After the Peloponnesian War died down in the extreme south of the Balkan Peninsula, a young state, Macedonia, gained strength in its north. The foundation of the power of Macedonia was laid by King Philip II.
Under Philip, Macedonia began to mint gold coins, trade ties with other states were strengthened, and new cities were founded. It was Philip who holds the honor of creating the famous Macedonian phalanx. Under him, the army began to be replenished through regular recruitment of soldiers. By order of Philip, she began to
Philip Macedonian Phalanx
Military equipment - siege and throwing machines - are widely used.
The capture of gold mines on the northern coast of the Aegean Sea made it possible to attract a considerable number of experienced mercenary warriors into the ranks of the Macedonian army. Under Philip, large warships with four and even five rows of oars appeared in the army.
The Macedonian army consisted of 30 thousand infantry and 3 thousand cavalry. The infantry included heavily armed warriors, shield bearers and archers.
Consider the formation of warriors in a phalanx. What gave the phalanx an advantage in battle?
Having strengthened his state, Philip began to capture the northern Greek city-states. He used every means to achieve these goals. His agents operated everywhere, collecting information and bribing policy residents. If such measures did not help, then the army came into action.
“A donkey loaded with gold will take any fortress,” said Philip of Macedon.
“The strength of the Macedonians is in the weakness and disunity of the Greeks; if all the Greeks are united, then Philip will not dare to attack us!” - said the famous Greek orator Demosthenes.
More on the topic Strengthening Macedonia under Philip. Features of the Macedonian army:
- Filippov A.V.. Recent history of Russia, 1945-2006. : book for the teacher / A.V. Filippov. - M.: Enlightenment. - 494 p., 2007
- Chapter 2 T. KylerYoung Jr. STRENGTHENING THE POWER AND REACHING THE LIMITS OF ITS GROWTH UNDER DARIUS XERXES
- Chapter XLII. About the rank and rank of the fiscal and their positions in the troops and fortresses
- CHAPTER XVI Features of information support for Soviet and Russian troops in local wars and armed conflicts of the second half of the 20th century
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OP ZHYMYRR DEKUFCHPCHBM CH THUME FTBDYGYY, HUYMYCH RP URBTFBOULPNH PVSHYUBA RTBCHSHCHK ZHMBOZ, LPFPTSCHN Y LPNBODPCHBM bMELUBODT. ynEOOP U RTBCHPZP ZHMBOZB bMELUBODT PVTKHYYMUS ABOUT MECHSHCHK ZHMBOZ UPA'OPZP CHPKULB, ZDE UFPSM "UCHSEEOOOSCHK PFTSD"). lPOOYGB RTPTCHBMB UFTPK UPAЪOPK REIPFSHCH, RPUME YuEZP OBYUBMPUSH YJVYEOYE: "UCHSEEOOOSCHK PFTSD" ZHYCHBOGECH RPZYV RPMOPUFSHHA, BZHYOSOE RPFETSMY OE NEOEE FSHUSYU YUEMPCHEL, EEE 2000 RPRBMY CH RMEO, HGEMECHYE OBENOLY VETSBMY . pFOSHCHOE UHDSHVB zTEGY VSHMB CH THLBI ZHYMYRRRB . nBLEDPOULBS BTNYS RTY ZHYMYRRE h AOPUFY ZHYMYRR PLBBBMUS CH YUYUME ЪБМПЦОИЛПЧ, ШЧДБУШЧНБЛДОПОВОК ЖИЧБН Х ЪОБЛ РТЪОБОВС ИИ ЗМБЧЭУФЧБ, І ФТИ ЗПДБ RTPCHEM RTY ъРБНІОПОПЭ, VMBZPDBTS YUENKH YNEM PE ЪNPTSOPUFSH CHPPYYA OBVMADBFSH Y BOBMYYTPCHBFSH ZHYCHBOULKHA CHPEOOKHA TEZHPTNH Y EE RMPDSCH . rP CHPCHTBEEOOY CH NBLEDPOYA ON UFBM LENA-FP CHTPDE CHPEOOOPZP UPCHEFOILB RTY FPZDBYOEN GBTE RETDYLLE III, B RPUME FPZP LBL CHUPYEM ABOUT RTEUFPM, ЪBFESM NBUYFBVOSH RTEPVTBPBCHBOYS CH N BLEDPOULPN CHPKULE. uOBYUBMB ZHYMYRR TEZHPTNYTPCHBM REIPFH, RTYUEN TEZHPTNB ЪBFTPOKHMB LBL ZHTNKH, FBL Y UPDETSBOYE. rTETSDE CHUEZP ON RETECHEM REIPFKH ABOUT RTPZHEUUYPOBMSHOHA PUOPCHH UPMDBFSH UFBMY RPMKHYUBFSH DEOOTSOPE DPCHPMSHUFCHYE, PFLBBCHYUSH RTY LFPN PF RTETSOYI ЪBOSFYK; “CH OBZTHYLKH” CH REIPFOSCHI RPDTBDEMEOYSI CHCHEMY UHTPCHHA DYUGYRMYOH, RPUFPSOOSHE HRTBTSOEOYS Y RPIPDSCH U RPMOPK CHSHHLMBDLPK. lTPNE FPZP, ZHYMYRR TBDEMYM REIPFKH ABOUT MEZLHA, UTEDOAA Y FSSEMCHA Y OE ABOUT UMPCHBI, B