Examples of mistakes in the speeches of politicians. Reading Instagram: which of the stars failed the literacy test. Errors in the formation of the imperative form of the verb

Probably, each of us has had cases in our lives when it is necessary to speak in front of an audience. Big or small, familiar or not - it doesn't matter. Because in any case, almost all “speakers” are nervous in one way or another.

However, now we will not talk about how to overcome this fear of public speaking (this is all a matter of experience).

The topic of this post will be speech and speech errors .

So, for a speech to be interesting to the audience, it is first necessary that the topic be interesting to the person speaking it.

The speech should not be too long. Short speeches are perceived more effectively by listeners.
But besides the content of the topic The following factors have a great influence on the public's attention: :

intonations used

semantic stresses

Volume

Everything is clear with volume. If you speak quietly, everyone will soon get tired of listening to your every word, negotiations and discussions will begin on the latest fashion trends (or principles of operation of nuclear reactors)... In general, your speech will be a failure.

By the way, there are interesting techniques based on research in psychology. For example, if you look at the front rows during your speech, your voice will be quieter. If you go to the “gallery”, the voice will automatically become louder.

Despite this, do not be lazy before your speech and try to give a speech from the stage/tribune, so that someone stands at the farthest point of the hall. He will tell you whether it is better to speak more quietly or loudly.

Intonation
Here, too, everything is simple to the point of genius. I think that it is completely uninteresting and not entirely clear for you to listen to a person who speaks in such a way that even with the best hearing aid and a rich imagination you cannot understand where the end of one sentence is and the beginning of another.

However, you should also be careful here. You shouldn’t overact, you’re not an actor after all. Speak with your intonations. Your speech should be natural.

Pace

The pace of your speech is extremely important. If you speak too quickly, the public will also quickly lose interest in you, tired of trying to catch important information from a huge stream of words.

If you speak too slowly, both the audience and you risk forgetting how it all began :)

Factors affecting speech rate

Number of listeners. The larger your audience, the slower you should speak (within reason, of course), since everyone's level of perception is different.

Your emotional stress. Yes, yes, it makes itself felt. You may start to stutter, forgetting what you wanted to say (in the worst case, where you are). Your beautiful vocal cords may give a cock because of this. Or the jaw will refuse to move, causing both tempo and volume to decrease.

As was written above, the “speaker’s” interest in the topic of the speech is very important. And here everything is easily explained. If the topic interests you, then you know it or, at least, enjoyed reading the materials during preparation. It follows that you will be able to connect one thought with another, even if your cheat sheet suddenly disappears in some unknown way :)

Duration of the performance. The more time you have, the more repetitions you can and will allow (such is the cruel world!) Especially when you have nothing more to say and there is still plenty of time to speak.

Speaking of time. One sheet of A4 format with text printed in 12 point size with an interval of 1.5, takes an average of two minutes to read

Pause

This sweet young lady is highly prized in the theatrical environment, but for some reason she is deprived of attention in the PR environment (after all, public speaking is also part of public relations)

However, a good speaker will not refuse such an effective tool. Why? Yes, because a pause, firstly, gives the speaker time to rest. Secondly, it gives listeners the opportunity to assimilate information, relax, prepare for new thoughts, etc., etc.

Why and when to use a pause?

Before you start talking. You just came out, the public has not yet focused its attention on you or, for example, cannot complete its welcoming ovation in your honor...

Pause instead of punctuation. Indeed, how else can one separate one sentence from another in oral speech? How else to structure the information you give to the audience? Just a pause

To enhance the effect before an important thought of a speech. In combination with semantic stress it gives an excellent effect!

Semantic stresses

In my opinion, they are strongly related to intonation and pauses. They walk, so to speak, hand in hand.

Semantic stress is the highlighting of an important thought/idea in your speech by changing the intonation and volume of your voice.

As noted above, may be accompanied by a pause.

In addition, semantic stress is used to confirm your thoughts and numbering (firstly, secondly, etc. enumerations)

Speech errors

Based on the above, we can identify the main speech errors in public speaking:

decrease the volume. It can occur due to tightness, uncertainty of the speaker, and also in the case when it is necessary to say too big a sentence. The solution: take breaks (and eat Twix) or break a large sentence into several small ones.

mumbling. Also arises due to uncertainty in what you are saying (uninteresting topic, nervous excitement)

slurred speech. Words and sounds are “swallowed”. Exit: concentrate on your speech, start speaking more slowly and pronounce everything. Of course, this will prolong your stay on stage/near the podium. But the public will begin to understand you! Isn't this joy? :)

muffled speech. Mostly appears with “extra” gestures: covering your mouth with your hand, turning your side or back to the audience (this happens especially often when there is a board or projector with your presentation, for example)

It’s not right, it’s absolutely wrong to do that!

Friends, don't be afraid of the public. We are all human, we are all imperfect.

And finally, one trick that helps many - just imagine that all these people in the hall, sitting with the smartest faces, forgot to wear trousers/pants/skirts. Who has what kind of panties???

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Two-thirds of Russians say they notice mistakes in the speech and writing of others. Every third respondent is very annoyed about this. These are the data from one of the sociological surveys conducted by the Public Opinion Foundation. Incorrect emphasis, spelling errors, lack of punctuation in correspondence, distortion of words and abuse of slang and foreign words are among the top mistakes that cause anger and heated discussions. According to sociologists, Russians are more lenient when it comes to stylistic errors, the use of words with the wrong meaning, and the poor vocabulary of their interlocutor.

Of course, most of us try to monitor our speech, but not everyone manages to control themselves all the time. Even those who self-confidently consider their speech impeccable often make mistakes in conversation.

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FROM OUR READERS

Question No. 1: It irritates me very much when I hear (and very often) - prey, but it seems to me that I should say prey. Or am I not right? Tina.

Answer:

Tina, good afternoon! You are right, this type of stress can be heard quite often. Especially during interviews, public appearances and comments from representatives of the oil and coal industries. Even highly educated specialists, under the influence of the team, periodically begin to make mistakes.

EXTRACTION instead of production- a typical example of professional jargon: Kuzbass miners may respond to your remark: “The thieves have mining, but we have mining.” Unfortunately, the literary norm (and in all dictionaries this is, of course, mining) will not take root in a professional environment: miners, geologists, and oil workers consider incorrect accent placement to be the only correct one.

Oddly enough, stand up for to Mining poets of the 18th century could: at that time the word had no social restrictions - in the texts of Krylov, Sumarokov, Maykov one can see what is now outdated to Mining.

Question No. 2: My mother-in-law’s phrase hurts my ears: “I injected my husband with medicine” (that is, I gave a series of injections prescribed by the doctor). How to say it correctly? Muse-Muse

Answer:

Muse-Muse, hello! In the Big Explanatory Dictionary, the verb “pierce” has several meanings.

1. Make a through hole in something (with something piercing). Pierce through. For example: Punch another hole in the watch strap. Pierce the sole of your boot with broken glass.

2. Injure someone with a piercing object. For example: Pierce a hussar with a sword.

3. Spend some time doing chopping and crushing into pieces. For example: I spent the entire evening chopping wood for the bathhouse.

The expression “I injected my husband with medicine” is colloquial. And it is not immediately clear why your mother-in-law pierced the packages of medicines intended for her husband. You can replace the phrase with: “I injected all the medications” (but even here someone might think that your mother-in-law used all the medications prescribed by the doctor at once). Of course, the context is clear, but it is still more correct to say: “I gave my husband all the necessary injections” or “The course of injections/course of treatment has been completed.”

Question No. 3: How to pronounce the word “poker” in the genitive plural? Valery

Answer:

Valery, hello! You asked one of the most popular questions in the school curriculum. Mikhail Zoshchenko in the story “Poker” describes “a funny incident that happened in one institution.” The classic text contains the answer to your question.

If we talk about the literary norm, then feminine nouns in the plural in the genitive case sound like this: poker, roofs, estates, waffles, herons, nannies, skittles.

Errors are explained by violations of the rules for the formation of various forms of words. The largest number of speech errors occurs when using the name of a numeral. In the examples given below, the errors are explained precisely by ignorance of the peculiarities of the declension of words of this part of speech.

Let's look at a few examples

“Yesterday there were about four hundred cameras here (in Severomorsk)” (correct: “about four hundred”). “Operations will be carried out with fifty percent of the holding’s shares” (correctly: “with fifty percent”). “More than eight hundred thousand pensioners can now live with dignity” (correctly: “more than eight hundred thousand pensioners”).

Non-declension or incomplete declension of complex and compound numerals is a violation of the literary norm. Journalists rarely use the numeral “one and a half.” Within a day and a half, the city was empty” (correctly: “a day and a half”).

There are also frequent errors in choosing the case form of a compound numeral ending in “two”, “three”, “four” in combination with an animate noun. In such constructions, regardless of the category of animation, the accusative case retains the nominative form, for example: “In total, thirty-two wounded were brought to the hospital this month” (and not “thirty-two wounded”).

The following sentence also does not correspond to the literary norm: “The construction of the complex should be completed by two thousand and three” (correct: “... by two thousand and three”), since in a compound ordinal number only the last word is declined).

There are also errors of this kind: “The government promises to pay pensions by the tenth of September” (correctly: “...by the tenth of September”).

