List of non-derivative prepositions. Lesson on the topic "derivative and non-derivative prepositions." Special cases of use

Prepositions can be derived or non-derivative. Derivatives prepositions are formed by the transition of independent parts of speech into auxiliary ones, which thereby lose their lexical meaning and morphological characteristics. For example, the preposition around (walks around the house) comes from the adverb around (it is clearly visible around), the preposition by (to convince through strong evidence) - from the noun path in the instrumental case (serves as a convenient way), the preposition in continuation (to wait for an hour) - from the combination of the noun continuation with the preposition e (to believe in the continuation of the acquaintance), the preposition thanks (we managed thanks to the help of a friend) - from the gerund (left, thanking for the help provided).

TO non-derivative These include prepositions that are not formed from independent parts of speech, for example: without, in, to, for, for, from, to, on, over, about, about, from, on, under, before, with, about, with, at, through.

Many non-derivative prepositions can be used with different cases; derivatives are usually used with any one case. For example, the preposition thanks is used only with the dative case: thanks to courage (D. p.).

337. Prepositions are highlighted in these phrases. First write down phrases with non-derivative prepositions, and then with derivatives. Use verbs in the 3rd person plural.

Crossing the street, building behind the house, writing on an envelope, throwing it over a coat, deviating from the topic, dividing it into five, finding it thanks to resourcefulness, thinking about it... meaning, add to two, replace..t due to dilapidation.., run..t near the house, write..t from a book, moves along the road, walk..t in a column, act contrary to custom, run..t from the mountain , ready..t within a month, tired..t out of habit.., sharing..with friends, waiting for an hour, located..t in front of the house, laid..t across the road, built near the stadium, elevated.. located in the middle of the square... in order to combat the elements.

338. Write it off. Underline the highlighted adverbs and nouns together with the highlighted prepositions as parts of the sentence. From what part of speech are derived prepositions formed?

• Around You wrapped your braid twice around the lily brow. (A. Pushkin)
• The coffin was broken. The maiden suddenly came to life. looks around with amazed (n, nn) ​​eyes. (A. Pushkin)
• The horn began to play, and the village herd began to sweat by Houses. (A. Pushkin)
• Near forests, like in a soft bed... you can get some sleep(?) (N. Nekrasov)
• The gray hairs of a cloudy day float, disheveled, by. (S. Yesenin)
• Gregory led his horse to a bush and lay down near, shielding his face from the wind with a hollow shawl.4 (M. Sholokhov)

339. In what style of speech are the prepositions given in the box most often used? Select prepositions that suit their meaning (see box) and insert them into sentences when copying. Write down words with the same root for the highlighted word.

1. The ground (abundance of snow) is deeply saturated with moisture. 2. The weather (prediction of the forecast bureau) was rainy. 3. Work on the farm is carried out (schedule). 4. The smiling agronomist walked quickly (tractor drivers). 5. Planting began at an earlier date (custom).

340. Analyze the proposals. Find the mistake you made. Correct it by using another preposition with a causal meaning.

1. Thanks to the rain, the interesting excursion did not take place. 2. The hike to the mountains was postponed due to heavy fog. 3. Thanks to the varied program, the ensemble's tour was successful. 4. Thanks to the skill and perseverance of the hockey players, the team entered the major league.

341. Read an excerpt from a comic story by F. Krivin. Determine whether the choice of not only a derivative, but also a non-derivative preposition can affect the meaning of the statement. Copy the passage, filling in the missing punctuation marks. Insert instead of blanks on us or behind us. How many lines are there in the dialogue? Read the text aloud by role: author, little hare, old hare.

HUNTING RULES

The frightened bunny ran home:
Dad, they're hunting us(?)!
Are we being hunted(?) or are we being hunted(?)? - said the old hare.
I don't know. I just know that they are hunting(?)
How many times have I taught you to correctly express your thoughts. A lot depends on how accurately we express a thought.
But they are hunting (?) Dad!
Behind us or at us?
I don't know how to say dad...
Let me explain for the last time: if they are hunting _ _ _, it means that they only want to catch us. And if _ _ _ are hunting (?) it means they want to kill us. Can you tell the difference?
The hare began to tremble with his whole being, feeling (?) this difference.
And they ran.