ABOUT DEME CHCHEM DMS RPUMEDOEK VPECHPE RPUFTPEOYE ZHBMBOZPK. oChBS NBLEDPOULBS ZHBMBOZB, LBL EE PRYUSCHCHBAF bTTYBO Y BULMERYPDPF, YNEMB YUYUMEOOPUFSH CH 16 384 YUEMPCHEL, LPFPTSCHCHSHCHUFTBYCHBMYUSH CH 1024 YETEOZY RP 16 CHPYOPCH ZMHVYOP K. PUOPCHOPK EDYOYGEK ZHBMBOZY SCHMSMUS DELBU(DEUSFPL) PE ZMBCHE U DELBDBTIPN; TEBMSHOP YYUMP CHPYOPCH CH DELBUE TBCHOSMPUSH 16. yEUFOBDGBFSH DELBUPCH UPUFBCHMSMY UYOFBZNH(X bTTYBOB MPI), LPFPTBS CHRPUMEDUFCHY UFBMB VBPCHPK VPECHPK EDYOYGEK CH BTNYSI DYBDPIPCH. yEUFSH UYOFBZN PVTBЪPCHCHCHBMY FBLYU- LFP ZTEYUEULPE UMPChP OETEDLP RETECHPDSF LBL "RPML". fBLYN PVTBBPN, CH FBLYUE OBUYFSHCHBMPUSH 1536 YUEMPCHEL. fBLYUSCH UPVYTBMYUSH RP FETTYFPTYBMSHOPNH RTYOBLH. zhBMBOZKH CHPPTHTSYMY DMYOOSHNY LPRSHSNY UBTYUUBNY, DMYOB LPPTTSCHI, LBL ZPCHPTYF rPMYVYK, VSHMB PF 6 DP 7 NEFTPCH. CHEUYMB UBTYUUB PF 6.5 DP 8 LZ, FP EUFSH PDOPC THLPK EE VSHMP ZBLFYUEULY OE KHDETSBFSH. chPPTHTSEOYE DPRPMOSMY DTPFYLY, LPTPFLYE NEYU Y LTHZMSCHE EIFSHCH-BURYUSCH, ULCHPSH REFMY LPFPTSCHI UPMDBFSCH RTPUPCHCHBMY MECHHA THLH Y VTBMYUSH ЪB LPRSH. rTY BFBLE RETCHSHE RSFSH TSDPCH ZHBMBOZY PRKHULBMY UBTYUUSH RBTBMMEMSHOP ENME (TBUUFPSOIE NETSDH OBLPOYUOILBNY LPRYK LBTSDPZP TSDB UPUFBCHMSMP PLPMP 90 UN), PUFBMSHOSHE PDYOOBDGB FSH TSDPCH RPDOINBMY LPRSHS CH CHPDKHI, YuFPVSH PFTBTSBFSH NEFBFEMSHOSHE UOBTSDSCH RTPFYCHOILB. FSTsEMPK REIPFE, YMY ZHBMBOZYFBN, DBMY YNS RDJFBKTPCH (“REYYI DTHJEK”). UTEDOAA OBCHBMY ZYRBURYUFBNY EIFPOPUGBNY; LFP RPDTBBDEMEOYE, LBL CHSTBTSBMUS VEMSCHK tSHGBTSH H LTTTPMMMPCHULPK "bMYUE", VSHMP "UPVUFCHEOOSCHN JPVTEFEOYEN" NBLEDPOSO. ZYRBURYUFSH VSHMY CHPPTHTSEOSH LBL ZTEYUEULYE ZPRMYFSHCH LPRSHSNYY BTZYCHULYYY EIFBNY. h VPA POY DEKUFCHPCHBMY TSDPN U ZHBMBOZPK, LBL RTBCHYMP NETSDH ZHBMBOZPK Y LPOOYGEK, ABOUT KHDBTOPN RTBCHPN ZHMBOZE. LBTSDSCHK PFTSD ZYRBURYUFPCH OBUYFSHCHBM 1000 YUEMPCHEL Y OBSCHCHBMUS IYMYBTIYEK, FP EUFSH "FSHUSYUEK". RETCHHA IYMYBTIYA BZENH UPUFBCHMSMY GBTULYE FEMPITBOFEMY. MEZLHA REIPFKH, RPDPVOP ZHBMBOZE, RPЪBYNUFCHPCHBMY X ZTELPCH. TEYUSH P REMSHFBUFBI (PF ZTEYU. "REMSHFB" MEZLYK RMEFEOSHCHK EIF), YMY DTPFPNEFBFEMSI, LPFPTSCHE CH UTBTSEOY CHSHCHVEZBMY RETED ZHBMBOZPK, VTPUBMY CH RTPPFYCHOILB DTPFILY Y NZOPCHE OOP PFUFHRBMY. fBL RPCHFPTSMPUSH, RPLB ZHBMBOZB OE UIPDIMBUSH U CHTBZPN. rPЪDOEE L NBLEDPOULINE REMSHFBUFBN RTYUPEDYOMYUSH BZTYBOE CHPPTHTSEOOSCH RTBEBNY ZPTGSH YY UECHETOPK nBLEDPOY. lPOOYGKH (“LPOOYGB EUFSH NBUUB PFDEMSHOSHCHI CHUBDOYLPCH”, ZPCHPTYM DEMSHVTAL) FBLCE TBDEMYMY ABOUT FSTSEMHA Y MEZLHA Y RTECHTBFYMY CH LBCHBMETYA, FP EUFSH PVTBPCHBMY PFTSDSH PR TEDEMEOOPK YUYUMEOOPUFY. rP UMPCHBN FPZP TSE DEMSHVTALB, "RETCHBS LBCHMETYS VSHMB UPJDBOB NBLEDPOSBNY". PUOPCHH FSSEMPK NBLEDPOULPK LBCHBMETYY UPUFBCHMSMY ZEFBKTSCH, TBDEMEOOOSCH ABOUT CHPUENSH YM, LPFPTSHCHE, LBL Y FBLUIUSCH, ZHTNYTPCHBMYUSH RP FETTYFPTYBMSHOPNH RTYOBLH. yЪ FYI CHPUSHNY YM UENSH OBUYFSHCHBMY RP 200–210 YUEMPCHEL, B CHPUSHNBS, POB TSE GBTULBS YMB, TPCHOP 300. BTI, PE CHFPTPN TSDH DCHB CHUBDOILB, CH FTEFSHEN FTY, Y FBL DBMEE. rTPTCHBCHYYUSH ULCHPSH CHTBTSEULYK UFTPK, YMB PVSHYUOP TBCHPTBYYCHBMBUSH Y OBRBDBMB ABOUT ZHMBOZ RTPFPYCHOILB. zEFBKTSCH VSHMY CHPPTHTSEOSH UBTYUUBNY, HDBT LPFPTSCHNY OBOPUYMY YMY UCHETIKH, YMY PF RPSUB; "RTPVICHOBS UYMB" FBLPZP KHDBTB VSHMB CHEUSHNB CHEMILB, YuFP RPЪCHPMSMP YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH FSTSEMHA LPOOIGKH DBCE RTPFYCH ZHBMBOZY. h ЪББДБУХ MEZLPK LPOOIGSHCH, LPFPTHA OBSCHCHBMY RTPDTPNPK Y LPFPTBS VSHMB CHPPTHTSEOB DTPFYLBNY, CHIPDIMB TBCHEDLB, ЪББУБУФХА TBCHEDLB VPEN. eEE PDOYN OPChPCHCHEDEOYEN VSHMP TEYYFEMSHOPE UPLTBEEOOYE TBNETPCH PVPЪB, UMEDHAEEZP ЪB BTNYEK, Y KHNEOSHIYOEYE YUYUMB PVPOSCHI. zhYMYRR ЪBRTEFIM REIPFYOGBN YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH LPMEUOSCHK FTBOURPTF; ABOUT DEUSFSH UPMDBF RPMBZBMUS CHUEZP PDYO OPUMSHAIL VHI RETEOPULY CHETECHPL Y THYUOSHI NEMSHOIG