Economics as a science studies...
1) the action of objective laws of history
2) methods of distribution of material goods
3) a system of characteristics that determine the social structure
4) principles and norms for the exercise of state power
Developed countries have national social security systems that promote the growth of living standards and the development of education and health care. This is a type of economic activity in the field
1) production
3) distributions
4) consumption
What distinguishes commercial farming from natural farming?
1) machines and equipment are used
2) material costs per unit of production increase
3) products are produced for sale
4) there is a division of labor
4. Producers want to sell their products at high prices, and consumers want buy them at low prices. In a market economy, this conflict is resolved through...
1) governments
2) competition
3) financial authorities
4) associations of entrepreneurs
Competition among producers in a market economy
1) leads to a decrease in labor productivity
2) balances supply and demand
3) increases government intervention in the economy
4) stimulates an increase in production costs
6.By regulating production volumes, the state adopts plans that are binding on producers. What economic system is this typical for?
1) market
2) traditional
3) team
4) mixed
7. The total value of all final goods and services produced in the territory country for the year, reflects the following economic indicator -
1) national income
2) gross domestic product
3) labor productivity
4) gross turnover
Are the following statements about consumption correct?
A. The level of consumption does not depend on the level of economic development of society.
B. Consumption of goods and services significantly influences production, stimulating or inhibiting its development.
1) Only A is correct
2) Only B is correct
3) Both A and B are correct
4) Both judgments are incorrect
Are the following statements about resource scarcity problems correct?
A. Economically backward countries feel limited resources, and economically developed countries were able to solve this problem
B. There are never enough productive resources to satisfy all people's needs.
1) Only A is correct
2) Only B is correct
3) Both judgments are correct
4) Both judgments are incorrect
Are the following judgments about economic interaction between nations true?
A. The higher the level of production, the more intense the economic interaction between peoples.
B. Interethnic economic ties contribute to solving problems of people's livelihoods.
1) Only A is correct
2) Only B is correct
3) Both A and B are correct
4) Both judgments are incorrect
Are the following judgments about the operation of market laws correct?
A. The economic laws of the market determine the relationship between commodity and cash flows in the economy.
B. The economic laws of the market stimulate the reduction of production costs.
1) Only A is correct
2) Only B is correct
3) Both judgments are correct
4) Both judgments are incorrect
12. Establish a correspondence between forms of ownership and examples: for each position indicated in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
EXAMPLES OF OWNERSHIP
1) Family farm A. State
2) Armed forces of country B. Private
3) Agricultural cooperative
4) Apartment privatized by a citizen
1) Construction machines
2) Coal
5) Factory
(based on the FIPI analytical report on the results of the 2011 Unified State Exam.)
The main objects of testing in this section are an understanding of the range of problems studied by economic science; knowledge of the most important features, laws, processes and institutions of a market economy; understanding the role of the state in a market economy, problems of economic growth and development, as well as a wide range of skills, types of cognitive and practical activities.
According to FIPI, only about half of the exam participants are able to distinguish various types of economic activities by definition or example.
Examples of tasks
1. The general meeting of shareholders of the enterprise approved the transfer of 30% of the shares to the government and decided to reduce the staff of the general management of the plant by 60%.
2) exchange,
3) distributions,
4) consumption.
2. In developed countries, there are national social security systems that promote the growth of living standards, the development of education and health care.
This is a type of economic activity in the field of: 1) production,
2) exchange,
3) distributions,
4) consumption.
3. The allocation of funds from the state budget to support fundamental research and promote scientific and technological progress characterizes the economic activity of the state in the field of:
1) production,
2) exchange,
3) distributions,
4) consumption.
4. The allocation by the Russian government, in the context of a demographic decline, of additional funds from the state budget to help families with children characterizes the economic activity of the state in the field of:
1) production,
2) exchange,
3) distributions,
4) consumption.
5. Are the judgments about production correct?
A. Division of labor helps to increase productivity.
B. An increase in production volumes is facilitated by an increase in taxes on the producer.
1) only A is correct,
2) only B is true,
3) both judgments are correct,
4) both judgments are incorrect.
6. Which of the manifestations characterizes consumption as a sphere of the economy?
1) purchasing furniture on credit,
2) attending advanced training courses,
3) introduction of new technology,
4) increase in budget spending on social programs.
7. Write down the word missing in the table
A comment. When completing tasks, you need to remember that economic activity represents all types of economic activities of people to meet their needs and ensure material living conditions: production, distribution, exchange, consumption.
Production- this is the process of creating economic goods and services that act as the starting point of economic activity.
Ways to increase production volume:
1) expanding the volume of use of economic resources (extensive path);
2) increasing the efficiency of their use (intensive path).
The main ways to increase the productivity of all resources (factors of production) are specialization and division of labor, trade.
Exchange- 1) an economic transaction in which one person transfers an item or product to another, receiving money or another item in return;
2) a process in which people receive money or other goods in exchange for a produced product.
Distribution- 1) compliance with the proportions in which the produced product is divided between participants in production, as well as people not participating in it;
2) division of the produced product, income between those participating in its production.
Consumption- use of the manufactured product (durable items) or its destruction (food, etc.).
Answers:
1
- 1; 2
- 3; 3
- 3; 4
- 3; 5
- 1; 6
- 2; 7
- exchange.
Problem knowledge tasks limitations factors of production According to FIPI, only half of the exam participants were able to successfully complete the exam. The tasks to specify the general idea of the factors of production were even less successful.
Examples of tasks
1. A company suffering losses hired a talented crisis manager who was able to bring it out of the crisis within a year. Which factor of production was used first by the firm?
1) information,
2) entrepreneurial abilities,
3) earth,
4) capital.