342. Insert preposition from or For.

Lotion _ _ _ protection against mosquito bites.
Composition _ _ _ stain removal.
Liquid _ _ _ shoe stretches.
Tablets _ _ _ cough.
Cream _ _ _ shoe cleaning.

343. Correct errors that are often heard on modern radio and television broadcasts. Indicate the type of error: extra preposition, wrong preposition, wrong case of the dependent word, wrong preposition and case of the dependent word.

Sample. Concerned about how to resolve this issue. (An extra preposition.)

Necessary: Concerned about how to resolve this issue.

1. Interesting proposals have been received from our regions. 2. Now we will find out where school graduates will go. 3. Today we are concerned about what today's schoolchildren will become. 4. They say that you found a common language in the miner's family. 5. About four hundred movie cameras were still here yesterday. 6. We need to pay attention to this problem.

Prepositions- function words that express various relationships between words and are used as a means of syntactic subordination of nouns or pronouns to other words in a sentence and phrase.

Prepositions take a position before a noun (pronoun) or before an adjective relating to this noun (pronoun). Only a few prepositions can follow a noun: for the sake of, in spite of, in spite of, towards. For example, for God's sake or for God's sake.

A preposition, together with the case ending of a noun, forms a prepositional-case construction and is a grammatical means of connecting words in a sentence: return from school, tell fortunes on coffee grounds, etc. Some prepositions are always used with the same case: for example, the preposition to - with the dative (to go to the house), pro - with the accusative (to tell about the exhibition), etc. Other prepositions in different sentences can be used with different cases and express different relationships of nouns to other words in the sentence. For example, the preposition by can be combined with the dative case (talking on the phone), the accusative case (getting bogged down) and the prepositional case (at the end of the session).

In modern Russian, the class of prepositions is constantly replenished due to the transition of other parts of speech to it.

Based on their origin, prepositions are divided into two groups: non-derivative and derived prepositions.

Non-derivatives (antiderivatives) prepositions are not related in origin to other parts of speech: in, to, from, for, on, etc.

Derivatives (non-derivatives) Prepositions by origin are related to other parts of speech. So, the prepositions around, on the contrary, along, next to came from adverbs, and the prepositions during, in continuation, about, etc. came from nouns, the prepositions thanks to, including, starting with, etc. came from verbs.

Derived prepositions are often homonymous to the words from which they are derived. For example: Thanks to (preposition) you, I was able to solve the problem. I wrote to him, thanking (gerund) for his help. Prepositions differ from the producing word in combinability: the preposition thanks is combined with the dative case form of the noun (thanks to a friend), and the gerund thanks is combined with the accusative case of the noun (thanks to a friend). Material from the site

In addition, the prepositions during, in continuation, in conclusion must be distinguished from nouns. Nouns (flow, continuation, conclusion) have a lexical meaning; a noun can change the form of number and case. Prepositions express only temporary relations and do not change.

According to their composition, prepositions are divided into simple and compound prepositions.

Simple prepositions consist of one word: about, on, in, as a result, etc.

Compound prepositions include two or three words: regardless of, during, judging by, in contrast to, towards, etc.

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There are many spelling rules in the Russian language. Most of them cause writing difficulties not only for schoolchildren and foreigners who study Russian, but also for adults. One of these rules is the spelling of prepositions. Mainly the problem is finding them correctly. With simple non-derivative prepositions, everything is more or less clear, and most people do not have difficulty finding them. But in the Russian language there is another group of words that, depending on the context, can refer to different parts of speech. These are derived prepositions that come from adverbs, nouns or gerunds. They are so difficult to write that many people have great difficulty encountering them in the text.

Characteristics of derived prepositions

All prepositions in the Russian language are auxiliary parts of speech that do not have their own meaning and morphological characteristics. They serve as a connecting link between words in a sentence and are used to build a grammatically correct and competent construction. Derivative prepositions in the Russian language appeared relatively recently. They originated from significant parts of speech due to the loss of their own morphological characteristics and meaning. Because of this, their spelling often differs from the original words, causing spelling difficulties. They are used quite often in speech, so every literate person should be able to find them and write them correctly.

