Federal Agency for Education
Samara State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
Department of Theoretical Economics and Real Estate Economics
Course work
In the discipline "Land management and land cadastre"
« State monitoring of lands"
Completed by: 3rd year student, EN-64
Ruta M. A.
Scientific supervisor: Ph.D. assistant professor
Myasnikova V. M.
Samara 2008
WITH OBSESSION
INTRODUCTION
1. ROLE OF STATE MONITORING OF LAND IN THE SYSTEM OF LAND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
1.1 The essence of land monitoring: functions, tasks, content
2.1 Organization of land monitoring in the Samara region
2.2 Analysis of the qualitative state of land in the Samara region (using the example of the Volzhsky landfill)
3. IMPROVING THE LAND MONITORING SYSTEM
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
At all stages of human development, the well-being of society depended and depends on its ability to use an irreplaceable natural resource - land. Unlike other factors of production, land is spatially limited and cannot be moved. Land is the basis of material wealth, the most important component of the natural environment; has territorial, qualitative and quantitative heterogeneity, variability of properties.
The social significance of land is most fully revealed in agriculture, where the production process is directly related to the properties of the land. Land serves as the main means of production and acts as agricultural land with different fertility: natural and effective (economic). As a means of labor, land is characterized by soil quality and plant productivity, and as an object of labor - by technical, technological and spatial properties. The functioning of all sectors of the national economy and the well-being of society depend on the proper use of soils.
The need for land for non-agricultural purposes is constantly increasing. The best lands have been developed almost completely or are alienated for settlements, industrial enterprises, airfields, roads, pipelines, communication lines, for the disposal of industrial and agricultural waste, and household waste. There is direct destruction of soils as a result of underground and open-pit mining.
Therefore, the most important task of public administration in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources in general and land resources, in particular, is the organization of monitoring of land resources (lands), as a comprehensive system of observations of the state of land resources, assessment and forecast of changes in their state under the influence of anthropogenic and natural factors. The goal is to regulate the quality of the environment, prevent land pollution, and ensure their productivity.
This is facilitated by the organization of a system of measures to further intensify land use, increase soil fertility, carry out a system of land management works, as well as work to reduce anthropogenic load on soils.
One of the main tasks in this direction is the creation of effective land monitoring based on GIS, which allows solving the problems of timely detection of changes, forecasting and developing recommendations for the prevention and elimination of the consequences of negative impacts on soils, and ensuring the maintenance of the state land cadastre.
The purpose of the course work is to assess the state of state monitoring of land in Russia, its organization at the regional level and develop proposals for improvement.
In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were set: to understand the essence and role of state monitoring of lands in the land management system, to analyze the current state of state monitoring of lands in the Samara region (using the example of the Volzhsky state monitoring site), to develop the main directions for improving the monitoring of lands in the region.
The methodological basis of the study is the work of domestic environmental scientists, economists on the problems of protection of land resources and land use ecology, periodical publications, legislative, regulatory, and methodological documents.
When solving the assigned problems, the following methods were used: scientific knowledge, comparative analysis, economic and statistical analysis.
1. THE ROLE OF STATE MONITORING OF LAND IN THE SYSTEM OF LAND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
1.1 The essence of land monitoring: functions, tasks, content
The functions of information support for the environmental sustainability of land ownership and land use are performed mainly by the state land cadastre and land monitoring.
Making decisions related to the implementation of actions on the ground must necessarily be preceded by an analysis of many different reliable and regularly updated data on the state of the ground. The main purpose of any monitoring program is informational. Its result should be the receipt of information, the elimination of one or another uncertainty, or, conversely, the identification of a lack of information. Therefore, the purpose of a monitoring program may be aimed at:
1) obtaining information related to a specific problem;
2) presenting information for different types of audiences; (the interested public, enterprise administration, government bodies) and its dissemination;
3) taking measures directly aimed at improving the situation or aimed at achieving the adoption of appropriate decisions.
The objectives of state monitoring of land resources are:
Organizing and conducting monitoring of quantitative and qualitative indicators (their totality) characterizing the state of land resources (soils), sources of pollution and the impact of these sources on the environment;
Control of the quality of land resources, soils, waters as a result of unfavorable economic activities that have led to deterioration of soil properties, erosion, decrease in soil fertility over large areas at high speed, forecast of the condition;
Assessment of the actual ecological state of land resources and soils;
Identification of new sources of pollution and its dynamics, forecast of the development of negative processes affecting the environment;
Checking compliance with norms and rules, quality standards of land resources during land use;
Forecasting measures to reduce pollution and prevent damage. Assessment of the predicted state;
Planning (development) of measures (recommendations) for the efficient use of land, reducing soil pollution (development of measures to reduce the impact on land resources);
Timely provision of information on the state of land resources and the environment in general to government bodies, local governments, environmental authorities, legal entities and individuals;
Efficiency of environmental measures, control over the implementation of measures;
Timely identification of changes in the state of the land fund;
Information support for the state land cadastre, monitoring and cadastres of other natural environments;
Rational environmental management and land management;
Control over the use and protection of land.
By tasks we mean specific actions or stages towards achieving a goal. In any case, tasks are subordinated to goals. Within the framework of a well-designed program, there cannot be tasks that go beyond the goal, are not related to it, etc. The effectiveness of environmental monitoring depends decisively on its proper organization. You can conduct monitoring in a region for years and not get significant results. At the same time, a preliminary study of the situation and analysis of possible impacts make it possible to identify the problem using several measurements. The general sequence of development and implementation of the monitoring scheme is presented in Fig. 1.2.1.
Rice. 1.2.1. Basic procedures of the monitoring system
It is necessary to conduct systematic comprehensive observations of the state of the environment (primarily its main object - the earth) - monitoring. Previously, numerous surveys and surveys conducted by ministries and departments to study the land fund were carried out separately on the basis of industry-specific regulatory and technical documents.
The main source of information when conducting an assessment is data obtained during environmental observations. The need for observations (new, additional or control information) arises at all stages of assessing the state of the environment (see Fig. 1.2.2.). Such an exclusive role of observations in the monitoring system has led to the fact that in some cases the process of observing the environment itself is called monitoring.
Rice. 1.2.2. Stages of environmental assessment
Since land is the most important part of the environment, the main means of production in agriculture, as well as the spatial basis for the location of enterprises and organizations of all sectors of the economy, the study of land requires a unified government approach, which should be carried out on the basis of systematic and comprehensive observations.
State land monitoring is intended to perform a basic, connecting role among all other monitoring and cadastres of natural resources, and must have state status. This approach provides comprehensive information about the earth and reduces the costs of operating the observing system.
Land monitoring is a system of observing the state of the land fund for the timely detection of changes, their assessment, forecast, prevention and elimination of the consequences of negative processes. The object of monitoring the lands of the Russian Federation is the country's land fund, regardless of the form of ownership of land plots.
Monitoring of lands is mandatory at the levels of administrative-territorial division for all categories of land, regardless of the mode and nature of their use and is an integral part of the unified state information system on the state of the environment and natural resources of the country, as well as global monitoring of the natural environment and climate.
1) Changes in boundaries and areas; administrative-territorial entities; land use and tenure; lands, fields, plots.