2. Factors of production are
1) methods for planning production volumes,
2) methods of profit distribution,
3) sources of financing for the enterprise,
4) industrial machines and equipment.
3. Are the judgments about the factors of production correct?
A. In the modern economy, information becomes the most important factor of production.
B. The number of factors of production used in the economy is limited.
1) only A is correct,
2) only B is true,
3) both judgments are correct,
4) both judgments are incorrect.
4. Establish a correspondence between factors of production and their examples: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
| A | B | IN | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Write the resulting sequence of numbers (without separating characters) into the answer line.
5. How are limited economic resources manifested? Give at least three provisions.
A comment. First of all, let's remember the factors of production - resources that are involved in the process of producing goods and services: labor, land, capital, entrepreneurial abilities.
Labor is the totality of the physical and mental abilities of people to create economic benefits.
Capital is the means of production produced by man. Capital as a means of production should be distinguished from financial capital, which is money used to purchase factors of production in order to organize the production of goods and services.
Land - all types of natural resources.
Entrepreneurial abilities - the ability to correctly combine factors of production and organize production; ability to make decisions and take responsibility; ability to take risks; be receptive to innovations.
Answers:
1
- 2; 2
- 4; 3
- 3; 4
- 31232; 5
- limited arable land, exhaustible mineral resources, limited labor resources.
One of the subjects of the economy is the company. In 2011, tasks related to firm costs were offered in two parts of the work. Part 1 offered tasks to recognize the type of costs (fixed/variable) in a specific situation. To complete the task, it was enough to determine in a specific situation whether the number of purchased factors of production depends on the volume of output. About 60% of the exam participants completed such tasks. But the task with a short answer, in which the essence was revealed in one column of the table, and one of the types of costs had to be entered in the other, was completed by less than 45% of the examinees.
Examples of tasks
1. Are the judgments about the company's costs correct?
A. Employees' wages are not a firm's cost.
B. A firm's costs affect the price of goods and services produced by the firm.
1) only A is correct,
2) only B is true,
3) both judgments are correct,
4) both judgments are incorrect.
2. Are the judgments about the firm's costs correct?
A. A firm's costs reflect the cost of the factors of production used.
B. A firm's costs do not always depend on the volume of products produced.
1) only A is correct,
2) only B is true,
3) both judgments are correct,
4) both judgments are incorrect.
3. Write down the word missing in the table
A comment. Production costs are the costs of the manufacturer (firm owner) for the acquisition and use of production factors.
Economic costs are those payments that a firm must make to suppliers of necessary resources (labor, material, energy, etc.) in order to divert these resources from use in other industries.
Economic costs are divided into internal (or implicit) and external (explicit, accounting). Internal costs - the cost of one's own resource - are equal to the monetary payments that could be received for an independently used resource if its owner had invested it in someone else's business. External costs - payments to suppliers of labor, raw materials, fuel, services, etc.
All costs are divided into fixed and variable. Fixed costs are that part of total costs that does not depend at a given time on the volume of output (rent of a company for premises, building maintenance costs, costs of training and retraining of personnel, salaries of management personnel, utility costs, depreciation) . Variable costs are that part of total costs, the value of which for a given period of time is directly dependent on the volume of production and sales of products (purchase of raw materials, wages, energy, fuel, transport services, costs of containers and packaging, etc.)
Profit can be calculated in different ways. Economic profit is the difference between a firm's total revenues and economic costs. Accounting profit is the difference between total revenue and accounting costs. Different understandings of a company's profit by economists and accountants lead to different conclusions about the state of affairs at the enterprise. To calculate the actual value of costs and profits, the accounting method should be used. To make decisions about choosing one of the alternative options for investing resources, only the economic method of calculating costs is acceptable.
Answers:
1
- 2; 2
- 3; 3
- external (explicit, accounting).
The FIPI report noted that less than a third of graduates were able to create response plans on the topic “Market Economy” and on labor market issues containing at least three points, two of which are detailed in subparagraphs. Only 13% of exam participants were able to present a system of knowledge about inflation in the form of a complex plan.
Examples of tasks
1. You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Market Economy”. Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
1. What is a market economy?
2. Principles of a market economy:
a) entrepreneurship;
b) variety of forms of ownership of the means of production;
c) market pricing;
d) contractual relations between economic entities (people, enterprises, etc.);
e) limited government intervention in economic activities.
3. Main features:
a) competition;
b) variety of forms of ownership (private, collective, state, communal);
c) complete administrative independence and independence of the commodity producer - the commodity producer must be the owner of the results of his labor;
d) free choice of suppliers of raw materials and buyers of products;
e) concentration of capital in the hands of the bourgeoisie;
f) a system for distributing the benefits of society that is not equivalent to physical and mental labor;
g) buyer-oriented market.
2. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Labor Market”. Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
One of the options for a plan for covering this topic:
1. Labor as an economic resource.
2. Supply and demand in the labor market.
3. Labor market segmentation:
a) senior managers;
b) specialists with higher education;
c) semi-skilled personnel:
d) highly skilled workers, etc.
4. Work motivation and labor relations:
a) wages;
b) development of economic democracy.
5. Unemployment:
a) the essence of unemployment;
b) structure and types of unemployment;
c) the scale of unemployment.
6. State regulation of the labor market:
a) stimulating employment growth;
b) vocational education programs;
c) social insurance programs.
3. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Inflation”. Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
One of the options for a plan for covering this topic:
1) Inflation is the process of depreciation of paper money. / Inflation is a danger to the economy.
2) The main sources of inflation:
a) an increase in nominal wages not due to an increase in labor productivity;
b) increase in prices for raw materials and energy resources;
c) an increase in taxes on producers.
3) Demand inflation and supply inflation.