Features of this part of speech

1. Derivative prepositions can be simple, consisting of one word, for example, “near”, “around”, “thanks to”, “towards” and others. But many of them consist of two words, retaining the form they had as a significant part of speech. Usually this is a combination of a non-derivative preposition with a noun, so merged with it in meaning and grammatically that it is often perceived as one word. For example: “with the help”, “for lack of”, “not counting”, “at the expense”, “to the extent” and others.

2. The spelling of such prepositions needs to be memorized, because most often it is not regulated by any rules. In difficult cases, you need to check a spelling dictionary. The greatest difficulty is in writing the prepositions “during”, “in continuation”, “as a result”, “subsequently”.

3. To determine that a derivative preposition, and not an independent part of speech, is used in a sentence, you need to replace it with another preposition or conjunction. For example, “as a result” - “because of”, “about” - “about”, “towards” - “to”, “like” - “how”.

4. There is a small group of derived prepositions that are difficult to distinguish from the independent parts of speech from which they originated. This causes difficulties in writing them. In this case, you can only understand the meaning in the context. These words are: “about”, “as a result of”, “thanks to”, “despite” and others.

Types of derivative prepositions

All prepositions under consideration are divided into three groups depending on what part of speech they came from.

1. Adverbial prepositions, that is, derived prepositions formed from adverbs, have retained their meaning. Basically they indicate the time and location of an object in space. For example, “near the house”, “after school”, “inside the box” and others.

2. Denominal prepositions are so called because they are formed from a noun. They can denote spatial, temporal, causal or object relations. This is a fairly large group of prepositions, and they are the ones that most often cause spelling difficulties, for example: “in connection”, “to the extent”, “about”, “like”, “on arrival” and others.

3. Verbal prepositions originate from gerunds, which have lost their meaning of additional action. They are closely related to nouns and are usually used with only one case. For example: “thanks to (what?)”, “in spite of (what?)”, “despite (what?)”.

What meanings do they have?

Each derived preposition, when combined with nouns, gives it a specific meaning. Most often they are used with one case, but you can also ask adverbial questions about them. The most common meanings of derived prepositions:

They denote a certain period of time: “during”, “at the end”, “in completion”, “after” and others;

Causal relations are determined by prepositions: “thanks to”, “in spite of”, “due to”, “as a result of”;

They can indicate the location of an object: “near”, “about”, “opposite”, “in front” and others.

How to learn to write prepositions correctly

The spelling of independent words is regulated by spelling rules. Most people learned them during school and have no difficulty spelling. And derived prepositions do not follow any rules. You need to remember how to write them. But in difficult cases, you can check with a spelling dictionary. The difficulty is most often caused by people’s inability to distinguish sentences with prepositions from constructions with independent parts of speech. If you learn to find these words in the text, there will be fewer mistakes. After all, most people still know the basic rules of spelling.

Ways to search for prepositions in text

1. You need to try to replace the word with another preposition. Each derived preposition has a similar one from the category of non-derivatives, for example, “in view of - because of”, “about - about”, “towards - to”, “following - for” and others. Significant parts of speech are replaced only by synonyms: “for an account - for a book”, “for a meeting - for a date”.

2. Ask a question about the word. If there is a preposition in a sentence, then most likely it will be part of the question, and the answer will be a noun: “I live opposite the school - (opposite what?)” or “(where?) - opposite the school.” And the word, as an independent part of speech, itself answers the question: “this house is opposite - (where?) - opposite.”

3. A derivative preposition cannot be removed from a sentence without losing the meaning and destroying the grammatical structure: “to walk in front of the column - to walk (?) the column.” If you remove the significant part of the speech, then although the meaning will be impoverished, the sentence will not lose its integrity: “he walked ahead - he walked.”

