Therefore, one of the first recommendations that can be given to a potential dissertation author is that he needs to “be aware”, it is necessary to monitor changes in the current regulatory framework, so that his work fully meets the current requirements for dissertations presented.
As we see, despite the fact that the essence of the concept of “dissertation” as a work designed to confirm the applicant’s compliance with a certain academic degree, fundamentally remained unchanged, nevertheless, from the point of view of the detailed requirements for this genre of scientific creativity, changes occur quite often.
Dissertation (from Latin dissertatio - essay, reasoning, report)
(Wikipedia).
Moving now to modern Russian practice, let us once again return to the definition of the term “dissertation” itself. If we turn to modern explanatory dictionaries and encyclopedias, they give approximately the following definition of a dissertation: “A dissertation (Latin dissertatio - reasoning, research) is a scientific research work of a qualifying nature, prepared for public defense and obtaining an academic degree or qualification" .
As we see, in this case, a dissertation, on the one hand, is defined as a research work; on the other, it is not necessarily associated with obtaining an academic degree, but may also be associated with obtaining a certain qualification.
The modern Russian regulatory framework in the field of education and science approaches this issue, however, somewhat differently.
In accordance with the currently valid (autumn 2012) regulatory documents regulating the acquisition of qualifications and academic degrees, there are essentially two types of dissertations: master's theses and dissertations for the academic degrees of candidate and doctor of science.
The first type of dissertation is the relatively recently re-emerged master's theses , which are final qualifying works for master's degree graduates. Their detailed analysis is not the subject of this manual; it mainly deals with dissertations for academic degrees, to which today a master's degree (unlike pre-revolutionary Russia) does not apply. However, we note some basic characteristics of master's theses.
Regulatory requirements for master's theses for various areas of master's training are set out in the relevant standards of higher professional education.
Thus, the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Professional Education (FSES HPE) in the direction of “Management” gives the following definition:
A master’s thesis “is an independent and logically completed final qualifying work related to solving problems of the type(s) of activity for which the master is preparing (research, pedagogical, organizational, managerial, analytical).” The same definition is given in the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Professional Education in the direction of “Economics” (with the exception of types of activities, the list of which, naturally, is different) and in the standards for other areas of master’s training.
The standards also set out the requirements for completing master's theses. When completing them, masters “must demonstrate their ability and ability, based on the acquired in-depth knowledge, skills and developed general cultural and professional competencies, to independently solve the problems of their professional activities at the modern level, professionally present special information, scientifically argue and defend their point of view.”
As we can see, the emphasis in these provisions is on the independence of completing the master’s thesis and on the fact that the dissertation must demonstrate the master’s ability to solve his professional problems. Thus, the common opinion that a master's thesis must necessarily be of a research nature is not entirely justified. Even if we are talking about the fact that the master is preparing for research activities, then in this case the master’s thesis must show the ability for this type of activity, and not be in the full sense of research work, as a result of which new scientific knowledge arises. This is the main difference between a master's thesis as a final qualifying work and dissertations for an academic degree, which will mainly be discussed further.
The second significant difference is that if the regulatory requirements for dissertations for an academic degree within the framework of the state system of qualifications of scientific workers are comprehensively contained in documents at the federal level, then in relation to master's theses this requirement is not so stringent and can be accepted in different universities certain clarifications in the requirements for them.
Thus, in one of the universities, the requirements for master’s theses are formulated as follows: “A master’s thesis is a qualifying work in which the student must show professional knowledge of the theory and practice of the subject area, the ability to solve specific problems in the field of his professional activity.” In another university, the definition is much broader, and the requirements are more extensive: “A master’s thesis is a qualifying research work completed under the guidance of an experienced scientist, dedicated to solving an urgent problem that has theoretical or practical significance for modern science and technology. The dissertation must contain a set of results: scientific provisions or scientific and technical solutions that are put forward by the author for public defense. In terms of structure and content, the work must demonstrate the author’s personal contribution and ability to conduct independent research or development using theoretical knowledge and practical skills.”
As we can see, in the latter case, the requirements for a master's degree are practically at the same level as the state requirements for dissertations submitted for the degree of candidate of science (even the wording is almost the same). Perhaps, in some cases, master's theses can meet the formulated requirements, however, in the general case, it is unlikely that one can demand from a university graduate that his work fully meets them. Another thing is that a master's thesis must testify to the professionalism of the author, his understanding of the subject of his activity, and the ability to apply the acquired knowledge in his chosen field of activity.
The second type of dissertation, which will mainly be discussed below, is dissertation for the academic degrees of candidate and doctor of science.
First of all, let’s dwell on the very concept of “academic degree”. In a general sense, an academic degree is a concept that reflects scientific qualifications in a certain field of knowledge, awarded on the basis of public defense of scientific work (a set of works) of the appropriate level. In our country, scientific degrees of candidate and doctor of science are included in the state qualification system for scientific workers. Recently, however, doctors of sciences have appeared who receive this degree in various kinds of non-governmental organizations (universities, associations, academies, etc.), but still it is the state system of awarding academic degrees that is today the only officially recognized qualification of scientific personnel in our country.
It is worth recalling that along with the concept of “academic degree” there is another concept - “academic title” (associate professor, professor), between which there are connections and differences. Academic degree of candidate or doctor of sciences awarded on the basis of a public defense of a dissertation, and an academic title assigned university teachers and researchers, as a rule, with an academic degree (candidate of sciences - associate professor, doctor of sciences - professor) and meeting certain additional requirements (a certain number of publications, scientific and pedagogical experience, including in a position corresponding to the academic title).
An academic degree in modern Russia is awarded by the relevant dissertation council and approved by the Higher Attestation Commission (HAC RF) based on the submission of the dissertation council. The academic title is awarded by the Ministry of Science and Education based on the submission of the Higher Attestation Commission. (Differences between academic degrees and titles also existed in pre-revolutionary Russia, where, as already noted, there were academic degrees of a full student, candidate (more precisely, a candidate of the university), master's and doctor, academic titles of associate professor, privat-docent, associate professor, associate professor , extraordinary professor, ordinary professor, emeritus professor).
It can also be added that in universities there are also the positions of “associate professor of the department”, “professor of the department”, which can be held without having either an academic degree or an academic title, however, this is only a position and when leaving the university it is automatically lost, in while an academic degree and academic title belong to their bearer and can only be deprived of them by the body that assigned them. (This is exactly what is said in the saying: “...an associate professor is also an associate professor in Africa”).
Let us now turn to the regulatory documents defining the requirements for dissertations.
The main documents regulating the procedure for awarding academic degrees and, one way or another, determining the process of preparing and defending a dissertation and awarding an academic degree are currently:
· “Regulations on the procedure for awarding academic degrees.”
Currently in force is the Regulation adopted by the Government of the Russian Federation of January 30, 2002 N 74 “On approval of the Unified Register of Academic Degrees and Academic Titles and the Regulations on the Procedure for Awarding Academic Degrees”, to which, to date, a fairly large number of amendments have been made (the latest in June 2011), so you must, of course, be guided by the latest version of the document.
· “Regulations on the Council for the Defense of Dissertations for the Scientific Degree of Candidate of Sciences and for the Scientific Degree of Doctor of Science.”
Currently, there is a Regulation approved by Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2011 No. 2817 “On approval of the regulations on the council for the defense of dissertations for the scientific degree of Candidate of Sciences, for the scientific degree of Doctor of Science.”
· Nomenclature of scientific specialties
Currently, there is a nomenclature of scientific specialties approved by Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated February 25, 2009 N 59. In accordance with it, the nomenclature of scientific specialties includes 25 branches of science, each of which includes several groups of specialties. For example, the branch “Economic Sciences” includes six specialties (groups of specialties), and within the latter several specialties and specializations can also be distinguished. For example, specialty 08.00.05 Economics and management of the national economy includes 15 specialties, as well as specializations.
The above triad is a kind of framework for the system of awarding academic degrees in the Russian Federation, although, in addition to those indicated, there are a number of documents, knowledge of which is necessary when preparing and defending a dissertation. Thus, it should be borne in mind that for each of the specialties indicated in the Nomenclature of Scientific Specialties, there is a specialty passport, which the dissertation must comply with.
Let us consider in more detail the content of the above documents, first of all, from the point of view of the requirements for the dissertation that follow from them. (Other aspects of these documents, for example, the order of defense and the presentation of its results, will be discussed in the relevant sections of the manual).
The basic one among these documents is the “Regulations on the procedure for awarding academic degrees” (hereinafter, “Regulations on the procedure for awarding ..."), which establishes “requirements for the qualifications of applicants for academic degrees and the criteria that dissertations must meet - scientific-qualifying works submitted for competition academic degree, as well as the procedure for awarding an academic degree."