VHI ETOB. CHUE PUFBMSHOPE UOBTSSEOYE, DPUREII Y RTYRBUSCH ABOUT FTYDGBFSH DOEK LBTSDSCHK REIPFJOEG DPMTSEO VSHM OEUFY ABOUT UEVE. CHUBDOILBN TBTEYMYYYNEFSH RP PDOPNKH LPOAIH ABOUT YUEMPCHELB. th RPUMEDOEE last but not the least, LBL ZPCHPTSF BOZMYYUBOE. zhYMYRR OBYUBM YTPLP YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH FEIOILH FBTBOSHCH, LBFBRKHMSHFSCH, VBMMYUFSHCH, PUBDOSHE VBOYY RT. BY RTYCHMEL CH NBLEDPOYA UYGYMYKULYI Y ZHEUUBMYKULYI YЪPVTEFBFEMEK, RPTUMBCHMEOOOSCHY UCHPYNY RPBOBOYSNYY CH CHPEOOPK FEIOYLE. chDPVBCHPL, U EZP MEZLPK THLY CH NBLEDPOULPN ChPKULE RPSCHYMBUSH TBCHEDLB; X ZTELPCH TBCHEDLY LBL FBLLPCHPK RTBLFYUEULY OE UHEEUFCHPCHBMP, YЪ-ЪB YuEZP CHTBTSDHAEYE UFPTPPOSH YUBUFEOSHLP RPDIPDYMY DTHZ L DTHZH OEBBNEYOOOSCHNY. NBLEDPOGSH CE BLFYCHOP (RHUFSH Y OE CHUEZDB KHDBYUOP RTYNETPN YENH SCHIMPUSH NBOECHTYTPCHBOYE RETED VYFCHPK RTY yuUUE) YURPMSHЪPCHBMY TBCHEDLH Y ABOUT NBTYE, Y RETED UTB TsEOYSNY. yOSCHNY UMPCHBNY, OPCHBS NBLEDPOULBS BTNYS RTEDUFBCHMSMB UPVPK CHPEOOKHA NBYOKH, PVAEDYOSAEHA FTY TPDB CHPKUL REIPFH, LBCBMETYA Y BTFYMMETYA; TEZKHMSTOPE RTYNEOOYE PUBDOPK FEIOILY RPJCHPMSEF ZPCHPTYFSH Y P RTPPVTBJE YOTSEETOSCHI CHPKUL. rTYUEN LFB OEPVSHCHUBKOP UMPTSOBS DMS FPZP CHTENEY UFTHLFKHTB PFMYYUBMBUSH YUEFLPK PTZBOYBGYEK Y PFMYUOPK "RTPIPDYNPUFSHHA HRTBCHMSAEEZP UYZOBMB". oEHDYCHYFEMSHOP, YuFP NBLEDPOULBS BTNYS FBL DPMZP OE OBMB RPTBCEOYK. UP UCHPYNY ZMBCHOSCHNY RTPFPYCHOILBNY RPVEDIFEMSH PVPYEMUS RP-TBOPNKH. ZHYCHBN VSHMP CHNEOEOP CH PVSBOOPUFSH CHETOHFSH YZOBOOILPC, LPFPTSHCHE DPMTSOSCH VSHMY PVTBPCHBFSH OPCHSHCHK UPCHEF VEPFBTIPCH (LFPF UPCHEF PFRTBCHYM RTETSOYI RTBCHYFEMEK VEPFYY CHY ЪSOBOYE YMY RTYZPCHPTYM L UNETFY). VEPFYKULYK UPA RTELTBFYM UCHPE UKHEEUFCHPCHBOYE, ZPTPDB RPMKHYUMY UBNPUFPFSFEMSHOPUFSH Y CHNEUFE U OEA PMYZBTIYUEULPE RTBCHMEOYE; VSHCHMY CHPUUFBOPCHMEOSCH ZPTPDULYE PVEYOSCH rMBFEK, PTIPNEOB Y ZHEURYK; PVMBUFSH pTPRB, ЪBICHBUEOOHA ZHYCHBOGBNY X BZHIOSO DCHBDGBFSH MEF OBBD, CHETOHMY bZHIOBN; NBLEDPOULYK ZBTOYPO ЪBOSM lBDNEA ZHYCHBOULYK BLTPRPMSH. eEE ZHYCHBOGSH RPFETSMY RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHUFCHP CH UPCHEFE BNZHYLFYPOPCH. YuFP TSE LBUBEFUS bZHYO, DMS OYI HUMPCHYS PLBBBMYUSH OBYUYFEMSHOP MEZUE, YUEN NPTsOP VSCHMP PTSYDBFSH. zPTPD UPITBOSM OEBCHYUYNPUFSH, ZHMPF Y PUOPCHOSHE LMETHYYY (LPMPOYY) ABOUT MENOPUE, yNVTPUE, ULYTPUE Y UBNPUE, ЪBFP PFLBSCHBMUS PF RTYFSBOYK ABOUT IETUPOEU ZTBLYKULYK ; bZHYOULYK NPTULPK UPA TBURKHULBMUS, Y bZHYOSCH UFBOPCHYMYUSH YUMEOBNY RBOMMYOULPZP UPAUB U ZHYMYRRPN PE ZMBCHE. oEMSHЪS OE PVTBFYFSH CHOYNBOYE ABOUT FP, ULPMSH NYMPUFYCHP (LFP, RPTsBMKHK, UBNPE FPYUOPE UMPChP) PFOPUYMUS ZHYMYRR L bZHIOBN; CHRPUMEDUFCHY RPDPVOPE PFOPYEOYE L "ZPTPDH UNHFSHSOPCH" VHDEF IBTBLFETOPE Y DMS bMELUBODTTB. lPZDB CH BJOBI KHOOBMY PV YUIPDE VYFCHE RTY IETPOEE, ZPTPD PICHBFYMB RBOILB: UREYOP UPCHBOOPE OBTPDOPE UPVTBOYE RPUFBOPCHYMP RETECHEFY TSEOEYO Y DEFEC YЪ PLTEUFOSCHI RPUEMEOYK CHOKHFTSH ZPTPDULYI UFEO, NOPZIE ЪBTSYFPYUOSCH MADI, OBPVPTPF, RPLYDBMY ZPTPD, PTBFPT ZYRETYD RTEDMPTSYM DBFSH UCHPVPDH TBVBN, B YOPYENGBN DBTPCHBFSH BZHYOULPE ZTBTSDBOUFChP, "YUFPVSHCHUE CH RPMOPN EDYOPDKHYYY UTBTSBMYUSH YB PFEYUEUFChP." TENEUMEOOILY OE RPLMBDBS THL YUYOYMY UFEOSCH, DTHZIE ZPTPTsBOE KHZMKHVMSMY LTERPUFOSHCH TCSHCH, OBRBDEOYE ZHYMYRRRB ABOUT ZPTPD PTSYDBMPUSH CH MAVK NPNEOF. OP NBLEDPOULIK GBTSH OE RPYEM ABOUT BJYOSCH. rTYYUYOB LFPPZP, CHETPSFOEE CHUEZP, ЪBLMAYUBMBUSH CH FPN, UFP DMS CHUSLPZP BMMYOB bZHYOSCH VSHCHMY UYNCHPMPN bMMBDSH Y RPLPTYFSH YI UYMPK PЪOBYUBMP RTYOBFSH UCHPA RTYOBDME TsOPUFSH L CHBTCHBTBN (YNEOOOP CHBTCHBTSH-RETUSH ЪBICHBFYMY Y TBTHYMYMY ZPTPD CH 480–479 ZZ. DP O. L.; URBTFBOGSH CE, PUBTSDBCHYE ZPTPD PE CHTENS rEMPROOUULPK CHPKOSHCH, PZTBOYUYMYUSH FEN, YuFP UTSHMY dMYOOSHCHE UFEOSCH). b RPULPMSHLH ZHYMYRR, LBL ZPCHPTYMPUSH CHCHYE, UYYFBM UEVS YUFYOOSHN BMMYOPN Y RPDYUETLYCHBM