The letters ъ and ь are separating. Separating ъ and ь. Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation online. Lopatin's complete academic reference book. Hard sign in compound words

Introduction

After a consonant before a vowel, the letters e, e, yu, ya (and) help to denote the sound [th"] by b and b. In this case the signs are called dividing marks.

In the lesson you will learn how to choose the right one from two separating characters.

Lesson topic: “The rule for using the separating signs b and b.”

Observing the structure of words with b and b signs

Let's observe the structure of words with the b sign. To find the root, let's select words with the same root.

Fun, have fun, have fun(root -vesel-),

bearish, bear cub, she-bear(root -bear-, -bear-),

sparrows, little sparrow, passerine(root -sparrow-).

Let's observe the structure of words with the Ъ sign.

I'm going, I'm going, I'm going(root -ed-, prefix s-),

entrance, driving(root -ezd-, prefix under-),

announcement, announcement, announce(root -yavl-, prefix ob-).

We formulate the rule for using the separating signs b and b

The separative b is written at the root of the word after the consonants before the letters e, e, yu, i, i.

The separating b is written between the prefix and the root after prefixes ending in a consonant, before the letters e, e, yu, ya.

How to use the rule

1. Say the word, listen to see if it contains the sound [th"] after the consonant sound before the vowel.

2. Identify the root in the word.

3. Look where you need to write the separator - at the root or between the prefix and the root. If at the root, write b, if between the prefix and the root, write b.

Applying new knowledge

Using the rule, determine what needs to be written in place of the gaps - separating b or b.

Street_i, nightingale_i, pre_anniversary, raz_ezd, sedobny, brother_ya.

Beehives - root -ul-, write b;

nightingales - nightingale, root -nightingale-, write b;

pre-anniversary - anniversary, root -anniversary-, prefix pre-, ends in a consonant, write b;

travel - ride, root -ezd-, prefix raz-, ends in a consonant, write b;

edible - food, root -ed-, prefix s-, ends in a consonant, write b;

brothers - brother, root -take-, write b.

Apply your new knowledge, spell words with the root -EX- correctly, and don’t fall into traps.

from?went, on?went, in?went, reached, drove up, from?went, drove

moved out, drove off, drove in, arrived, drove up, drove off, drove in

In words went, arrived, stopped by prefixes po-, do-, end in a vowel sound, therefore There is no need to write the Kommersant sign.

In words moved out, drove in, drove up, drove off prefixes s-, v-, sub-, ot- end in a consonant, therefore you need to write b.

Write the words in letters.

[s й "е l] - ate. After the consonant [s] before the vowel [e], the letter E is denoted by Ъ. C- prefix, root -e-. [vy"un] - loach. After the consonant [v] before the vowel [y], the letter Yu helps to denote the sound [y"] by b. Root -loach-. [p"er"y"a] - feathers. After the consonant [p"] before the vowel [a], b helps to designate the sound [th"] of the letter I. The root is -per-. Listen to yourself and write the words with sounds.

wings - [wing "y"a], 6 b., 6 star. I'll eat - [sy"edu], 5 points, 5 stars. You noticed that the number of sounds and letters in the words is the same.

b, b do not indicate sounds, but the letters e, e, yu, i denote two sounds[y"e], [y"o], [y"u], [y"a].

We look for words with b and b signs in poetic lines

Find words with b and b in the lines of poetry.

Suddenly it became twice as bright,

The yard is like in the sun's rays -

This dress is golden

On the shoulders of a birch tree.

In the morning we go to the yard -

Leaves are falling like rain.

E. Trutneva

Who will have the opportunity

Travel to hot regions

Ride a camel!

Really great, friends!

S. Baruzdin

It's raining, it's raining,

He beats the drums. A. Barto

The evil blizzard flew away.

The rooks brought warmth.

They ran after each other

Restless streams.

A. Usanova

I see wonderful freedom,

I see cornfields and fields.