Errors are still common when using collective numerals. Their use in combination with nouns related to official business vocabulary is not recommended in literary language (especially in information programs). For example: “It is no coincidence that two senators ended up in this region at once” (correct: “...two senators...”).

The numerals “both” (male) and “both” (female) are not always used correctly, for example: “The introduction of another currency (except the ruble) is detrimental for both countries” (correct: “... for both countries").

A speech error is the formation of masculine nouns in the nominative plural:

inspectors (instead of inspectors);

handwriting (instead of handwriting);

locksmith (instead of locksmith);

sniper(instead of snipers);

paramedic (instead of paramedics);

Errors occur on air and when forming the genitive case of plural nouns. The following formations are considered normative:

barges - barges (not "barges");

everyday life - everyday life (not “everyday”);

melons - melons (not "melons");

shoulders - shoulders (not "shoulders");

towels - towels;

sheets - sheet (not “sheet”);

twilight - twilight;

manger - manger;

We remind you that the singular form of the word “shoes” is “shoe” (and not “shoes”), and the singular form of the word “slippers” is “slipper” (and not “slippers”).

Journalists make mistakes when declension of nouns denoting the names of certain nationalities. In particular, there are frequent errors when using genitive plural forms, for example:

Bashkirs - Bashkirs (not “Bashkirs”),

Buryats - Buryats (not "Buryats"),

Turkmen - Turkmen (not "Turkmens"),

Yakuts - Yakutov (not "Yakut").

Lexical errors are associated with ignorance of the meanings of words and set expressions and, due to this ignorance, their incorrect use in speech.

Here are some examples

A very persistent mistake turned out to be the use of the word “back” instead of “again”, “again”: “Gabardine came back to us”, “Rizhsky Station should be renamed back...”, “Subsequently Balanchine gave her (the ballerina) this part back.”

Journalists often begin a sentence with the words “in this regard” (“In this regard, I would like to recall recent events”).

Most often, this phrase is used when the text does not indicate any connection between the previous and the subsequent. Correct: “In this regard...”. Thanks to this combination of words, a connection is established between what has already been said and what will be discussed in the future.

A common mistake is to use the words “signature” instead of “signature” and “number” instead of “date”. (Correspondent: “This is the letter we received, and at the end there is a painting and a number.”) Painting is painting on walls, ceilings and on household items (Khokhloma, Gorodets painting). Not to be confused with the word "receipt", for example, a receipt for receiving money. A signature is a handwritten surname under a document, confirming the authorship of the signatory or his agreement with what is stated. As for the words “date” and “date”, they are also not synonymous, therefore, interchangeability in the text is not justified. The concept of “date” (a mark indicating time) includes a day, a month, and a year, and a number is only the day of a calendar month. (For example: “The film will premiere on the sixteenth”). When drawing up a document, we record exactly the date, that is, the day, month and year of its execution.

Lexico-stylistic errors also include ignorance of the peculiarities of lexical combinability of words in the Russian language. For example: “The standard of living of the people is deteriorating” (correct: “The standard of living of the people is decreasing”). The sentence is also incorrectly composed: “In order to improve the crime situation in the city, law enforcement agencies are working in enhanced mode.” "Criminogenic - facilitating the commission of a crime." Correct: “To change the crime situation in the city...” or “To improve the general situation in the city...”.

There are frequent cases of incorrect use of the words “main” and “capital”. Thus, in the sentence “In the film “The Cranes Are Flying,” Tatyana Samoilova played the title role,” the word “capital” was used in the meaning “main,” which is incorrect, since “capital” means “placed in the title, which was not in our example (and not implied). And the actress played the title role in the film “Anna Karenina,” named after the heroine.

Errors of the following kind are typical for television and radio broadcasts: “The fire broke out at a very high altitude”, “The reporter conducted a reporter’s research”, “Those who distinguished themselves in this operation were awarded state awards”, “Speaking about the conversation with Stepashin, the deputy noted...” This series can be continued for a long time . Phenomena of this order in linguistics are usually called tautology.

Undoubtedly, colloquial elements, colloquial inclusions (namely inclusions) have the right to life in journalism. However, journalists often lack a sense of proportion in the use of conversational style means, for example: “Visitors to the museum are entirely employees of the Foreign Ministry, the museum staff did their best for them.”

It should be noted that the conversational tonality in information and analytical programs often gravitates toward a rough, colloquial tone, or is even completely replaced by it. Evidence of this is the frankly rude vocabulary: havat, freebie, goats, screw up, get into your pants, etc.

As for foreign words, the need for some of them is undeniable, but why do we need “confrontation”, “round”, “summit”, “consensus”, “teenager”, “show”, “mimicry”, “brain ring” and hundreds others! The current scale of borrowing is destructive for the Russian literary language.

Phonetic errors constitute the largest group of errors associated with violations of stress norms. Most often, errors occur in the following word forms (reference is given according to the “Dictionary of Stresses of the Russian Language” Ageenko F. L., Zarva M. V., M., 2000); Below are the correct options:

bartender - bartender;

cask(beer);

versts, versts(but: at ten versts);

ages(people of all ages);

we'll hand over(awards);

(V) hospitals;

Maiden's field (but: girlish memory)

dispensary

negotiated prices - according to contracts

let's conclude(agreement)

sealed

from afar(adverb)

published, published

trump(Not trump)

more beautiful,

godfather move (not godfather)

(from) massage

masterfully(written)

workshop(a game)

management

alluvial

detection

guardianship(Not guardianship)

appreciated(Not appreciated)

let's switch

survived(friend for five years)

printing

(You) are right

let's bow down

(V) networks(Internet, telephone, etc.)

sides(but: two sides, both sides)

contracting sides, on all four sides)

The most common syntax error is a violation of control rules, for example:

thought about it...

the law provides that...

claims that...

understands that...

showing in a few words about...

we have already discussed this... etc.

The correct thing to say is:

weighed (what?) all the pros and cons...

States that...

understands what people need...

showing how it happened...

we have already discussed (what?) this topic... etc.

Journalists make a common mistake when they use a noun in the genitive case with the prepositions “according to” and “thanks to”: according to the order, according to the agreement, thanks to good weather. That's right: according to the order, according to the agreement, thanks to good weather. The noun in combination with the prepositions “thanks to” and “according to” is used in the dative case.

6. Rhetorical style of the media

A few words about the rhetorical style of modern media, since it is the speech of the media that largely creates the modern public mood, modern speech culture and attitude towards speech itself.

Any assessment depends on the state or attitude of the evaluator himself to the subject of his assessment. The rhetoric of the media is guided by the interests of the "pure": in order to be listened to or read (in other words, "bought"), you need to bring more scandals, murders, disasters, show something "amazing" (the goal of eloquence has always been to "shock souls", so eloquence has always been shared into "true and false").

The lack of philological culture (this is the culture of speech in the broad sense), responsibility for the spoken word, seeing only the momentary and unwillingness to foresee the consequences of one’s words (every sin turns against the person who committed this sin) - give rise to the modern public mood of decadence, mockery, criticism, irony over everything and everyone. Our media do not have the feeling that with their texts they form mass public consciousness. Hence the decline in taste, the baseness of the content of speech when trying to create a kind of “stylish vinaigrette”, where Zoshchenkovsky-Schukar humor combines argotic and vernacular finds with common Church Slavonicisms like “hails and villages” existing in the vulgar consciousness.

It is obvious that the end of the twentieth century gave rise to many original “newspaper” stylists who had not only a rich vocabulary, but also a sophisticated and decorated syntax of speech. All this serves the same classical means of persuasion - another thing is that these language innovators, regardless of ethical norms and cultural and speech traditions, “break” the language for the sake of a new style of life.

Simple examples: modern politicians in their public speeches often resort to the jargon of criminal gangs, the most widely circulated Moscow newspaper “MK” considers it possible to put words related to primitive curses in the header on the front page, and a monument to the “sun of Russian poetry” A. S. Pushkin in Moscow is literally crushed on all sides by screaming foreign-language advertising of foreign goods...

Now the way for “matisms” is open not only in fiction, but also in newspapers, films and on television.

All these statements belong either to representatives of the class of so-called “new Russians” or to workers in the electronic media. There are jokes about the linguistic culture of the former, and the second category, alas, has not indulged us in sophistication of style in recent years.

I will give the fair judgment of Konstantin Paustovsky, an excellent Russian writer, a true connoisseur of the Russian language and its zealous defender. I took it from the article “Prose Poetry”: “By the attitude of each person to his language, one can accurately judge not only his cultural level, but also his civic value. True love for one's country is unthinkable without love for one's language. A person indifferent to his native language is a savage. He is harmful in his very essence, because his indifference to language is explained by complete indifference to the past, present and future of his people.”

Newspaper “Moskovsky Komsomolets”

Otar Kushinashvili, television journalist

“...The entire establishment is represented here...” (wrong emphasis)

Evgeny Kiselev, presenter of the “Itogi” program

“...Examples of larger-scale corruption are known: fortunes of millions were created, which flowed abroad, but all this REMAINED IN VTUNE” the old “in tuna” was used without taking into account its semantics and compatibility) NTV, “Itogi”, April 27.