LFP RTY LBCDPN KHDPVOPN UMKHYUBE, UBNBS NSHUMSH P ЪBICHBFE bZHY ABOUT DPMTSOB VSHMB LBBBFSHUS ENKH UChSFPFBFUFChPN: PDOP DEMP CHPECHBFSH U bZJOBNY CHOE RTEDEMPCH bFFYLY Y UPCHUEN DTHZPE YFKHTNPCHBFSH MEZEODBTOSHCHK ZPTPD. fBL YMY YOBYUE, bZHYOSCH RPYUFY OE RPUFTBDBMY UB UCHPE KHRTSNUFCHP. lPZDB CH UPVTBOYY PVIASCHYMY PV HUMPCHYSI NYTB U ZHYMYRRRPN, ZPTPD CHPMYLPCHBM. fHF CE VSHMP TEYEOP PLBBBFSH VPTSEUFCHEOOSCH RPYUEUFY zHYMYRRKH; UBNPNH GBTA, EZP USCHOKH bMELUBODTH Y NBLEDPOULINE RPMLPCHPDGBN rBTNEOYPOH Y boFYRBFTH VSHMP DBTPCHBOP BZHYOULPE ZTBTSDBOUFChP, EEE RPUFBOPCHYMY ChP'DCHYZOKHFSH ABOUT BZPTE UFBFH A zHYMYRRRB-VMBZPDEFEMS. rTPFYCH DENPUZHEOB LBL ZMBCHOPZP ЪBUYOAILB BOFYNBLEDPOULYI CHSHCHUFKHRMEOYK EDCHB MY OE ETsEDOECHOP CHPVHTSDBMYUSH UKHDEVOSH TBVYTBFEMSHUFCHB; RPJDOEE ON FBL ZPCHPTYM PV LFPN: “y... 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ChPPV EE CHUE FBLPZP TPDB NETSCH... chShch, LPOYUOP, OBEFEE Y RPNOIFE, YuFP RETCHPE CHTENS S RTYCHMELBMUS L UKHDH ETSEDOECHOP, Y FPZDB KH LFYI MADEK OE PUFBMPUSH OEYURSHCHFBOOSCHN RTPFPYCH NEOS OH PDOP UTEDUFCHP...” (“b lFEUYZHPOFB P CHEOLE”). b zhYMYRR FEN CHTENEOEN RETEUEL bFFYLH Y CHUFKHRIM CH RTEDEMSH REMPROOEUB. rPSCHMEOYE NBLEDPOULPK BTNYY KHUFTBOYMP CHUE RPMYUSCH, ЪB YULMAYUEOYEN URBTFSCH; GBTSH DBTPCHBM NYT lPTYOZHKH, NEZBTE Y DTHZYN OEDBCHOYN RTPFPYCHOILBN RTY HUMPCHYY, YuFP CH TSDE ZPTPDPCH rempropooeb CHUFBOKHF NBLEDPOULYE ZBTOYPOSCH. lTPNE FPZP, BY PREDEMYM ZTBOYGSCH URBTFSCH U BTZPUPN, neZBMPRPMEN, FEZEEK Y NEUUEOPK, CH TEKHMSHFBFE YuEZP CHBTSOEKYE DPTPZY ABOUT RPMKHPUFTPCH PLBUBMYUSH RPD RTYUNPFTPN FAIRIES, LFP L URBTTFBOGBN PFOPUYMUS OEDTHTSEMAVOP Y ABOUT LPZP RPPFPNH ZHYMYRR NPZ CH YICHEUFOPK UFEREOY RPMPTSYFSHUS. h LPOGE 338 ZPDB DP O. 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Phalanx
A new type of phalanx was created by the father of Alexander the Great - Philip II. Needing a good army, the Macedonian kings had long wanted to create infantry formations that were not inferior in strength to the armies of the largest Greek city states. But they did not have such an opportunity. Since a feature of Macedonia during this period was the absence of a wide layer of polit, i.e. citizens of the policies, capable of purchasing at their own expense the heavy weapons of the panoplia hoplite infantryman. The kings of Macedonia were not so rich as to arm the entire army at their own expense. The original decision, which subsequently changed the entire tactics of military operations, was made by Philip II.
From the free peasants and shepherds under his control, he created the Macedonian phalanx, the difference from the usual one was that only the warriors in the front ranks had a full set of defensive heavy weapons, the rest were less expensively protected. Success in battle was achieved by deeper formation of the phalanx and the use of sarissa.
Since the original length of the sarissa did not exceed three meters, the spear was used both as a throwing and piercing weapon. After the reform, the length of the sarissa increased to 6-7 meters. Now the sarissa began to be used as the main weapon of the Macedonian phalanx. This weapon became a symbol of the Macedonian phalanx, so the warriors included in it were often called sarissaphoros (carrying sarissa), in contrast to simple spearmen - aconists
However, the more correct name for the Macedonian phalangites is pedzetaira, which means “foot friends”, by analogy with hetaira - simply “friends”, a selected cavalry detachment consisting of Macedonian aristocrats.
The Macedonian phalanx was a solid wall bristling with sarissas, because several rows of soldiers could now use long spears at once, and they were built denser than the soldiers of a regular phalanx. The attack of the phalanx was so crushing that no one could resist it while it was a single whole.