4) Main types of inflation:
a) by the nature of the flow (open and hidden);
b) depending on the growth rate (moderate, galloping, hyperinflation).
5) Consequences of inflation for the economy:
a) decrease in employment, disruption of the entire system of economic regulation;
b) depreciation of the entire savings fund and loans;
c) depreciation of real incomes of the population, reduction in current consumption;
d) decrease in investment;
d) money loses its value.
6) Measures to overcome inflation:
a) control over the issue of money, withdrawal of excess money;
b) reduction of budget expenditures;
c) development of production, overcoming the recession in the economy.
Less than 10% of exam participants managed to fully complete tasks related to the problems of a market economy.
Examples of tasks
1. Analyzing the halls of the state’s economic policy in a market economy, scientists consider market imperfections. What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “market imperfections”? Using your social science course knowledge, write two sentences containing information about market imperfections.
Answer:
1) the meaning of the concept, for example: “market imperfections - any deviations from the conditions ensuring perfect competition”;
Another definition that is similar in meaning may be given.
2) two sentences with information about market imperfections based on course knowledge, for example:
- “The imperfections of the market include its inability to ensure the required volume of production of public goods.”
- “The emergence of monopolies is a manifestation of market imperfection.”
2. Scientists recognize that one of the shortcomings of the market is that it does not create material incentives for the production of public goods. Using social science knowledge, provide three explanations for this market failure.
Answers:
The following reasons may be given:
1) it is impossible to ensure a connection between the consumption of public goods (for example, ensuring law and order) with their payment, i.e. provide them only to a part of the population;
2) the state guarantees some public goods to the population as free (for example, general education in the Russian Federation), so the manufacturer will not be able to make a profit;
3) the production of public goods, as a rule, is associated with significant costs. Not all companies have such capital.
3. Illustrate with three examples various instruments of state regulation of a market economy (in each case, first name the instrument and then give a corresponding example).
Answer:
1) legal regulation (parliament adopted amendments to the Civil Code);
2) tax policy (the government introduced protectionist customs tariffs);
3) monetary policy (the central bank lowered the refinancing rate, making loans more affordable.
4. The Chistyulya company provides household services to the population. It unites several craftsmen, each of whom personally works at this enterprise and, regardless of the size of the contributed share, has one vote in resolving issues related to the economic activities of the enterprise. What is the legal form of this enterprise? Indicate two signs by which you established this. Name one more additional feature of this organizational and legal form that is not indicated in the problem statement.
Answers:
1) organizational and legal form: production cooperative;
2) signs:
- the Chistyulya company performs simple work;
- the owners of the company are personally involved in its work:
- relations are built on the principle of equality: regardless of the size of the share contributed, everyone has one vote. The signs may be given in a different wording.
3) additional feature, for example,
- to organize such an enterprise, a minimum capital is required in the form of shares:
- profit is distributed according to work, and not according to the size of the share, as in a partnership.
Less than half of the graduates were able to cope with tasks where they had to give at least one example illustrating government policy aimed at accelerating economic growth.
Example assignment
Illustrate with three examples the impact of government economic policy on economic growth.
Answers:
The following examples can be given:
1) the state creates free economic zones to attract domestic and foreign capital;
2) the government, through state orders, ensures the development of production in certain industries;
3) the state implements a policy of protectionism, protecting domestic producers from competition with foreign goods and thereby encouraging the development of domestic production.
1. Analytical report of FIPI on the results of the Unified State Exam 2011.
2. Open segment of FBTZ. Social science. FIPI.
Can be used when reviewing the topic "Economics" in preparation for the Unified State Exam. A selection of tests from various sources contains tasks of all types of tasks encountered in the exam. There is a training option and a control option.
“Control on the topic of Economics with answers”
Control on the topic “Economics”.
| Factor of production | Characteristic |
| ………………………… | |
Answer: labor
Answer: commercial organization
1)
numbers s, under which they
digital
numbers , under which they are indicated.
numbers, under which they are indicated.
numbers, under which they are indicated.
Answer: 345.
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
EXAMPLES OF TYPES OF COSTS OF A COMPANY
B) transportation costs
D) fuel costs
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
SIGNS TYPES ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
D) balanced
D) creeping
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
B) consumer expectations
D) prices of related goods
D) number of producers
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Answer: 12112
D) redundant
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
fras, under which they are indicated.
1) stagnant 4) cyclic
2) frictional 5) seasonal
3) structural c) hidden
Answer: 135.
digital ry under which they are listed.
6) Studies the economy of the region.
S numbers, p under which they are indicated.
1) consumer income growth
S R - the price of the product, Q -
Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.
1) growth in income of the population
3) increase in pork prices
)
D R - product price. Q
S 1 . (On the chart R - the price of the product, Q
4) growth in income of the population
R- the price of the product, Q -
1) growth in consumer income
one
List of terms:
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used one
List of terms:
The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of the chosen vamp word in the table under each letter.
Words in in once. Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
List of terms:
1) loan 4) investment 7) property
To record answers to tasks in this part (21-29), use ANSWER FORM No. 2
First write down the number of the task (21. 22, etc.), and then a detailed answer to it. Write down your answers clearly and legibly.
V
O.I.
market economy.
Answer: (As examples of state regulation of a market economy, the following can be cited: a reduction by the Central Bank of the discount rate of interest (regulation of monetary relations); an increase in indirect taxes on a number of goods (regulation of taxation); adoption of a law on increasing the minimum wage (legal regulation of legal relations ) and etc.)
40. Analyze the situation.
Answer: (Since the cost of labor in Western countries is very high, the American cell phone company chose to transfer production to those countries that have cheaper and sufficiently skilled labor (for example, China and Eastern European countries. Such a transfer of production indicates this global process, such as economic globalization)
29. 1. Economics
29.3 Economics.
29.4 Economics
View document contents
“Control on the topic of Economics”
Control on the topic “Economics”.