Newspaper “Izvestia,” proofreading service

“...Yuri Fokin will soon replace Anatoly Adamishin at the head of the embassy in VELKY KOBRITANY” (spelling error)

“Izvestia”, note by Konstantin Eggert “The diplomatic service is losing prestige even for retirees”, March 29

NTV, “Segodnya”, program editors

“...The President today made a RADIO ADDRESS on the occasion of the holiday...” (tautology; option: made) NTV, “Segodnya”, March 8.

Pavel GUSEV, editor-in-chief of the newspaper “Moskovsky Komsomolets”

“...Today we congratulate all women on the Eighth of March (a gross violation of the literary norm; common in common parlance, it is necessary: ​​on the Eighth of March) MTC, program “On the Light”, March 8.

Boris Notkin, TV presenter

“...I quote “Moscow News”, WHICH GAVE...” (incorrect agreement) MTC, program “Facing the City”, March 4

Albert Plutnik, columnist

“...A scientific biography...Berdyaev, a Russian philosopher,...who in the spring of 1947 became a Doctor of Theology GONOSIS KAZA at the University of Cambridge” (instead of the correct one - honoris causa) “Izvestia”, essay “Signal”, April 24.

Alexander Kolpakov, TV journalist

“...IMMEDIATELY UPON ARRIVAL, Chubais said...” (form close to vernacular; not recommended in television and radio news; necessary: ​​upon arrival) NTV, “Itogi”, March 23.

Yakov Gordin, writer “...Russian man of conscience...” (wrong emphasis) Radio “St. Petersburg”, March 25

Yuri Luzhkov, Mayor of Moscow “...Now I am IN WAITING MODE to see how he (Chubais) will take my statement” (stylistic sloppiness); “...At the same pace to pay FOR the services that the state provides to the population...” (gross violation of the norm; mismanagement; it is necessary: ​​to pay for services) NTV, “Segodnya”, March 10; NTV, “Segodnya” (from a speech in the Kremlin), April 25

Lydia Chumachenko, deputy. director of the bookplate museum “Our museum fulfills all the features that other museums do...” (incorrect combination) Radio Moscow, March 13.

Vladimir Kolesnikov, deputy. Minister of Internal Affairs

“The criterion for evaluating the activities of our units is the detection of crimes...” (grammatical error; necessary: ​​criterion); “...What the mafia lives on...” (colloquial; necessary: ​​based) Channel 1 TV: ORT+NTV+RTR, program “Crime without punishment”, March 1

Stanislav Govorukhin, Chairman of the Committee on Culture of the States. Duma “The people have been instilled with the thought: WHY THE HELL IS THIS PARLIAMENT?” (violation of style norms; the use of coarse words in a speech in parliament is unacceptable)

Gennady Zyuganov, leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation

“We were hoping to get an answer to THESE DANGERS” (the semantics of the word is not taken into account; option: to these threats) MTC, “News of the Week”, March 7

Ekaterina Strizhenova, ORT TV presenter: “Contrary to the current situation that has developed in Russia now” (unmotivated tautology) ORT, “Good morning”, September 23

Natalya Daryalova, TV presenter: “Recently at the opening of the Vysotsky MONUMENT, I was sad...” (speech carelessness) RTR, program “My Family”, September 12.

Boris Berezovsky, performer CIS Secretary: “I also want to clarify here so that this does not raise ANY doubts...”; “Of course, this is more of a joke....”; “And therefore AS WELL as I don’t want to be a hypocrite today...” (incorrect use of the comparative conjunction AS with the particle BY, the semantics of this speech pattern is not taken into account; indicates the low speech culture of the speaker) r/s “Echo of Moscow”, conversation with A. Venediktov, September 2, a very common speech pattern in public 1. speech and the media, a mannerism characteristic of poorly organized, loose colloquial speech

Egor Stroev, Chairman of the Federation Council: “...There is no need to HANG people with psychoses...” (lexico-stylistic error) NTV, “Segodnya”, September 3, the use of words from prison camp jargon in public speech and the media is not recommended

Andrei Yakhontov, Chairman of the Russian-Serbian Friendship Society + proofreaders for the newspaper “Russky Vestnik”: “Whoever did not see what General Lebed was talking about and how he answered questions from congressmen... could simply be amazed...” (erroneous use of the preposition OB) Newspaper “Russian Bulletin”, No. 31-32, 1998, p. 5, note “A. Swan and the US Congress” is an error typical of common parlance; literary norm: about what.

Nikolai Kharitonov, leader of the Agrarian faction in the State Duma

“...Viktor Stepanovich, you have good human qualities, DO NOT BURN them in the Duma crucible...” (error in word choice) RTR, official speech in the State Duma, September 7, the semantics and compatibility of the word are not taken into account

Mikhail Vinogradov, President of the International Adaptation Service + proofreaders of Nezavisimaya Gazeta “The examination must be independent... In the end, they brought in cardiologist DABEKI as a consultant... (two spelling errors in the spelling of the surgeon’s name...) Nezavisimaya Gazeta” , article “The President through the eyes of a psychiatrist,” September 25, p. 3.

Vladimir Zhirinovsky, leader of the LDPR: “Your deceit is even WORSE...” (grammatical error) RTR, “Vesti”, speech in the State Duma, September 7, there is no such form in the Russian language

Grigory Yavlinsky, leader of the Yabloko faction: “I have no such intentions...” (wrong emphasis) ORT, Novosti, September 10, only intentions are allowed.

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Speech is a channel for the development of intelligence,
the sooner the language is acquired,
the easier and more completely the knowledge will be absorbed.

Nikolai Ivanovich Zhinkin,
Soviet linguist and psychologist

We think of speech as an abstract category, inaccessible to direct perception. Meanwhile, this is the most important indicator of a person’s culture, his intelligence and a way of understanding the complex connections of nature, things, society and transmitting this information through communication.

It is obvious that when learning and already using something, we make mistakes due to inability or ignorance. And speech, like other types of human activity (in which language is an important component), is no exception in this regard. All people make mistakes, both in speech and in speech. Moreover, the concept of speech culture, as the idea of ​​“”, is inextricably linked with the concept of speech error. In essence, these are parts of the same process, and, therefore, striving for perfection, we must be able to recognize speech errors and eradicate them.

Types of speech errors

First, let's figure out what speech errors are. Speech errors are any cases of deviation from current language norms. Without their knowledge, a person can live, work and communicate normally with others. But the effectiveness of the actions taken in certain cases may suffer. In this regard, there is a risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood. And in situations where our personal success depends on it, this is unacceptable.

The author of the classification of speech errors given below is Doctor of Philology Yu. V. Fomenko. Its division, in our opinion, is the simplest, devoid of academic pretentiousness and, as a result, understandable even to those who do not have a special education.

Types of speech errors:

Examples and causes of speech errors

S. N. Tseitlin writes: “The complexity of the speech generation mechanism is a factor contributing to the occurrence of speech errors.” Let's look at special cases, based on the classification of types of speech errors proposed above.

Pronunciation errors

Pronunciation or spelling errors arise as a result of violation of the rules of spelling. In other words, the reason lies in the incorrect pronunciation of sounds, sound combinations, individual grammatical structures and borrowed words. These also include accentological errors - violation of stress norms. Examples:

Pronunciation: “of course” (and not “of course”), “poshti” (“almost”), “plotlit” (“pays”), “precedent” (“precedent”), “iliktrichesky” (“electric”), “colidor” ("corridor"), "laboratory" ("laboratory"), "tyshcha" ("thousand"), "shchas" ("now").

Accent: “calls”, “dialogue”, “agreement”, “catalogue”, “overpass”, “alcohol”, “beets”, “phenomenon”, “driver”, “expert”.

Lexical errors

Lexical errors are violations of the rules of vocabulary, first of all, the use of words in meanings that are unusual for them, distortion of the morphemic form of words and the rules of semantic agreement. They come in several types.

Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it. This is the most common lexical speech error. Within this type there are three subtypes:

• Mixing words that are similar in meaning: “He read the book back.”
• Mixing words that sound similar: excavator - escalator, colossus - colossus, Indian - turkey, single - ordinary.
• A mixture of words that are similar in meaning and sound: subscriber - subscription, addressee - addressee, diplomat - diploma holder, well-fed - well-fed, ignorant - ignoramus. “Cashier for business travelers” (required – business travelers).

Word writing. Examples of errors: Georgian, heroism, underground, spender.

Violation of the rules of semantic agreement of words. Semantic agreement is the mutual adaptation of words along the lines of their material meanings. For example, you cannot say: “ I raise this toast", since “to lift” means “to move,” which is not consistent with the wish. “Through a door that is ajar” is a speech error, because the door cannot be both ajar (open a little) and wide open (wide open) at the same time.

This also includes pleonasms and tautologies. Pleonasm is a phrase in which the meaning of one component is entirely included in the meaning of another. Examples: “the month of May”, “traffic route”, “residence address”, “huge metropolis”, “be on time”. Tautology is a phrase whose members have the same root: “We were given a task,” “The organizer was a public organization,” “I wish you long creative life.”