The main difficulty for using the phalanx in battle was the need for very high training of the warriors, because any mistake led to the destruction of the formation, and, consequently, the death of the entire phalanx, whose long spears became useless in this case. Recruiting, arming, training and keeping a phalanx of almost 20,000 in constant combat readiness was very difficult.
Alexander improved his father's fighting tactics. He began to build the Macedonian phalanx at an angle; this formation made it possible to concentrate forces to attack the enemy’s right flank, traditionally weak in the armies of that time.
In the Hellenistic states of the Ptolemies, Seleucids and Antigonids, the Macedonian phalanx was one of the main components of the entire army. During this period, changes were made to the organization of the phalanx, mainly ethnic, i.e. in the absence of a sufficient number of Macedonians, the local Asian population was included in its composition. For example, in the Battle of Rafia, the phalanx consisted of Egyptians.
The Macedonian phalanx was divided into taxis (regiments) of 1,500 pedzetairoi, each. The taxi driver was in command - the taxiarch. At the time of Philip II's death in 336 BC. There were 12 such taxis in the Macedonian army. Alexander, going to war with Persia, took exactly half with him, leaving the rest to guard Macedonia, under the command of Antipater.
In addition to the pedzetairs, the Macedonian phalanx also included, much smaller in number, a detachment of selected warriors - hypaspists (shield bearers). This was an elite squad. The hypaspists were slightly lighter armed than the pedzetaira and were very maneuverable. The hypaspists were especially successful in operating in rough terrain, and they formed the personal security units of the king and his entourage.
Before going to India, Alexander created another elite unit on the basis of the phalanx - the argyraspists (silver shields). After the death of Alexander, the Argyraspists took part in the wars of the Diadochi and stained themselves with betrayal: betraying Eumenes to Antigone. However, the glory of this unit was so great that decorating the shield with silver later became a tradition; in the army of the Seleucid Antiochus IV, most of the phalanx had such shields.
Hetaira, or as they are often called in literature - (g)aeters, which in literal translation from Greek means “friends”, constituted the main striking force of the Macedonian cavalry. The hetaira were dressed in good-quality armor and helmets, they had a sarissa in their right hand, a shield in their left, and their war horses were also protected by armor. The attack of this heavy cavalry often decided the outcome of the battle, as was the case, for example, at Chaeronea in 338 BC. Therefore, the getairs are often incorrectly called the cavalry phalanx.
In Alexander's army there were almost 1,600 hetairas, divided into 8 il (squadrons) of 200 horsemen each. Il consisted of aristocrats living in one area, and they were commanded by the head of the local nobility - the Ilarch. The first silt - “royal” or, as it is also called “royal agema”, consisted of the aristocrats closest to the king and went into battle at his command. The tradition of personally entering battle at the head of one's mounted agem, usually lined up on the right flank, persisted throughout the Hellenistic era.
In the Macedonian army of Alexander there were other units, besides those listed, that continued their combat life during the Hellenistic period. For example, peltasts, who combined the qualities of heavy and light infantry. They were armed with javelins and short swords, their defensive weapons consisted of a helmet, a shell and a light leather pelta shield, from which they got their name. Dimmakhs (double fighters) are horsemen armed in the likeness of peltasts, entering into battle both on horseback and on foot. Hippotoxotes are horse archers, hippokontists are horsemen armed with pikes, etc.
Ethnic contingents became widespread in the Hellenistic era: Thracians, Galatians, Tarentines, etc. - armed and fighting according to their national customs. Typically, such units were used as auxiliary units.
Beginning with the Battle of Hydaspes, war elephants began to operate in the wars of the Hellenistic era. As you know, elephants live in two places on the planet: Africa and India; these populations differ from each other and therefore the literature usually indicates which elephants we are talking about. Ancient authors tell us that the Indian elephant was much better trained than the African elephant, but modern science disputes this assertion.
Despite its formidable size, the elephant has quite sensitive skin and is therefore easily vulnerable. In this regard, the elephant’s body was covered with protective armor. On the back of the elephant there was a tower with four arrows. On the neck there was a driver with a chisel and a hammer to break the head of the animal if, out of fear, it moved in the other direction, against its own. The elephant's tusks were lengthened with swords, and before the battle he was driven to madness by drinking a mixture of wine and pepper.
The Seleucids especially often used war elephants, receiving them from India. This animal was even immortalized on their coins. Seleucus I, who received 500 elephants from India, bore the nickname Elephantarchus ("Lord of the Elephants"). The Epirus king Pyrrhus took his elephants to Italy.
War (sickle) chariots were also used in the Hellenistic era. These were chariots drawn by a pair of armored horses, the main danger of which was the sharp blades attached to the axles of the wheels. Although these weapons were considered obsolete, sometimes their successful use brought victory. As this, for example, happened in the battle between the strategist Mithridates Eupator and the Bithynians: “Arhelaeus noticed that they had gathered their strength, he went on the offensive and, with a strong onslaught, threw chariots with scythes against the Bithynians, began to chop them down and cut some into two, and some and into many pieces. This circumstance filled the army of Nicomedes with horror, when they saw people cut in half and still breathing, or torn to pieces, and their bodies hanging on chariots. Due to disgust at such a spectacle, rather than due to defeat in the battle, they mixed their ranks in horror" (Appian).
The Greek word “diadochos” (diadokh) in literal translation means successor, heir, this is how, according to the tradition established in ancient times, the commanders who fought among themselves for the division of the empire of Alexander the Great are called. Usually, the diadochi are identified as: Ptolemy Lagas, Antigone One-Eyed, Seleucus I, Lysimachus, Eumenes, Perdiccas, Antipater, Craterus, Polysperchon, Cassandra, Demetrius Poliorcetes. The end of the era of the Diadochi is considered to be the Battle of Ipsus, after which the idea of preserving a unified Macedonian power collapsed completely.
“Epigonoi” (epigon) - translated as “born after”, descendant. In modern Russian, this word has acquired a disparaging connotation, but in ancient times it did not exist and the term epigon was used without any connotation. Epigones are the Hellenistic rulers of the second and third generations who fought among themselves in the first half of the 3rd century. AD - Ptolemy II, Ptolemy III, Antiochus I, Antiochus II, Antigone Gonant, Demetrius and several others.
Material: Gulenkov K.L.
It is difficult to find a person who has not heard of Alexander the Great, the great commander who crushed the huge Persian power. Freedom-loving Greeks against servile Asians, a handful of Macedonians and Greeks against countless hordes of barbarians - this is the common and, unfortunately, incorrect idea about the campaign of the Macedonian king. And yet, absolutely everyone is right about one thing - without his army, Alexander would hardly have fulfilled his plan. But often the knowledge of ordinary people about this army is limited to such concepts as phalanx and hetaira, which does not reflect the whole essence. What was she like, who were these people and why did they follow their king?