The “Regulations on the procedure for awarding…” establishes a number of both essential and formal requirements for the procedure for awarding academic degrees. For example, it states that applicants for the degree of Candidate of Sciences can only be persons with higher education; applicants for the degree of Doctor of Sciences can only be persons who are candidates of sciences (however, there are rare cases when, based on the results of defending a candidate’s dissertation, dissertation councils petitioned the Higher Attestation Commission (by the Higher Attestation Commission) about awarding the degree of Doctor of Science, but now nothing is heard about such situations), that the results of the dissertation research must be tested and published, that the dissertation author must submit to the council a reasoned conclusion from the organization where the dissertation was carried out, etc. ., but what is most important for us now is that it contains a list of criteria (requirements) that the dissertation must meet.
The clause of the Regulations (clause 7) gives the following definitions:
“A dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science must be a scientific-qualifying work in which, on the basis of the research carried out by the author, theoretical principles have been developed, the totality of which can be qualified as a scientific achievement, or a scientific problem of significant political, socio-economic, cultural or economic importance has been solved.” significance, or scientifically based technical, technological or other solutions are outlined, the implementation of which makes a significant contribution to the development of the country.
A dissertation for the scientific degree of Candidate of Sciences must be a scientifically qualified work that contains a solution to a problem that is of significant importance for the relevant field of knowledge, or presents scientifically based technical, technological or other solutions and developments that are significant for the development of the country.”
As we can see, first of all, a dissertation is defined as a scientific qualification work, i.e. it must have scientific and qualification components: it must be a scientific work and indicate the level of scientific qualifications of the author.
From the foregoing follows the most important requirement that both doctoral and candidate dissertations must satisfy: both must contain: a) scientific knowledge and b) scientific methodology. The question is how, to what extent and form these basic characteristics should be present in the dissertation.
As can be seen from the text of the Regulations, the requirements for a dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Science indicate that it should contain:
· either a “scientific achievement” (as a set of theoretical provisions);
· or the solution to a “scientific problem of important political, socio-economic, cultural or economic significance”;
· or a statement of “scientifically based technical, technological or other solutions, the implementation of which makes a significant contribution to the development of the country.”
Thus, we can talk about three types of qualifying criteria for a doctoral dissertation. At the same time, if we talk about dissertations on economic and managerial topics, then it seems that we are basically talking about the dissertation’s compliance with the first two requirements. This is indirectly confirmed by the fact that in the current version of the “Regulations on the procedure for awarding ...”, the last qualifying criterion does not contain the economic decisions mentioned in previous versions.
Based on the requirements formulated above, we can say that doctoral dissertations in the field of economics and management belong either to the category of fundamental works or to the category of fundamental applied works.
In connection with the mention of these concepts, we will point out the differences between them. The goal of fundamental research is knowledge as such, obtaining the most objective, complete and accurate reflection of reality. The goal of applied research is to obtain instrumental knowledge that allows one to effectively solve a particular practical problem.
Thus, the fundamental or applied nature of the research is determined by its focus: either it is aimed at identifying new phenomena, laws and patterns of functioning and development of one or another sphere of objective reality; or to develop methods, methods, tools for solving certain practical problems.
If we return to the works of economic and managerial orientation, then fundamental research here is aimed at obtaining objective knowledge about the patterns of functioning of economic development and management, and fundamental-applied research is aimed at obtaining new knowledge and revealing the possibilities of its use for solving economic and managerial problems.
In any case, however, the doctoral dissertation must contain a resolution of a certain contradiction between the achieved level of scientific knowledge in a particular field and new objective facts that have not received scientific justification and disclosure in existing research. In other words, the doctoral dissertation must reveal the laws of existence and development of a certain sphere of nature or human activity, and must contain new scientific knowledge about a certain sphere of nature or society.
As follows from this, a doctoral dissertation cannot but touch upon theoretical problems, and it must contain new theoretical knowledge. Therefore, in a doctoral dissertation it is not enough to show that the dissertation author knows the patterns of functioning and development of nature, technology or society that are already known to science; it must reveal new, still unknown patterns. Another thing is that these patterns do not necessarily have to have the character of a new scientific paradigm that denies achieved knowledge at a fundamental level. We can talk, for example, about identifying the features of the manifestation of general economic patterns in new historical conditions, or about revealing the patterns of economic development based on methodological approaches formulated within other branches of knowledge (for example, the concept of synergetics originally originated within the framework of natural science knowledge, but it, properly interpreted, can serve as a specific methodological approach and is used in the study of phenomena in the economic life of society). However, in any case, the doctoral dissertation must contain new scientific theoretical knowledge of either a fundamental or fundamentally applied nature.
Considering the requirements for a candidate's dissertation, it is clear that in this case they are formulated more gently:
· or “solving a problem that is of significant importance for the field of knowledge...”;
· or “a presentation of scientifically based decisions and developments ... of significant significance.”
Here, key importance is attached to the word “essential”, synonyms for which, as is known, are such adjectives as “important, main”, and in the new dictionary of the Russian language, ed. T.F. Efremova defines it this way: “1) having extremely important, paramount importance, 2) representing true value.”
Let us also note that the adjective “essential” is closely related to the concept “essence,” which refers to the internal, deep content of an object.
Thus, a candidate's dissertation may not contain new scientific discoveries, but it must contain developments that provide a scientific approach to solving a certain class of problems, including those based on existing scientific approaches. In other words, an applicant for a candidate of science degree must show that he has the necessary scientific knowledge (hence, he is aware of the achievements of science in the chosen field of knowledge), he knows how to operate and apply them to solve theoretical and applied problems using scientific methods.
At the same time, the dissertation cannot be limited only to a description of the phenomena and processes of the surrounding world; it must contain a disclosure of the internal content of the processes and phenomena studied in it, generalizations and conclusions related to a certain class of phenomena, and the solutions proposed in it must be justified by knowledge of the achieved level of scientific achievements and the application of scientific methodology.
Summarizing the provisions formulated above, we can say as follows: the doctoral dissertation must correspond to the scientific-methodological level (since the methodology involves the development of theory, is based on the identification of new patterns), and the candidate's dissertation must correspond to the scientific-methodological level (since the methodology is a certain algorithm for the application of known theoretical knowledge to solve a specific problem).
Of course, this division is conditional and in many ways the content of the dissertation depends on what sciences it gravitates towards, fundamental or applied, however, it shows how the emphasis should be placed when preparing the dissertation.
In addition to the definition of a doctoral and candidate's dissertation, the “Regulations on the procedure for awarding ...” also contains a number of other requirements, mainly contained in paragraph 8 of the Regulations: possession of scientific novelty, independence in preparing the work, argumentation and validity of the dissertation provisions, which will be discussed in more detail in the next chapter.
As a scientific qualification work, a dissertation has both content and genre features from other forms of presenting the results of scientific creativity, such as a monograph, textbook or article.
First of all, it should be noted that the monograph, despite the fact that the concept itself is formed from the words monos - one, grapho - I write, nevertheless means, according to the State Standard for Publishing (GOST 7.60-2003) “scientific or scientific- a popular book publication containing a complete and comprehensive study of one problem or topic and owned by one or more authors.” (Thus, the concept of “collective monograph” is quite acceptable, although it seems somewhat awkward). The author or authors of the monograph have the right to present both the results obtained by them personally and by other researchers. Moreover, a monograph can only contain a review and synthesis of the results of research by other authors, which together provide complete coverage of the problem under consideration. The only important thing is that the rules for using borrowed materials must be followed. In contrast, a dissertation, as noted in the Regulations, is the result of independent research, a description of the results obtained personally by the author. Another aspect of the issue is no less important. In a monograph, its author(s) have the right to choose any sequence, any logic in the presentation of materials, guided by their preferences and considerations. At the same time, quite often the logic of the study and the logic of presentation may differ from each other, and the conclusions may be fully justified.
Unlike a monograph, a dissertation must reflect the process of the author’s independent scientific research and the results obtained, while both the course of the research and its results must be reasoned and justified. In this regard, more stringent requirements are imposed on the structure of the dissertation than on a monograph.
A textbook, in contrast to a monograph, as stated in GOST 7.60-2003, is “an educational publication containing a systematic presentation of an academic discipline, its section, part, corresponding to the curriculum, and officially approved as this type of publication.”
In general, a textbook, to an even greater extent than a monograph, may contain a presentation of the results of scientific research, not only by the authors, but also by other scientists and teachers. Moreover, the textbook in its essence must reflect already established, recognized knowledge and assumes an appropriate normative-positive style of presentation, more positive than a discursive presentation of the material.