Write down the word missing in the table.
| Factor of production | Characteristic |
| ………………………… | the use of people's physical and mental abilities in the production of goods and services |
| funds, knowledge, structures, equipment used in the production of goods and services |
Answer: ___________
2. In the series below, find a concept that is general for all
other concepts presented. Write down the word (phrase).
Production cooperative; partnership of faith; commercial organization; Joint-Stock Company; state unitary enterprise.
Answer: _____________________
3. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the concept of “manufacturer”.
1) emission; 2) profit; 3) costs; 4) devaluation: 5) competition; c) investments.
Find two terms that “fall out” from the general series, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
Answer: _____________
4. Choose the correct statements about globalization and write down numbers s, under which they
1) International economic integration is one of the directions of globalization.
2) The process of globalization contributes to the development of the cultural and historical specifics of different countries.
3) The transition from an industrial society to an information society created the preconditions for the emergence of the phenomenon of globalization.
4) Globalization encourages states to take extreme political actions. 5) The positive consequences of globalization include the concentration of efforts
on the development of new advanced technologies.
Answer:_______________
5. Match the examples with the types of activities they illustrate: for each item given in the first column, select the corresponding item from the second column.
EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITIES TYPES OF ACTIVITY
A) modernization of transport infrastructure 1) practical
B) implementation of a scientific discovery 2) spiritual
B) investing in small businesses
D) implementation of global modeling
D) carrying out economic reforms in society
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Answer: _________________
6. Choose the correct statements about inflation and write down digital ry under which they are listed.
1) Money emission is the most effective method of reducing inflation.
2) The consequence of inflation is a decrease in the income of those who pay debts at fixed interest rates.
3) One of the immediate causes of inflation is associated with excessive monopolization of prices and costs.
4) Depending on the reasons, demand inflation and cost inflation are distinguished.
5) The danger of inflation is that savings depreciate and the standard of living of the population decreases.
Answer:________________
7. Choose the correct statements about economic growth and write down numbers , under which they are indicated.
1) Extensive economic growth is achieved through more rational use of the previous volume of resources.
2) Economic growth is facilitated by an increase in the scale of production to a certain limit, which allows saving resources and increasing production volumes.
3) Intensive factors of economic growth include an increase in the physical capital of firms.
4) An intensive factor in the growth and development of the modern economy is high-quality human capital.
5) Stable economic growth is possible through the widespread introduction of innovation.
Answer: ______________
8. Select the correct judgments about factors of production and factor income and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.
1) Factors of production that a person uses to create various goods are limited at any given time.
2) land and labor as factors of production prevent an increase in the volume of economic benefits.
3) Each factor of production is capable of bringing income to its owner.
4) A distinctive feature of entrepreneurship as a factor of production is the adoption of the initiative to combine factors of production into a single process.
5) The basis for obtaining factor income is the desire for maximum production results.
Answer:_________________
9. Select the correct statements about financial institutions and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) The Central Bank issues money and is the main link in the country’s financial and credit system.
2) All financial institutions accept deposits.
3) Pension funds specialize in lending for sales of consumer goods in installments and issuing consumer loans.
4) The Central Bank sets the discount rate.
5) Financial institutions provide services for transferring funds and providing loans.
Answer: ________________
10. Choose the correct judgments about the role of the state in a market economy and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.
1) In a market economy, the state sets prices for all goods and services.
2) The state, in market conditions, carries out centralized production planning.
3) The state in a market economy satisfies the needs for public
goods or public goods.
4) In a market economy, the state protects the interests of owners.
5) State intervention in the economy is associated with imperfections of the market mechanism.
Answer: ________________
11. Choose the correct statements about taxes and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Taxes fill the state budget and pay for government expenses.
2) Indirect taxes include tax on personal income. inheritance tax.
3) Taxes are directed to support low-income segments of society through partial redistribution of funds.
4) Direct taxes, unlike indirect ones, are mandatory.
5) Direct taxes are withdrawn directly from the taxpayer’s income
Answer: ______________
12. Establish a correspondence between the examples and the types of economic systems that they illustrate: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
EXAMPLES OF TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
A) In the country R. producers compete 1) traditional for the most favorable conditions
production and sale of goods 2) team
B) In country N., in conditions of freedom of enterprise for consumers, 3) the market has the widest choice of goods and services
B) the only producer and seller of goods and services in country K. is the state, private entrepreneurship is prohibited
D) in country A. the state centrally distributes factors of production and sets prices for goods and services
D) the basis of the country’s economy D. is agriculture, the land belongs to tribal communities and is cultivated by them
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Answer: ________________
13. Establish a correspondence between the examples and the types of costs of the company in the short term that they illustrate: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
EXAMPLES OF TYPES OF COSTS OF A COMPANY
A) purchase of semi-finished products 1) permanent
B) entertainment expenses 2) variable
B) transportation costs
D) fuel costs
D) costs of retraining
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
14. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and the types of economic systems to which they relate: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
SIGNS TYPES ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
A) prices for goods are determined by the relationship 1) command supply and demand 2) market
B) the main means of production belong to the state
B) economic proportions are set centrally
D) production development is based on competition among producers
D) there are periodic shortages of goods
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Answer: _______________________
15. Establish a correspondence between the types of inflation and the basics of their classification; For each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
TYPES OF INFLATION BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
A) opening 1) nature of the course
B) galloping 2) dependence on the rate of price growth
C) suppressed 3) the degree of divergence in price increases for various product groups
D) balanced
D) creeping
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Answer: _______________________
16. Establish a correspondence between influencing factors (on supply and demand) and elements of the market mechanism: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
FACTORS OF INFLUENCE ELEMENTS OF MARKET MECHANISM
A) religious preferences 1) demand
B) prices for resources 2) supply
B) consumer expectations
D) prices of related goods
D) number of producers
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Answer: _______________________
17. Establish a correspondence between the types of markets and the basics of their classification: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
TYPES OF MARKETS BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
A) retail 1) nature of sales
B) oligopolies 2) level of saturation
R) equilibrium 3) type of competition
D) redundant
D) monopolistic competition
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Answer: _______________________
18. Due to the installation of cash machines in the trolleybus for paying fares, conductor F.
was fired from the fleet and lost his job completely. For a year and a half he could not
Finding permanent work, he did temporary odd jobs servicing a nearby grocery store. In the summer, he got a job in a construction company, which generated income.
