun across the entire Earth.
Two weeks after the sun disappears into dust clouds, the air temperature on the earth's surface will drop in various parts of the globe from -15 degrees to -50 degrees or more.
The average temperature on the Earth's surface will be about -25 degrees. Winter will last for at least a year and a half. This is enough to forever change the natural balance on the planet. Due to long frosts and lack of light, vegetation will die. Since plants are involved in the production of oxygen, very soon it will become difficult for everyone living on the planet to breathe.
The fauna of the Earth will die painfully from cold, hunger and epidemics. The human race will have to move from the surface of the earth to the underground for at least three years, and then who knows. But, in general, this sad forecast mainly concerns residents of the Western Hemisphere. Residents of other parts of the world, including Russians, have a much higher chance of survival. And the consequences will apparently not be so catastrophic. But for the population of North America, the chances of survival are minimal.
But if the American authorities are aware of the problem, why are they not doing anything to prevent it? Why hasn’t information about the upcoming catastrophe reached the general public yet? The first question is not difficult to answer: neither the States themselves nor humanity as a whole can prevent the impending explosion. Therefore, the White House is preparing for the worst-case scenario. According to analysts from the CIA, “as a result of the disaster, two-thirds of the population will die, the economy will be destroyed, transport and communications will be disorganized.
In the context of an almost complete cessation of supplies, the military potential remaining at our disposal will decrease to a level sufficient only to maintain order in the country.” As for notifying the population, the authorities recognized such actions as inappropriate. Well, in fact, it is possible to escape from a sinking ship, and even then not always. Where to run from the broken and burning continent? The US population is now approaching the three hundred million mark. In principle, there is nowhere to put this biomass, especially since after the disaster there will be no safe places left on the planet.
Every state will have big problems, and no one will want to aggravate them by accepting millions of refugees. In any case, this is the conclusion reached by the Scientific Council under the President of the United States. According to its members, there is only one way out - to abandon the majority of the population to the will of fate and take care of preserving capital, military potential and the elite of American society. So, a few months before the explosion, the best scientists, military, high-tech specialists, and, of course,
rich people.
There is no doubt that every billionaire has a place reserved on the future ark. But you can no longer guarantee the fate of ordinary millionaires. They will save themselves. Actually, the above information became known thanks to the efforts of the American scientist and journalist Howard Huxley, who has been working on the problems of the Yellowstone volcano since the 80s, has established connections in geophysics circles, like many famous journalists was associated with the CIA and is a recognized authority in scientific circles.
Realizing what the country was heading for, Howard and his like-minded people created the Foundation for Saving Civilization. Their goal is to warn humanity about the impending disaster and give everyone a chance to survive, not just members of the elite.
Over the course of several years, Foundation employees have accumulated a wealth of information. In particular, they calculated exactly where the cream of American society would go after the disaster.
Liberia, a small state in West Africa, traditionally following in the wake of American politics, will become an island of salvation for them. There have been massive injections of money into this country for several years now. There is a network of excellent roads, airports and, as they say, an extensive system of deep, very well-maintained bunkers. The American elite will be able to sit in this hole for several years, and then, when the situation stabilizes, begin to restore the destroyed state and its influence in the world.
In the meantime, there are still a few years left, the White House and the Science Council are trying to solve urgent military problems. There is no doubt that the coming catastrophe will be perceived by most religious people as God's punishment for America. Surely many Islamic states will want to finish off “shaitan” while he licks his wounds. You can't think of a better reason for jihad.
Therefore, since 2003, preemptive strikes have been carried out on a number of Muslim countries with the aim of destroying their military potential. Whether the American military machine will have time to neutralize these threats before 2012, God knows. A vicious circle has formed. Due to its aggressive policy, the United States has more and more enemies and ill-wishers, and less and less time remains to neutralize them.
I'd like to start by stating the importance of articles like this, as well as the importance of not jumping to conclusions or cultivating irrational fears. I believe that mainly on people who consider themselves “woke”. This kind of preparation, shall we say, has never been more important. Food, water, and ammo are a must.........
Scientists have noticed that volcanoes around the world have become more active recently. Over the past 10 days, about 40 volcanoes have shown increased activity. Increased seismic activity was also noticed.