The results of scientific research can also be presented in scientific articles and theses, which can be called “small forms” of scientific works. For more information about the features and types of scientific articles, see Chapter 5 of this manual, here we note the main thing: an article is a detailed disclosure of one problem, a solution to one problem. The dissertation poses and solves a number of problems.
Theses are a brief summary of the main provisions, main ideas of a report, article, monograph, etc. Theses in an affirmative form set out the main content of the presented material, as a rule, without a detailed justification, which is implied in the main text.
So, let's summarize some results.
The main difference between a dissertation as a genre of scientific creativity is that the dissertation is a scientific qualification work, and therefore must contain:
· elements of new scientific knowledge in the form of identified patterns, trends, methods, techniques, and other possibilities for applying known knowledge in new areas,
In order for a dissertation to meet these requirements, it must have certain inherent characteristics, certain attributes.
Anecdote on the topic:
- “Why are master's theses better than doctoral dissertations? “Yes, because doctoral theses are written by candidates, and candidate theses are written by doctors.”
Attribute (lat. attribuo - I give, I endow) -
a necessary, essential property of an object.
Philosophical Encyclopedia
Chapter 3. Attributes of the dissertation
As a scientific qualification work, the dissertation must meet certain criteria, a set of certain attributes (necessary properties). The list of these attributes is mainly given in paragraphs. 7 and 8 “Regulations on the procedure for awarding academic degrees.”
Thus, paragraph 7 of the Regulations given in the previous chapter states that the dissertation must be of significant importance for the development of the country, theory and practice, and therefore must be written on a relevant, significant topic.
Clause 8 of the Regulations provides a number of other requirements for the dissertation:
A dissertation of an applied nature must provide information on the practical use of the scientific results obtained by the author, and a dissertation of a theoretical nature must provide recommendations for the use of scientific findings.
The formatting of the dissertation must comply with the requirements established by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.”
In addition, you should pay attention to the requirements contained in some other paragraphs of the Regulations, where, in addition to those already listed, additional positions are also mentioned. Thus, in paragraph 12 of the Regulations, which deals with the conclusion on the dissertation, which is given by the organization where the research was carried out or to which the applicant was attached, such a position is indicated as the degree of reliability of the results of the research conducted, as well as the compliance of the dissertation with a certain scientific specialty . An indication of the reliability of the results obtained, as a necessary characteristic of the dissertation, is also contained in clause 22, which sets out the requirements for the opponent’s review, and in clause 29 of the Regulations, which formulates the requirements that the dissertation council’s conclusion must meet.
Summarizing the requirements highlighted in the Regulations, we can formulate the following list:
· relevance: the dissertation must be written on a topic that is relevant, significant for the development of the country, theory and practice;
· independence: the dissertation must be an original independent work and its authorship must belong to the applicant personally;
· integrity: the dissertation must be a single whole and its parts must be organically connected with each other;
· scientific novelty: the dissertation must contain new scientific principles and results;
· presence of personal contribution: the dissertation must testify to the author’s personal contribution to science, it must contain scientific results obtained personally by the author;
· argumentation, validity and reliability: the provisions put forward in the dissertation, the proposed solutions must be reasoned and evaluated in comparison with known solutions, the reliability of the results obtained must be ensured;
· theoretical and practical significance: the provisions put forward in the work must have theoretical and practical significance;
· compliance with the scientific specialty: the dissertation must correspond to a certain scientific specialty or several specialties (be “at the junction” of specialties);
· proper formatting: the formatting of the dissertation must comply with the requirements of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.
Taken together, the listed requirements form what can be called the attributes necessary for its protection.
The list, as we see, is quite solid and can, with a certain degree of convention, highlight the substantive and formal attributes of the dissertation (which does not mean, we note, “important” and “less important”; all of them are necessary for successful defense: the content must have proper form).
In this chapter, we will focus on those parameters that are more related to the essential side of the dissertation as a scientific qualification work.
Among such parameters, in our opinion, first of all, it is necessary to highlight such as the independence of the work performed, its scientific novelty and the presence of the author’s personal contribution to the results obtained, the argumentation, validity and reliability of the results obtained by the author.
“I am the smartest, the most beautiful, the most..... and I came up with all this myself”
Scientific qualification work: Graduate qualification work is a scientific research work that expands knowledge in the field of theory, practice, methodology of branches of science, development of specific ways to solve the problem being studied. Thesis is a type of final state certification, the form of the graduate work examination.
Introduction of the thesis Introduction is a very important part of the thesis and course work. The introduction reveals the rationale for the need to study the problem chosen by the student and presents a scheme for conducting a diploma or course research. The introduction of the thesis usually takes 3-5 pages of printed text. The introduction of the course work should be 2-3 pages of printed text.
The introduction can be roughly divided into several parts: I The relevance of the thesis (course work); the degree of development of the topic under study; Problems. II Object and subject of research. III Goal and objectives (they reveal the path to achieving the goal). IV Hypothesis. V Methods used when writing a diploma (course) paper. VI Elements of scientific novelty in the work. VII Scientific novelty and practical significance of the problem under study. VIII Brief description of the structure.
Relevance of the thesis The relevance of the topic of the thesis (course) work characterizes its modernity, vitality, urgency, importance, significance. In other words, this is an argument for the need to study the topic of the thesis, revealing the real need for its study and the need to develop practical recommendations.
The relevance of the thesis should not take more than 1.5 pages of the introduction of the thesis (from practical experience I will say that too much topicality tires the supervisors of the thesis and they will cut it for you anyway). The relevance of the course work usually takes up a little less than a page of printed text. The following words must be present: the relevance and practical aspect of these problems are related to the fact .... or the relevance of the thesis lies (or is manifested) in the following... or questions concerning this and that and that and that are very relevant. Or just the relevance of the thesis, and then start with a new proposal. After describing the relevance of the topic, you can write: the relevance of the thesis topic is associated with a significant spread of the phenomenon under study and lies in the need to develop recommendations for improving work in the area under consideration.
Object and subject of research The object of research of the thesis is a certain area of reality, a social phenomenon that exists independently of the researcher. The subject of research is the features, properties or aspects of an object that are significant from a theoretical or practical point of view. The subject of the study shows through what the object will be known. In each object of study, there are several objects of study, and focusing attention on one of them means that other objects of study of this object simply remain aside from the interests of the researcher.
EXAMPLE: the object of research is a person, the subject of research is skin. This object has many subjects of research, such as the lymphatic, circulatory system, gastrointestinal tract, etc. But for the researcher, only the skin matters, this is the subject of his direct research. So, for example, in the field of humanities, the object of research is the sphere of social relations (institutional education) within which the research will be conducted. The object reflects a problem in certain social relations.
The subject in the thesis is an element of social life, with relative autonomy of existence. The object reflects a problematic situation, examines the subject in all its relationships. An object is always wider than its subject. If the object is an area of activity, then the subject is the process being studied within the framework of the thesis object. The subject in the introduction to the thesis is indicated after the definition of the object.
Objectives reveal the path to achieving a goal. Each task, as a rule, is devoted to a chapter (or paragraph) of a thesis or course work. Tasks can be entered with the words: - identify; - to uncover; - study; - develop; - research; - analyze; - systematize; - clarify, etc. The number of tasks should be 4-5. Objectives must be reflected in the conclusion, conclusions and recommendations. You can start like this: “To achieve this goal, the following tasks are set: 1., 2., 3., etc.
Hypothesis The hypothesis of the thesis (course work) is the expected result that the student plans to achieve as a result of writing the thesis. An assumption (hypothesis) can be made with the following words: - “this is possible if” - “will be carried out effectively if available (provided)” - “the creation will allow for provision”.
In your thesis and course work you can write the following methods used: literature analysis; analysis of regulatory and legal documentation on the topic of the thesis; study and generalization of domestic and foreign practice; comparison; interviewing; modeling; synthesis; theoretical analysis and synthesis, abstraction, concretization and idealization, induction and deduction, analogy, classification, generalization, historical method,
Scientific novelty and practical significance of the problem under study The scientific novelty of the thesis is formulated depending on the nature and essence of the chosen topic of the thesis. Scientific novelty is formulated differently for theoretical diplomas and practical diplomas. So, in the first case, it is determined by what is new in the theory and methodology of the subject under study, and in the second, it is determined by the result that was obtained for the first time, confirmed or updated, or develops and clarifies previously established scientific ideas about the subject under study and practical achievements. Practical significance depends on the novelty of the thesis and determines the need to write it. In other words, to determine practical significance means to determine the results that need to be achieved. This is a very important element of the introduction to the thesis.