4. They can also be distinguished by meaning. For example, “during the day” is a preposition that denotes a period of time, and “during the river” is a noun that denotes the flow of water.

What derivative prepositions are written together

Among the words of this part of speech there are many that have long been used in the Russian language. Some prepositions have so merged with nouns in meaning that almost no one has any difficulty spelling them. For example, “near”, “like”, “in view of”, “instead of”, “like”, “inside” and others. But there are also words that are written together only when they are used as prepositions. And here you need to be able to distinguish them from significant parts of speech. For example, “due to the rain” is a preposition; you can replace it with the word “due to,” and “as a consequence of the case” is a noun: “(in what?) - as a result.” More examples of frequently used prepositions and their difference with homonymous parts of speech: “towards each other” - “to meet friends”, “about repairs” - “to a bank account”. You also need to remember that “not” in prepositions formed from gerunds is written together: “despite his advanced age (despite what?)” is a preposition, but compare: “he walked without (not looking) around” .

Compound derivative prepositions

Spelling of prepositions that consist of two words also causes difficulties. But they are not associated with the separate spelling of these words, but most often with the letter at the end of the preposition. It needs to be remembered, since basically it is completely different from the nouns from which these words come:

The letter “and” is written at the end of the prepositions “after”, “on arrival”, “at the end”, “in connection”, “in accordance”, “in comparison”, “during”;

You need to remember the spelling of prepositions with the letter “e” at the end: “during”, “in continuation”, “in conclusion”, “in contrast”, “in conclusion”, “in commemoration”, “on arrival”, “on arrival” ";

There is also a group of prepositions that cause almost no difficulties: “by virtue”, “to the extent”, “in connection” and some others.

In order for a person’s speech to be literate, it is necessary to use derivative prepositions as much as possible. They enrich the language, allow you to more accurately express your thoughts and use grammatically correct constructions.

Lesson objectives:

• Educational: introduce students to derived and non-derivative prepositions; learn to distinguish between derivative and non-derivative prepositions, and use them correctly in oral and written speech.
• Developmental: development of memory, positive emotions, logical thinking, the ability to compare and choose the right one, evaluate the results achieved.
• Educational: to cultivate interest in the Russian language.

Lesson equipment: cards with tasks for students, presentation

During the classes

1. Mobilizing stage. Greeting, writing the number in a notebook

2. Repetition

Teacher. We begin our lesson by reviewing what we have learned about prepositions. Annex 1

Read the groups of phrases and determine the relationships expressed by prepositions.

Drive past the house, run along the river (spatial, place); miss your mother, think about a friend (objective); return in the evening, meet after school (temporary); due to bad weather, did not come due to illness (causal); bought for treatment, come with a check (target).

Teacher: Now let’s remember the correct use of prepositional and non-prepositional combinations.

How to say correctly: Comrades! Pay your fare. or Pay the fare. (pay (what?) for travel; pay (for what?) for travel)

What prepositions B or NA can these words be combined with:

• BE PARTICIPATING START (participate in the start, be at the start);
• PRESENT, PARTICIPATE IN A RALLY (participate in a rally, attend a rally);
• DISCUSS, PARTICIPATE IN THE MEETING (participate in the meeting, discuss at the meeting);
• BE INTERESTED, SHOW INTEREST MATHEMATICS (be interested in mathematics, show interest in mathematics);
• TELL, TOUCH THE PROJECT (tell about the project, touch on the project);
• LOVE DEVOTION TO THE MOTHERLAND (love for the Motherland, devotion to the Motherland);
• REVIEW REVIEW BOOK (review of a book, review of a book).

Teacher: answer the questions:

1. What is a preposition?
2. How are prepositions written with other words?
3. What are the meanings of prepositions? What does this depend on?
4. With what case are the prepositions used: AT END, UPON ARRIVAL?
5. With what case are the prepositions used: THANKING, ACCORDING TO, CONTRARY, etc.?

3. The teacher writes the topic of the lesson on the board. (slide) Students formulate the purpose of the lesson

Teacher. Considering the topic of the lesson, set a goal for the lesson.

Target:

• get acquainted with...
• learn to distinguish...,
• use correctly...