This is Russian expanse,

This is Russian land.(Song)

Gray hare under a pine tree

He announced that he was a tailor...

The hare cuts, the hare sews,

And the bear is waiting in the den.

S. Mikhalkov

Dress(root -pay-),

leaves(root -leaf-),

go(root -ezd-, prefix s-, ends in a consonant),

Friends(root -friend-),

snowstorm(root -blizzard-),

streams(root -stream-),

freedom- space, free life (root -will-),

expanse- dol, valley (root -dol-),

announced(root -yav-, prefix ob-, ends in a consonant).

note: in words sews, pours, beats and in related words sew, spill, beat at the root it is written b (roots: -sh-, -l-, -b-).

We look for words in the text with separating signs b and b

Find words in the text with separating signs b and b.

A small bird flutters above the river in the frosty haze. She quickly dives into the water. In a moment - rise. This is a dipper, a visitor from the northern forests. The bird's feathers are greased. This is how you can explain why the dipper is not afraid of water.(see Fig. 1)

Curls- vit, viu, root -v-, write b,

climb- you can see in books two options for isolating a root: the root -em-, the prefix under-, the root -lift-, we write ъ,

guest- living room, stay, root -guest-, write b,

explain- clear, clear, explain, root -yas-, prefix ob-, ends in a consonant, write ъ.

Explain which letters are missing

The birthplace of the Russian samovar is the city of Tula. In Rus', samovars of different shapes and sizes have long been made. There were even samovars with removable handles. My Russian family loves to sit by the samovar. The proverb says: “Whoever drinks tea will live a hundred years.”

Volume- previously the prefix ob- was distinguished, now the root -volume- is distinguished;

removable- shooting, previously the prefix s- was highlighted, now the root -sem is highlighted;

family- family, root -seven-;

drinks- drink, root -drink-.

We observe the words that answer the question whose?

Listen to the dialogue.

If only you had some fox teeth, hare!

If only you had wolf legs, gray one!

If only you had lynx claws, scythe!

- Uh, what do I need fangs and claws?

My soul is still a hare.

In words that answer the question whose?: fox, wolf, lynx, hare, deer, squirrel, birdthe root is written b.

Listening to proverbs

Listen to the proverbs, find words with b and b signs.

The streams will merge - there will be a river. People will unite - their strength cannot be defeated.

Happiness is not a fish; you can’t catch it with a fishing rod.

Friendship is strong not through flattery, but through truth and honor.

Streams- stream, in the root - stream- after the consonant before the letter and it is written ь.

Will merge- pour, pour, at the root -l- after a consonant before a letter Yu written ь.

Unite- union, single, root -uni-, after a prefix ending in a consonant, before a root starting with a letter e, written ъ.

Happiness- happy, at the root -happiness- after the consonant before the letter e written ь.

Flattery- at the root - flattery - after a consonant before a letter Yu written ь.

Honor- at the root -honor- after a consonant before a letter Yu written ь.

We memorize foreign words.

Remember foreign words with b:

object, subject, adjutant, injection(medicine injection, injection)

Remember words with b:

bouillon- meat decoction

battalion- unit in the army

pavilion- a small building in the garden, in the park

postman- mail delivery person to addresses

champignon- edible mushroom

Conclusion

The separative b is written at the root of the word after the consonants before the letters e, e, yu, i, and.

The separating Ъ is written between the prefix and the root after prefixes ending in a consonant, before letters e, e, yu, i.

Bibliography

M.S. Soloveychik, N. S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Textbook. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
M.S. Soloveychik, N. S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Workbook. Grade 3: in 3 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
T. V. Koreshkova Test tasks in the Russian language. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
T.V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in the Russian language for 3rd grade: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003.
G.T. Dyachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 grades. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008.