Brief description of the structure At the end of the “introduction” section, it is necessary to describe the structure of the thesis. EXAMPLES: 1. “The introduction reveals the relevance, determines the degree of scientific development of the topic, object, subject, purpose, objectives and research methods, reveals the theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter discusses... The second chapter is devoted... In conclusion, the results of the study are summed up and final conclusions are drawn on the topic under consideration.”
Brief description of the structure (examples) 2. The structure of the work is determined by the subject, purpose and objectives of the study. The work consists of an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion. The introduction reveals the relevance, determines the degree of scientific development of the topic, object, subject, purpose, objectives and research methods, reveals the theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter discusses the concept and types... The second chapter reveals... The third chapter is devoted to issues... In conclusion, the results of the study are summed up, and final conclusions are drawn on the topic under consideration.
Requirements for the thesis (From the NSTU regulations on graduate work): 1.4. The deadlines for submitting thesis to the department, reviewer, and defense are established by the department responsible for training the specialist and are communicated to the student in a timely manner. Deadline for submitting the thesis: To the scientific supervisor 14 days before defense After approval of the work by the scientific supervisor: To the expert of the sociological part of the thesis: M. R. Vasilyeva, Assoc. QMS department no later than 7 days before the defense (expert consultations are scheduled in the 10th semester) To the normative controller: to the secretary of the State Attestation Committee in unbound form 7 days before the defense
Requirements for the thesis The work is publicly defended with a presentation Scope of work pages Scope of the reference list of sources
THE GRADUATE QUALIFICATION WORK OF THE BACHELOR OF THE BACHELOR'S KR must be a complete theoretical or experimental development in which a separate, particular problem is solved, the content of which is determined by the direction of the bachelor's training.
Registration of the bachelor's thesis the bachelor's thesis must be in the form of a manuscript. The volume of the bachelor's thesis submitted for defense is determined by the department. The recommended volume of the main part of the bachelor's thesis is pages (format A 4) of typewritten (printed) text.
Title page of the bachelor's thesis 1. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION "NOVOSIBIRSK STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY" Cafe Department of SOCIAL - MASS COMMUNICATIONS (full name of the department) BACHELOR'S GRADUATE THESIS _____________________________________________________________________ (last name, first name, patronymic author - student - graduate) _____________________________________________________________________________________ (topic of work) Direction of preparation _________________________________________ (code and name of the direction of bachelor's training) SupervisorAuthor __________________________________ (last name, I., 0.) (last name, I., 0.) __________________________________ (academic degree, academic. title (faculty, group) ___________________________________ (signature, date)(signature, date) Novosibirsk, 2015
Assignment for the bachelor's thesis MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION "NOVOSIBIRSK STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY" Department (full name department) APPROVED by the Head. department ___________ (surname. I., O.) ____________________ (signature, date) ASSIGNMENT FOR THE GRADUATE QUALIFICATION WORK OF THE BACHELOR to the student (s) (last name, first name, patronymic) Direction of preparation ____________________________________ (code and name of the direction of bachelor's preparation) _______________________________________________________________________________ (faculty) Subject _______________________________________________________ (full title of the topic of the bachelor's final qualifying work) Initial data (or purpose of the work) ___________________________ ___________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Structural parts of the work __________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
Plan - work schedule, p/p Name of stage Planned completion dates The task has been agreed upon and accepted for execution. HeadAuthor ______________________________ (last name, I., O.) (last name, I., O.) __________________________________________ (academic degree, academic rank) (faculty, group) __________________________________ (signature, date)(signature, date) Topic approved by order NSTU _____ from "____" 200 __________________________________________________________ (signature of the secretary of the examination committee for the defense of the thesis, date) ________________________________________________________________________________ (last name, first name, patronymic of the secretary of the examination commission for the defense of the thesis)
The educational and methodological manual “Scientific and qualifying work (dissertation) of a graduate student” consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and appendices.
The introduction presents the purpose and objectives of the educational and methodological manual, the main regulatory documents in accordance with the requirements of which the proposed manual was created, as well as a list of competencies formed and controlled in the process of performing scientific qualification work (dissertation), the specifics of the content of the work that distinguishes it are specified from other similar works.
Chapter 1. The sequence of research activities of a graduate student in the process of independent preparation of scientific and qualifying work: describes the specifics of scientific research in the field of pedagogical science, the requirements for the procedure for performing scientific and qualifying work of a graduate student.
Chapter 2. Requirements for the structure, content and design of a scientific qualification work (dissertation): the basic requirements for the structure, volume, content and design of a scientific qualification work (dissertation) are presented.
Chapter 3. Characteristics of scientific research methods in the field of pedagogical science: the characteristics of theoretical and empirical research methods are presented, special attention is paid to pedagogical experiment; Methods of mathematical statistics are also described in an accessible form.
Chapter 4. Requirements for the procedure for preparing and defending a scientific-qualifying work (dissertation): the requirements for the procedure for preparing and defending the NKRA (dissertation), for the evaluation of this work, as well as the requirements for a report on the results of the defense of the work are presented, a sample plan for the postgraduate student’s presentation is also presented at the defense of the NKR (dissertation).
Conclusion: the importance of scientific research in the activities of a modern teacher and the significance of the proposed teaching aid are substantiated, the study of which contributes to the formation of methodological literacy of the future teacher-researcher.
Appendix: this section presents samples of the design of individual sections of a finished scientific qualification work: title page, table of contents, annotation, assignment for completing a scientific qualification work (dissertation), an approximate schedule for completing a scientific qualification work (dissertation), sample content design scientific qualification work (dissertation), sample construction of a table, approximate structure and content of scientific apparatus in the introduction to scientific qualification work (dissertation), examples of bibliographic records; Requirements for the language and style of research work are also presented.
Particular attention in this manual is paid to the approach to determining the criterial apparatus of research work, including criteria, indicators and levels of the phenomenon being studied, and also presents a method for constructing an integral scale for its assessment. The definition of the described apparatus has always caused difficulties for students when organizing experimental work, which became the basis for including this information in the proposed manual.
The work provides clear recommendations to graduate students about the features of preparing and organizing scientific research, the use of mathematical statistics methods in processing research results and methods of their design and presentation. The work has practical significance and is a clear guide for graduate students in the field of preparation and implementation of scientific research in the field of education and pedagogical science.
The logic for presenting the content of the proposed teaching aid is compiled in accordance with the requirements of the methodology of scientific, including pedagogical, research and presents a step-by-step description of the organization of pedagogical research, accompanied largely by textual examples and illustrations.
The proposed educational and methodological manual “Scientific and qualifying work (dissertation) of a postgraduate student” is compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Education for the Basic Professional Educational Program of Higher Education (OPOP VO) - a program for training scientific and pedagogical personnel in graduate school, in the direction of training 06/44/01 - “Education and pedagogical sciences” (level of training of highly qualified personnel). Focus: Correctional pedagogy (deaf pedagogy and typhlopedagogy, oligophrenopedagogy and speech therapy). Qualification: Researcher. Teacher-researcher.
The content of the proposed teaching aid provides methodological support for the study by graduate students of such disciplines of the Curriculum as B1.V.OD.2.1. Methodology and methods of psychological and pedagogical research, B1.V.DV.3. - The use of statistical methods and methods of mathematical modeling in humanitarian research, as well as blocks of disciplines B.2, B.3 and B.4 - “Practice”, “Research work” and “State certification (final certification)”, respectively.
Bibliographic link
Baksheeva E.P., Rasskazova N.P. SCIENTIFIC AND QUALIFICATIONAL WORK (DISSERTATION) OF A POST-GRADUATE STUDENT (EDUCATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL MANUAL) // International Journal of Experimental Education. – 2015. – No. 12-1. – P. 75-76;URL: http://expeducation.ru/ru/article/view?id=8712 (access date: 12/21/2019). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"
“Scientific and qualifying work (dissertation) for the scientific degree of Candidate of Sciences and a scientific report. Educational and methodological manual for graduate students of the direction 44.06.01 Education and...”
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VYATSKY
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
INSTITUTE
Scientific qualification work
(dissertation) for an academic degree
PhD and scientific report
Educational and methodological manual
for graduate students directions
44.06.01 Education and pedagogical sciences
Published by decision of the editorial and publishing council
Vyatka Socio-Economic Institute Author-compiler: N.S. Alexandrova, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor.
Reviewer: V.B. Pomelov, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Pedagogy, Vyatka State Humanitarian University.
General editor: N.S. Alexandrova, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor.
Scientific qualification work (dissertation) for the degree of Candidate of Sciences and scientific report: educational and methodological manual for graduate students of the direction 44.06.01 Education and pedagogical sciences / N.S. Alexandrova. – Kirov: VSEI, 2014. – 34 p.