Of all the erupting volcanoes, 34 are located along the Pacific Volcanic Ring of Fire. It is an area along the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean that contains the majority of active volcanoes and many earthquakes. In total, there are 328 volcanoes within the ring.
In the 20th century, the average number of volcanic eruptions was 35 per year. The same number of eruptions have been recorded over the past week. This trend cannot but worry scientists.
Is it all the fault of the Grand Cross?
Astrologers associate the increased activity of volcanoes with the position of the stars, which line up in the Grand Cross from June 5 to June 10. The Grand Cross will consist of Saturn, Neptune, Jupiter, Venus and the Sun.
According to astrologers, the Grand Cross is a harbinger of natural and other disasters. It can cause seismic resonance, leading to volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and tsunamis. It was during the period of activity of this planetary configuration that Mount Etna erupted on October 26, 2013, as well as strong earthquakes in several regions neighboring Italy.
Increased volcanism and melting glaciers
Meanwhile, experts from the University of Cambridge believe that volcanic activity is caused by rock erosion and melting glaciers. Researchers from Switzerland came to a similar conclusion. According to scientists, an increase in average annual temperatures leads to the melting of glaciers, which is the reason for the increase in volcanism.
Scientists from the University of Geneva and ETH Zurich have created a computer model of geological processes on the planet. It showed that the melting of glaciers annually erodes up to 10 centimeters of rock. This reduces pressure on volcanoes and increases the risk of eruptions.
Scientists have previously noted that melting glaciers and volcanic activity are connected. “But we found that erosion also plays a key role in this cycle,” said one of the study’s authors, Professor Pietro Sternai.
Researchers note that a certain cycle occurs. First, global warming causes melting glaciers and eruptions. Eruptions, in turn, lead to the release of carbon dioxide, which further increases global warming.
According to researchers, it was this process that led to the glacial and interglacial eras. Each of these periods lasted about 100 thousand years. Moreover, during interglacial periods volcanic activity was much higher. Now we live precisely in the interglacial era.
Scientists note that the Ice Age lasting 100 thousand years consists of two periods - the formation and melting of ice. Ice takes 80 thousand years to form, but only 20 thousand years to melt. This is facilitated by the intensification of volcanic emissions, which leads to constant climate change.
Shiveluch volcano is increasingly included in Kamchatka news reports. They probably already know all over Russia. Last week the giant prepared another surprise for the residents of the peninsula.
Alexey Ozerov, a leading researcher at the Laboratory of Active Volcanism and Eruption Dynamics at the Institute of Volcanology and Seismology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, told the AiF-Kamchatka journalist about what else people can expect from active volcanoes.
Alexey Ozerov: it is necessary to equip a special monitoring system. Photo: AiF / Vladimir Khitrov
Ashes are also a disaster
- Alexey Yuryevich, it seems that volcanoes have become more active recently. Is this really true, or have news agencies simply begun to report on eruptions more often?
And they began to report more often, and activity increased. Typically, four volcanoes erupt in Kamchatka per year. But last year we recorded eruptions at seven volcanoes.
- With what it can be connected?
First of all, with the fact that Kamchatka is the hottest spot on earth. This is where the most eruptions per unit area occur in the world. In Iceland, as a rule, one eruption is recorded every three to four years. The picture is similar in Hawaii. Here, as you understand, the situation is different... What we are seeing today in Kamchatka, of course, is not the background, but I also cannot call the current increase in activity extreme. There were periods when volcanoes worked even more intensely. Therefore, by and large, there is nothing terrible in what is happening now. The problem, I repeat, is not the volcanoes, but the people who come too close to them. If there were no road to Ust-Kamchatsk, no one would worry about the stream that came down from Shiveluch. But today regular buses and other vehicles travel along this road every day. Of course, this factor cannot be ignored. (moved the most relevant part of the interview to the beginning, it’s better to start with it)
- Volcano Shiveluch has remained one of the main Kamchatka “newsmakers” over the past months. It throws columns of ash into the atmosphere, preventing planes from flying, and has now covered the road to Ust-Kamchatsk. How dangerous is Shiveluch for humans?