Homework

Write the words in two columns: in the left - with a soft separator, in the right - with a hard separator.
Sh.yut, n.yut, l.yut, b.yut, sat down, healthy, announcement, rise, out.yan, hug, sparrow, depart, happy. e, inclement, cheerful, present, unify, clarify.
Insert b or b. In words with a hard separator, highlight the prefixes.
The titmouse Zinka liked it in the forest in winter. So many trees! She was jumping on the branches. A bale with a sharp nose into a crack in the bark. He pulls out a bug and eats it.

Zinka looks: a forest mouse jumped out from under the snow. She’s shaking, she’s all nervous. She explained to Zinka her fear. The mouse fell into the bear's den.

(According to V. Bianchi)

Read the entries. Which one is not a mystery? Why? Guess the riddles. Solve spelling problems.

1. They beat him, but he doesn’t get angry,

He sings and has fun

Because without bit.i

There is no life for the ball. (To Berestov)

2. She herself, like a rocker,

It hung in the air.

The wings chirp,

The mosquito wants to eat.

3. It gets dusty underfoot, meanders and gets stuck.

It lies and runs and circles. What's the name?

Internet portal School-collection.edu.ru ().
Internet portal Gramota.ru ().
Internet portal Festival.1september.ru ().
Internet portal Dictionary.liferus.ru ().

Letters Kommersant And b(hard and soft signs) do not indicate sounds; they are used in writing to indicate the correct pronunciation of words. Compare:

blizzard - in b south

entrance - under Kommersant rides

Dividing solid sign

Letter Kommersant used only as a separator. A hard sign is written after prefixes ending in a consonant followed by a vowel E, Yo, Yu or I. For example:

explanation, cringe, go away

The separating solid sign is written in compound words, the first part of which is formed by numerals TWO-, THREE- And FOUR- followed by a vowel E, Yo, Yu or I. For example:

two-tier, four-core

two storey, three point

Dividing Kommersant

The hard sign is not written:

Before vowels A, O, U, E, For example:
without an emergency, under a horseman, to teach, with e save
In compound words, for example:
kids(nurseries)

Designation of softness of consonants

In written speech, the letter is in the middle and at the end of words b denotes the softness of the preceding consonant, for example:

in the south, leaf, tulle pan

To indicate the softness of consonants, a soft sign is written:

At the end of words, for example:
day, twirl, rain
In the middle of a word, after a soft consonant preceding a hard one:
more, ginseng, letters about
In the middle of a word after a soft consonant that comes before a soft one G, K, B or M in the event that when changing the word G, K, B or M becomes hard:
earrings and - earrings, written - letters about
In the middle of a word after soft L, before any consonant:
lion cub, flatter, benefit

But between the two L, coming one after another - LL, the soft sign is not written:

illuminator, alley, illusia

A soft sign in the middle of a word is not written:

In combinations ZN, NT, SN, ZD, ST, For example:
execute, quarantine, blush, here, cost and
In combination with H And SCH with all consonants except L:
night oh, finish, counting

fan, boy

Combinations CHK, CHN, NC, NShch, RShch, ShchN written without a soft sign.

candle, precise, beg, mason, assembler, powerful

Dividing soft sign

Letter b used in words as a separator. A soft sign is written inside words after consonants followed by a vowel E, Yo, I, Yu or I. For example:

necklace, necklace, nightingale, wind, ringing

When pronouncing words with a soft separating sign, the sound [th" is always heard. Dividing b indicates that the letters E, Yo, I, Yu, I represent two sounds:

E [y"e], Yo [th"o], AND [th"i], YU [th"y], I [y"a]

note that dividing b not written after prefixes.

Note: the separating soft sign is written in some words foreign origin before the letter ABOUT:

postman n, bouillon n, batillon n, medallion n, champigno n

Dividing b used to ensure that when pronouncing words, the consonant letter does not merge with the vowel.

DividingKommersantwritten after consonants before lettersI, Yu, Yo, E,conveying combinations [j] with vowels, in the following cases.