The educational and methodological manual was developed in accordance with the federal state educational standard, curriculum and is intended for graduate students in the direction 44.06.01 Education and Pedagogical Sciences © Vyatka Socio-Economic Institute, 2015 Contents Goals and objectives of scientific qualification work 1.
Requirements for the results of scientific and qualifying work 2. 4 Requirements for the topics of scientific and qualifying work 3.
Methodology for performing scientific and qualifying work 4.
4.1. Topic selection and approval 8
4.2. Scientific supervisor and his responsibilities
4.3. Planning the preparation of scientific and qualifying work 10
4.4. Stages of scientific research 11 Structure and content of scientific qualification work 5.
Registration of scientific and qualifying work 6.
General provisions 6.1. 16 The procedure for preparing tables, graphic material, calculation formulas 6.2.
Review of the layout of the scientific qualification work 7.
Procedure for scientific report 8.
Criteria for assessing the layout of a scientific qualification work and scientific report 9.
Applications 4
1. Goals and objectives of scientific and qualifying work
Objectives of scientific and qualifying work (SQR):
1. Systematization, consolidation of theoretical knowledge and practical skills in the field of pedagogy, their application in performing scientific and technical work.
2. Development of independent work skills and mastery of research and experimentation techniques when solving scientific problems and issues.
3. Determining the degree of preparedness of a graduate for independent work in the field of study.
4. Checking the graduate’s universal competencies.
Objectives of scientific and qualifying work:
1. Conducting theoretical research to substantiate the scientific idea and essence of the phenomenon or process being studied in the field of pedagogy.
2. Collection of data, empirical materials through scientific methods and techniques.
3. Analysis of the obtained data and empirical materials, their processing using statistical methods.
4. Development of scientifically based conclusions, proposals and recommendations on the chosen topic.
5. Development of a layout of a scientific qualification work (dissertation) for the academic degree of Candidate of Sciences.
6. Presentation with a scientific report on the main results of the prepared scientific qualification work (dissertation).
2. Requirements for the results of scientific and qualifying work The process of completing the research work and scientific report is aimed at developing the following competencies:
The ability to critically analyze and evaluate modern scientific achievements, generate new ideas when solving research and practical problems, including in interdisciplinary fields (UK-1);
The ability to design and carry out complex research, including interdisciplinary research, based on a holistic systemic scientific worldview using knowledge in the field of history and philosophy of science (UK-2);
Willingness to participate in the work of Russian and international research teams to solve scientific and scientific-educational problems (UK-3);
The ability to follow ethical standards in professional activities (UK-5).
– – –
3. Requirements for the topic of scientific and qualifying work The topic of the NKR must be relevant and of scientific and practical interest.
The theoretical part of the research should be focused on the development of theoretical and methodological foundations of the objects (processes) being studied, the use of new concepts and ideas in the chosen field, and be distinguished by a certain novelty of scientific ideas and research methods.
The practical part of the work should demonstrate the graduate student’s ability to solve real applied problems based on the development of models and methodological foundations;
participate in the work of research teams to solve scientific and educational problems.
Types of scientific qualification works.
1. Scientific and qualifying work of theoretical type.
Theoretical research must be novel, carried out on a problem that has been little studied in the theoretical aspect or on a separate aspect of it. Work of this type is based on a synthesis of available factual materials and empirical research. When revealing a topic, it is necessary to apply the principle of historicism, methods of system analysis, and particular methods of study (systematization, analysis, comparison). The work must contain a theoretical solution to the problem posed, logically sound, internally consistent, and within the framework of the modern scientific paradigm.
2. Scientific qualification work of research and implementation type.
It is based on the use of one or more well-known and proven research methods when studying an object; analysis of the data obtained and development of practical recommendations for implementation based on them. Or the introduction of certain methods and/or mechanisms at the object under study with subsequent testing of their effectiveness.
Preparation and writing of scientific qualification work
Preparing and writing a paper consists of several stages:
1. Selecting a topic. Determining the range of scientific problems related to the chosen topic.
2. Choosing one of the problems to study and solve and justifying the relevance of the chosen topic.
3. Approval of the methodological apparatus of the topic at the department.
4. Compilation of a bibliography, familiarization with regulatory documents, other sources and literature related to the topic of work and their abstracting.
5. Proposing a research hypothesis.
6. Selection of methods and techniques for conducting research.
7. Collection of factual material, conducting an experiment.
8. Processing and analysis of the received information using modern mathematical and statistical methods.
9. Development of scientifically based models, systems, mechanisms, practical recommendations.
11. Formulating conclusions or alternative interpretations of certain concepts as a result of theoretical research.
12. Summing up the results of scientific work.
Registration of the NCR in accordance with the requirements established 13.
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.
14. Providing a layout of the NKR.
15. Providing the scientific supervisor with a scientific report on the main results of the scientific research work.
Responsibility of the author of the scientific-qualifying work The graduate student bears full responsibility for the scientific independence and reliability of the results of the research. If plagiarism or unreliable research results are discovered, the work will be removed from the report.
A graduate student who fails to submit a mock-up of the scientific qualification work on time will not be admitted to the final certification.
4. Methodology for performing scientific and qualifying work
4.1. Selection of topic and its approval Topics of scientific works are compiled by full-time teachers of the department from among professors and associate professors.
In exceptional cases, it is allowed to supervise scientific qualification work by part-time teachers from among the associate professors and professors. The proposed topics must be relevant, take into account the needs of the relevant branch of science and practice, comprehensively analyze a narrow aspect of any scientific or practical problem, the study of the topic must be carried out in line with the training profile.
The approximate topics of the NKR are considered, clarified and approved at a meeting of the graduating department. After their approval, NCR topics are offered to graduate students.
Graduate students choose the topic of NKR independently, guided by interest in the problem, practical experience, the possibility of obtaining factual data, and the availability of specialized literature. The graduate student is given until December 1 of the academic year to select a topic.
Before the deadline for choosing a topic, a graduate student has the right to consult with a prospective supervisor in order to clarify the content and nature of the work on the topic of interest to him.
The graduate student has the right to independently propose and complete his/her NKR topic.
Having chosen the topic of scientific research, the graduate student submits an application addressed to the head of the department (Appendix 1).
Lists of names of postgraduate students, scientific research topics, names of scientific supervisors are provided to the graduate school in advance. The lists indicate the surname, first name, patronymic of the graduate student, topic of work, surname and initials, academic title, academic degree, position of supervisor.
No later than three months after enrollment in postgraduate programs, the student is assigned a supervisor.
After which, before December 30 of the next academic year, it is approved by order of the vice-rector for academic and educational work at the institute for the next academic year. The order indicates the names of the department teachers who act as scientific supervisors for each approved topic.
4.2. Scientific supervisor and his responsibilities In order to provide the graduate student with theoretical and practical assistance during the period of preparing and writing the research paper, a scientific supervisor is appointed from among the teaching staff of the department, as a rule, whose topic the graduate student has chosen. Scientific supervisors are approved by order of the rector of the institute.
At the suggestion of the scientific supervisor, the department may invite a consultant on certain issues of the NKR.
Scientific adviser:
explains to the graduate student the requirements for NKR;
1) provides assistance in determining the research problems and in drawing up 2) the NKR plan and the schedule for its implementation;
directs the graduate student’s work with scientific literature and other information 3) sources on the topic;
determines the type of NCR, helps to formulate a hypothesis, purpose and objectives of the work, 4) the subject of research;
guides the graduate student in methods of conducting research and experiments, and 5) also in methods of data processing;
provides ongoing consultation on questions arising in connection with the performance of 6) work or indicates sources of information in which the graduate student can find answers to them;
controls the implementation of the schedule for final qualifying work;
7) provides organizational and methodological assistance to the graduate student, especially in those 8) cases when, in order to complete the work, it is necessary to conduct research with access to organizations, enterprises or institutions, to obtain the necessary documentation from them;
as the work progresses, makes the necessary comments and monitors them 9) elimination;
10) after reviewing the layout, the NKR signs the work and makes a decision on the admission of the graduate student to the scientific report;
11) draws up a written review of the research work and the nature of its implementation by the graduate student;
12) advises the graduate student on the preparation of his scientific report on the main results of the scientific research work.
After receiving the NKR layout, the scientific supervisor draws up his expert written review, in which he comprehensively characterizes the work performed. The supervisor's review should contain answers to the following questions:
Did the graduate student follow a work schedule?
Is the relevance of the topic demonstrated?
Does the content of the work correspond to the given topic?
What is the scientific level of the work?
How fully and efficiently has the stated topic been developed?
Is the NKR material presented systematically?
To what extent did the graduate student show initiative when performing work? 7.
independence, creativity?