Alexander the Great, at the head of the Hetaira, crosses the Granik, 334 BC.
Structure. The backbone of the army consisted of Macedonians and tribes from the north of the Balkan Peninsula. Among them there were very few urban residents, which is understandable - the urbanization of Macedonia was just beginning. The army consisted of many units, which will be discussed below.
Phalanx. The phalanx was a Greek invention, but the Macedonians, taking all the best from the Greeks, introduced their own achievements into military art. Thus was born the famous Macedonian phalanx, whose warriors were the strongest in the world until Roman rule. Unlike the Greek phalangites, the Macedonian ones did not wear heavy armor and large round shields. A small pelta shield and a heavy seven-meter sarissa pike were the weapons of the Macedonian hoplite, or sarissaphorus. The phalanx consisted of two wings, each of which had just over 8,000 warriors. The wing consisted of 32 syntagmas, each of which had 256 warriors. Basically, the phalanx had 16 rows in depth, but on command it could double the rows, rebuilding into 8 rows, and vice versa. Flexibility and maneuverability also distinguished the Macedonian phalanx from the Greek. This was the main striking force of the Macedonian army.
Syntagma - 1/64 part of the phalanx
Cavalry. The strongest horsemen were the hetairas - the color of the cavalry, the king's horse guard, consisting only of aristocrats. The rider's body was protected by a shell, and the weapons consisted of a short copid sword, a pike with a 30-centimeter tip and a small light pelta shield. Those horsemen who were in the front ranks of the detachment had more powerful armor made of metal plates or armor made of leather and iron inserts. It was at the head of the hetaira that Alexander himself went into battle, breaking into the enemy’s ranks and changing the course of the battle. In addition to the hetaira, there were also detachments of lightly armed sarissophoran mounted spearmen and Thessalian cavalry, armed with pikes and straight double-edged blades. Macedonian horsemen did not use stirrups or saddles, which presupposed good physical training and a high level of skill of each warrior. We cannot doubt the presence of the latter, given the enormous role that both Philip and Alexander assigned to cavalry in battles.
Sarissophoran Rider
Mercenary and auxiliary troops. The Macedonian army also had mercenaries. First of all, these were the classic Greek hoplites, armed with pikes about 2.5 m long and a round shield 90 centimeters in diameter, light infantry with javelins - peltasts, Cretan archers, considered one of the best in their field, and slingers, who mainly used as bait for the enemy. Of the auxiliary units, 3,000 royal shield-bearers-hypaspists, personally selected by the king from the free population of Macedonia, deserve special attention. It was something like a foot guard. They walked directly behind the phalanx and were armed with an iron shield, a spear and a small blade. We should not forget about such a compound as the Agrians. This was an advanced detachment of lightly armed warriors recruited from the Paeonian tribes. They carried out the most difficult assignments, delivered an unexpected blow to the enemy, or pursued an already defeated enemy. The Agrians were armed with darts with a pyramidal tip, which, on occasion, could be used both as a throwing weapon and as a melee weapon.
Peltasts - light infantry armed with javelins
Corps of Engineers. The corps of engineers was introduced into military affairs by the Assyrians at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. Of course, in Alexander’s grandiose campaign, people were absolutely necessary to build bridges, build siege weapons, pave roads and equip ships.
The army included not only warriors. It was a huge column of people, stretching for many kilometers, in which there were soothsayers and scientists, artists and philosophers, servants and slaves, women and children, traders and artisans. All these people were part of a complex organism, and each played its role.
Number. Discipline. Psychology. The cliché about the small number of Alexander’s troops is quite firmly established in the minds of people who know at least something about his deeds. In reality it wasn't that small. Together with the expeditionary force, which Alexander’s father Philip sent to Asia Minor shortly before his death, the army consisted of about 50 thousand horse and foot soldiers. Of course, even these fifty thousand could not be compared with the unlimited human resources of the Persian Empire. What distinguished the Greeks from the Persians militarily? Most likely, discipline and constant military exercises. And here one cannot help but recall Philip of Macedon, who nurtured from the inhabitants of the mountains and shepherds mighty warriors, firmly holding a sword or sarissa.
Phalanx
Discipline was not something that was clearly understood by the mind. It was based rather on faith, the special feeling with which the ordinary soldier was connected with the king, as well as on the general goal of the campaign. The king shared the hardships of the campaign with the soldiers and distributed the spoils, showing his generosity, and the soldiers remained faithful to him and pledged to follow him everywhere. In addition, there was a psychological aspect. The soldiers believed not only in the king, but also in themselves. They believed that they had strength that their opponents did not have, that they were more dexterous, powerful and disciplined than the Persians. With each new victory, this belief only strengthened, and its apogee was the famous Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC, which put an end to the Persian Empire and its hegemony in the Mediterranean. A new era was approaching, illuminated by the light of Greek culture, which would later be called Hellenism.
Philip 2 created all the prerequisites so that his son could conquer half the world. Philip began with an army defeated by the Illyrians, with a poor and weak state. Having strengthened the army and defeated the northern barbarians, Philip took control of the rich mines. Where through diplomacy, where through bribery, and where through decisive military action, Philip subjugated neighboring states, starting with Thessaly. Like Rome in the future, Philip divided and conquered Greece. The Battle of Chaeronea finally secured Macedonian hegemony, allowed Philip to lead the Corinthian League and begin preparations for the invasion of Persia. Death prevented him from fulfilling his plans.
Information about Philip 2 of Macedon and the Battle of Chaeronea can be found in Diodorus Sicilian’s “Historical Library”, Polyene’s “Strategems”, Plutarch’s “Comparative Lives” and Justin’s “History of Philip - Pompey Trogus”. Philip's preparation of 2 phalangites is described in the article.
Plutarch, Pelopidas
He (Pelopidas) settled the discord, brought back the exiles and, taking Philip, the king's brother, and thirty other boys from the most noble families hostage, he sent them to Thebes to show the Greeks how far the influence of the Thebans extended thanks to the fame of their power and faith in their justice. This was the same Philip who later challenged Greece’s freedom by force of arms. As a boy he lived in Thebes with Pammenes and on this basis was considered a zealous follower of Epaminondas. It is possible that Philip actually learned something, seeing his tirelessness in matters of war and command...
Justin, 6.9
At the same time (the Athenians) began to divide public funds, which had previously supported warriors and oarsmen, among the city population. As a result of all this, it so happened that, through the fault of such licentiousness of the Greeks, a despicable, unknown people - the Macedonians - rose from insignificance, and Philip, who was kept in Thebes for three years as a hostage, brought up on the examples of the valor of Epaminondas and Pelopidas, imposed on the whole of Greece and Asia the domination of Macedonia is like a yoke of slavery.