2) Changes in soil condition, including: development of processes of water and wind erosion; desertification; soil degradation in pastures (clumped, tussocky); flooding; waterlogging, waterlogging; salinization; overgrowing, bushing of arable land; destruction of soil aggregates, formation of a deflation-hazardous structureless dusty surface, takyr-like fused soil surface; changes in humus reserves; change in soil pH (acidity, alkalinity); changes in the content of microelements in the soil; soil contamination with pesticides, heavy metals, trace chemical elements, radioactive elements and other toxicants; changes in the condition of reclaimed lands (irrigation erosion, secondary salinization, waterlogging, excessive drainage).
3) Changes in the state of the geological environment, relief, hydrographic network, including: changes in landforms caused by shifting sands, landslides, mudflows, earthquakes, channel processes, etc.; changes in the water balance, regime and chemical, hydrobiological composition of groundwater; changes in the coastlines of seas, lakes, bays, reservoirs, estuaries, etc.; flooding, drainage of lands adjacent to water areas; changes caused by cryogenic processes and phenomena; changes caused by disturbed lands, including active and exhausted quarries, dumps, waste heaps, developed peat bogs, subsidence of the earth's surface under the influence of water withdrawals and mining of subsoil.
4) Changes in the state of vegetation (crops, pastures, forests, perennial plantings, etc.) according to phenological characteristics (phases, stages of development, timing of their onset), phytopathological foci, biomass, state of forest and tree and shrub plantings not included in State Forest Fund (field protection, water protection and other plantings); the state of forest areas included in the State Forest Fund (especially those that have not been surveyed), covered with forest (phytopathological data, burnt areas, clearings) and not covered with forest (reserves of agricultural land).
5) Changes in the condition of lands subject to the negative impact of production facilities, including: settlements; wastewater treatment plants and agricultural enterprises; reclamation systems; transport; manure storage facilities, fertilizer composting sites, landfills, fuel and lubricant warehouses, bulk fertilizer warehouses, liquid fertilizers, vehicle parking, cattle burial grounds, burial sites for radioactive, physiologically active chemical industrial waste.
These changes can be expressed in absolute or relative integral indicators for a certain period (for example, humus loss in tons per hectare, as a percentage, the degree and intensity of soil degradation, etc.).
Based on Art. 12 of the Federal Law "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection" dated February 20, 1995 N 24-FZ, users - citizens, government bodies, local governments, organizations and public associations - have equal rights to access state information resources that are used when registering land ownership, maintaining the state land cadastre, conducting land management, exercising state control over the use and protection of land, planning the rational use of land, assessing land and making management decisions on the organization and effective use of land resources, withdrawal from circulation, conservation and restoration degraded and disturbed lands, rehabilitation of contaminated and remediation of biologically contaminated lands, determination of penalties for violation of legal norms of land use, degradation, pollution and biological contamination of lands.
1.2 Methods and techniques for conducting land monitoring
Land monitoring is a system of regular observations of the state of the land fund, regardless of their legal regime and nature of use.
In the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 28, 2002 No. 846 “On approval of the Regulations on the implementation of state monitoring of lands” The following land monitoring tasks have been identified:
· timely identification and assessment of changes in the state of lands, forecasting the consequences of negative processes and developing recommendations for their prevention and elimination;
· information support for activities related to maintaining the State Land Cadastre, implementing state land control over the use and protection of lands, other functions in the field of state and municipal land management, as well as land management;
· providing citizens with information about the state of land.
Due to significant zonal differences in lands in the Russian Federation (plain and mountainous areas), the variety of ways to use them, the widespread development of negative processes and phenomena (erosion, deflation, waterlogging, salinity, degradation of pastures, technogenic pollution, etc.), which often cause irreversible changes quantitative and qualitative composition of land resources and create a critical environmental situation, the organization of a permanent network of state land monitoring is very relevant. Currently, there are materials and documents that are extremely necessary for carrying out these works and, above all, soil, geobotanical, geological, geomorphological, landscape and other thematic maps of Russia, as well as a series of maps of the main indicators of the ecological state of soils, negative processes and phenomena characteristic for the country's land resources, and for some territories - the results of assessing their dynamics in time and space.
In its final form, the system of state monitoring of lands of the Russian Federation should include the following sections.
1. The concept of state monitoring of lands as an information base for their rational use and protection from direct losses, degradation and pollution.
2. Landscape-ecological (natural-economic) zoning of land resources as a scientific basis for placing a network of state land monitoring.
3. A scientifically sound and economically feasible scheme for state land monitoring sites.
4. Regulatory and technical basis for the system of monitoring the state of land, reflecting the principles of placement and operating mode of the observation complex.
By 1990, a fairly developed structure of government and departmental services had emerged that monitored the optimal components of the natural environment, including the condition and use of land. However, after 1991, there was a reduction in the volume of observations of the state of natural resources by government and departmental structures. The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 15, 1992 No. 491 approved the Regulations on land monitoring in the Russian Federation, but funding for this work over the past period was clearly insufficient.
Identifying negative and positive trends in changes in the ecological and economic state of land resources, developing reliable current and long-term forecasts for the deterioration or improvement of their quality and taking, on the basis of this information, in necessary cases, emergency measures to regulate unfavorable processes, effective management of the region’s land fund is possible only on the basis comprehensive analysis of the results of systematic, regularly updated data on the quantitative and qualitative condition of lands. Such information is obtained as part of land monitoring.
Unlike the term “control of the natural environment,” the concept of “monitoring” in itself does not include elements of management and regulation of components of the natural environment, but provides the necessary data for such regulation. Data from state monitoring of Russian lands should characterize the state of: land resources of the country as a whole, its republics (krais, regions), administrative districts, settlements, land tenures, land use; taxonomic units of landscape-ecological (natural-economic) zoning; areas of influence of negative processes and phenomena.
The land monitoring structure provides for the following subsystems corresponding to land categories:
· monitoring of agricultural lands;
· monitoring of lands of settlements;
· monitoring of lands of industrial, transport, communications, defense and other purposes;
· monitoring of lands for environmental, health, recreational and historical and cultural purposes;
· monitoring of forest fund lands;
· monitoring of water fund lands;
· monitoring of reserve lands.
Taking into account the specifics of Russia, monitoring of agricultural lands subject to intense natural and anthropogenic influences is of particular importance. Monitoring of these lands should be aimed not only at identifying changes in their condition as objects of economic use, but also at taking into account the nature of use and the impact of changes in these lands on the general environmental situation in the country.
Effective monitoring depends on the creation of federal and related regional automated systems that technically and organizationally ensure the receipt of the necessary information, its processing, accumulation, systematization and presentation to the customer.
Primary data obtained from direct observations of the condition and use of lands (lands, fields, plots, infrastructure elements) are summarized by administrative districts and cities of regions, republics, as well as by regions and republics in general and by landscape-ecological (natural-economic) complexes, ecological habitats of various species.