Have information sources been used sufficiently fully, especially 8.
modern?
What is the level of reliability of the information sources used?
10. Does the graduate student know how to work with scientific literature and other sources of scientific information, analyze it, generalize it, and draw scientific and practical conclusions?
11. Is the choice of research methods and techniques justified? Do they correspond to the subject, object, goals and objectives of the study?
12. Is the work formatted correctly? Does its author master the scientific style of presenting the material? Literacy of presentation?
13. Are the conclusions drawn in the work justified?
14. What is the feasibility and value of practical proposals?
15. Is there any testing of the proposals made in the work, and what are the results of this testing?
16. How can you evaluate the effectiveness of the practical application of the models, mechanisms, schemes, proposals, etc. proposed (obtained) in the work?
In the review, the supervisor notes the positive aspects of the work and draws attention to existing shortcomings that have not been eliminated by the graduate student. At the end of the review, the professional level of the graduate student’s training is determined and an opinion is expressed on the admission of the graduate student to a scientific report on the topic of NKR.
The supervisor's review should not contain a score.
4.3. Planning the preparation of a scientific qualification work The graduate student, together with the supervisor, discusses the problems of the chosen topic, from which the target direction of work arises, determines what issues should be worked out, what special attention should be paid to, and how the main specifics of the topic will be revealed.
The main goal, objectives, subject, object of research are formulated. Options for research hypotheses are discussed.
The approximate content of the work is drawn up. Its formation is based on the assigned tasks, the solution of which should achieve the goal set in the work.
The assigned tasks should be approximately consistent with the titles of the chapters of the work.
In each of the chapters, individual aspects of the topic and lists of issues that should be considered in them should receive their specific expression. For convenience, the chapters are divided into paragraphs.
A primary list of analyzed scientific and methodological literature, information sources is compiled, sources for obtaining empirical data and practical materials are determined. In the process of drawing up a plan, the theoretical level and practical significance of the work as a whole are determined.
The NKR work plan may be further refined depending on the progress of the study of the problem, the availability of literary and factual material.
The graduate student, in agreement with the supervisor, develops a schedule for completing the research work, which reflects the main stages of its preparation and writing.
The NQR schedule (Appendix 2) must be drawn up by the graduate student together with the supervisor in two copies within one week immediately after receiving the assignment for the NQR. One copy of the schedule remains with the graduate student, the second is transferred to the supervisor.
The scientific qualification work must be completed and submitted to the graduate school one month before the start of the state final certification.
4.4. Stages of scientific research Any research involves preliminary work, the purpose of which is to outline the general contours of the research, its program, as well as approximate deadlines for completing each stage.
Stage 1 – identification of the problem, subject and object of research and the related relevance of the topic as a whole.
In any research, the problem statement is the starting point.
A problem is unstudied or poorly studied features, levels, relationships of any phenomena that are of interest, both for science and for practice. This is a question that needs to be answered, requiring certain practical and theoretical actions.
In the process of defining a problem, there is a temptation to cover as wide a range of phenomena as possible with research and get answers to all questions. Such an error wastes the researcher’s efforts, reduces the quality of the research, and makes it superficial.
You should limit your interests to solving a specific problem.
A properly defined problem involves finding and defending the relevance of the chosen topic.
Defining the research problem is closely related to the choice of subject and object of study. And the relevance of the topic confirms the correct choice of the subject and object of research.
The object of research is what is being studied. The objects of research can be people, groups of people, organizations, physical objects, mental phenomena, etc.
The subject of research is a specific feature, fact, phenomenon, consideration and study of which is necessary to solve the research problem. The subject is always narrower than the object of study.
Thoughtful and clearly formulated problem, subject and object of research, as well as a description of the relevance of the topic of work, already at the first stage of the research, it is possible to determine the volume and direction of the upcoming work, the topic of literature that needs to be familiarized with, and take care of the methods in advance. It also saves time spent on research.
Stage 2 – study of literature on the problem, clarification of basic concepts, preliminary description of the subject of research and the final title of the work.
The purpose of this stage is to find out what science knows about the problem being studied, and what has been poorly studied or not studied at all. This last point may constitute the specificity of the research problem. In addition, the researcher is often faced with the problem of uncertainty or inconsistency of concepts available in the literature.
In this case, it is difficult to compare the results of different studies if they use the same concepts ambiguously. To eliminate contradictions, the researcher must study the literature on the chosen problem in order to be aware of the debate that is going on in scientific circles regarding the concepts and theories that interest him.
If it was not possible to find unambiguity in the definition of concepts, you should accept one of the most common points of view in science and be sure to stipulate this in your work.
Work with scientific literature should begin in the process of choosing a topic. It becomes of utmost importance after the work plan has been agreed upon.
The graduate student, as a rule, selects the required literature independently. The role of the scientific supervisor is to provide recommendations and advice on the selection of scientific sources.
When working with scientific sources, first of all, the graduate student analyzes regulations, then studies special scientific literature and periodicals.
If there are several publications on a particular issue, it is advisable to choose a later edition that reflects the final point of view.
The breadth and completeness of the study of sources and literature, the ability to highlight the necessary, most important, comparison and analysis of various factual and statistical data is the most important indicator of the quality of a graduate student’s research and skills in working with literature. When using textbooks and teaching aids, the general rule is that they should be published no more than 10 (ten) years ago from the year of the intended defense of the NKR.
The study of literature begins with searching for relevant sources in library catalogs and viewing the bibliography of books read.
The output of scientific sources on the research topic can be recorded and compiled into a card index, which will make it easy to compile a list of literature used in the future.
The most informative literary sources on the topic of research should be noted down; you can note your own thoughts and ideas that arise when reading the literature. Based on notes and extracts from the literature read, an analytical description of the subject of research is carried out. It is usually done in the chronological sequence of literary sources; this records the development of ideas about the problem being studied.
Currently, in addition to print, there are many other information sources. Sources on electronic media are of particular interest. These are scientific documentaries, audio books, electronic textbooks, electronic statistical collections, etc. Also on the Internet are websites of companies and enterprises, scientific journals, research institutes, academic communities, etc., which can also serve as good sources of information for scientific and qualifying work.
Particular attention should be paid to choosing reliable sources of information, i.e.
those that are recognized by the scientific community. These include official printed government bodies of the Russian Federation that publish adopted laws and decrees, scientific and scientific-methodological newspapers and magazines recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of Russia for the publication of basic scientific results by graduate and doctoral students, scientific monographs, collections of scientific articles and reports from scientific conferences, textbooks and educational and methodological manuals with stamps of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation or Educational and Methodological Associations of Universities, academic encyclopedias and dictionaries, as well as some other academic publications.
In his work, a graduate student should not refer to popular (including popular science) newspapers and magazines, pseudo-scientific literature (including pseudo-scientific Internet resources). One should not use as arguments ideas, theories and hypotheses of marginal authors, which in the paradigm of modern science are still considered untested or pseudoscientific.
The theoretical part of the work, based on a review of scientific sources, ends with conclusions about what is known to science on this topic, what is controversial, and what constitutes the area of interest of the graduate student himself. A literature review, together with a description of the research method or methods chosen for the work, as a rule, is a draft version of the theoretical part of the work.
Stage 3 – formulation of the purpose, objectives and hypothesis of the study.
Analysis of scientific sources makes it possible to formulate the purpose and hypothesis of the study.
The purpose of the research is to solve, to study the issue that constitutes the research problem, clarified in the process of analyzing the relevant literature.
A hypothesis is a logically substantiated assumption about the structure of the subject being studied, about the nature and essence of the connections between the phenomena being studied and the factors that determine them.
The hypothesis determines the main direction of search and research and is the main methodological tool that organizes the entire research process.
Formulating a research hypothesis is a difficult task that requires persistent and painstaking work. The absence of a hypothesis characterizes the absence of a problem or the extreme vagueness of its formulation.
When formulating a hypothesis, the following conditions must be met:
The hypothesis should not contain concepts that are not specified;
It must be verifiable using available techniques.
As a result of testing, the hypothesis is proven or disproved. To test a hypothesis means to check the consequences that logically follow from it. The assumption formulated in the hypothesis is probabilistic in nature, which means that the assumption made is true only with a certain degree of probability. During the study, it is necessary to prove the reliability of the probabilistic assumption.
Research objectives specify the goal and serve to test the hypothesis. As many tasks are put forward as necessary to test the hypothesis.
Stage 4 - selection of research methods.
To test the hypothesis put forward (or the solution to the problems posed in the research and development work), methods and techniques are selected that are adequate to the objectives of the research.
A research method is a way to achieve a goal or solve a specific problem; a set of research techniques and operations. They help regulate the research procedure and clearly record the phenomena being studied, opening the way to achieving the goal.