Diodorus, 16.2,3,8,35
Philip, son of Amyntas and father of Alexander, who defeated the Persians in war, received the Macedonian throne in the following manner. When Amyntas was defeated by the Illyrians and forced to pay tribute to the conquerors, the Illyrians took Philip, Amyntas's youngest son, as a hostage and left him in the care of the Thebans. They, in turn, entrusted the boy to Epaminondas' father and ordered him to closely monitor his ward and supervise his upbringing and education. When Epaminondas was assigned to teach philosophy in the Pythagorean school, Philip, who had been educated with him, acquired wide acquaintance with Pythagorean philosophy. Since both students showed natural ability and hard work, they proved their superiority with valor. Of the two, Epaminondas underwent the most severe trials and battles and led his fatherland, almost miraculously, to the leadership of Hellas, while Philip, using his exactly the same initial training, achieved no less than the glory of Epaminondas. After the death of Aminta, Alexander, the eldest of Aminta's sons, ascended the throne. But Ptolemy of Alor killed him and assumed the throne, and then Perdiccas dealt with him in a similar manner, and ruled as king. But when he was defeated in a great battle with the Illyrians and fell in battle, Philip, his brother, escaped from custody as a hostage, and received the kingdom in a bad state. The Macedonians lost more than four thousand men in the battle, and the rest, gripped by panic, became extremely afraid of the Illyrian army and lost the courage to continue the war. Around the same time, the Paeonians who lived near Macedonia began to plunder its lands, showing contempt for the Macedonians, the Illyrians began to gather a large army and prepare to invade Macedonia, while a certain Pausanias, who was associated with the royal family of Macedonia, plans to with the help of the Thracian king to join the struggle for the throne of Macedonia. Likewise, the Athenians, also hostile to Philip, tried to place Argaeus on the throne and sent the general Manthias with three thousand hoplites and a significant naval force.
The Macedonians, due to the misfortunes they suffered in battle and the great dangers pressing on them, were in great confusion. And yet, because of such fears and dangers threatening him, Philip was not panicked by the significance of the expected work, but by calling the Macedonians together in a series of meetings and calling on them in a powerful speech to be men, he raised their morale, improved their organization his forces and supplied the people with suitable weapons for war, he introduced constant training of people under arms and competitions in physical exercises. Indeed, he developed the close formation and equipment of the phalanx, imitating the closed battle formation with overlapping shields of the Trojan warriors, and was the first creator of the Macedonian phalanx.
Artist A. Karashchuk
...And since from these mines he soon accumulated wealth, with an abundance of money he raised the prestige of the Macedonian kingdom higher and higher flesh to the highest position, since the gold coins that he minted became known by his name as Philippi, he organized a large detachment mercenaries, and with the help of this money he persuaded many Greeks to become traitors to their native land through bribes.
After this, Philip, answering the call of the Thessalians, brought his troops into Thessaly, and at first waged war against Lycophron, the tyrant of Thera, helping the Thessalians, but later, Lycophron called in auxiliary forces from his allies the Phocians, Phaillus, brother of Onomarchus, was sent with seven thousand Human. But Philip defeated the Phocians and expelled them from Thessaly. Then Onomarchus came in haste with all his military forces to support Lycophron, believing that he would achieve dominance over all of Thessaly. When Philip, together with the Thessalians, entered into battle against the Phocians, Onomarchus, having a numerical superiority, defeated him in two battles and killed many of the Macedonians. Philip found himself in extreme danger and his soldiers were so discouraged that they abandoned him, but having aroused the courage of the majority, he with great difficulty forced them to obey his orders. Later, Philip led his troops to Macedonia, and Onomarchus, going to Boeotia, defeated the Boeotians in battle and took the city of Coronea. As for Thessaly, Philip just at that time returned with an army from Macedonia and set out on a campaign against Lycophron, the tyrant of Fer. Lycophron, however, since the balance of forces was not in his favor, summoned the Phocians to reinforce his allies, promising to organize a government in Thessaly together with them. Therefore, when Onomarchus hastened to his support with twenty thousand foot and five hundred horse, Philip, having convinced the Thessalians to wage war together, assembled a joint force of more than twenty thousand foot and three thousand horse. A stubborn battle ensued and, with the Thessalian cavalry outnumbering the enemy in both numbers and valor, Philip was victorious. As Onomarchus fled to the sea and Chares of Athens happened to sail by on his triremes, a great massacre of the Phocians took place; people, trying to escape, took off their armor and tried to swim to the triremes, and among them was Onomarchus. In the end, more than six thousand Phocians and mercenaries were killed, including the general himself, and no less than three thousand were taken prisoner. Philip hanged Onomarch, and he threw the rest into the sea as desecrators of the temple.
Polyene, 4.2.17
Philip, wanting to acquire Thessaly, did not openly fight with the Thessalians himself, but while the Pellineans were fighting with the Pharsalians and the Pheraeans with the Larissians, and the rest were divided into warring sides, he always came to the aid of those who called him. Having gained the upper hand, he did not expel the vanquished, did not take away weapons, did not destroy fortifications, but further intensified strife or unleashed them, supported the weak, overthrew the stronger, was a friend to the representatives of the people, and provided services to demagogues. It was with these stratagems, and not with weapons, that Philip took possession of Thessaly.
2.38.2 (Philip's defeat by stone throwers)
Onomarchus, preparing for battle against the Macedonians, occupied a semicircular mountain in his rear and, hiding stones and stone throwers on both peaks, led the army to the plain below. When the advancing Macedonians fired, the Phocians pretended to run to the middle of the mountain. The Macedonians were already pushing them back, pursuing them with courage and pressure, while the same ones, throwing stones from the tops, crushed the Macedonian phalanx. It was then that Onomarchus gave the signal to the Phocians to turn and attack the enemies. The Macedonians, when some attacked them from behind and others threw stones, fled with great difficulty and retreated. During this flight, King Philip of the Macedonians is said to have said: “I did not flee, but retreated like a ram in order to strike again with a stronger blow.”
Plutarch, Demosthenes
...Then, traveling as an ambassador throughout Greece and making incendiary speeches against Philip, he (Demosthenes) rallied almost all states to fight Macedonia, so that it was possible to recruit an army of fifteen thousand foot and two thousand horse, in addition to detachments of citizens, and each the city willingly contributed money to pay the mercenaries' salaries.