Select from the list given the characteristics associated with this citizen's unemployment and write down the fras, under which they are indicated.
1) stagnant 4) cyclic
2) frictional 5) seasonal
3) structural c) hidden
Answer: ___________________
19. In country D., a two-tier banking system has developed, in which the top level is occupied by the Central Bank. What functions belong to the Central Bank? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) providing a loan secured by property collateral
2) licensing of activities of financial organizations
3) providing loans to commercial banks
4) attracting and storing free funds of the population
5) servicing enterprise payments
6) establishing the norm of required reserves
Answer: ____________________
20. The state of P. seeks to satisfy the purchasing needs of the population of its country using foreign trade. By what signs can it be established that this state is pursuing a free trade policy in the field of foreign trade? Write it down digital ry under which they are listed.
1) Implementation of protection of national producers.
2) Increase in customs duties on imports.
3) Attracting foreign manufacturers.
4) The consequence is a fall in domestic production.
5) The result is an increase in employment in the national economy.
6) The consequence is a struggle to improve the quality and efficiency of production.
Answer: ____________________
21. Foundation "L." deals with issues of the state and development of the economy as a whole, the economic health of the country and the world. By what signs can we establish that we are talking about macroeconomics? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Deals with the problem of economic crises.
2) Explores the influence of price on individual elements of the economy.
3) Considers the action of three subjects of economic life: the company, the household and the state.
4) Studies issues of increasing employment of the population.
5) Analyzes the processes of production and consumption of individual goods in individual markets.
6) Studies the economy of the region.
Answer: ___________________
22. The graph shows the change in supply in the kitchen furniture market: the supply curve has moved from position S to position S 1. (On the graph P - price of goods, Q - quantity of goods). Which of the following factors could cause this change? Write it down numbers, p under which they are indicated.
1) consumer income growth
2) reduction in prices for kitchen furniture
3) reducing the cost of components for kitchen furniture
4) reduction of taxes on kitchen furniture manufacturers
5) the growing popularity of new models of kitchen furniture.
Answer:________________.
23. The graph shows the change in supply on the pork market: the supply curve has moved from position S to position S 1. (On the graph R - the price of the product, Q - quantity of goods.) Which of the listed factors can cause such a change?
Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.
1) growth in income of the population
2) increasing taxes on pork importers
3) increase in pork prices
4) reduction in prices for chicken meat 5 ) reduction in the number of pork processors
Answer: ____________________
24. The graph shows the change in demand in the furniture market: demand curve D moved to a new position D 1. (On the graph R - product price. Q - quantity of goods.) Which of the listed factors can cause such a change? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) decrease in consumer income
2) increasing taxes on furniture manufacturers
3) increase in the volume of transport services
4) waiting for the start of Christmas sales
5) reducing costs for furniture manufacturers
Answer: ____________________
25. The graph shows the change in supply in the housing market: the supply curve has moved from position S to position S 1 . (On the chart R - the price of the product, Q - quantity of goods.) Which of the listed factors can cause such a change? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) development of loan programs for the purchase of apartments
2) increasing the profits of sellers of housing under construction
3) the ruin of a number of construction companies
4) growth in income of the population
5) increase in the cost of building materials
Answer:____________________
26. The graph shows the change in supply in the banking services market: the supply curve has moved from position S to position S 1 (On the graph R- the price of the product, Q - quantity of goods). Which of the following factors could cause this change? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) growth in consumer income
2) the ruin of several large banks
3) increase in the number of clients in the banking sector
4) growing popularity of banking services
5) increasing the tax burden on the banking sector
Answer:______________________
27. During sociological surveys of adult residents of countries Z and Y, they were asked to estimate the number of domestic and imported products on store shelves in their localities.
The results obtained (as a percentage of the number of respondents) are presented in the form of a diagram.
Find in the description given the conclusions that can be drawn based on the diagram and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) The share of those who noted that there are more domestic products in stores is smaller in country Z than in country Y.
2) The share of those who noted that there are more imported products in stores is higher in country Z than in country Y.
3) In country Z, half of the respondents noted that stores have approximately equal amounts of domestic and imported products.
4) Equal shares of respondents in both countries found it difficult to estimate the amount of domestic and imported products in stores.
5) In country Y, equal shares of respondents noted that there are more imported products in stores and that stores have approximately equal amounts of domestic and imported products.
Answer:____________________
28. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
Stock __________(A) represents the place where buying and selling takes place
valuable papers. Its activities in developed countries are under strict control by ____________ (B). The average ____________ (B) of transactions concluded on it consists of ____________ (D) securities (shares and ____________ (E)) issued by individual ____________ (E).
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used one pa z. Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
List of terms:
1) exchange rate 4) state 7) exchange
2) contract 5) company 8) information
3) price 6) infrastructure 9) bond
The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of the chosen vamp word in the table under each letter.