1. After prefixes ending in a consonant .

For example:

a) in words with Russian prefixes: non-nuclear, reveal, enraged, become enraged, worn out, interlingual, get fed up, go around, departure, lift, pre-anniversary, present, disperse, detachable, eat, shrink, sarcastic, supernatural, super-capacious, super-bright.

Letter ъ traditionally it is also written in the word flaw, Although from- is not a prefix in it.

b) in words with prefixes of foreign origin : counter-tier, post-nuclear, post-anniversary, subunit, sub-core, superyacht, trans-European .

Words of foreign origin with initial parts are also written ab-, ad-, dis-, in-, inter-, con-, ob-, sub- , which in the source language are prefixes, but in the Russian language they are usually not distinguished as prefixes. These include: abjuration, adjective, adjectivation, adjunct, adjustage, adjutant, disjunction, injection, injected, interjection, coadjutor, conjecture, conjugates, conjugation, conjunctiva, conjunctiva, conjunctivitis, conjuncture, conjunction, object, objective, subject, subjective .

2. In complex words:

a) after the initial parts two-, three-, four- , For example: double-anchor, double-capacity, triple-core, quadruple-tier ;

b) in words pan-European, courier .

After the initial parts of compound words, a separator ъ traditionally it is not written, for example: military lawyer, state language, children, party cell, food fair, special education, household unit, foreign language, Inyurkollegiya, Ministry of Justice.

3. The letter ъ is also written when transmitting foreign proper names and words derived from them (after letters containing paired hard consonants), for example: Kizilyurt(city in Dagestan), Toryal(village in the Republic of Mari El), Guo Hengyu(Chinese personal name), Hengyang(city in China), Tazabagyab culture(archaeological), Jyväsjärvi(lake in Finland), Manyoshu(anthology of ancient Japanese poetry).

In this case, the separating ъ also possible before the letter And , For example: Junichiro(Japanese name).

Note!

1) The letter ъ is not written before letters a, o, y, e, and, s.

For example: interatomic, counterstrike, transoceanic, three-story.

2) The letter ъ is not written in the middle of a word (not after a prefix!), for example: dress, clerk Exception – courier.

3) The letter ъ is not written at the junction of parts of a compound word.

For example: detyasli (nurseries), Inyaz (Institute of Foreign Languages).

4 ) The letter ъ is not written in a noun clerk(there is no prefix in this word under- !). A separator is written in the middle of the word b , since the prefix stands out here By- and the root dyak (-dyach-).

5) In the middle of a word (at the root) rearguard write separator ь , but not ъ , since prefixes ar- not in Russian.

6) In a word flaw (Turk.) written ъ by analogy with the verb take away.

Dividing b written after consonants before letters i, yu, e, e, and, conveying combinations [j] with vowels.

For example:

- ya : devil, yudyachiy, monkey, billiards, family, drunk, ears of corn, draw, shepherd's, Lukyan;

-yu : loach, interview, pour, family, drink, trot, fifty, sew, fut(interjection);

- yo : nightingale, gun, drinking, crow, serious, life, whose, sewing;

-ye : premiere, play, courier, entertainer, jam, calm, Vietnam, Fourier;

-y : passerine, nightingales, pancakes, bearish, vary, articles, whose, Vigny.

1) The separating b is written in the middle of the word (not after the prefix!) after a consonant before letters e, e, yu, i, if after a consonant before a vowel it sounds [j]; for example: vVyot [v’jot], loach [v’jun], clerk [d’jak]).

2) The separative b is written in some borrowed words (as a sound signal [j]) after a consonant before a letter O.

For example: bouillon[bul'jon], sir[sin'jor], minion[min'jon].

The separative ъ is written after the consonants before the letters i, yu, ё, e, which convey combinations with vowels, in the following cases.