Monitoring of Russian lands is an integral part of the Unified State System of Environmental Monitoring (USESM), as well as global monitoring of the natural environment and climate The developed system for monitoring Russian lands includes the following levels:
o global (in accordance with the international geosphere-biosphere program “Global Changes”);
o federal (national) - on the territory of the Russian Federation as a whole;
o regional (in spaces limited by physical-geographical, economic-geographical, administrative or other boundaries and covers large territories - the Far North of the European part of the Russian Federation, the North-Western regions of the Russian Federation, the Volga River basin, the republic, region, region, etc. );
o local (administrative district, city or parts thereof);
o object (individual farm, other land use and land tenure, landfill, site).
Depending on the origin of changes in the state of land, background and impact monitoring are distinguished. Background monitoring involves observing the state of lands under the influence of natural processes, with minimal (background) overlay of the results of human activity on them and is carried out in biosphere reserves. With impact monitoring, observations are made of the state of land in places where there is direct influence of anthropogenic factors.
Processes causing changes in the state of land are divided into:
· evolutionary (related to the historical development of the earth);
· cyclical (associated with daily, seasonal, annual and other periods of natural changes);
· anthropogenic (related to human activity);
· cataclysms (associated with random phenomena);
· emergency situations (related to industrial accidents, natural and environmental disasters, extreme conditions, water disasters, etc.)
Observations of the state of lands, depending on the timing and frequency, are divided into four groups: basic (initial, recording the state of observation objects at the time of the start of land monitoring), periodic (after one year or more), operational (performed regularly, with an interval of less than one year , or one-time, associated with an emergency), retrospective (analysis of previous observations). Monitoring of Russian lands must take into account the specifics of both natural and socio-economic conditions of its regions, which are in many ways unique and not repeated in other territories of the world.
1.3 Basic procedures for land monitoring
The procedure for monitoring the lands of the Russian Federation is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation. The leading role in monitoring land is assigned to the Federal Agency for the Cadastre of Real Estate with the participation of: the Federal Service for Technological and Environmental Supervision in terms of developing and implementing a unified scientific and technical policy in the field of ecology and environmental management, the Federal Service of Geodesy and Cartography in terms of creating and updating cadastral records topographic maps and plans, the Federal Service of Russia for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring in terms of organizing monitoring of the state of the atmosphere, land surface waters, soils, comprehensive monitoring of the state of the natural environment; Federal Forestry Service of Russia in terms of monitoring forest lands; Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation in terms of agrochemical observations and monitoring of agricultural land pollution; Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation in terms of monitoring the geological environment, surface and ground waters and their pollution; exogenous and endogenous processes; Ministry of Health of Russia regarding the impact of environmental factors on health, as well as with the participation of other ministries and departments.
The fundamental document establishing the procedures for the system of state monitoring of land and state regulation of land management in the Russian Federation is Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 846 of November 28, 2002, adopted in accordance with the Land Code. “Regulations on the implementation of state monitoring of lands.”
This Regulation establishes the procedure for state monitoring of lands in the Russian Federation, which is part of state environmental monitoring.
When carrying out monitoring, the following tasks are solved:
a) timely identification of changes in the state of land, assessment of these changes, forecast and development of recommendations for the prevention and elimination of the consequences of negative processes;
b) information support for maintaining the state land cadastre, implementing state land control over the use and protection of lands, other functions in the field of state and municipal land management, as well as land management;
c) providing citizens with information about the state of the land.
Depending on the purposes and territory of observation, monitoring is divided into federal, regional and local and is carried out in accordance with federal, regional and local programs.
Monitoring includes:
a) collection of information on the state of land in the Russian Federation, its processing and storage;
b) continuous monitoring of the use of lands based on their intended purpose and permitted use;
c) analysis and assessment of the qualitative condition of lands, taking into account the impact of natural and anthropogenic factors.
Obtaining information during monitoring can be done using:
a) remote sensing (recording and observation from spacecraft, aircraft, small aircraft and other aircraft);
b) a network of permanent testing grounds, reference stationary and other sections, boundary signs, etc.;
c) ground surveys, observations and surveys (continuous and selective);
d) relevant data funds.
Filming, observations and surveys carried out during monitoring, depending on the duration and frequency of implementation, are divided into:
a) basic (conducted to obtain data on the state of the land at the time of monitoring);
b) periodic (conducted to obtain data on the state of land for a certain period - once every 3 years or more);
c) operational (conducted to obtain data on the state of the land at the current moment).
The data obtained during monitoring is used to provide information support for the activities of government bodies, local governments, legal entities and citizens. The procedure for providing the specified data is determined by the Federal Agency of Cadastre and Real Estate of Russia.
When conducting land monitoring, the principle of mutual compatibility of data is observed, based on the use of a unified state system of coordinates, elevations, map projections, common classifiers, codes, systems of units and other indicators.
The technical basis for collecting, storing, processing and issuing (presenting) land monitoring information is geographic information systems based on the use of modern computer technology and unified software.
Information for land monitoring is provided by the results of various surveys, surveys, surveys (topographic-geodetic, soil, geobotanical, agrochemical, reclamation, forest management, urban planning, etc.), special observations (avalanche, mudflow, glaciological, radiological, etc.) carried out using remote sensing (space surveys and observations, surveys and observations from aircraft, etc.); ground surveys and observations. In addition, background data is used.
In administrative districts and cities, primary local monitoring data is accumulated, characterizing the state of the entire land fund, land ownership and land use, individual fields, plots, land contours, and infrastructure elements. In the republics of the Russian Federation, autonomous regions, autonomous okrugs, territories and regions, summary data is generated for their constituent administrative districts, cities, as well as for individual landscape-ecological objects of a regional nature. At the level of the Russian Federation, summary data is generated for the republics within the Federation, autonomous regions and autonomous okrugs, regions, territories, as well as for landscape-ecological objects of a zonal nature.
The generated databases and banks for land monitoring can be used by state and municipal authorities; Federal Agency of Cadastre and Real Estate, as well as its local authorities; enterprises, organizations and institutions of other departments whose activities are related to the use of land; individual citizens; international and foreign bodies and organizations in the field of environmental protection, environmental management and land use.
2. ANALYSIS OF THE LAND MONITORING SYSTEM IN THE SAMARA REGION
2.1 Organization of land monitoring in the Samara region
In accordance with the Land Code of the Russian Federation, state land monitoring is a system of monitoring the condition of land. Land monitoring is an integral part of state monitoring of the natural environment and is part of the Unified State Environmental Monitoring System. The objects of land monitoring are all lands of the subject, regardless of the form of ownership, intended purpose and nature of land use.
Depending on the purposes of observation and the observed territory, state monitoring of lands can be federal, regional and local, and is carried out in accordance with federal, regional and local programs.
The procedure for state monitoring of lands is determined by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated November 28, 2002 No. 846 “On approval of the Regulations on the implementation of state monitoring of lands.”
The list of main tasks of state land monitoring includes:
Timely identification of changes in the state of lands, assessment of these changes, forecast and development of recommendations for the prevention and elimination of the consequences of negative processes;
Information support for maintaining the state land cadastre, implementing state land control over the use and protection of lands, other functions in the field of state and municipal land management, as well as land management;
Providing citizens with information about the state of land.
Monitoring includes:
Collection of information on the state of land, its processing and storage;
Continuous monitoring of land use, based on their intended purpose and permitted use;
Analysis and assessment of the qualitative condition of lands, taking into account the impact of natural and anthropogenic factors.