Demosthenes, Speeches
First of all, then, the Lacedaemonians, and everyone else, would invade within four or five months, just at the best time of the year, devastate the country of the *enemies* with their hoplites, that is, the civil militia, and then go back home. Now... on the contrary, you hear that Philip goes wherever he pleases, not with the help of an army of hoplites, but surrounding himself with lightly armed cavalry, archers, mercenaries - generally troops of this kind. When, with these troops, he attacks people suffering from internal ailments, and no one comes to defend their country due to mutual distrust, then he will install military machines and begin a siege. And I'm not even talking about the fact that it is completely indifferent to him whether it is winter or summer at this time, and he does not make exceptions for any time of the year and does not suspend his actions at any time.
And look how it was with Philip, with whom we were fighting. Firstly, he himself had complete authority over his subordinates, and this is the most important thing of all in matters of war. Then, his people never let go of their weapons. Further, he had plenty of money, and he did what he himself found necessary, ... he did not have to give an account to anyone - in a word, he was the master, leader and master over everything. Well, and I, placed one on one against him (it’s fair to analyze this too), what did I have power over? - Over nothing! ...But still, despite such disadvantages in our position, I attracted the Euboeans, Achaeans, Corinthians, Thebans, Megarians, Leucadians, Corcyraeans to an alliance with you - from all of them I managed to recruit a total of fifteen thousand mercenaries and two thousand horsemen , in addition to civilian forces; I tried to collect as much money as I could.
Artist Johnny Shumate
Battle of Chaeronea, 338 BC
The description of the Battle of Chaeronea is very vague. Most later authors try to emphasize the role of Alexander. Even the deployment of armies is not completely clear. Modern authors try to reconstruct the battle, often from directly opposite points of view. The reconstruction of Andrei Kurkin is original, completely changing the disposition of troops in comparison with the generally accepted interpretation of the sources. It is based on the location of the lion - a monument to the dead and explains many aspects of the battle, but does not agree with the fact that Philip directly fought the Athenians. In Hammond's reconstruction, the wing led by the sacred detachment of Thebans for some reason leaned back. While Epaminondas, on the contrary, built an oblique battle formation with the strongest wing forward.
Diodorus, 16.85-86
He (Philip) waited until the last straggler of his allies arrived and then entered Boeotia. His troops came with more than thirty thousand infantry and no less than two thousand cavalry. Both sides were eager for battle, in good spirits and ardent, and were comparable in courage, but the king had the advantage in numbers and in the gift of a commander. He fought many battles of various types and was victorious in most cases, so he had a lot of experience in military operations. On the Athenian side, the best of their strategists were dead—Iphicrates, Chabrias, and Timothy among them—and the best of those who remained, Chares, was no better than any average soldier in the energy and prudence required of a commander.
Artist Xristos Gianopoulos
The armies deployed at dawn and the king placed his son Alexander, a youth in years, but noted for valor and speed of action, on one wing, placing his most experienced strategists next to him, and he himself commanded at the head of selected detachments on the other; separate units were stationed where the occasion required. On the other hand, having divided the front among the nations, the Athenians gave one wing to the Boeotians, and themselves took leadership of the other. As soon as the battle began, both sides competed hotly for a long time, and there were many fallen on both sides, so that for some time the course of the struggle gave hope of victory to both sides.
Then Alexander, whose soul compelled him to show his father his daring and indomitable will to win, skillfully supported by his people, was the first to break the solid front of the enemy line and, having defeated many, he laid a heavy burden on the troops opposing him. His comrades achieved the same success; gaps in the front line were constantly open. Piling up corpses, Alexander finally fought his way through the line and put his opponents to flight. Then the king also personally moved significantly forward and, not inferior in honor to victory even to Alexander, he first pushed back the troops located in front of him, and then, forcing them to flee, became the man who brought victory. More than a thousand Athenians fell in the battle and no less than two thousand were captured. In addition, many of the Boeotians were killed, and many were taken prisoner. After the battle, Philip set up a victory trophy, gave out the fallen for burial, made sacrifices to the gods for the victory, and rewarded those of his men who distinguished themselves according to their merits.
Reconstruction of the battle, A. Kurkin
Polyene, 4.2.2.7
Philip, when he fought with the Athenians at Chaeronea, retreated and retreated. Stratocles, the strategist of the Athenians, exclaimed: “We must keep up with the enemies until we drive them into Macedonia!” – continued to follow the Macedonians. “The Athenians do not know how to win,” said Philip and began to retreat facing the enemy, closing the phalanx and defending himself with weapons from the onslaught of the Athenians. A little later, having occupied the hills, he encouraged his army, made a turn and, decisively rushing towards the Athenians, fought brilliantly with them and won.
Philip at Chaeronea, knowing that the Athenians were impetuous and not accustomed to military exercises, and the Macedonians were experienced and trained, after prolonging the battle for a long time, he soon tired out the Athenians and thereby easily won a victory over them.
Reconstruction of the battle, N. Hammond
Plutarch, Alexander
Alexander also took part in the battle with the Greeks at Chaeronea and, they say, was the first to rush into battle with the sacred detachment of the Thebans.
Justin, 9.3,5
However, as soon as Philip recovered from his wound, he began a war against the Athenians, which he had been secretly preparing for a long time. The Thebans sided with the Athenians, fearing that if the Athenians were defeated, the flames of war would spread to them. An alliance was concluded between these two states, which had recently been so hostile to each other, and they sent embassies throughout Greece: they believe [they said] that the common enemy must be repelled with common forces, for Philip, if his first actions are successful , will not rest until he conquers all of Greece. Under the influence of this, some states joined the Athenians; Some were persuaded by fear of the difficulties of war to side with Philip. When it came to battle, the Athenians, although far superior in numbers to the enemy, were defeated by the valor of the Macedonians, tempered in constant wars. But they died, remembering their former glory; All [the fallen] had wounds on their chests, and each one, [falling and] dying, covered with his body the place where he had been placed by his commander. This day was for all Greece the end of her glorious reign and her ancient freedom.
Artist Adam Hook
Philip, having put things in order in Greece, ordered that representatives from all states be convened in Corinth in order to establish a certain order in the current state of affairs. Here Philip determined the conditions of peace for all of Greece in accordance with the merits of individual states and formed a common council from all of them, like a single senate. Only the Lacedaemonians treated with contempt both the king and his institutions, considering not peace, but slavery, that peace, which was not agreed upon by the states themselves, but which was granted by the winner. Then the number of auxiliary detachments was determined, which individual states were supposed to deploy either to help the king in the event of an attack on him, or to use them under his command in the event that he himself declared war on someone. And there was no doubt that these preparations were directed against the Persian state. The number of auxiliary units was two hundred thousand infantry and fifteen thousand horsemen. In addition to this number are the Macedonian army and detachments of barbarians from neighboring tribes conquered by Macedonia. At the beginning of spring, he sent forward to Asia, subject to the Persians, three generals: Parmenion, Amyntas and Attalus