1. After prefixes ending in a consonant. Examples:

a) in words with Russian prefixes: non-nuclear, reveal, enraged, gnawed, worn out, interlingual, fed up, go around, departure, lift, pre-anniversary, present, disperse, detachable, eat, shrink, sarcastic, supernatural, super-capacious, super-bright;

Note. Letter ъ traditionally it is also written in the word flaw, Although from- is not a prefix in it.

b) in words with prefixes of foreign origin: counter-tier, post-nuclear, post-anniversary, subunit, sub-core, superyacht, trans-European.

Words of foreign origin with initial parts are also written ab-, ad-, dis-, in-, inter-, con-, ob-, sub-, which are prefixes in the source language, but are usually not distinguished as prefixes in the Russian language. These include: abjuration, adjective, adjectivation, adjunct, adjuctage, adjutant, disjunction, injection, injected, interjection, coadjutor, conjecture, conjugates, conjugation, conjunctiva, conjunctiva, conjunctivitis, conjuncture, conjunction, object, objective, subject, subjective.

2. In complex words: a) after the initial parts two-, three-, four-, eg: two-anchor, two-capacity, three-core, four-tier; b) in words pan-European, courier.

Note. After the initial parts of compound words, a separator ъ Traditionally it is not written, for example: military specialist, state language, children, party cell, trade fair, special education, household unit, foreign language, Inyurkollegiya, Ministry of Justice.

3. The letter ъ is also written when conveying foreign language proper names and words derived from them (after letters conveying paired hard consonants), for example: Kizilyurt (city in Dagestan), Toryal (village in the Mari El Republic), Guo Henyu (Chinese personal name ), Hengyang (city in China), Tazabagyab culture(archaeological), Jyväsjärvi (lake in Finland), Manyoshu (anthology of ancient Japanese poetry).

Note. In this case, the separating ъ also possible before the letter And, eg: Junichiro(Japanese name).

Card 1

Paste ъ, where necessary. Select consoles. Underline the letter after ъ.

Sample: entry.

Entering the city. There is an advertisement on the wall. Presented documents. Once... I found a friend. I clarified the task. An angry beast. Crane... You...are leaving the city. The immense steppe.

Card 2

Match these words with words of the same root with the indicated prefixes. Select consoles. Underline the letters after ъ.

Sample: departure.

Riding (from-, under-, on-, once-). Ate (by-, with-, about-).

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Card 3

Write by opening the brackets and inserting the missing letters. Select consoles. Underline the letter after ъ.

My father went on a (c) trip and took me (to) stay with my grandmother. A car was driving (under) the car. We (you) were driving to the road and an hour later we were going to the city.

Card 4

Number 1 word with a separator b, and the number 2 is the word with b- an indicator of the softness of consonants.

Sick, gun, spear, I'll take, birds, letter, nightingales, trees, at night,

boy, autumn, pebbles, ants, happiness, life, blizzard, slice, finger.

Card 5

Write the phrases, changing the meaning of the words in brackets.

Sample: ( Fox ) fox Nora ,

(bird)................................... feather, (wolf)..... ................... tracks, (dog)………………………. kennel, (goat)........................ milk,

(bear)............................. paw, (hare)............ ......................hat, (squirrel)................... .............skin.

Card 6

Write the words in two columns: in the first - words with a separating soft sign, and in the second - words with a soft sign - an indicator of the softness of consonants.

Sick, gun, spear, I'll take, birds, letter, nightingales, skates, trees, at night, boy, autumn, pebbles, ants, happiness, life, blizzard, slice, finger, crow's nest.

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Card 7

Read the proverbs. Insert a hard or soft separator. Underline the vowels that come after the separators.

1. The whole family... I'm together, and my soul is in place. 2. To eat fish, you have to get into the water. 3. They meet you according to their payment, but they see you off according to your intelligence. 4. In winter, a fungus would eat, but the snow is deep. 5. The bird is red with its feathers, and the man is a scientist.....