The purpose of the lesson: get acquainted with derivative and non-derivative prepositions; learn to distinguish between derivative and non-derivative prepositions, use them correctly in oral and written speech

4. Studying new material. Practical work on the text. Appendix 2

What are the origins of prepositions?

Make a reference diagram (table) for the material.

Tell us about the features of derived prepositions.

Practical work with the text: read the text, talk about the features of non-derivative and derived prepositions.

By origin, prepositions are non-derivative and derivative.

Non-derivatives prepositions were not formed from any other words(parts) of speech and since ancient times used only as prepositions. Most non-derivative prepositions are homonyms with respect to prefixes. For example: at the house - to come.

Derivative prepositions are formed from different significant parts of speech. On this basis, adverbial, denominal and verbal prepositions are distinguished among them.

Adverbial prepositions are formed from adverbs, are most widespread and form word combinations with adverbial and object relations. For example: stopped near the house (place), rested after work (time).

Denominate prepositions are formed from nouns. With their help, word combinations are formed that express various adverbial and objective relationships. For example: did not come due to collapse (reason), was formed through decay (mode of action), worked throughout life (time), responded to the statement (object).

Verbal prepositions are derived from gerunds and are used in phrases expressing causal, concessional and temporary relationships. For example: achieved, despite difficulties (concession), thanks to worries (reason), remembered a week later (time). ( From the book “Russian Language” by A.V. Dudnikov, A.I. Arbuzov)

4. Consolidation of the lesson learned on the topic

1) Selective dictation: Write down phrases with non-derivative prepositions (1 var) and derived prepositions (2 vars).

Crosses the street, delayed due to repairs, signs on an envelope, deviates from the topic, divide by five, house near the river, run ahead of everyone, arrive a week later, talk about vacation, think about the meaning, add to two, walks in a column, read in during the day, runs away from the mountain, pays according to the agreement, gets tired from unaccustomment, weakness due to illness.

Examination:

2) Creative task: Match these non-derivative prepositions with synonymous derivatives.

Because of bad weather (as a result), after graduation (at graduation), about the timing (about), for self-defense (for purposes), for an absent person (instead), through negotiations (by), across (across) the road, at (near ) fire.

5. Problematic question: How to distinguish derived prepositions from homonymous parts of speech?

The guys walked (where?) ahead The guys walked ahead (ahead of what?) of the squad. (in front of the squad)

The rule is a helper!

The preposition will be included in the case question. A derived preposition can be replaced by a non-derivative or another derived preposition.

3) Explanatory dictation: indicate derived prepositions and parts of speech homonymous to them.

I know this forest inside and out. “The path ran along the cliff, meandering in the shade of the trees.

A small log lay across the river.

A forest was visible nearby. “There was a river flowing near the village.

Go ahead. - The ship runs merrily past Buyan Island.

Petya hoped to meet with his comrades. - The comrades walked towards each other.

4) Run the test

1. The word OVER is:

A) pretext;

B) prefix;

C) can be a preposition and a prefix.

2. Find a phrase with a preposition that has a causal meaning:

A) visible from behind the mountain;

B) be late due to rain;

C) is clear from the story;

D) about his actions.

3. Find a preposition formed from a gerund:

A) thanks;

B) according to;

B) contrary to;

D) like.

4. Find phrases with derived prepositions:

A) live at the station;

B) thanks to heavy rains;

B) grows along the fence;

D) go ahead of the squad.

5. Indicate sentences in which the highlighted words are prepositions:

A) The herd reached out by Houses.

B) Don't pass by .

IN) Across the roads were laid with logs.

G) Ahead the most persistent ones went.

6. Indicate the group of non-derivative prepositions:

A) thanks, before, for, before, around;

B) according to, through, towards, to, at, by;

B) through, with, without, for, over;

D) s, y, about, along, at.

5) Design workshop: Insert prepositions that make sense.