The latest events have shown just how dangerous he is. It’s good that there were no people or cars on the road when the mud flow passed along it. Otherwise, everything could end in tragedy. We understand why the flow came down. The snow on the volcano melted due to the eruption. As a result, a huge mass of liquid mud mixed with volcanic material moved down the slope and washed out the road. This is not the first such case and, presumably, not the last. Shiveluch is one of the most active volcanoes. It has been erupting for several decades. Previously - at the beginning and middle of the last century - such a threat did not come from him. There were no roads nearby, planes flew less frequently. Now everything is different - man has come too close to volcanoes.
- If Shiveluch causes so much trouble, then what can we expect, for example, from Klyuchevskaya Sopka, which is much larger? Can it fill up nearby villages - Klyuchi or Ust-Kamchatsk?
Eruptions come in different types: regular and paroxysmal, that is, very strong. At Klyuchevsky volcano, similar eruptions occurred in 1945 and 1994. We have yet to understand the mechanism of these phenomena. In 1994, the eruption began as usual; no one could have imagined that it would become paroxysmal. But at some point, Klyuchevsky’s activity suddenly increased sharply. Lahars, as we also call volcanic mud flows, traveled tens of kilometers back then. They did not reach the villages and were unlikely to reach them. But if 10-20 centimeters of ash fell in the same Klyuchi, this would also become a disaster. People would have to be evacuated because it would be very difficult for them to breathe.
Shiveluch is one of the most active volcanoes in Kamchatka. Photo: iF/ Yuri Demyanchuk
- Does a similar catastrophe threaten the residents of Petropavlovsk?
Theoretically, yes. You and I are walking along the thick deposits of the Avachinsky volcano. Buildings, roads, and communications are laid on them.
- So, the activation of volcanoes can be associated with human activity?Theoretically, probably yes. Sometimes people fundamentally change the terrain, digging such large-scale mines that cities sink. But this does not threaten Kamchatka. Industry here is not developed to such an extent as to affect the volcanoes.
- Which volcanoes in Kamchatka should you be most afraid of?
The most dangerous are domestic volcanoes, because they are located near Petropavlovsk, where the bulk of the peninsula’s population lives.
The most dangerous are domestic volcanoes (view of the Koryaksky volcano from Petropavlovsk). Photo: AiF / Alexander Komisaruk
Forewarned is forearmed
- Is it possible to prevent the volcanic threat?
It is impossible to prevent, but it is possible to prevent. Lahars on the same Shiveluch do not appear in an instant. First, there is a strong and sharp eruption of a large number of volcanic products, they melt the snow, forming a stream that travels another 10 kilometers before falling onto the road. These processes can and should be observed. To do this, it is necessary to equip a special monitoring system - with video cameras, seismic and acoustic devices, which today, by the way, are not that expensive. This will make it possible to block a section of the road with a barrier 20-30 minutes before it is destroyed. None of the people and machines will then be guaranteed to suffer.
- Why hasn’t a similar system been created in Kamchatka yet and who should do it?
I believe that the Kamchatka authorities should deal with this... So the question is not for me.
- What will happen if, say, an atomic bomb is dropped on a volcano?
If the volcano is not ready to erupt, then nothing will happen to it. And if he is ready, then even without an atomic bomb he can explode in such a way that no one will think it’s enough.
- Can volcanoes cause earthquakes?
Yes, volcanic earthquakes do occur, but they are usually weak, so they are mainly of interest only to specialists. There are, however, exceptions. In 1932, when the Klyuchevskoy volcano erupted, before the Tuila (side crater) erupted, the earth shook so much that chimney pipes collapsed from houses in nearby villages.
- What do you expect from Kamchatka volcanoes in the near future?
Eruptions. We know they will happen. Moreover, not all of them will be safe for the population. Therefore, the task of both the authorities and scientists is to prepare for this in advance.
© Photo by Yuri Demyanchuk
© Photo by Yuri Demyanchuk
© Photo by Yuri Demyanchuk
© Photo by Yuri Demyanchuk
© Photo by Yuri Demyanchuk
© Photo by Yuri Demyanchuk
© Photo by Yuri Demyanchuk