Card 8

Z..ma announced..ina in..a dream. The pr..l..tel wind..r, s.brought menacing clouds. They did not let the sun's rays hit the ground. In..sleep she sent m..l..to the grass..warm drops of..rain. Z..ma froze them. The kidneys on the... roars... shrank. Z..ma pinched them with her pussy. Mixed rain with snow, thunder in the autumn with the south. The enraged z..ma tried to strike at the very heart in..a dream, but couldn’t see..it.

Card 9

Write the words in two columns.

Sem..ya, in..drove, bul..on, in..et, in..drive, in..south, postman, in..youn, shrank, announcement, hand.. and, Il..ya, enraged, gun..e, Dem..yan, out..yan.

Card 10

Insert suitable words with separators into the sentences ъ and ь.

1. Sasha………………... pie. 2. To the house......................... car. 3. In the spring, ............................................... flowed along the paths. 4. Ilya loves foam with.................... 5. Birds …………………. . nests on........................................ and bushes. 5. It rains often................................... in autumn.

Card 11

Write it down by inserting the missing letters.

1. (C) spruce (c) the squirrel jumped.. 2. The guests (c) ate a delicious cake. 3. The worms (under) ate the roots of the cabbage. 4. The hare sat (under) the spruce.

Card 12

Come up with and write down two or three words of different parts of speech with a separator ъ with these attachments : S-, under-, about-, times-, in-, from-.

...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Card 13

Write it down. Fill in the missing letters.

Somehow in a saucer in......................................... ...................................................

I (on) walked st..created..e. ........................................................ ....................................

Of course, I sat down straight away.................................... ...........................................

And he quickly sat down. ........................................................ ....................................

And now..to continue..I.................................... ...............................................

This is what I wanted....................................... ...........................................

There is not a drop..ki in..ren..ya. ........................................................ .........................................

Test "Dividers"

Student................................................. .........

1. Where is the separating soft sign written in words?

a) immediately after the prefixes;

2. Where do they write the separating solid sign in words?

a) immediately after the prefixes;

b) at the root and after the root of the word.

3. What letters should the root begin with?

a) from vowels;

b) with consonants.

4. What letter should the prefix end with before -
hard dividing sign?

a) to a consonant;

b) to a vowel.

5. Before which vowels do they write a soft separator?
sign? Circle the correct letters.

6. What vowels are written before the dividing hard?
sign? Circle the correct letters.

A, e, s, e, yu, i, o, e, u, i.

soft sign.

a) life..;

b) happy;

c) no;

d) letter..mo.

7. Underline the words in which the separator is missing
a solid sign.

a) left...left

b) present

c) v..et;

d) explain..explain.

Test: “Soft separating sign”

Student

Level 1

Find and underline words with a soft separator.

Flakes, big, minx, tenants, housing, ice floe.

Read it. Underline words with a soft separator.

At night there was a blizzard. A girl sews dresses for dolls.

2 level

Read it. Insert appropriate words with a separating soft sign.

The hunter loaded.

They fell from the trees.

Drying on the line.

3 level

Correct mistakes.

Our Kozhka Murka is a great minx. Dad brought a stuffed sparrow. Murka grabbed Scarecrow. All that was left of the bird was shreds.

Test: “Separation ь and ъ”

Last name, first name...................................................

1. Choose the correct answer.
Dividingb is written:

a) after a consonant before letterse, e, i, yu, i;

b) after prefixes that end in a consonant,
before letterse, e, I.

2. Choose the correct answer.

Dividingb shows that

a) a consonant followed by a vowel
pronounced separately;

b) the consonant sound after which it comes is pronounced
soft.

3. Underline the words in which b denotes only the softness of consonant sounds.

Nightingales, feathers, day, mill, skates, coals, dust, ring.

4. Emphasize wordswith dividing soft sign.

Boy, feathers, health, tweeting, pouring, letter, family, polka, sons.

5. Arrange the words in three columns: 1 - with a soft separator; 2 - with a soft sign - an indicator of the softness of the consonant; 3- with separatingъ.

Cotton...I, s..ezd, happiness...e, in...the south, teacher...girl, little...person, s...emka.