Phraseological errors

Phraseological errors occur when the form of phraseological units is distorted or they are used in a meaning that is unusual for them. Yu. V. Fomenko identifies 7 varieties:

• Changing the lexical composition of a phraseological unit: “As long as the matter is the case” instead of “As long as the trial is the case”;
• Truncation of phraseological units: “It was just right for him to hit the wall” (phraseological unit: “beat his head against the wall”);
• Expansion of the lexical composition of phraseological units: “You have come to the wrong address” (phraseological unit: go to the right address);
• Distortion of the grammatical form of a phraseological unit: “I can’t stand sitting with my hands folded.” Correct: “folded”;
• Contamination (combination) of phraseological units: “You can’t do everything with your sleeves folded” (a combination of phraseological units “carelessly” and “hands folded”);
• Combination of pleonasm and phraseological unit: "Random stray bullet";
• Use of phraseological units in an unusual meaning: “Today we will talk about the film from cover to cover.”

Morphological errors

Morphological errors are incorrect formation of word forms. Examples of such speech errors: “reserved seat”, “shoes”, “towels”, “cheaper”, “one and a half hundred kilometers away”.

Syntax errors

Syntactic errors are associated with violation of the rules of syntax - the construction of sentences, the rules of combining words. There are a lot of varieties, so we will give just a few examples.

• Incorrect matching: “There are a lot of books in the closet”;
• Mismanagement: “Pay for travel”;
• Syntactic ambiguity: “Reading Mayakovsky made a strong impression”(have you read Mayakovsky or have you read Mayakovsky’s works?);
• Design offset: “The first thing I ask of you is your attention.” Correct: “The first thing I ask of you is your attention”;
• Extra correlative word in the main clause: “We looked at those stars that dotted the whole sky.”

Spelling mistakes

This type of error occurs due to ignorance of the rules of writing, hyphenation, and abbreviation of words. Characteristic of speech. For example: “the dog barked”, “sit on the chairs”, “come to the train station”, “Russian. language", "gram. error".

Punctuation errors

Punctuation errors - incorrect use of punctuation marks when...

Stylistic errors

We have dedicated a separate section to this topic.

Ways to correct and prevent speech errors

How to prevent speech errors? Work on your speech should include:

1. Reading fiction.
2. Visiting theaters, museums, exhibitions.
3. Communication with educated people.
4. Constant work to improve speech culture.

Online course “Russian language”

Speech errors are one of the most problematic topics that receive little attention in school. There are not so many topics in the Russian language in which people most often make mistakes - about 20. We decided to devote the course “to” to these topics. During the classes, you will have the opportunity to practice competent writing skills using a special system of multiple distributed repetitions of material through simple exercises and special memorization techniques.

Sources

• Bezzubov A. N. Introduction to literary editing. – St. Petersburg, 1997.
• Savko I. E. Basic speech and grammatical errors
• Sergeeva N. M. Speech, grammatical, ethical, factual errors...
• Fomenko Yu. V. Types of speech errors. – Novosibirsk: NSPU, 1994.
• Tseytlin S. N. Speech errors and their prevention. – M.: Education, 1982.

MINISTRY OF GENERAL AND PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

VORONEZH STATE UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Journalism

Department of Stylistics and Literary Editing

COURSE WORK

Spelling errors in the speech of TV presenters

1st year student d/o

Kovalenko E.P.

Scientific adviser -

Ph.D., Associate Professor Zapryagaeva M.Ya.

Voronezh 2009

Chapter I

1.Features of pronunciation on television

1.1 High pronunciation style

1.2 Neutral pronunciation style

1.3 Conversational style of pronunciation

Conclusion to Chapter I

Chapter II

1. Pronunciation errors

2. Errors related to stress

3. Conclusion

4. List of used literature

5. Applications

Features of pronunciation on television

The same phrase in pronunciation can undergo thousands of changes, corresponding to the slightest shades of feeling. Feelings are expressed by intonation, modulation of the voice, speed of speech, the force of pronouncing a particular word, or a gesture accompanying speech. A dramatic actor, pronouncing his role, must find for each phrase an expression that is completely appropriate to it and the right note: this is where his talent is most clearly manifested. A phrase that is dead and expressionless on paper, he revives with his voice, he breathes life into it.

Everyone understands perfectly well that he uses speech not to speak to himself and not only for his own sake. Speech is necessary primarily for communicating with other people, transmitting information, and exerting influence.

Language serves as a means of communication between people. It expresses, shapes, organizes human thought. Performs communicative and thought-formative functions. The structure of a language is naturally adapted to perform its functions. Language exists only in society; through it, some thoughts are expressed, some content is transmitted.

In different life situations, people pronounce words differently. In everyday life they speak faster, they do not pay attention to the thoroughness of pronunciation, and when speaking in front of an audience they try to speak more slowly and clearly. Thus, within literary speech there are pronunciation options. Each of them has its own meaning and scope, that is, it belongs to a specific style. In Russian linguistics, L. V. Shcherba worked on this problem. He identified two main styles of Russian pronunciation - full And incomplete, while emphasizing that there are an infinite number of transition options.

In the full style of a word, its ideal phonetic composition is manifested. But in different cases, different options for the full style are possible - from a distinct syllable-by-syllable pronunciation style to careful pronunciation at a slow pace. In the partial style there are even more options. With an incomplete pronunciation style, there is excessive reduction of vowels, loss of consonants, unclear pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, excessive emphasis on words (including function words), inconsistent speech tempo, and unwanted pauses. If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.

Style– 1) Method, a set of techniques for any work, activity, behavior.

2) A set of techniques for using linguistic means to express certain ideas, thoughts in various conditions of speech practice, syllable.

Pronunciation styles are distinguished not only on the basis of differences in speech rate. R.I. Avanesov noted that we can talk about three pronunciation styles within the literary language. He calls high , neutral And colloquial pronunciation styles. In different styles, there are features in the pronunciation of vowels not under stress, that is, in the position of abbreviation, reduction. For example, the sound “o” in borrowed words in the first pre-stressed syllable is pronounced differently depending on the style of pronunciation: in high style - suit, bordeaux, nocturne, poet, and in colloquial style - k[∆]suit, b[∆]rdo , n[∆]cturn, p[∆]et, in the first pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants, a vowel close to “e” is pronounced: z[E]mlya, v[E]ka, while in neutral and colloquial pronunciation styles it is pronounced sound, intermediate between “i” and “e”.

In a neutral style we can say [k∆gda], [t∆gda], [t’ib’a]. The same words in colloquial style are distinguished by the reduction of vowel and consonant sounds to zero, i.e. their loss – [k∆da], [t∆da], [t’a].

The variability of unstressed vowels may also be associated with the nature of neighboring consonants.

The vowel “a” in the position after hard consonants is less stable compared to other vowels: the unstressed “a” differs from the stressed one not only in duration, but also in quality: in the 1st pre-stressed syllable it is shorter, for example, water/ v ^ d á/ ; in the 2nd pre-stress even shorter - take a ride. The vowel “a” in post-stressed syllables (non-final) changes even more than in the 2nd pre-stressed syllable, in some cases characterized by an even greater reduction in duration and change in quality, for example, syrup).

High pronunciation style

High style is a distinct, careful, perhaps even deliberately careful, pronunciation. It is used when reading important official messages on the radio, during ceremonial addresses to large audiences, for example at rallies. High style is used when dictating in cases where it is necessary to prevent the occurrence of errors by the writers. This style is used when teaching correct pronunciation. Finally, the high style is used in communication with people who, for one reason or another, have difficulty perceiving what is said (foreigners, people suffering from hearing impairments, etc.). This style is characterized by a conscious focus on one hundred percent perception and understanding of speech. In many cases, speaking in a high style has a certain emotional impact on the listener. This style is characterized by slow pronunciation, although it is not necessary: ​​you can speak clearly at a faster pace. Possession of high style is not characteristic of everyone; telling them is a kind of art that can and should be learned. Good speakers speak in a high style, although, of course, oratory skills are not limited only to the pronunciation side

Neutral pronunciation style

Represents a natural, calm, slightly slow pronunciation. An example of its use is reading the latest news and other materials on the radio. The neutral style is also used when reading reports and lectures. The neutral style is characterized by a calm, businesslike transfer of information. It differs from the full style by the lack of deliberate clarity and emotional effectiveness. It differs from the conversational style in its restraint and efficiency. Mastering a neutral style is not difficult.

The basis of stage pronunciation is the neutral style of pronunciation of society in a given era. However, although the latter has developed quite clearly many of its norms, it also has many variable elements. In addition, the norms of literary pronunciation are not fully codified. Meanwhile, television requires more stringent norms, otherwise, their codification, so that stage speech is easily and unhindered by the audience, is beautiful and can serve as a model for them. Therefore, in the presence of pronunciation options, stage speech tends to free itself from them, taking into its composition only one of them, most often the one that is accepted in a strict variety of neutral style and which corresponds to the old Moscow but. From what has been said, we can conclude that stage speech is speech has a special relationship to all linguistic styles of our social and everyday practice: pronunciation in stage speech is not only its external form, as for any other speech, but also an important expressive means of acting, along with intonation, gesture, etc. .

Let us note the most important features of pronunciation on television: 1) Ekanye, pronunciation in the pre-stressed syllable in place e And I(and then h And sch and in place A) sounds like [e]: [v’e]sna, [r’e]ka, [rose]la, [h’e]sy.