The success of the study increases by combining various methods, which makes it possible to reveal various aspects of the phenomenon under study and ensure mutual verification of the objectivity of the results obtained.
Stage 5 – collection of factual material.
Before collecting the necessary information, you need to learn how to master the selected techniques.
A technique is an algorithm or procedure for carrying out any targeted actions.
The research methodology is determined by the method and presupposes a technique of execution - a system of means, techniques, tools. A technique differs from a method in the specification of techniques and tasks.
To master the selected methods, it is useful to test them on an object not included in the study (pilot, i.e., trial study), which will allow taking into account the problems of both the method itself and working with it. After this, the necessary procedures for collecting primary information are carried out, ethical criteria are taken into account when working with people, attention is paid to the correct and accurate application of methods, which increases the objectivity of the results.
In the work, the graduate student must identify and present the main trends of the processes being studied, support them with the most typical examples and digital calculations, as well as justify the research methods used and select the most effective methods of mathematical analysis.
Stage 6 – processing of research results and their interpretation.
At this stage, the collected materials are processed using methods existing in this field of science (statistical analysis, graphical, mathematical and other modeling, etc.). The obtained data is grouped and presented in the form of tables and graphs.
14 Theoretical interpretation is the most important step in a researcher’s activity.
To do this, he must have good theoretical training in the relevant discipline. It is at this stage that the researcher returns to the hypothesis again and finds out the degree of its confirmation or non-confirmation.
A complete analysis of the results obtained allows us to formulate practical recommendations on this problem.
Systematization, analysis and processing of factual materials suggest the widespread use of tables, diagrams, graphs, diagrams, models, draft designs in scientific qualification work, which not only contribute to the clarity of the material presented on the pages of the work, but also convincingly reveal the essence of the phenomena being studied.
Collection and processing of factual material is the most labor-intensive stage in the preparation of scientific qualification works, therefore this stage should be under special attention of the graduate student and supervisor.
In order to speed up the processing and systematization of factual material, it is recommended to use modern computer technology with appropriate statistical programs.
Depending on the type of work and how it is intended to achieve its main goal, the research may or may not include another step.
Stage 7 - testing or checking the proposals put forward and the results achieved. Testing or checking the proposals put forward and the results achieved can be carried out in various ways - in this the graduate student must show the creative, innovative nature of his thinking.
This is where the research itself ends and its design begins.
5. Structure and content of scientific qualification work
The scientific qualification work has the following structure:
Title page (see Appendix 3);
Introduction;
Main text (chapters, paragraphs);
Conclusion;
Bibliography;
Applications.
The introduction includes the following structural elements: the relevance of the topic and its significance for science and practice, the current state of research in this area, goals and objectives (the task is achieving a goal in specific conditions), the object and subject of the study are determined, a hypothesis is formulated, and the collection methods used are listed and data analysis, the novelty of the results obtained, theoretical and practical significance, provisions submitted for defense, testing of the results, the structure of the work is revealed (the volume of the reference list, the number of tables, diagrams and figures). The approximate structure of the Introduction is given in Appendix 5. The volume of the Introduction is approximately 4 to 9 pages.
The main text of the work consists of chapters and paragraphs, the number of which is determined by the specifics of the work. The volume of the main text is approximately 80% to 90% of the total work (excluding appendices).
Chapter 1 of the main text usually provides an overview of the sources of relevant domestic and foreign literature with an analysis of the author's concepts on the problem under study. In works representing theoretical research, one should describe the history of the development of the issue, reveal the concept and essence of the phenomenon being studied, consider existing methodological approaches to the analysis of this problem, etc. It is recommended to dwell on the development trends of certain processes and consider debatable issues on the topic. The text of the NKR should not retell the points of view existing in the scientific literature, but testify that its author creatively comprehended and analyzed them. The work should justify why the author adheres to this or that concept and argue for the scientific and practical value of the research results. Here it is necessary to present the characteristics of the object of study, to analyze the collected material within the framework of the chosen topic.
Chapter 2 should describe practical research using certain methods and techniques, the choice of which is justified. Recommendations for the practical application of the results obtained are given, and their effectiveness is substantiated.
Tables and graphs can be included both in the main part of the work and in appendices (if their volume is large).
Particular importance should be given to references to the scientific sources used. In the theoretical review of Chapter 1, it is permissible to use any number of quotes and text borrowings, subject to a mandatory reference to the source of borrowing, which should be easily verifiable and, as a rule, represent an authoritative opinion in the scientific world. All references to sources must be correctly formatted, i.e. in accordance with the rules for creating links. As a rule, these are the initials and surname of the author, the title of the work, the volume number (if any), the city in which the work was published (except for journals), the name of the publishing body, the year (and/or number) of issue, the page from which the information was taken and etc.
Each chapter of the NKR must end with conclusions (at least 1 page). The text of each section of the work should begin on a new sheet.
The conclusion summarizes the solution to the problems that were posed in the scientific qualification work. It should formulate conclusions, provide data on the effectiveness of implementing recommendations or the scientific value of the problems being solved, and indicate prospects for further development of the topic. The conclusion should characterize how the tasks set in the introduction were accomplished. The conclusion must be at least 3 pages long.
The conclusion, along with the introduction, is an indicator of the quality of the dissertation as a qualifying scientific work of the applicant. The conclusion is carefully studied and evaluated by departmental reviewers, official opponents and experts from a leading organization. It is often used to judge the entire work. A typical mistake of many applicants is to write a conclusion in the form of an abstract, where they provide a brief summary of the work. In fact, the conclusion should contain conclusions and suggestions. From the content of the conclusion it should be clear that the dissertation candidate was able to achieve the stated purpose of the research. Each conclusion or each proposal must reflect either the applicant’s contribution to science or to practice. The bibliography is a section of the work located outside the main content of the dissertation and includes the sources and literature that the author used when studying the topic and writing the scientific qualification work. The dissertation candidate should remember that the list of sources must also include his own works on the topic of the dissertation, to which he must also refer.
16 The bibliographic list must contain at least 180 scientific sources, including at least 30% periodicals. It is mandatory to use scientific literature in foreign languages, but in an amount not exceeding 10% (if the scientific qualification work is not related to the study of foreign languages or foreign experience). Printed sources of information should make up the majority of the bibliographic list (at least 70%).
Applications may contain: text documents, samples of methods, graphs, diagrams, charts, maps, tables, copies of existing official certificates of implementation.
Applications serve to illustrate or prove certain provisions of the problem under study. Appendices are placed after the bibliography and numbered in order of mention in the text in Arabic numerals with continuous numbering (Appendix 1, Appendix 2...).
The inclusion of applications in the NCR must be appropriate and carry an important semantic load. All applications included in the work must be indicated in the text of the work.
6. Registration of scientific and qualifying work
6.1. General provisions The scientific qualification work is prepared in one copy, bound in a hard cover. Along with the completed text of the work layout, an electronic version is submitted to the graduate school. The electronic version is submitted on disk, on USB storage devices, which are folded into an envelope with the topic of the work written on it, the name of its author, the number of the graduate student’s group, and the date of submission. On USB storage devices, work can only be accepted with the storage device without returning it.
The text of the dissertation must be printed on A4 paper on one side of the sheet with 1.5 line spacing, font – Times New Roman, font size – 12–14 points; margins (mm): top – 20, bottom – 20, right – 10, left – 25. Paragraph indentation is 5 characters.
The numbering of the pages of the dissertation must be continuous; pages are numbered in Arabic numerals; the page number is not indicated on the title page; on the next page put the number 2; illustrations and tables are included in the overall page numbering.
The page serial number is printed in the middle of the top margin of the page.
The volume of the dissertation is up to 150 pages (excluding appendices).
Only chapters and paragraphs and their names are highlighted in bold font. For other emphasis, you can use “italics”.
In dissertation lists, alphabetical order is recommended: as a rule, in alphabetical order by the surnames of the first authors, excluding the second and subsequent ones. Works by the same author are arranged alphabetically by title. If necessary, the alphabetical principle is combined with the chronological one. Sources in a foreign language in the list of references are placed after sources in Russian according to the same principle. If the title in Cyrillic script begins with a word written in Latin (for example, the Latin name of a plant), this source is placed last in a series of works by this author in Cyrillic.
For example, in the text: the data of this study are presented in the work of A.A. Smirnova.
17 If the reference contains information about several sources, groups of information are separated by a semicolon: [Ivanov, 1989; Petrov, 1990].
Bibliographic records are prepared in accordance with the requirements of GOST 7.1 and GOST 7.80.