One of the modern methods of monitoring the use and condition of land resources is to determine the qualitative condition of lands, taking into account the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors and compiling, on their basis, fertility maps at a certain point in time, which provide comparable and systematic information about the condition and use of agricultural land, their degree degradation. This information is necessary to identify the dynamics of basic soil properties, conduct state cadastral assessment of lands, make decisions related to the protection of land resources and their rational use, and conduct land monitoring.
Monitoring is carried out by the Federal Real Estate Cadastre Agency in cooperation with other federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments. Activities in the field of monitoring are regulated by the Federal Real Estate Cadastre Agency.
The collection and processing of data obtained during monitoring, as well as the preparation of forecasts and recommendations regarding particularly dangerous phenomena and processes associated with the state of land, are carried out by territorial bodies and organizations of the Federal Real Estate Cadastre Agency and other federal executive authorities, executive authorities subjects of the Russian Federation participating in monitoring, as well as local government bodies.
According to official data, the Samara region today is one of the most unfavorable regions in terms of land resource pollution. The ecological state of the environment in the region is due to the unbalanced location and development of productive forces on its territory with natural ecosystems. The Samara region - one of the most urbanized regions of Russia - is oversaturated with the largest enterprises, the industrial orientation of which and their technological infrastructure (gas product pipelines, oil product pipelines, roads and railways) have formed a powerful technological pressure on the environment and caused the emergence of a difficult environmental situation in the region.
In accordance with the Regulations on the Federal Agency for the Cadastre of Real Estate, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 08/19/2004 No. 418 and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 04/08/2004 No. 202 “Issues of the Federal Agency of the Cadastre of Real Estate”, Federal Agency of the Cadastre of Real Estate real estate carries out the functions of providing government services in the field of state land monitoring.
In 2006, in order to implement the powers for state monitoring of lands and activities of the subprogram “Creation of a real estate cadastre system (2006–2011)” of the Federal target program “Creation of an automated system for maintaining the state land cadastre and state registration of real estate (2002–2007)” by Rosnedvizhimost On the basis of government contracts, work was carried out on:
– creation of a spatial data infrastructure for the state real estate cadastre;
– study of the condition and use of land in the Russian Federation;
– creation of modern technologies for land monitoring based on satellite imagery data.
The composition of information resources of the state land monitoring system, information technologies and means of supporting them, protection of information and the rights of subjects participating in information processes are regulated by the Federal Law of February 20, 1995 “On Information, Informatization and Information Protection,” as well as other regulatory and legal documents. Information resources of the state land monitoring system are official, and they are used when registering land ownership, maintaining the state land cadastre, land management, land control, planning the rational use of land, land assessment and making management decisions on the organization and efficient use of land resources, their withdrawal from circulation, conservation and restoration of degraded and disturbed lands, rehabilitation of contaminated and remediation of biologically contaminated lands, determination of penalties for violation of legal norms of land use, degradation, pollution and biological contamination of lands.
Based on the results of land monitoring, the territorial bodies of Rosnedvizhimost provide the federal body and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with regional reports on the condition of the lands, and if particularly dangerous processes are identified, an operational summary. These reports are brought to the attention of government bodies with appropriate proposals for the prevention and elimination of negative processes on land, and are used for maintaining the land cadastre and exercising state control over the use and protection of lands.
Legal entities and individuals associated with production and other activities, including the design, placement, construction and commissioning of facilities, as well as the use of land and restoration of their condition in ways and methods that exclude negative impacts on land (destruction of soil cover, degradation and land disturbance , overgrowing of agricultural land with shrubs, small forests and weeds, land pollution with pesticides, heavy metals, radionuclides and other toxic and harmful substances, littering of land with production and consumption waste and other negative processes), are required to: participate in the development and implementation of land monitoring measures; make proposals to the relevant state executive authorities and local self-government bodies regarding the financing of work to assess and forecast changes in the condition and use of lands.
In order to prevent and eliminate negative impacts and processes on land resources caused by the ongoing intensive and irrational use of the land fund of Russia, to minimize the destruction of soil cover during exploration and mining, construction and other economic activities, to obtain objective and timely information for maintaining the state land cadastre , including land accounting, state land control, land management, planning and implementation of measures related to the impact on land, further improvement of the multi-level system of state land monitoring and ensuring its functioning on lands of all categories is necessary.
2.2 Analysis of the qualitative state of land in the Samara region (using the example of the Volzhsky landfill)
In 2007, work on land monitoring in the Samara region was represented mainly by conducting an inventory of the lands of settlements - 4 urban districts (Samara, Zhigulevsk, Novokuybyshevsk, Chapaevsk), and compiling an annual regional report on the condition and use of lands.
At the expense of the federal budget, work was carried out to study the condition and use of lands using state land monitoring sites.
On the territory of the Samara region, the Volzhsky municipal district, a suburban area to the Samara city district, is designated as a testing ground for state land monitoring.
Based on the results of the work performed, a passport for the Volzhsky test site was compiled.
The Volzhsky district of the Samara region is included in the list of state land monitoring sites where it is planned to carry out constant observations and analysis of the condition and use of the land fund. Work on the collection and analysis of stock cartographic, land management, soil, geobotanical and other materials for the Volzhsky district of the Samara region was carried out with the aim of generating basic information about the condition and use of lands at the Volzhsky state land monitoring site. The work was carried out in accordance with the stage “Collection and analysis of basic information on the condition and use of land and data on previously completed cartographic work on the territory of each of the selected state land monitoring sites, their systematization” of the section “Study of the condition and use of land using state land monitoring sites” state contract No. K-05/51 dated 04/05/2007. “Study of the condition and use of lands on the territory of the Russian Federation.”
The Office of the Federal Real Estate Cadastre Agency has updated and high-quality (in accordance with regulatory technical documents) materials that allow us to judge the use of land for settlement lands with an area of 253 thousand hectares, and for lands of other categories - 5014.3 thousand hectares, as well as materials that make it possible to judge the qualitative condition of the lands (materials from soil, geobotanical and other special surveys) for an area of 3818.5 thousand hectares.
For agricultural lands there are materials from soil and geobotanical surveys from different years (scale 1:10000, 1:25000, 1:50000, 1:200000) and not all the material currently meets modern requirements.
The Volzhsky state land monitoring site is located in the central part of the Samara region, in the river basin. The Volga and its left tributaries - the Soka, Samara and Chapaevka rivers. The test site borders the Stavropol, Krasnoyarsk, Kinel, Neftegorsky, Bolsheglushinsky, Krasnoarmeysky and Bezenchuksky districts of the Samara region. The landfill area is 2481.15 sq. km.
The land fund is dominated by agricultural land. According to the land balance data as of January 1, 2008, 170.621 thousand hectares or 68.8% of the territory of the Volzhsky district of the Samara region belong to the category of agricultural land. The main area of agricultural land is occupied by arable land - 47.45%. This indicates the high agricultural development of the land fund. Forest lands in the Volzhsky region account for 16.86%. The share of other categories of land is significantly lower: development land - 1.78%, land under roads, communications, streets, squares - 2.86%, water fund - 4.93%, swamps - 1.65%. The state lands of the Samarskaya Luka Natural National Park cover an area of 26.897 thousand hectares.