2) With the plosive [g] ([g]gorod, [g]rom), the fricative sound [γ] is allowed as a speech color in a limited range of words of church pronunciation (bla[γ]go, bo[γ]oroditsa).

3) To imitate the old Moscow pronunciation in place of k in front of deaf people k, p, t and sonorous d,b d can be pronounced accordingly X or γ: [x]-th, [x]-field, etc.

4) In place of shch, as well as сч in the absence of a clearly articulated morphological junction, it is pronounced [sh’].

5) On the spot LJ[and':].

6) In accordance with the letter ь at the end of the word after the labial letters, the scene firmly adheres to the pronunciation with soft labials: st[p‘], golu[p‘].

7) Assimilative softening of consonants: [t‘v’]believe, pe[s‘n’]i.

8) Combination of consonants in place stv with softness [v'] is pronounced entirely softly: triumphant.

9) Ш in place of the letter CH (eggs)

10) Stage speech retains the old Moscow pronunciation of patronymics in combination with names: Nikolai Alekseich, Sofya Andrevna, Anna Nikolaevna, etc.

11) Adjectives ending in -ky, -giy, -hiy. Verbs for – nod, -give, -hivat. Return particle –sya, -sya

Conversational style of pronunciation

The conversational style is a relaxed, often quite fluent pronunciation. An example of using a conversational style is emotionally rich dialogue. In general, the conversational style is characteristic primarily of dialogical speech, while the complete and neutral (especially complete) styles are used primarily in monologue speech. The conversational style finds its application mainly in the sphere of everyday speech. The conversational style is characterized by complete ease of speaking, when such constraining factors as the presence of a large audience, a business atmosphere, etc., do not exist. Therefore, there are virtually no restrictive normative frameworks for the colloquial style. Naturally, all native speakers speak it.

Phonetics of spoken Russian speech.

In colloquial speech, many words are subject to strong reduction, leading to significant deformation. First of all, this concerns high-frequency words, which, as a rule, are well known to people studying the Russian language from written sources. Recognizing these words is a necessary condition for understanding fluent Russian speech.

Consonants .

Consonants form a stronger part of the phonetic system of the Russian language. There are significantly more of them than vowels, and their information load is higher. A Russian word can often be recognized by its consonants, for example, sv-kl- (beetroot), str-ochk- (strochka), but cannot be guessed by its vowels.

In colloquial speech, there is one general tendency in the functioning of consonants: in a stream of fast, careless speech, in any position, a consonant can be weakened, which often leads to its complete loss.

The need for at least a passive understanding of the phonetics of spoken speech, the ability to recognize words already known from books with a fluent, careless pronunciation can be shown by such an example. One foreigner turned to his Russian friend with the question: “What does the word mean? whale? He explained to him: “This is a large mammal that swims in the sea, like a big fish, but feeds its young with milk.” This answer did not satisfy the questioner. “It can’t be,” he said and told where he heard the word whale. The mother scolded her student son: “What is this dump on your table: [k’it] books, [k’it] paper,” i.e. word some was pronounced with a strong reduction², so that all that remained from it was the stressed syllable of the pronoun [k'i] and the consonant [t] from the particle. This [k'it] differs from the name of the animal only by some lengthening of the stop and more intense articulation of the initial consonant, i.e. the exact transcription of this word should look like this: [k⁻’it]. So, as a result of a strong reduction in Russian colloquial speech, two homophones [k’it] can be noted.

The peculiarities of the phonetics of colloquial speech are reflected in written speech - in the language of fiction (as an imitation of live speech).

The carelessness of spoken language sometimes causes criticism from defenders of the orthoepic norms of a codified language, in particular from teachers of stage pronunciation.

The most typical feature of the phonetics of colloquial speech is high variability. Different pronunciation possibilities are especially characteristic of high-frequency and fairly long words.

Thus, the pronunciation of the words “hello”, “person”, “says” will be characteristic of the complete style, and “hello”, “check”, “grit” - for the incomplete one. However, between complete and incomplete styles we can also name transitional forms: “hello”, “hello”, etc., and after the form “hello” we can note an even more reduced form “hello”.

The high variability of the norm of colloquial speech is clearly revealed in the possibility of different implementations of combinations with a final sonorant (for example, in words like theater, cycle, film, life, rod). Exists three possibilities for pronouncing such consonant groups :

1) acquisition of sonorant syllabification: tsik[l], [t’atr].

2) weakening and loss of the final sonorant: makes sense(l).

3) a unique way to simplify such groups of consonants is to disperse them by inserting a vowel between them: ru[b'l'], fi[l' and m], vo[p'l'].

The fricative [γ] is more common in colloquial speech than in codified language. It is used in a number of interjections: а[γ]а, о[γ]о, у[γ]у and in the words bu[γ]alter, bla[γ]o, as well as in the forms of the noun God: for the sake of [γ] and, with bo[γ]om, acting as interjections. There is a close relationship between different pronunciation styles and pronunciation determined by the rate of speech: a faster rate of speech is often in a conversational style, and a slower rate is more often in a high style. The neutral style is characterized equally by fluent speech and clear speech. However, according to R.I. Avanesov, there is no complete correspondence between different pronunciation styles and tempo of speech.

V.I. Maksimov, exploring modern pronunciation norms, tries to combine the points of view of L.V. Shcherba and R.I. Avanesov. He distinguishes between high (or full), neutral and low (or incomplete) pronunciation styles. A neutral pronunciation style is speech in a normal, ordinary environment, at an average pace, with the speaker in a calm state. In this case, the speaker does not set himself any additional tasks: to express feelings, to emphasize something.

The high style is used on special occasions, for example, in oratory, when reciting works of art. He is characterized by a slow pace of speech and careful pronunciation.

The reduced style is represented in casual, rapid speech. In this style of pronunciation, not only a qualitative reduction of vowels occurs, but also the loss of vowels and consonants, as well as entire combinations of sounds: na[vl]chka, pro[vl]ka, su[dar]ga, zdra[s't'' ].

Pronunciation styles do not exist in isolation; they are historically closely related. Some phenomena that appear in one style then appear in another. For example, the pronunciation kone[chn]o, sku[chn]o arose in a high style in a high style, but over time it began to be assessed as a colloquial phenomenon. Previously, the pronunciation of the long sound [zh:] as a hard consonant in the words dro[zh:y], vo[zh:y], [zh:o]ny was considered a vernacular phenomenon, but is now perceived as stylistically neutral.

Errors related to pronunciation and stress

The development of a literary language leads to a change in the idea of ​​literary-non-literary (normative-non-normative) of a particular pronunciation. Moreover, the idea can be not only a consequence of the observed changes in the literary language, but also their cause (however, only if we are talking about the so-called “internal” idea of ​​correctness and incorrectness that exists among native speakers and determines the choice of one or another sound design linguistic unit).

With an “external” linguistic description of normativity-nonnormativity, the results, as already mentioned, may depend on the objects of research and the methodology for obtaining data and analyzing it.

It is important to keep in mind the possibility of two different approaches: diachronic, in which the change over time of a certain system of rules is studied, and synchronic, in which the nature of the implementation of orthoepic rules at a certain moment in the life of the language is studied. This paper presents an external description based on the second, but partially on the first approach.

Exists norm in language. Usually this term is used by linguists in two senses - broad and narrow. In a broad sense, the norm refers to traditionally and spontaneously developed ways of speech that distinguish a given language idiom from other language idioms (in this understanding, the norm was close to Uzusu, that is, generally accepted, established ways of using a given language).

In a narrow sense, a norm is the result of the codification of language. Of course, codification is based on the tradition of the existence of language in a given society, on some unwritten but generally accepted ways of using linguistic means. But it is important that codification is the purposeful ordering of everything related to language and its application. The results of codifying activity - and this is mainly done by linguists - are reflected in normative dictionaries and grammars. The norm as a result of codification is inextricably linked with the concept of literary language, which is otherwise called normalized or codified. The territorial dialect, urban vernacular, social and professional jargons are not subject to codification: after all, no one consciously and purposefully makes sure that Vologda residents consistently okal, and residents of the Kursk village Akali, so that sellers, God forbid, do not use the terminology of carpenters, and soldiers - words and expressions of Labouche jargon, and therefore the concept of norm in the narrow sense of this term just discussed is not applicable to such varieties of language - dialects, jargons.

Further we will talk about the language norm only in this narrow sense. First of all, it would be good to find out what its properties and functions are. A literary norm, as a result of not only tradition, but also codification, is a set of fairly strict regulations and prohibitions that contribute to the unity and stability of the literary language. The norm is conservative and is aimed at preserving the linguistic means and rules for their use accumulated in a given society by previous generations. The unity and universality of the norm are manifested in the fact that representatives of different social strata and groups that make up a given society are obliged to adhere to traditional methods of linguistic expression, as well as those rules and regulations that are contained in grammars and dictionaries and are the result of codification. Deviation from the linguistic tradition, from dictionary and grammatical rules and recommendations is considered a violation of the norm and is usually assessed negatively by native speakers of a given literary language.

However, it is no secret that at all stages of the development of a literary language, when using it in different communicative conditions, variants of linguistic means are allowed: you can say cottage cheese - and cottage cheese, spotlights - and spotlights, you are right - and you are right, etc. What kind of Is this the rigidity and conservatism of the norm?