Answer: _______________________
29. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
“Monetary policy is the policy pursued by the government through the Central Bank.
measures in the field of monetary circulation and ____________ (A) aimed at ensuring
sustainable, efficient functioning of the economy. Monetary goal
policy - helping the economy achieve a level of ____________ (B) that
will provide complete ____________ (B) and absence of ____________ (D). Open operations
market is conducted by the Central Bank, which sells government securities, paying high __________(D) on them, attracts investor funds to cover the budget ___________(E).”
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used one once. Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
List of terms:
1) interest 4) deposit 7) mortgage
2) deficit 5) production 8) inflation
3) employment 6) credit 9) modernization
The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of the chosen vamp word in the table under each letter.
Answer: _______________________
30. Read the text below, in which a number of layers are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
"International migration of capital is carried out in three main forms: direct private ___________(A), public ___________(B), loans from international financial organizations. This takes into account such characteristics of the local market as its accessibility, quality of labor, currency risk, protection of intellectual ___________( C), state___________(D) and much more.To attract investments and___________(D) in the most backward (problem) regions, territories with preferential economic regimes are created - free economic _____(E).
Words in the list is given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once in once. Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
List of terms:
1) loan 4) investment 7) property
2) technology 5) license 8) region
3) service b) zone 9) settlement
The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of the word you chose in the table under each letter.
Answer: _______________________
To record answers to tasks in this part (31-29), use ANSWER FORM No. 2
First write down the number of the task (31. 32, etc.), and then a detailed answer to it. Write down your answers clearly and legibly.
Read the text and complete tasks 31-34.
“...Modern work is intensifying. The logic of movement towards success, to access to benefits determines the spontaneous, spontaneous increase in the volume of labor V life of a modern person. Labor is compacted over time, and also multiplies - it doubles, triples, etc. The modern worker - a qualified specialist who has been preparing for a long time, with great effort, the possibility of his career, is less and less able to control the process of society's consumption of his labor. “The investment must pay off, and preferably as soon as possible. And therefore, a person, satisfied with the demand for his work, is drawn into an increasing number of labor practices. “Multiplying” labor inevitably becomes more superficial.
The alienation of labor continues. Although it takes on new forms. So far we have been talking about one - internal - form of alienation due to the complication of the perception of work by those in demand, employed and thereby in a privileged position.
Another form of alienation of labor is external, literal - unemployment. (.....) It begins from the moment labor goes beyond the scope of natural production, develops in an industrial society and acquires a completely special character in a post-industrial society. First of all for due to the fact that it is growing powerfully" (Kozlova O.I. Labor in social life // Social and humanitarian knowledge. 2003. No. 6. pp. 111-112.),
31. Based on the text, write down the signs of modern labor.
32. Using the content of the text, fill out the table.
| Forms of alienation of labor | Internal | |
| Their essence. |
35. What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “inflation”? Using knowledge from a social science course, compose two sentences: one sentence containing information about types of inflation, and one sentence revealing one of the possible measures of anti-inflationary policy.
36. Use three examples to reveal the various manifestations of government regulation
market economy.
37. Name any three tasks of the Russian government for the development of market relations in the economy and illustrate each of them with an example.
38. Name two types of costs of a firm in the short run and illustrate each with an appropriate example.
39. Name any three factors that influence changes in demand and illustrate each with an appropriate example.
40. Analyze the situation.
The American cell phone company cut 15 thousand jobs and moved a significant part of production to China and Eastern Europe (over the previous two years the company cut 25 thousand jobs). At the same time, unemployment in the United States is currently 9 percent.
What are the reasons for this company policy? Name the global process, the manifestation of which is the above and similar facts.
41. You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Unemployment”. Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.
Define the problem. Select arguments.
29. 1. Economics
“Business is a combination of war and sport” (A. Maurois).
29. 2. Not for gold and silver, but only for labor initially all the riches of the world were acquired. (A. Smith).
29.3 Economics.
Increasing the technical level of industry increases its capabilities, its competitiveness” (M. Konotopov).
29.4 Economics
“If there are too many poor people, then state expenses will increase greatly, which will immediately affect the well-being of other segments of the population” (A. Kravchenko).