Characteristics of land use according to state land monitoring data are presented in Table 2.3.5.
Table 2.3.5. Structure of land in the Volzhsky district of the Samara region
| Name of land | Area, thousand hectares | Share of total area, % | |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| 1 | Total agricultural land, including: | 163,154 | 65,76 |
| 1.1. | arable land | 117,745 | 47,45 |
| 1.2. | deposit | 1,431 | 0,58 |
| 1.3. | perennial plantings | 4,816 | 1,94 |
| 1.4. | hayfields and pastures | 39,162 | 15,79 |
| 2 | Lands at the stage of reclamation construction and restoration of fertility | 0,311 | 0,13 |
| 3 | Land under trees and shrubs not included in the forest fund | 6,827 | 2,75 |
| 4 | Forest lands | 41,840 | 16,86 |
| 5 | Development land | 4,426 | 1,78 |
| 6 | Land under roads, communications, streets, squares | 7,092 | 2,86 |
| 7 | Lands under water | 12,225 | 4,93 |
| 8 | Swamps | 4,085 | 1.65 |
| 9 | Broken Lands | 1,072 | 0,43 |
| 10 | Other lands | 7,083 | 2,85 |
| total area | 248,115 | 100 |
The total area of agricultural land within the boundaries of the Volzhsky district as of January 1, 2003 is 163,155 hectares. The survey area was 153,847 hectares, including arable land - 114,834 hectares, perennial pleasures - 4,462 hectares, hayfields - 9,895 hectares, pastures - 24,656 hectares. The survey area did not include farmland of settlements, industrial enterprises and forests.
When comparing anthropogenic changes in arable soils for the period 1992 and 2002, the following dynamics are observed:
The area of waterlogged arable land has increased by 816 hectares, causing delays in spring cultivation.
The area of arable land with secondary salinization increased by 53 hectares and amounted to 1115 hectares. An area with secondary saline and waterlogged soils with an area of 53 hectares, identified in the agricultural complex “50 years of the USSR” in 1992, is currently allocated for construction, therefore the total area of soils with secondary salinization and waterlogging has decreased by 53 hectares.
The area of disturbed land decreased by 32 hectares. In the agricultural production complex “Novy Put”, a large area was occupied by disturbed lands - 389 hectares. These are areas of arable land near oil derricks and pumping stations. In addition, disturbed lands were identified in AOZT "Oktyabrsky" - 16 hectares and in AOZT "Smyshlyaevsky" - 41 hectares. Currently, these lands have been reclaimed. The area of disturbed lands in the district as a whole amounted to 1072 hectares as of 01.01. 2008.
The area of arable land contaminated with oil increased by 57 hectares and amounted to 257 hectares. The largest area of arable land contaminated with oil - 200 hectares - was identified in 1992 in the agricultural production complex "New Way". Reclamation of these areas of arable land located near oil rigs and pumping stations was not carried out. In addition, areas of arable land contaminated with oil were identified: in the AOZT Agricultural Enterprise "Chernovsky" - on an area of 25 hectares, in the state breeding plant "Kryazh" - 24 hectares, in the MSPP "Yubileiny" - 8 hectares.
At JSC Voskhod, a plot of arable land with an area of 3 hectares was identified, littered with household waste.
To analyze the data presented in this information report, information from the technical report of the soil survey of agricultural lands, approved by the Resolution of the Head of the Administration of the Volzhsky District dated October 14, 2002, was used.
3. IMPROVING THE LAND MONITORING SYSTEM
Russia has enormous land resources, which are the country's national wealth, but they are used extremely inefficiently. In many regions, the level of negative impact on land has reached a critical level. The threat of complete depletion and contamination of lands, which play the role of the most important means of production, is real.
A special place in the system of monitoring the condition and use of lands should be given to obtaining reliable and timely information about their quality through the use of modern technologies and remote sensing methods, which allows for thematic mapping of changes in land quality, timely analysis, assessment and forecast of the manifestation of the main negative processes on land. lands, develop and take measures to prevent and eliminate them, systematically conduct state monitoring of lands to obtain the necessary data included in the state land cadastre, obtain an objective description of the country’s land fund, conduct state assessment of lands, determine land payments taking into account the state of land quality and decide other tasks ensuring the state security of the country.
The availability of complete and reliable information is the most important factor when making any management decisions. In addition to the leading role in the state management of land resources, information about the condition and use (including the history of use) of land is necessary for information support of the land market, as well as for the purposes of the state land cadastre when determining the cadastral value. The lack of information about the properties of land as a purchased product, the qualitative characteristics of which is decisive, will lead to an unjustified underestimation (or overestimation) of the cost of land plots and will create numerous precedents for the emergence of legal disputes in accordance with existing land and environmental legislation.
It should be especially noted the relevance of considering national security problems related to the state and use of Russian lands.
The monitoring system involves working with large arrays of various information, including various data: on the structure of the region, hydrometeorological measurements, on the concentrations of harmful substances in the environment; based on the results of mapping and aerospace sounding, the results of biological research, etc.
The program defines the following goals and objectives:
Strategic goal: Ensuring rational and efficient use of land in the Russian Federation
First task. Improving state regulation of land management in the Russian Federation.
Task 2. Improving the system of state land monitoring. Program implementation period: 2002-2008
Within the framework of the specified Federal target program, regional programs for improving state monitoring of land and regulation of land management should be developed and implemented in the regions for:
Timely identification of changes in the state of lands, assessment of these changes, forecasting and development of recommendations on preventing the development of negative processes and eliminating their consequences;
ensuring land circulation, rational use of lands and their protection;
Information provision of interested parties and authorities with information on the condition and use of lands.
The implementation of this task is characterized by the following indicators:
In 2004, the total area of land studied was 60,753.1 thousand hectares. By January 1, 2009, the size of this area will increase to 72,753.1 thousand hectares. The work schedule in this area is shown in Figure 3.2. Increase in the total area of study of land use (as a percentage of the base year).
Rice. 3.2. Increasing the total area of study of the state of land
In 2004, the total area of land studied was 114,668.3 thousand hectares. By January 1, 2009, the size of this area will increase to 137,602.3 thousand hectares. The work schedule in this area is presented in Figure 3.3.
Rice. 3.3. Increasing the total area of study of land use
Increasing the area of land for which forecasts have been developed and recommendations have been given for the prevention and elimination of negative processes.
In 2004, the area of land for which forecasts were developed and recommendations were given for the prevention and elimination of negative processes amounted to 16,206 thousand hectares. By January 1, 2009, the size of this area will increase to 17,826 thousand hectares. The work schedule in this area is presented in Figure 3.4.
Rice. 3.4. Increasing the area of land for which forecasts have been developed and recommendations have been given for the prevention and elimination of negative processes
Employees of the Department of Land Monitoring, Land Management and Territorial Planning of the Agency's central office, employees of the Agency's territorial bodies, and employees of contracting organizations will be involved in this task.