The fact that options exist within the norm only at first glance seems to contradict the rigor and unambiguity of normative guidelines. In fact, the norm, by its very essence, is associated with the concept of selection, selection. In its development, the literary language draws resources from other varieties of the national language - from dialects, vernacular, jargons, but it does this extremely carefully. This selective and, at the same time, protective function of the norm, its conservatism, is an undoubted benefit for the literary language, since it serves as a connecting link between the cultures of different generations and different social strata of society.

The norm relies on traditional ways of using language and is wary of linguistic innovations. “The norm is recognized as what was, and partly what is, but not at all what will be,” wrote the famous linguist A. M. Peshkovsky. He explained this property of both the literary norm and the literary language itself: “If the literary dialect changed quickly, then each generation could only use the literature of its own and the previous generation, many two. But under such conditions there would be no literature itself, since the literature of each generation is created by all previous literature. If Chekhov had not already understood Pushkin, then Chekhov probably would not have existed. Too thin a layer of soil would provide too little nutrition for literary sprouts. The conservatism of the literary dialect, uniting centuries and generations, creates the possibility of a single powerful centuries-old national literature.”

However, the conservatism of a norm does not mean its complete immobility in time. It is another matter that the pace of normative changes is slower than the development of a given national language as a whole. The more developed the literary form of a language is, the better it serves the communicative needs of society, the less it changes from generation to generation of people using this language. (The famous linguist Evgeny Dmitrievich Polivanov even formulated the following paradox: “The more developed a language is, the less it develops”). And yet, a comparison of the language of Pushkin and Dostoevsky, and even later writers, with the Russian language of the late twentieth - early twenty-first centuries reveals differences that indicate the historical variability of the literary norm.

In Pushkin's times they said: houses, buildings, now - houses, buildings. Pushkin’s “Rise up, prophet...” must, of course, be understood in the sense of “rise up,” and not at all in the sense of “raise an uprising.” A. I. Herzen considered it quite normal to make an impact, G. I. Uspensky in “Letters from the Road” mentions a bundle of keys, D. I. Pisarev convinced the reader that it is necessary to develop a broad understanding of things. Leo Tolstoy admitted to one of his correspondents that he remembers her very much (we would now say: influence, a bunch of keys, breadth of understanding, remembers well). In F. M. Dostoevsky’s story “The Mistress” we read: “Then the ticklish Yaroslav Ilyich ... directed a questioning glance at Murin.” The modern reader guesses, of course, that the point here is not that Dostoevsky’s hero was afraid of tickling: ticklish is used in a sense close to the meaning of the words delicate, scrupulous, and is applied to a person, i.e., in a way that no other speaker of modern Russian will not use literary language (usually: a sensitive question, a sensitive matter). Chekhov spoke into the telephone (he reports this in one of his letters), and we spoke on the telephone. A. N. Tolstoy, almost our contemporary, in one of his stories describes the actions of a hero who “began to follow the flight of kites over the forest.” Now they would say: I began to follow the flight of kites.

So, a literary norm combines tradition and purposeful codification. Although the speech practice of literary-speaking people is generally oriented toward the norm, there is always a kind of “gap” between normative guidelines and prescriptions, on the one hand, and how language is actually used, on the other hand: practice does not always follow normative recommendations. The linguistic activity of a native speaker of a literary language proceeds in constant - but usually unconscious - coordination of his own speech actions with traditional ways of using linguistic means, with what is prescribed by dictionaries and grammars of a given language, and with how the language is actually used in everyday communication. contemporaries.

Pronunciation errors

Pronunciation of some consonants

1. Consonant [G] in literary pronunciation explosive, instant sounding, when deafened it is pronounced as [To]: snow[k], bere[k]. Pronouncing “Ukrainian” in its place G , conventionally designated [ h ], does not correspond to the norm: [ h ]Ulya ́ t , sapo[ h ]And ́ . The exception is the word God, at the end of which it sounds [X].

2. Instead of h in words of course, boring, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, laundry, rag, rag picker, in female patronymics ending in - ichna (Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, Ilyinichna etc.), as well as in words what, to, nothing pronounced [w] .

3. In words man, defector at the place of combination zhch , in the form of comparative adverbs tougher, harsher (And more scathingly ) in place stch , and also in place of combinations zch And sch pronounced [ sch ]: loader, customer, carver, subscriber, sandstone, happy, happiness, account, electronic counting, counter, self-financing, count and etc.

4. When several consonants accumulate in some combinations, one of them is not pronounced:

a) in combination stn not pronounced [T]: teaching ́ [s’n’]ik, ve ́ [s’]nik, what ́ [sn]y, me ́ [sn]y, known ́ [sn]y, nena ́ [sn]y, I ́ ro [sn]y;

b) in combination zdn not pronounced [d]: By ́ [zn]o, right ́ [sign]ik, nae ́ [sign]ik, but in a word abyss It is recommended to leave the sound low [d];

c) in combination stl not pronounced [T]: sch A[ s'l ']And ́ howl, jealous ́ [s’l’]vivy, with ́ ve [s’l’]ivy; in words bony And lay [T] preserved;

d) in combination stl not pronounced [T]; this produces a double consonant [ss]: maximum ́ [ss]ky, turi ́ [ss]ky, rasi ́ [ss]ky.

5. In some words with a cluster of consonant sounds stk , zdk, ntk, ndk not allowed to fall out [T]: daughter-in-law, trip, summons, typist, bulky, laboratory assistant, student, patient, Irish, Scottish, but: fabric shotl A[ NK ]A.

6. Hard consonants before soft consonants can be softened:

A) necessarily softens I n before soft ones h And With: ne ́ [n’s’]iya, prete ́ [n’z’]iya, rece ́ [n’z’]iya, face ́ [n’z’]iya;

b) in combinations TV , dv may soften T And d : Thursday, Tver, hard [t’v’] And [tv’]; door, two, move [d'v] And [dv’];

c) in combinations sound And St. may soften h And With: beast, ring [z’v’] And [sw’]; light, candle, witness, saint [s’v] And [sv’], and also in the word snake [z’m’] And [zm’];

G) n before soft T And d softens: ba[n't']ik, vi[n't']ik, zo[n't']ik, ve[n't']il, a[n't']ichny, ko[n't ']text, remo[n't']irovat, ba[n'd']it, I[n'd']iya, stip[n'd']iya, zo[n'd']irovat, and [n'd']ivid, ka[n'd']idat, blo[n'd']in.

Peculiarities of pronunciation of Russian names and patronymics

The combination of first name and patronymic is used in various situations, both in written and oral speech: in official decrees on awards, appointments, orders, lists, for example, on personnel records, the composition of production and educational groups, in business and private correspondence, in circulation to the interlocutor, in introducing and naming third parties.

In an environment of official, business communication between people, especially in the work of a teacher, translator, editor, lawyer, businessman, government or commercial employee, there is a need to address people by name and patronymic. Many Russian names and patronymics have pronunciation options that it is advisable to take into account in a given communication situation. So, when meeting a person, when introducing a person for the first time, a distinct, clear pronunciation that is close to the written form is recommended.

In all other cases, incomplete, contracted forms of pronunciation of names and patronymics, which have historically developed in the practice of literary oral speech, are acceptable.

1. - th (Vasily, Anatoly, Arkady, Grigory, Yuri, Evgeny, Valery, Gennady ), ending in combinations -evich, -evna with a preceding separator b : Vasil Evich, Vasil Evna;Grigor Evich, Grigory Evna . When pronouncing female patronymics, these combinations are clearly preserved: Vasil Evna, Anatol Evna, Grigory Evna etc. In male patronymics, full and contracted variants are allowed: Vasya ́ [l’ j bv ’]ich And Vasi[l’ich], Anato ́ [l’ j bv ’]ich And Anato ́ [l'ich], Grigo ́ [R' j bv ’]ich And Griego ́ [r'ich] etc.

2. Patronymic names formed from male given names -e th To -ay (Alexey, Andrey, Korney, Matvey, Sergey, Nikolay ) end in combinations -eevich, -eevna, -aevich, -aevna: Alekseevich, Alekseevna, Nikolaevich, Nikolaevna. In their pronunciation, the literary norm allows both full and contracted variants: Alexa ́ Evich And Alexa ́ [i]h, Alex ́ Evna And Alec[s'e ́ ]vna; Serge ́ Evich And Serge ́ [i]h, Serge ́ Evna And Ser[g'e ́ ]vna; Cornet ́ Evich And Cornet ́ [i]h, Corne ́ Evna And Cor[n'e ́ ]vna; Nikola ́ Evich And Nikola ́ [i]ch, Nikola ́ Evna And Nikola ́ [vn]a etc.

3. Male patronymics ending in an unstressed combination - ovich can be pronounced both in full and contracted form: Anto ́ newbie And Anto ́ n[ s ]h, Alexa ́ ndrovich And Alexa ́ ndr [y]h, Iva ́ newbie And Willow ́ n [y]h etc. In female patronymics ending in an unstressed combination -O vna, Full pronunciation recommended: Alexander aries, Boris aries, Kirill aries, Victor aries, Oleg Aries etc.

4. If the middle name begins with And (Ivanovich , Ignatievich, Isaevich ), then in pronunciation with a name ending in a hard consonant, and turns into [s]: Pavel Ivanovich - Pavel[y]vanovich, Alexander Isaevich - Alexander[y]saevich.