1. The older sister studies at the university at the Faculty of Economics.

2. I miss my father, mother, sister.

3. Everything must be done ACCORDING to the instructions.

4. The hike took place THANKS to good weather.

5. The boy stayed in class DESPITE his friend’s request.

6. The shoots were friendly, DESPITE the drought.

For strong students, editorial correction for exercise 343 page 141 of the textbook.

11. Lesson summary, reflection

12. Homework: Paragraph 54, page 139. (entries in the directory) Ex. No. 337.

Pretext- this is the auxiliary part of our speech, which expresses semantic connections between nouns, numerals and pronouns and other words in sentences or phrases: went to school, climbed the mountain, ran down the street, approached my father.

Prepositions in Russian, like other auxiliary parts of speech, do not change and always remain in the form in which they exist: in the middle, in half, on, with. Also, prepositions are not members of a sentence, but when parsing a sentence, prepositions are emphasized together with the member of the sentence to which they relate: After short-lived fluctuations the animal came up to me (after hesitation- circumstance, to me- circumstance).

Prepositions, particle conjunctions- these are auxiliary (non-independent) parts of speech. Despite this, they have their own classification and are divided into certain types.

Types of prepositions.

According to morphological characteristics prepositions can be divided into three types:

1. Simple prepositions- prepositions that consist of one word that has the same base: on, in, by, to, with, iso, over, about, after, before, thanks and etc .
2. Complex prepositions- prepositions that consist of one, but have two roots and are written with a hyphen: from under, from behind, over and etc.
3. Compound prepositions- these are prepositions that consist of two or more words: during, in continuation, in contrast to, despite and etc.

By origin, prepositions are:

• Non-derivative prepositions- these are ordinary prepositions that cannot be associated with formation from any part of speech: from, on, in, at, to, by, from, for and many others. Non-derivative prepositions also include complex prepositions: over, from behind, from under.
• Derivative prepositions- these are prepositions formed from other parts of speech (nouns, verbs, etc.): during, in continuation, despite, in view, like and etc.

Derivative prepositions.

There are derivative prepositions several types, which depend on the part of speech with which the formation of the preposition is associated:

1. Denominative prepositions are prepositions formed most often from nouns. The formation of such prepositions can occur with the help of adverbs or directly from the noun. Denominative prepositions include the following: by virtue of, in contrast to, during, like, in view of, as a result of, in continuation of, in contrast to and others. Noun with preposition or an excuse?
2. Verbal prepositions are prepositions that are formed from gerunds: despite, including, thanks, later, later, despite, etc. How do prepositions differ from conjunctions? or another part of speech?
3. Adverbial prepositions are prepositions that come from adverbs: behind, in front, about, inside, near, around, except, in spite of, etc.

Prepositions and case agreement.

Prepositions can be used with one or several forms cases. At the same time, there are prepositions that require control in a specific case: according to - dative, due to - genitive, and in - prepositional and accusative:

According to the schedule, according to the schedule; because of the rain, because of the mother; to Crimea, in Crimea.

Classifications of prepositions according to lexical criteria.

A preposition can express:

• Temporal relation: jump from morning to evening;
• Spatial relation: visit St. Petersburg and Lake Baikal;
• Compare and contrast relationship: as tall as me, something like a flash;
• Escort attitude: take with you, come with your brother;
• Cause ratio: burst into tears of grief;
• Object relation: forget about vacation, talk about wedding;
• Target relationships: going out dress; food for the holiday;

And other categories.

How to do morphological analysis of a preposition?

Preposition parsing plan:

1) Part of speech, purpose of this part of speech;

2) Type of preposition: simple, compound or complex;

3) Type of preposition: derivative or non-derivative;

4) Which word does it refer to;

5) In what case is it controlled in a sentence (phrase);

6) Classification of preposition according to lexical criteria.

An example of morphological analysis of a preposition.

There were two people standing on the porch: he and with him.

On the porch)- preposition, serves to connect words in a given sentence, simple, non-derivative, refers to a noun "porch", used with the prepositional case, has spatial-object relations with the noun.

With him)- preposition, serves to connect words in a sentence, simple, non-derivative, refers to a pronoun "him", used with the instrumental case, has the meaning of accompaniment.