Within the framework of regional programs, the following activities can be proposed:
1) Technical equipment of structures that ensure the collection, processing and analysis of materials and data;
2) Technical equipment of the data fund obtained as a result of land management and land monitoring;
3) Development of methods and regulatory and technical documents;
4) Carrying out aerial and space surveys;
5) Monitoring the condition and use of various categories of land;
6) Ensuring the functioning of the network of landfills;
7) Carrying out soil, geobotanical and other special surveys, observations and surveys (continuous and selective);
8) Land quality assessment
9) Development of schemes for the use and protection of land;
10)Analysis of information and forecast of changes in the condition and use of land;
11) Creation and updating of basic land maps (including orthophotomaps, digital and electronic versions);
12) Creation and updating of thematic maps and atlases of the state and use of land (including digital and electronic versions);
13) Development of projects for the redistribution of agricultural land;
14) Zoning of inter-settlement territories;
15) Formation of GMZ databases;
16) Information support for interested parties and authorities;
20) Design of AS GMZ;
21) Software development for AS GMZ;
22) Training and retraining of specialists;
23) Methodological support.
The main indicators of program implementation are shown in Appendix 2.
Within the framework of regional programs it is necessary to implement:
Formation of spatial data infrastructure of the real estate cadastre; creation of a digital (cartographic) basis for cadastre, monitoring and land management;
Carrying out work to identify changes in the condition of land and other real estate, assessing these changes;
Information support for maintaining the state land cadastre, cadastre of real estate, land management, state land control over the use and protection of land;
Providing citizens with information about the state of land;
Other functions in the field of state and municipal land management, as well as land management.
The implementation of this task should be characterized by the following indicators:
Actual implementation of the planned volumes of work to study the condition and use of land as a percentage of the plan;
Increase in the total area of study of the state of land (as a percentage of the base year).
In 2004, the total area of study of the state of land in Russia was 60,753.1 thousand hectares. The implementation of measures to improve state monitoring of lands will allow the size of this area to be increased to 72,753.1 thousand hectares by January 1, 2009.
The work schedule in this area is presented in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Increase in the total area of study of the state of lands in the Russian Federation
In 2004, the total area studied for land use was 114,668.3 thousand hectares. By January 1, 2009, the size of this area should increase to 137,602.3 thousand hectares. The work schedule in this area is presented in table. 3.2.
Table 3.2 Increase in the total area of land use studied
In 2004, the area of land for which forecasts were developed and recommendations were given for the prevention and elimination of negative processes amounted to 16,206 thousand hectares. By January 1, 2009, the size of this area should increase to 17,826 thousand hectares. The work schedule in this area is presented in Table 3.3.
Table 3.3 Increase in the area of land for which forecasts have been developed and recommendations have been given for the prevention and elimination of negative processes
Employees of the Department of Land Monitoring, Land Management and Territorial Planning of the central office of the Federal Agency for Cadastre and Real Estate, employees of the Agency's territorial bodies, and employees of contracting organizations should be involved in carrying out this task.
At the present stage of socio-economic development of Russia, land, within the framework of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, is classified as real estate, is involved in circulation and acquires the properties of a commodity. In order to objectively determine the taxable, collateral and cadastral value of land plots, it is necessary to have basic and operational cadastral information on the condition of the land in terms of fertility indicators, environmental characteristics and criteria that are necessary for the implementation of the intended purpose and permitted use of the land.
A special place should be occupied in the country by work aimed at obtaining objective and reliable information about the quality and economic condition of lands. Civilized circulation of land must be provided with starting information about the quality and economic condition of lands, observations must be made to timely identify their changes and take measures to prevent and eliminate negative processes on lands, ensure their rational use and protection.
CONCLUSION
To summarize this work, I would like to say that in this way, as a result of land monitoring, operational information is collected on negative changes occurring in the land fund and its individual categories, which is the basis for maintaining the land cadastre, assessing environmental and economic damage (risks), planning environmental activities.
It is also necessary to mention that the deepening of land reform in Russia calls for further improvement of the legal mechanism for protecting soils as a natural resource, introducing appropriate amendments to environmental, land and administrative legislation, strengthening the judicial system and strengthening state land control.
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The article analyzes the monitoring system in the field of land cadastral relations. Suggestions for improving monitoring are given. A new model of monitoring in the field of land cadastral relations is presented, expressed through an organizational and strategic model, which contributes to the effective organization of work and reliable collection of information. The proposed model will contribute to the effective collection of data and the development of the entire concept of state and political structure in the field of land cadastral relations, the analysis of emerging problems, due to which a significant part of the information is not reflected in the state real estate cadastre, which leads to a large number of controversial issues in the field of creation cartographic material and statistical data on real estate objects. The ways developed by the authors to solve problems in the technological and methodological support of the formation of an interactive modern database, as well as the use of geographic information technologies, make it possible to conduct in-depth comprehensive strategic monitoring in the field of cadastral relations.
territory.
efficiency
organization of strategic monitoring
land cadastral relations
monitoring
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The ongoing transformations in the field of land cadastral relations require a new look and approach to the information base in the system of development and management of territories. At the same time, updating the consistent formation of a unified effective system for collecting, recording, storing, analyzing, evaluating and describing the characteristics (parameters) of a monitoring object in order to make a judgment about the state or behavior of the object as a whole is one of the priorities.
In general, monitoring is a continuous process of observing and recording the parameters of an object in comparison with specified criteria. In its improvement, the main thing, based on the analysis of a small number of characteristics of the object’s features, is to make a correct, unmistakable conclusion, make a forecast of its further development, while maintaining and increasing the information base.
The problem of land monitoring is considered by many domestic and foreign scientists.
Land monitoring is a complex of technologies, including analysis of the state and use of land, forecasting changes in state, and development of recommendations for management. The analysis is carried out in the following areas: condition and use of land; exploration of land reserves; land protection.
In the Saratov region, the main land area is agricultural land. The distribution of lands by category shows the predominance in the structure of the land fund of the region of agricultural lands, which account for 84.8%, as well as forest lands - 5.4%. Therefore, it is on these lands that monitoring is necessary and significant.
One cannot but agree with the authors of the work: “Increasing the volume of agricultural products and ensuring food and economic security of the region in the medium term is envisaged, first of all, through the efficient use of agricultural land. Solving these problems is possible only if there is reliable information about the state of their fertility, observation, control and management of soil fertility in the process of agricultural use.” Reliable information about land plots must be contained in the real estate cadastre system.
Any activity in the field of maintaining a cadastre of real estate is impossible without the use of information. At the same time, the greatest practical significance is given to data provided in a systematized form convenient for repeated use, i.e. in the form of information resources, such as databases, digital maps and atlases, catalogues, reference books, archival funds, etc.
Purpose of the study. Considering the modern monitoring system in the field of land cadastral relations, we combine the emerging relationship between the maintenance of the state real estate cadastre, the implementation of state cadastral registration of real estate and cadastral activities and the use and disposal of land, including quantitative and qualitative assessment of land. Also, its distribution among land owners (state, legal and civil entities), the establishment of legal regulation (the right to sell, inherit, donate, lease, pledge, exchange, use as a contribution), the procedure for redemption, the formation of common or common shared ownership, rules for the functioning of the land market, methods and forms of regulation of these relations by the state.
Analyzing all aspects of this area, we must not forget about the established 11 principles of land legislation in accordance with Article 1 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, which reflect the specifics of the subject and purpose of regulating the complex nature of land legislation, the system of which integrates norms of different sectors that establish and protect rights related to the earth.