5. Not usually pronounced ov n And m: Willow ́ [n:]na, Anto ́ [n:]a, Efi ́ [mn]a, Maxi ́ [mn]a.

6. Unstressed words are not pronounced - ov in female patronymics from names ending in V: Vyachesla ́ [vn]a, Stanisla ́ [vn]a.

Pronunciation of borrowed words

Some of the borrowed vocabulary in the Russian language has some orthoepic features that are fixed in the literary norm.

1. In some words of foreign language origin, in place of the unstressed O sound is pronounced [O]: hell ́ GIO , boa ́ , bomo ́ nd , bonto ́ n , kaka ́ oh ra ́ dio , three ́ O. In addition, stylistic fluctuations in a high-style text are possible; preservation of unstressed [O] in words of foreign origin - one of the means of attracting attention to them, a means of highlighting them. Pronunciation of words nocturne, sonnet, poetic, poet, poetry, dossier, veto, credo, foyer etc. with unstressed [O] optional. Foreign names Maurice Thorez, Chopin, Voltaire, Rodin, Daudet , Baudelaire , Flaubert, Zola, Honore de Balzac, Sacramento etc. also retain unstressed [O] as a variant of literary pronunciation.

In some borrowed words in literary pronunciation, after vowels and at the beginning of the word, the unstressed sound sounds quite clearly [e] duelist, muezzin, poetic, aegis, evolution, exaltation, exotic, equivalent, eclecticism, economy, screen, expansion, expert, experiment, exhibit, ecstasy, excess, element, elite, embargo, emigrant, emission, emir, energy, enthusiasm, encyclopedia, epigraph, episode, epilogue, era, effect, effective and etc.

2. In oral public speech, certain difficulties are caused by pronouncing a hard or soft consonant before the letter in borrowed words e, for example, in words pace, pool, museum etc. In most such cases, a soft consonant is pronounced: academy, pool, beret, beige, brunette, promissory note, monogram, debut, motto, recitation, declaration, dispatch, incident, compliment, competent, correct, museum, patent, pate, Odessa, tenor, term, plywood, overcoat; word pace pronounced with a hard voice T.

In other words, before e a hard consonant is pronounced: adept, auto-da-fé, business, western, prodigy, riding breeches, dumbbell, grotesque, neckline, delta, dandy, derby, de facto, de jure, dispensary, identical, boarding school, international, intern, karate, square, cafe, muffler, codeine, code, computer, motorcade, cottage, bracket, open-hearth, billionaire, model, modern, Morse , hotel, parterre, pathetic, polonaise, purse, poetess, resume, rating, reputation, superman and others. Some of these words have been known among us for at least one hundred and fifty years, but do not show a tendency to soften the consonant.

In borrowed words starting with a prefix de-, before vowels des -, as well as in the first part of compound words starting with neo -, with a general tendency towards softening, fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard are observed d To n , For example: devaluation, deideologization, demilitarization, depoliticization, destabilization, deformation, disinformation, deodorant, disorganization, neoglobalism, neocolonialism, neorealism, neofascism.

Firmly pronouncing consonants before e recommended in foreign-language proper names: Bella, Bizet, Voltaire: Descartes, Daudet, Jaurès, Carmen, Mary, Pasteur, Rodin, Flaubert, Chopin, Apollinaire, Fernandel [de ́ ], Carter, Ionesco, Minnelli , Vanessa Redgrave , Stallone and etc.

In borrowed words with two (or more) e often one of the consonants is pronounced softly, while the other remains hard before e strap [rete], ge ́ nesis [gene], relay [rele], genetics [gene], cafeteria [fete], pince-nez [pe;ne], reputation [re;me], secretary [se;re;te], ethnogenesis [gene] and etc.

In relatively few words of foreign origin, fluctuations in the pronunciation of the consonant before e, for example: with the standard pronunciation of a hard consonant before e in words businessman [ne;me], annexation [ne] pronunciation with a soft consonant is acceptable; in words dean, claim soft pronunciation is the norm, but hard pronunciation is also acceptable [de] And [te]; in a word session Hard and soft pronunciation options are equal. It is non-normative to soften the consonants before e in the professional speech of representatives of the technical intelligentsia in words laser, computer, as well as in colloquial pronunciation of words business, sandwich, intensive, interval.

Stylistic fluctuations in the pronunciation of hard and soft consonants before e are also observed in some foreign-language proper names: Bertha, Decameron, Reagan. Major, Kramer, Gregory Peck and etc.

3. Solid [w] pronounced in words parachute, brochure. In a word jury pronounced soft hissing [and']. Names are pronounced the same way Julien , Jules.

Ukrainianisms

pronunciation television error word

Ukrainianisms are words, phraseological units, as well as syntactic and grammatical structures of the Ukrainian language used in another language (literary or colloquial). A word or figure of speech in any language, borrowed from the Ukrainian language or created on the model of a Ukrainian word or expression. Ukrainianisms exist in Russian, Belarusian, Polish, Slovak, Hungarian, Romanian, Moldavian and some other languages.

Many words and phrases of the Ukrainian language have firmly entered the active dictionary of Russian-speaking residents of Ukraine and are recorded in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language (“lads”, “girls”, “zhinka”, “ogarka”, “duzhka”, “choboty”, “murashki”, “ derun", "gorilka", "magarych" and others).

Syntactic

“Miss” (someone, something) instead of the normative “miss” (someone, something).

“About” instead of the normative “about”, for example “to talk about something” instead of “to talk about something.”[

“Laugh with (someone)” instead of “laugh at (someone).”

Lexical

“Sho” instead of “what.”

“Independence” (with a negative connotation) instead of “independence”.

"Kozak" instead of "Cossack".

“Theirs” instead of “theirs” (possessive pronoun).

“Zarobitchanin” - instead of “migrant worker” or Germanism “guest worker”

Rules for pronouncing vowels

Table 1 shows the pronunciation of stressed vowels, which can be considered normative. (see Appendices)

Unstressed vowels

The variability of unstressed vowels, especially “a”, is distinguished by the fact that it is associated with the nature of neighboring vowels and the degree of reduction. The greater stability of the unstressed vowel of the absolute beginning is explained by less dependence on surrounding consonants and clearer articulation, characteristic of any beginning. One of the controversial issues in Russian orthoepy is the question of whether “e” is pronounced in an unstressed position, i.e. how to pronounce words forests, nickel, watch etc. The pronunciation of unstressed vowels is presented in Tables 2 and 3, which also include orthophonic characteristics. (see Appendices, Table 2)

Rules for pronouncing consonants.

At the absolute end of words and before subsequent voiceless consonants, voiced consonants alternate with voiceless ones: year ( Goth), boat ( tray).

In masculine singular adjectives and in verbs with the suffix -iva- a soft consonant is pronounced: quiet, push out.

The pronunciation of hard back-lingual consonants in the above cases ceases to be an equal variant of the norm and becomes obsolete and archaic.

A number of factors can be identified that influence the pronunciation of consonants as hard or soft. They can be divided into three groups. First group – phonetic factors: primarily the quality of the consonant, as well as the position in relation to the stress. It was noticed that most often they are pronounced as hard anterior lingual consonants, less often as labial ones, and extremely rarely as posterior lingual ones. In addition, the percentage of solids decreases with distance from the stress. Second group - morphological factors, namely, the morphological feature of the word, i.e. whether the word in the Russian language has acquired inflection paradigms. The morphological lack of mastery of the word contributes to the preservation of the firmness of the consonant before “e”. For example, indeclinable nouns: cafe (cf. cafeteria), meringue.

Third group - lexical factors: time of borrowing and lexical mastery of a word.

There is an opinion that the earlier the word came, the more Russified it was. However, the word “panel” was recorded already in 1726, but its pronunciation has not yet been established; another word – “accordion” – is relatively new to the Russian language, nevertheless it is pronounced with a soft /d’/.

The second lexical factor is the lexical mastery of a word or the degree of familiarity of native speakers with a given word. 3 levels of mastery are offered:

1) Words well known and used;

2) Words that are familiar, but rarely or not used;

3) Unknown words.

The main difficulty in developing rules for the pronunciation of borrowed words is due to the fact that wide variability is allowed here. The rules themselves are static, and to derive them it is necessary to have massive data on the pronunciation of each word.

Non-standard pronunciation of some consonants is associated with a change in their quality. A change in the qualitative characteristics of consonants occurs in cases where one or another sign of a consonant is not differential. Thus, the method of formation /g/ is not its differential feature, and in some cases, instead of a plosive, the fricative /γ/ is pronounced, which is only permissible in the interjection “aha” and in the words accountant, for God's sake.

The contrast between soft and hard is fundamental in the system of Russian consonants, but for the phonemes /s/,//,//,// the hardness-softness sign is not differential. This determines a number of non-standard orthophonic features of pronunciation: some softening of //,// before //, //, softening of /with/ before // in borrowed words, weak palatalization of //.