Example of a list of references:
1. Anurin, V.F. Intelligence and society: Introduction. in the sociology of intelligence [Text]:
Monograph / V.F. Anurin; Nizhegorsk state University named after N.I. Lobachevsky. – N. Novgorod: Publishing house Nizhegorod. University, 1997. – 436 p.
2. Eremchenko, Evgeniy. The ocean is a computer of pure water [Text] // CNews. – 2006. – April. – P. 80–83.
3. Petrova N.S. Sociocultural development of personality [Text] // Pedagogy. Society.
Right. -2015. - No. 1. – P. 34-41.
4. Novikov, Yu.L. Formation of social activity of adolescents in a small town [Text]: Author's abstract. dis. ...cand. ped. Sci. – M., 2015. – 19 p.
Bibliographic references must contain bibliographic information about another document (its component part or group of documents) cited, considered or mentioned in the text of a document, necessary and sufficient for its identification, search and general characteristics.
Sections and subsections must have headings. Section headings are arranged systematically with the text, subsection headings - from the paragraph. The distance between headings and text should be increased to highlight the heading; headings are not underlined or dotted at the end. Section and subsection headings are numbered in Arabic numerals.
The subsection number consists of the section and subsection numbers separated by a dot.
The work uses general page numbering, including bibliography and appendices.
The first page is the title page, the second is the table of contents (contents) of the work. The introduction, each chapter of the main body of the work, conclusion, bibliography and appendices begin on a new page. Pages are numbered in the center with Arabic numerals. The title page and table of contents (contents) are included in the overall numbering of the work, but page numbers are not placed on them (i.e.
Introduction starts at 3 s.).
Each application should begin on a new sheet, in the upper right corner of which the word (“Appendix”) and a number indicated by an Arabic numeral (without the No. sign) are written, for example, Annex 1.
6.2. The order of presentation of tables, graphic material, calculation formulas The table form is used when presenting digital and verbal information about several objects according to a number of characteristics for better clarity and comparison of indicators.
The table has two levels of division: vertical – columns; horizontal – lines. Columns and rows of the table must have headings expressed by a noun in the nominative case. Subheadings of columns and lines must be grammatically consistent with the headings. In the headings and subheadings of the columns and rows of the table, only generally accepted abbreviations and symbols are used. Table columns must be numbered if the table is located on more than one page. It is not advisable to tear the table and move part of it to another page (the volume of the table can, if necessary, be reduced by reducing the font to 10 and the spacing to 1.0).
18 Each table must have a title at the top. Title and word "Table"
start with a capital letter. They must have continuous numbering. The No. sign is not used when numbering.
Graphic materials (diagrams, drawings) are placed in the work in order to establish the properties and characteristics of the object or as illustrations for a better understanding of the text.
Graphic material should be located immediately after the text in which it is mentioned for the first time, or on the next page, and, if necessary, in appendices.
Each drawing must have a title at the bottom. Title and word "Drawing"
begin with a capital letter (for example: Figure 1 - Relationship between factor A and neuroticism).
The title is not underlined. The title of the figure is placed below the figure on the left edge of the page.
7. Review of scientific-qualifying work In order to obtain additional objective assessment of the work from specialists in the relevant field, an external (in relation to the graduating department) review of the layout of scientific-qualifying work is carried out.
The composition of reviewers is determined by the graduate school. Experts from state or municipal authorities, the sphere of production, as well as highly qualified teachers from other universities or other departments of the institute (as a rule, working at least 14 categories of the teaching staff wage grid) can be involved as reviewers. One reviewer is assigned for each final qualifying work. The reviewer submits a written review, which he introduces to the graduate student and the supervisor in advance, but no less than one day before the defense of the work.
The review notes:
1. Compliance of the content of the work with the stated topic.
2. The significance of the chosen topic, its relevance.
3. Completeness, depth and features of solving the assigned tasks in the work.
4. Complete use of sources and literature, their reliability, depth of analysis of sources.
5. Literacy in presenting questions, scientific style of work, quality of illustrations.
6. Correspondence of the selected methods and techniques to the object, subject, goals and objectives of the study.
7. Expert assessment of innovations and proposals made in the work; efficiency and novelty of models and projects; originality of creative projects.
8. Validity of the obtained results and conclusions.
9. Theoretical and practical significance of the work.
The review may characterize each section of the final qualifying work, highlighting its positive aspects and disadvantages. In conclusion, the reviewer expresses his point of view about the overall level of the work and gives it a score.
The review signed by the reviewer is submitted to the graduate school along with a layout of the NCR.
If the head of the department, based on the content of the reviews of the head, the reviewer and his own opinion that appeared during the pre-defense, does not consider it possible to admit the graduate student to a scientific report on the NKR, the final decision on admission is made at a meeting of the graduating department with the participation of the scientific advisor and the author of the work.
8. The order of the scientific report The model of the NKR is submitted by the graduate student, in a bound version with an electronic version, to the graduate school a month before the start of the final certification. The specialist registers the date of delivery of the NCR layout in the accounting sheet and, within 3 days from the date of submission of the work, transfers it to the scientific supervisor for writing a review of the NCR layout (the period for writing a review by the scientific supervisor is up to 7 working days). After checking the layout of the NCR, the supervisor submits the NCR with feedback to the graduate school, and the specialist passes it on to two reviewers (the period for writing a review is up to 7 working days).
Making changes to the NCR layout after receiving a review is not allowed.
The scientific supervisor agrees on the date for the pre-defense of the graduate students’ scientific research work with the specialist who draws up the schedule for the state final certification. Pre-defense is carried out no later than 10 (ten) days before the scientific report on the NKR. The graduate student has the right to get acquainted with the supervisor’s review and review of his research work before his defense.
Next, pre-defense of the NKR is carried out. The graduate student introduces the department members to the NCR layout, reviews from the supervisor and reviewer, and answers questions during the discussion. Based on the results of the pre-defense, head. The department, no later than 3 days before the defense, makes a decision on admission to the scientific report and puts a signature on the title page of the work. After making a decision on admission, the head of the graduating department submits a mock-up of the NKR, signed by the graduate student and the supervisor, to the graduate school in charge of this area (specialty) of training, with feedback from the supervisor and reviewer.
Only those graduate students who have fully completed the relevant educational program and do not have academic or financial debt are allowed to submit a scientific report. A NKR model prepared without complying with the requirements of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation is not allowed in a scientific report.
The scientific report is conducted at an open meeting of the State Examination Committee, the composition of which is approved by order of the rector of the institute.
The reporting procedure includes the following steps:
1. Postgraduate student’s report on the main content of the work (up to 15 minutes). The report includes the relevance of the topic, the nature of the study of the problem, the goals and objectives of the study, methods of research and analysis, the results obtained, conclusions and recommendations. The report is presented freely, intelligibly, clearly and illustrated with diagrams and charts. The graduate student has the right to use various types of presentations of the results of his work. The main tables are prepared in the form of handouts that are given to each member of the commission.
2. Voice feedback on NKR.
3. The graduate student’s responses to the reviewer’s comments.
4. The graduate student’s answers to questions from committee members. Answers to questions, their completeness and depth influence the assessment of the work; they should be meaningful and concise.
The results of the scientific report are announced to graduate students on the same day after the approval of the protocols by the chairman of the State Examination Committee.
Layouts of the NKR are not returned to graduate students and are stored in the graduate school within the time limits specified by the regulations. Electronic versions of works can be posted in the methodological sections of the institute’s website for the purpose of: a) an example of the completion of final qualifying works by graduate students of the university; b) preventing copying of the content of protected works by subsequent generations of graduate students.
If the assessment of the scientific report is unsatisfactory, the graduate student has the right to defend it again after revision and corrections, not earlier than the next academic year and no more than one (repeated) time.
20 The general results of all scientific reports are summed up by the state examination commission and are subsequently discussed at the graduating departments. Based on the results of the reports, the graduating department can recommend individual works for publication, and research results for the defense of a dissertation in the dissertation council.
9. Criteria for assessing the layout of a scientific qualification work and a scientific report The results of scientific reports are assessed at a closed meeting of the State Examination Committee. The score for each is determined by a majority vote of the commission members.
General evaluation criteria:
1. Structure, content and scope of the NKR:
Compliance of the structure of the NKR with the requirements of these guidelines;
Compliance of the content of the NCR with the given topic;
The volume of the main part of the NKR.
2. Scientific level of work, degree of coverage of the topic, its applied significance:
Relevance of the topic;
Completeness, depth and quality of topic development;
Theoretical and practical significance of the work (the possibility of practical use of the data obtained in the work, recommendations);
3. Independence, research and/or creative approach to developing a research topic:
Implementation of the NKR preparation schedule;
The degree of independence in the implementation of NKR;
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