On equal terms with the Constitution and the Civil Code, land legislation includes a large number of special norms presented by the Land Code and a number of other federal laws and legislative acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, adopted by them within their competence. Also, some rights related to land relations are regulated by the norms of administrative, tax, and criminal law in terms of establishing the powers of state and municipal bodies in the relevant area and responsibility for violation of land rights.
Having analyzed land, cadastral and legal relations, we assign a specific and important role to the general monitoring system. Whereas monitoring observations are associated with large labor costs in collecting and processing information. For example, when considering the indicators of agricultural development programs, it should be noted that there is a certain continuity in the use of information. At the same time, the lack of a clear and justified methodology limits the possibility of a comparative analysis of the results. It should be noted that in the system of state monitoring of agricultural lands alone, there are 80 indicators, of which 29 are formed by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, in Rosreestr - 8, in Rosselkhoznadzor - 8, in Roshydromet (meteorological indicators) - 15. The competence of Rosstat includes the formation of 9 indicators, in addition, 11 indicators are formed by the Ministry of Agriculture together with other departments (Rosstat, Rosreestr).
In this regard, to improve the quality of the system, we propose to improve the monitoring scheme by proposing a strategic monitoring model, with the help of which it will be possible to solve a multiple range of problems in this area.
Material and methods of research. The quality of the monitoring system is determined by the efficiency of its functioning and is expressed through obtaining initial information about the object, at the same time it must be relevant, accurate, reliable, complete and timely. The effectiveness of the system is reduced due to insufficiently clearly formulated goals and tasks, incorrect systematization of the material, as well as an algorithm for collecting information about the monitored object, characterizing its characteristics.
In recent years, the quality of the monitoring system in the field of land cadastral relations has noticeably decreased, which has led to the loss of information data about objects and the emergence of a large number of errors and inconsistencies in this direction. Various scientists have proposed ways to solve this problem.
Among the proposed measures for organizing rational land use, the authors of the work highlight the mandatory development of planning and design documents for land management at the federal, regional, municipal and local levels. Using the example of a land management scheme for an administrative district, the stages of development of this document and their content are determined.
Analysis of the monitoring system showed that improving the mechanism for maintaining the system in this area is very important today. In this regard, our proposed comprehensive approach to improving the monitoring system in the field of land cadastral relations, i.e. conducting monitoring according to the model using modern advanced technical means and technologies (geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, etc.).
It is believed that a scrupulous examination of the object is not always necessary; it is forgotten that the created full-fledged information database will make it possible to make an analysis not only about the object under study, but also to create an overall picture, taking into account historical and geographical factors. Of course, the system itself is not a panacea, but the modern integrated approach we offer to carrying out activities for any monitoring object will contribute to the correct formation of an accurate monitoring concept.
Results of the study and their discussion. Let us present the system not only of the state of land resources, but also the real estate firmly connected with them, as well as the state of the land fund as a whole and administrative districts, settlements, land holdings, land users, landscape-ecological complexes, the impacts of negative processes, phenomena etc., as a result we will receive adequate land cadastral information about the monitored objects under study.
The model we recommend will not solve all problems, but it will help reduce them. The proposed model of strategic monitoring is in the nature of an organizational and technological scheme for the formation of an interactive information database. Based on accurate forecasts, it is possible to accurately plan the operation of the monitoring system, and the correct scientific research approach to its data will serve as a platform for GIS. Figure 1 shows the model diagram we created for maintaining and organizing strategic monitoring. Proper organization of monitoring will create conditions for increasing the efficiency of use of land and real estate. Timely identification of changes in their condition, development of recommendations for the prevention and elimination of negative processes, and information support will allow monitoring (state land supervision) the use and protection of land resources, as well as land management, providing citizens with information about state of the environment and part of the state of land and real estate.
Fig.1. Model diagram for organizing strategic monitoring
Organization of monitoring according to the proposed model has found successful application (has been tested) in scientific research
State land monitoring– a system for monitoring the state of land. Land monitoring performs the basic, connecting role of all other monitoring and natural resource cadastres. The objects of state land monitoring are all lands in the Russian Federation. Land monitoring includes continuous monitoring of land use in accordance with the categories and intended purpose of land. State monitoring of lands is carried out in accordance with federal, regional and local programs. The procedure for state monitoring of lands is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Objectives of land monitoring– identification of changes in the state of lands, their assessment, forecast, prevention and elimination of the consequences of negative processes, development of recommendations, improvement and implementation of new remote sensing methods, technical means and technologies for land monitoring.
Land monitoring tasks are:
1) timely identification of changes in the state of lands, assessment of these changes, forecast and development of recommendations for the prevention and elimination of the consequences of negative processes;
2) information support for maintaining the state land cadastre, state land control over the use and protection of lands, other functions of state and municipal land management, as well as land management;
3) providing citizens with information about the state of the environment regarding the state of the land.
Principles of land monitoring:
1) reliability and accuracy of data, compliance with their actual state and use of land resources;
2) unity of methods and technologies, consistency in land monitoring; economy and efficiency;
3) mutual compatibility and comparability of heterogeneous data;
4) centralized guidance on a unified methodology on the scale of the Russian Federation;
5) visibility and accessibility of information, with the exception of information constituting a state or commercial secret.
Contents of land monitoring– systematic monitoring of the state of land, identifying changes and assessing: the state of land use; soil fertility, overgrowing of agricultural land, land pollution; condition of the coastlines of reservoirs and hydraulic structures; formation of ravines, landslides, mudflows and other phenomena; condition of settlement lands, oil and gas production facilities, treatment facilities, landfills, warehouses for fuels and lubricants, fertilizers, vehicle parking, industrial waste disposal. Types of land monitoring. Depending on the purposes of observation and the observed territory, state monitoring of lands can be federal, regional and local. Land monitoring methods:
1) natural observations (expeditionary, stationary, complex, background, remote);
2) automated land monitoring system (information retrieval system, data processing system, integrated data interpretation system, forecasting and diagnostic system and management system);
3) contractual forms for the implementation of design and survey work on land management, land cadastre, and land monitoring.