(see Appendices, Table 3)

In Russian the accent is different places, those. free, its place is not assigned to a specific syllable, for example, initial (as in Czech or Finnish), penultimate (as in Polish) or last (as in French). It can be on any syllable of the word: on the first ( wind, city, furniture), second ( beloved, nature, good), third ( young, crane operator, good), fourth ( worldview, teacher). Diversity stress is often a means of distinguishing words, for example: atlas and atlas, armor and armor, flour and flour etc. Using stress, some specific forms of verbs are distinguished, for example: cut - cut , scatter - scatter .

Another feature of Russian accent is mobility, i.e. the ability to change place when the form of a word changes. Highlight progressive And regressive stress. Progressive is characterized by progression from initial to final syllables ( positions - positions, lines - lines). With regressive, on the contrary, the stress moves from the end of the word to its beginning ( board - boards, line - lines). But the emphasis may also be motionless, i.e. in all forms remain on one syllable ( truancy - truancy, foot - feet).

Russian accent is subject to temporary changes. It was coffin, thunder, day, trump, foil, it became - coffin, thunder, day, trump, foil. Many words in the Russian language have accentological variants. There are three types of options. Firstly, equal, which are equally normative and in the spelling dictionary are given with the conjunction And (metallurgy and metallurgy , loop and loop ; white and white, cramped and cramped). Secondly, one of the options is basic, the other is acceptable and is given in the dictionary with the mark ( additional). This mark evaluates a less desirable variant of the norm, which, nevertheless, is within the limits of the correct one. This option becomes acceptable for various reasons. It may represent an outdated pronunciation ( industry – additional industry, foil - ext. foil), and may be stylistically reduced ( cooking – extra cooking, gave - extra. gave it away, cottage cheese - extra. cottage cheese). Thirdly, one of the options may be outside the literary norm. Such options are marked with the marks “ Not recommended" (not rec.), « wrong" (not right.) or " grossly wrong » ( grossly wrong.). For example: it was calling! not rec. called; is calling! not rec. calls; document! grossly wrong. document; petition! grossly wrong. petition.

The category of non-literary includes options in which a specific emphasis is traditionally accepted only in some narrow professional field. In another environment, such options are perceived as a mistake. For example: spark// to professional speeches - spark; compass// among sailors – compass; epilepsy// among doctors – epilepsy .

[E.M. Bebchuk, M.Ya. Zapryagaeva, L.L. Sandler. Orthoepy /B:, 2007]

Conclusion to the Chapter I

The development of the media, especially television, has led to the spread of the spoken word, in recent years - spontaneous speech, not reading a prepared text, but free expression of thoughts, almost improvisation. This saved us from unemotional, monotonous reading. And how many unforgettable speakers appeared around! The press is not far behind, let alone the Internet. All this cannot but inspire fears for the ecology of the Russian language, especially since we have established that high-quality literature, which requires an attentive, thoughtful attitude, is currently being replaced by literature for easy reading, which includes a number of media. In addition, television or the Internet are increasingly used as media that provide easily accessible and timely information.

Thus, an assumption has emerged that the proportion of speech products of the media in the speech practice of society is increasing, and the importance of media texts in the public consciousness is also increasing: the primary value of literary texts, for a number of reasons, is currently far from indisputable. We believe that a high level of speech culture in the media should be a subject of constant concern for both theorists of Russian speech and practitioners - professionals who form the speech array of the media, which has unlimited influence on the speech culture of the masses.

Chapter II / Errors related to pronunciation

Pronunciation r-fricative

There are many deviations from the pronunciation norm in the area of ​​consonants. One of the most common is the pronunciation of the r-fricative.

Let's take a closer look at the following group of errors using Table 1 as an example.

Table 1

Thus, we see that errors associated with incorrect pronunciation of the sound [g] are among the most frequently heard on TV screens.

Pronunciation chn-shn

The next group of errors that we chose for analysis is the pronunciation of chn-shn in patronymics. Violations associated with this group continue to exist and are heard on television.

Let's take a closer look at this group of errors using the example of Table 2.

table 2

Thus, we see from Table 2 that errors associated with incorrect pronunciation of female patronymics ending in –ichna, are still a frequent occurrence on the country’s central television channels.

According to the rules of pronunciation of female patronymics ending in –ichna, are normatively pronounced as [ishn]: Ilyinichna - Ilya [n`ishn].

Ukrainianisms

Syntactic

Replacement of active participles, which are practically not used in the Ukrainian language, with the phrases “such that” (or “such that”). This construction is found in Ukrainian Russian-language media.

« Lexical

“Sho” instead of “what.”

“Hryvnia” (the name of the Ukrainian currency) instead of “hryvnia”.

“Mova” instead of “Ukrainian language”.

"Orange" (with political connotations) instead of "orange".

Errors related to stress

Unfortunately, similar errors are often heard on TV screens. Here are some examples:

Conclusion

A high level of speech culture is an integral feature of a modern person; one should avoid mistakes in pronunciation, in the use of word forms, in the construction of sentences, but this is quite difficult to achieve in the current situation, when the media, which have a significant influence on the speech culture of society, are so far from norms, which we see in the examples discussed.

List of used literature

1. Avanesov R.I.. Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1984

2. Bebchuk E. M. Zapryagaeva M. Ya. Sandler L.L. Orthoepy /In:, 2007

3. Verbitskaya L.A. Let's speak correctly. M., 2002

4. Vvedenskaya L. A. Culture of speech. Series "Textbooks, teaching aids". Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2001.

5. Zemskaya E. A Russian colloquial speech: linguistic analysis and problems of teaching.

6. Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing for press workers. M., 1971

7. L. V. Shcherba. On the norms of exemplary Russian pronunciation // L. V. Shcherba. Selected works on the Russian language. M., 1957

8. Media materials

Appendices Table 1

table 2

Table 3

History of the TNT channel

TNT is a Russian TV channel. One of the five largest TV channels in Russia. At the beginning of 2008, its audience was more than 100 million people. The television network cooperates with more than 500 partners in 920 cities of Russia.

Initially, until the end of 2000, it broadcast together with channel 11 on the 11 meter frequency. The first logo of the channel from the beginning of 1998 to 1999 the logo was transparent, from 1999 to August 19, 2002 it was colored blue. Since August 19, 2002, the logo and splash screens have changed.

The TNT television channel was founded in 1998 and belonged to the Media-Most holding. The creators deciphered its name as “Your new television.” Initially, the channel did not have a tendency to grow and could cease to exist at any time, unable to withstand the competition, but the powerful growth of the regional audience tied to regional networks and the popular television series of the 90s “Streets of Broken Lanterns” led to a sharp increase in the audience of television viewers. In 2000, Moscow news broadcasting was launched. In 2001, during the takeover of the NTV television company, NTV programs were shown. Until the 2002-2003 season, the TNT-Teleset channel did not have a specific broadcast orientation; the channel was aimed at a wide range of television viewers; the topics included documentaries, cartoons, and television series. After the seizure and redistribution of property at NTV, most of the journalists temporarily switched to TNT until B. A. Berezovsky offered E. A. Kiselyov to head TV-6. In 2002, the channel, part of the Gazprom-Media holding, defined the concept “TNT helps!”, from which currently only the program “Moscow: instructions for use” and its regional analogues remain. Since 2003, the channel has focused on “reality shows” and a variety of alternative entertainment programs.

History of the Muz-TV channel

Muz-TV is a national music channel. The channel began broadcasting under the name Muz-TV on May 1, 1996 and became the first music TV channel in Russia. Muz-TV covers the entire territory of Russia, the CIS and the Baltics. Every month about a dozen cities connect to the Muz-TV network. In June 2002, the channel was bought by the ARS holding. In 2007, 75% of the channel’s shares became the property of Alisher Usmanov. Over the 11 years of its existence, the music channel Muz-TV has truly earned the title of “national”. Its broadcasting covers the entire territory of Russia. The programs on Muz-TV are distinguished by the fact that they are all domestically produced, and the vast majority of them were created by the channel itself. Recently there has been almost no music on music channels. Since the new season of 2007, the number of non-stop musical broadcasts on the channel has increased, and their content meets the highest requirements. These are exclusively 100% proven hits of our country and leaders of the top lines of foreign charts. Since 2008, the channel has rebranded its programs, but it continues to position itself as a music and entertainment channel. In the new season, noticeable changes were made: the appearance of new non-stop Black Box, Dance Dance Dance, Gold of the 90s, Gold of the 80s, the reality show The Wedding of Your Dreams, Mobile Blondes was also shown, and the airwaves are still filled with various new products . The main competitor in the Russian market is MTV Russia. Muz-TV is the founder of the Annual National Television Awards in the field of popular music, which is generally recognized as the most objective and authoritative award for Russian artists and producers. The list of applicants for each category is formed based on the decision of the Expert Council, and the final choice of winners remains with the audience. It is the popular vote that is the decisive moment in determining the winners of the Prize. Every year the award is attended by famous Western groups and performers.

Story RU -TV

RU.TV is a music channel that broadcasts music only in Russian.

The owner is the Russian Media Group holding.

RU.TV is music for the soul. After all, a person who grew up in Russia, brought up according to Russian traditions, in all his states turned and turns to songs in his native language. RU.TV today is the best Russian music of the past and present day, the most beloved and popular artists, the latest hits.

RU.TV is an opportunity to communicate with the whole world via SMS messages, as well as the ability to create a playlist for the TV channel yourself.

RU.TV is, of course, the video version of Russian Radio.