Brief conclusions on the section
1. Economy– a multi-valued concept that can be considered both as a set of relations in the field of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods, and as an economy (economic activity) of a specific subject (state, firm, family), and as an area of knowledge about the characteristics of people’s behavior in the process production and consumption of material goods, methods of distribution and consumption of limited resources. 2. Limited resources– insufficiency of production resources necessary to create economic benefits. Society's needs are limitless, but resources are limited. Any society strives to find ways to optimally use limited resources, and is forced to choose options for their distribution. Therefore, the questions: what, how and for whom to produce are the main issues of economics. 3. Factors of production– these are economic resources directly involved in a specific technological process. There are three main factors of production: labor (that part of the working-age population that is directly employed in the production process at a particular enterprise); capital (the totality of material and financial resources of an enterprise, presented in two forms - natural material (buildings, structures, machinery, equipment, etc.) and cost (money in accounts, securities)); land (in a broad sense means all natural resources used in the production process; in a narrow sense - an object of management (arable land) or an object of property). Information and entrepreneurial abilities are distinguished as independent factors of modern production (a person’s ability to organize production, optimally combining production factors and determining the strategy of production activities in conditions of market competition, to achieve the necessary result in the form of profit). 4. Economic system is a system of social production, covering the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption. Economic systems differ in the way they address basic economic issues. There are traditional, command (planned, centralized), market and mixed economic systems. 5. Own- this is the ownership of any values by certain persons. It is necessary to remember that in legal terms there are three powers of property (possession, use and disposal), and be able to distinguish between them using specific examples. 6. Entrepreneurship is called the initiative independent activity of people aimed at generating profit or personal income, carried out on their own behalf or under the legal responsibility of a company or enterprise. Business can be organized in individual and collective forms (full and limited partnership, cooperative, joint-stock company, limited liability company, municipal and state unitary enterprise, etc.). 7. Taxes– obligatory payments by individuals and firms in favor of the state, performing fiscal (filling the state budget), distribution, anti-inflation, control and accounting and social and educational functions. There are direct and indirect taxes. Tax policy is a system of measures carried out by the state in the field of taxation. 8. Under unemployment understand the excess of the supply of labor over the demand for it, a surplus of labor. Depending on the reasons, frictional, structural and cyclical unemployment are distinguished. Frictional unemployment is unemployment caused by constant and necessary changes in the allocation of society's resources between the spheres of production of goods and services. This is the case when employers do not have information about the availability of the necessary workers, or workers do not know about the availability of jobs. In a situation of frictional unemployment, workers spend quite a long time looking for a job that best suits their needs. Structural unemployment is caused by changes in the structure of the national economy. Cyclical unemployment occurs as a result of declines in production that occur regularly (cyclically). A decline in production entails a decrease in demand for all its factors, including labor. There is also seasonal unemployment. Tasks for systematizing material
Level A
1 . The figure shows the situation on the grain market: offer line S S1(P- the price of the product, Q- quantity of goods). This movement may be associated primarily with (with)
1) providing grain producers with tax benefits 2) reduction in prices for fuel and fertilizers 3) growth in the number of bakery and confectionery enterprises 4) expectations of low grain harvest
Answer: 4
2. The figure shows the situation on the exotic fruit market: offer line S moved to a new position S1(P- the price of the product, Q- quantity of goods). This movement may be associated primarily with (with) 1
)
high yield of exotic fruits 2)
decline in consumer income 3)
increase in customs duties on fruit imports 4)
increase in tariffs for freight transportation
Answer: 1
3. The figure shows the situation on the desktop computer market: demand line D moved to a new position 
D1
(P- the price of the product, Q– volume of demand for the product). This movement may be associated primarily with (with)
1) growing number of computer sellers on the market 2) the transition of many users to laptops and netbooks 3) reduction of duties on the input of components for stationary computers 4) significant reduction in the cost of system units and monitors
Answer: 2
4. The figure shows the situation on the TV market: demand line D moved to a new position D1(P-the price of the product, Q– volume of demand for the product). This movement may be caused primarily 
1) decline in consumer income 2) increasing taxes on TV manufacturers 3) cheaper TV production technology 4) increase in the number of stores selling televisions
Answer: 1
5.
The figure shows the situation on the market for cosmetics manufacturers: offer line S moved to a new position S1 (P - the price of the product ,Q- supply volume t 
ovar). This movement may be primarily due to
1) increase in consumer income 2) reduction in the number of consumers 3) reduction of taxes on cosmetics manufacturers 4) closure of a number of cosmetic companies
Answer: 3
A comment:
To understand the market economy in its entirety, it is necessary to have a good grasp of two fundamental concepts: supply and demand. Demand reflects the quantity of goods that buyers are willing to buy at each of the offered prices, in a given place, at a given time. Law of demand - all other things being equal, an increase in price causes a decrease in the quantity demanded; a decrease in price is an increase in the quantity demanded, that is, it reflects the inverse relationship between price and quantity of goods. Non-price factors affecting demand: 1. Income level in society; 2. Market size; 3. Fashion, seasonality; 4. Availability of substitute goods (substitutes); 5. Inflation expectations. Supply - reflects the quantity of goods that producers agree to supply to the market at a given price. Law of supply - all other things being equal, an increase in price leads to an increase in the quantity of supply; a decrease in price means a decrease in the quantity supplied. Factors influencing supply: 1. Availability of substitute goods; 2. Availability of complementary goods (complementary); 3. Technology level; 4. Volume and availability of resources; 5. Taxes and subsidies; 6. Natural conditions; 7. Expectations (inflationary, socio-political); 8. Market sizes.
Level B
AT 3. Establish a correspondence between the factors of production and their examples:
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A) lathe |
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B) coal |
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B) equipment adjuster |
3) capital |
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D) company office |
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D) manager |
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Answer: 31232 AT 3. Establish a correspondence between the types of markets and the objects of supply and demand in these markets: For each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Write the resulting sequence of numbers (without separating characters) into the answer line. Answer: 32123 AT 3. Match the types of taxes: For each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Write the resulting sequence of numbers (without separating characters) into the answer line. Answer: 122112 AT 3. Establish the correspondence of actions and elements of the owner’s status: For each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Write the resulting sequence of numbers (without separating characters) into the answer line. Answer: 221211 AT 4. Find examples in the list below that relate to land as a factor of production and write down the numbers under which they appear. 1) cash 2) arable land 3) oil deposits 4) machines and equipment 5) forest 6) buildings, structures
Answer: 235 AT 4. Find in the list given the manifestations of the economic sphere of public life, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. 1) inflation, 2) victory in the elections of the opposition party, 3) a rally in defense of the constitution, 4) a decrease in the rate of industrial growth, 5) the introduction of a sales tax, 6) the founding congress of the party. Answer: 145 AT 4. Find in the list the characteristics inherent in any tax and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. 1) mandatory payment, 2) gratuitousness, 3) proportionality to income, 4) repayable nature, 5) legislative establishment. Answer: 125 AT 4. In the list below, circle those categories of the population that are included in the labor force, and circle the numbers under which they are listed. 1) housewives, 2) part-time workers, 3) those who do not have a job but are actively looking for one, 4) those serving a prison sentence, 5) those working on a flexible schedule. Answer: 235 AT 6. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
“In the modern economy there are three main _____ (A): producers of an economic product, its consumers and _____ (B). Between them there is a very intense _____ (B) goods, services, money, information. The state ensures a certain orderliness of economic processes, their legal _____ (D), protection of the rights and interests of individual participants in economic relations. At the same time, the state acts as a very large _____ (D) of goods, services, information. At the same time, the state is _____ (E), it purchases from manufacturers military equipment for the army, food products for state reserves, computer equipment for government bodies and institutions.”