UDC 528.91:004:332 I.A. Giniyatov, A.L. Ilyinykh SSGA, Novosibirsk WAYS TO IMPROVE GEOINFORMATION SUPPORT FOR MONITORING AGRICULTURAL LAND The article discusses the possibilities of improving geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural land. I.A. Giniyatov, A.L. Ilyinykh Siberian State Academy of Geodesy (SSGA) 10 Plakhotnogo Ul, Novosibirsk, 630108, Russian Federation THE WAYS OF IMPROVING GIS DATAWARE FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND MONITORING Different ways of improving GIS dataware for agricultural lands monitoring are described. The soil cover, especially agricultural land, is subject to degradation and pollution, loses resistance to destruction, the ability to restore properties and, in particular, fertility. Currently, in most constituent entities of the Russian Federation, soil fertility continues to decline, and the condition of lands used or provided for agriculture is deteriorating. In accordance with the Land Code of the Russian Federation, state land monitoring is carried out throughout the country, which is a system of monitoring the state of the lands of the Russian Federation and is part of state environmental monitoring. State land monitoring serves to identify all changes associated with the condition and use of land, assess and predict these changes, as well as develop, based on the information received, recommendations for the rational management of territories and the elimination of negative impacts associated with natural and anthropogenic processes. The scope of tasks and subject area of land monitoring are determined by the “Regulations on the implementation of state land monitoring”: Timely identification of changes in the state of lands, assessment of these changes, forecast and recommendations for preventing and eliminating the consequences of negative processes; Information support for maintaining the state real estate cadastre, exercising state control over the use and protection of land, and other functions in the field of state and municipal land management, as well as land management; Providing citizens with information about the state of land; Storage of systematized information in the state fund of materials and land monitoring data. Rational and efficient use of land cannot be carried out without the availability of timely and reliable information. Therefore, the main function of land monitoring as a system is to update information about the condition and use of land. In addition, land monitoring information can be used for the purposes of land control and land legislation. With this formulation of the question, the functions of land monitoring expand and can be extended to the tasks of monitoring the condition of crops, forest vegetation and water bodies. The basis for the implementation of state monitoring of lands, as a method of information support for the state real estate cadastre, organization of structures and technologies for collecting, storing and using the information obtained, is the Federal Law “On Informatization, Informatics and Information Protection” No. 24-FZ of February 20, 1995 . . When organizing and conducting monitoring of agricultural lands, there is a lack of solutions to the following issues: Insufficient openness and efficiency of the monitoring system to make changes about the condition and spatial position of lands; Weak coordination of plans and programs for creating and updating information systems at various levels (local, regional and federal); Locality and phasing of information updating; The high cost of introducing high technologies for obtaining, processing, storing and transmitting updated information about lands. The authors chose the automated information system for monitoring agricultural lands (AIS MZ) as a tool for geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural lands. At the same time, it must be provided with the necessary information, included in the system means of searching, receiving, storing, accumulating, transmitting, processing information, organizing databases (banks) of data. Information support for land monitoring implies the provision of the necessary information to solve its specific problems. In this regard, geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural lands in each individual case deals with information about the specifically considered space. Therefore, its digital form should be highlighted as the main feature of geoinformation, since it is generated, stored, transformed and used by the computer environment. The object of activity for geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural lands is information about geospace - geoinformation. It is the collection of geoinformation about agricultural lands, its transformation and use to obtain results that will provide relevant and timely information for decision-makers in the field of land management of the agro-industrial complex as a whole. The results of geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural lands are directly geoinformation, geospatial models and spatial solutions, as well as cartographic images. The process of geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural lands consists of collecting, obtaining, transforming and integrating geoinformation about agricultural lands, modeling geospace, spatial analysis, preparing spatial solutions for the functioning of an agricultural territory or transforming geospace, as well as providing results at the request of information consumers. The main directions for improving geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural lands can be identified as follows: Introduction of modern software that can take into account the urgent needs of the development and operation of GIS and AIS at the stages of collecting geoinformation, converting projections and coordinate systems, modeling spatial objects, spatial analysis; Development of GIS and AIS capable of interdepartmental information exchange and integration into existing cadastral systems; Organization of interactive information support based on Internet resources; Creation of an automated information system for monitoring agricultural lands, including the necessary attribute information and geoinformation about the state and use of agricultural lands (for example, the state of soil cover, the state of the natural environment), supplemented by information on real estate and human resources necessary for making management decisions in the agricultural sector. One of the ways to improve geoinformation support for territories is the developed geospatial data base AIS MZ. The geospatial database on the state of the territory is built on the basis of information coming from various sources, including databases of organizations engaged in regular or periodic monitoring of the state and use of agricultural lands: the Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography (Rosreestr), Ministry of Agriculture (Ministry of Agriculture), Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet), Federal Agency for State Property Management (Rosimushchestvo), Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources (Rosprirodnadzor), Internet and others, as shown in Fig. 1. Rosreestr Roshydromet Ministry of Agriculture Rosimushchestvo DB AIS Ministry of Health Internet Rosprirodnadzor Rosstat Fig. 1. Sources of information about the state of the territory The database contains all the necessary information about the state of land resources, necessary and sufficient for making management decisions in the field of land relations. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST 1. Russian Federation. Government. On approval of the concept for the development of state monitoring of agricultural lands and lands used or provided for agriculture as part of lands of other categories, and the formation of state information resources about these lands for the period until 2020 [Electronic resource]: order of the Government of the Russian Federation. Federation dated July 30, 2010 No. 1292-r. – Access mode: Consultant Plus. - Cap. from the screen. 2. Russian Federation. Laws. Land Code of the Russian Federation [Electronic resource]: federal. Russian law Federation dated October 25, 2001 No. 136-FZ (as amended on December 29, 2010). – Access mode: Guarantor. - Cap. from the screen. 3. Russian Federation. Government. On approval of the Regulations on the implementation of state monitoring of lands [Electronic resource]: Resolution of the Government of Russia. Federation of November 28, 2002 No. 846. – Access mode: Consultant Plus.- Cap. from the screen. 4. Russian Federation. Laws. On informatization, informatics and information protection [Electronic resource]: Federal Law No. 24-FZ of February 20, 1995 (as amended on January 10, 2003). – Access mode: Guarantor. - Cap. from the screen. 5. Giniyatov, I.A., Ilyinykh A.L. On the issue of creating an automated information system for the purposes of managing territories of the agro-industrial complex [Text]/ I.A. Giniyatov, A.L. Ilinykh // Geodesy and cartography. – 2008.- No. 2. – pp. 51-53. 6. Giniyatov, I.A., Ilyinykh A.L. Conceptual model of an automated information system for the purposes of managing the agro-industrial complex [Text] / I.A. Giniyatov, A.L. Ilinykh // GEOSibir-2008. T. 2: Economic development of Siberia and the Far East. Economics of environmental management, land management, forest management, property management. Part 1: Sat. materials IV Int. scientific congr. "GEO-Siberia2008", April 22–24. 2008, Novosibirsk. – Novosibirsk: SGGA, 2008. – P. 129131. 7. Giniyatov, I.A., Ilyinykh A.L. Selecting a system of indicators for an automated information system for monitoring land for the purposes of managing the agro-industrial complex [Text] / I.A. Giniyatov, A.L. Ilinykh // GEO-Siberia-2009: collection. materials V international. scientific Congress "GEO-Siberia-2009" Novosibirsk, April 20–24, 2009 - Novosibirsk: SGGA, 2009. - Vol. 3 part 2. - P. 165-169 8. Giniyatov, I.A., Ilyinykh A.L. Features of systematization and integration of information in the development of an automated information system for land monitoring for agricultural purposes [Text]/ I.A. Giniyatov, A.L. Ilinykh // GEO-Siberia-2010. T. 3. Economic development of Siberia and the Far East. Economics of environmental management, land management, forest management, property management. Part 1: Sat. materials of the VI international. scientific Congress "GEO-Siberia-2010", April 19–29, 2010, Novosibirsk. – Novosibirsk: SGGA, 2010. – P. 241-245 9. Karpik, A.P. Methodological and technological foundations of geoinformation support for territories [Text]: Monograph / A.P. Karpik. – Novosibirsk: SGGA, 2004. – 260 p. I.A. Giniyatov, A.L. Ilyinykh, 2011