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can be used only once. Select one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
List of terms: 1) producer, 2) exchange, 3) object, 4) state, 5) supply, 6) subject, 7) regulation, 8) demand, 9) consumer
The table below shows the letters that indicate missing words. Write down the number of the word you chose in the table under each letter.
Answer: 642719
Level C
C6. Using three examples, illustrate the process of government regulation of the economy. Answer: 1) adoption of the law on the minimum wage rate - legal regulation of labor relations; 2) The Central Bank sets the interest rate for the loan - regulation of money circulation; 3) increasing customs duties on certain types of consumer goods - tax regulation. C6. Show with a concrete example what economic consequences result from the state’s forced setting of prices for goods below market prices. List two consequences. Answer: Consequences: 1) the emergence of a commodity shortage; 2) growth of the shadow economy; 3) revival of speculation. An example is the situation in the USSR in the 80s, through the introduction of all kinds of cards and coupons, the authorities tried to limit demand and curb price increases. C6. Confirm with three examples the need for state participation in the economic life of society (the need for state regulation of the economy). Answer: 1. A number of countries have introduced special taxes on excess profits of companies and indirect taxes on the purchase of luxury goods, that is, the state is solving the problem of mitigating income and wealth inequality through their partial redistribution. 2. In the European Court, the process against Microsoft, accused of monopolizing the market, has been going on for several years, that is, the state, protecting the interests of consumers, is adopting antitrust legislation. 3. A separate item of state budget expenditure is the financing of law enforcement agencies, healthcare, education, that is, the state ensures the provision of public goods to the population of the country. C6. In the country of T. the formation of a market economy is taking place. Give three possible examples that could illustrate this process. Answer: 1) the dominant position is occupied by private property, that is, property owned by private and legal entities who carry out production on its basis; 2) entrepreneurs are guaranteed freedom of their activities, the state intervenes in the economy to a minimal extent and only with the help of legal norms; 3) the main mechanisms of a market economy are free competition, supply and demand, and price.
C7. During sociological surveys in 2002 and 2005, the following formulation of one of the questionnaire items was proposed: “People arrange their lives differently, adapting to conditions to varying degrees. Which of the following statements best describes your attitude towards your current life? The obtained data are presented in the table. Draw a conclusion about changes in the mood of modern Russians. Give (using the data in the table) three reasons for this conclusion.
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Answer options |
Number of respondents (in%) |
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I have to “spin”, grab any opportunity to earn money, just to ensure a tolerable life for myself and my loved ones |
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I got used to the fact that I had to give up my usual way of life, live, limiting myself in big and small ways. |
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I live as before, nothing much has changed for me in recent years |
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I was able to take advantage of new opportunities to achieve more |
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I can't adapt to my current life |
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Answer: Russians are gradually adapting to modern conditions, although it is not easy. Justifications: 1) only 12% were unable to adapt to their current life (over three years their number has decreased slightly); 2) the number of those who managed to use new opportunities to achieve more increased slightly (by 3%), the share of those who got used to having to live, limiting themselves in big and small ways, decreased by 6%.
Used materials: 1. Analytical report on the results of the Unified State Exam 2010. Social studies. (http://www.fipi.ru/view/sections/138/docs/522.html) 2. Demonstration version of control measurement materials for the 2011 unified state exam in social studies. 3. Codifier of content elements and requirements for the level of training of graduates of general education institutions for the unified state exam in social studies in 2011. 4. Open segment of FBTZ - http://www.fipi.ru/
“History Tests” - Correct! A. Catherine II. Question No. 2. A. Peter I. B. Paul I. We wish you good luck. Who signed the manifesto on the freedom of the nobility? Think again! Who was the first Russian emperor? Question No. 3. History test. B. Alexander Nevsky. You're wrong!
“History Curriculum” - Prosveshchenie Publishing House annually prepares updated collections of educational programs. Features of the content of “new generation” textbooks. Lomonosov - under the leadership of the Director of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor A.N. Sakharov. Characteristic features of the “new generation” of history textbooks.
“Unified State Examination in History” - Training tasks of the test form with a short answer: Workbook for students of general education institutions / A.N. Fuks, V.V. Sukhov, A.S. Ermakov, E.G. Zhigireva, P.A. Puchkov. - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2008 - History. What additional reasons can you provide? When grading, it is important to remember that: Demo version.
"History at school" - Society's expectations. Which point of view - the first or the second - do you agree with? The concept of teaching history at school. When you were at school, did you like or dislike history as a subject? Preferred system of history education. Others say that the modern period after 2000 should also be covered in school history textbooks.
“Philosophy of History” - The main representative of Western patristics. About the unity of the destinies of humanity in history - the concept of a world-historical process. The cyclical movement of history in a spiral. G. Hegel (1770-1831). The present moment prevailed. Time is extensible and reversible, Gods can do anything. Epistemological (gr. episteme knowledge) - problems of historical knowledge.
“Competency-based approach to teaching” - Competency-based approach to teaching history and social studies. - Learn to know - learn to do - learn to live - learn to be. Ways to implement the competency-based approach. The goal of the competency-based approach. The concept of modernization of Russian education is the formation of key competencies. Relationships between the competency-based approach and other technologies.
There are a total of 38 presentations in the topic
