Abnormal winters of 1812-1816. The coldest year. Documentary "BBC. Time scale. A year without summer

March 6, 2018, 12:56

The Year Without Summer is a nickname for 1816, during which Western Europe and North America experienced unusually cold weather. Until today, it remains the coldest year since the beginning of documenting meteorological observations. In the US, he was also nicknamed Eighteen hundred and frozen to death, which translates as "thousand eight hundred frozen to death."

In March 1816, the temperature continued to be winter. In April and May there was an unnatural amount of rain and hail. In June and July it was freezing every night in America. Up to a meter of snow fell in New York and the northeastern United States. Germany was repeatedly tormented by strong storms, many rivers (including the Rhine) overflowed their banks. In Switzerland, it snowed every month. The unusual cold led to a catastrophic crop failure. In the spring of 1817, grain prices rose tenfold, and famine broke out among the population. Tens of thousands of Europeans, still suffering from the devastation of the Napoleonic Wars, emigrated to America.

Frozen Thames, 1814

It all started in 1812 - two volcanoes “turned on”, La Soufriere (St. Vincent Island, Leeward Islands) and Avu (Sangir Island, Indonesia). The volcanic relay was continued in 1813 by Suwanosejima (Tokara island, Japan) and, in 1814, by Mayon (Luzon island, Philippines). According to scientists, the activity of four volcanoes reduced the average annual temperature on the planet by 0.5-0.7 ° C and caused serious, albeit local (in the region of their location) damage to the population. However, the ultimate cause of the mini version of the 1816-1818 Ice Age was the Indonesian Tambora.

Only in 1920, the American climate researcher William Humphreys found an explanation for the "year without summer". He linked climate change to the Tambora volcano eruption on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa, the most violent volcanic eruption ever observed, directly costing the lives of 71,000 people, the largest volcanic death toll in human history. Its April 1815 eruption was a Volcanic Eruption Scale (VEI) of seven, and a massive 150 km³ of ash into the atmosphere caused a northern hemisphere volcanic winter effect that lasted for several years.

Tambora volcano eruption 1815

But here is the weirdness. In 1816, the problem with the climate happened precisely "in the entire Northern Hemisphere." But Tambora is located in the southern hemisphere, 1000 km from the equator. The fact is that in the Earth's atmosphere at altitudes above 20 km (in the stratosphere) there are stable air currents along the parallels. Dust ejected into the stratosphere to a height of 43 km should have been distributed along the equator with the dust belt shifting to the southern hemisphere. And what about the US and Europe?

Egypt, Central Africa, Central America, Brazil and, finally, Indonesia itself were supposed to freeze. But the weather there was very good. Interestingly, just at this time, in 1816, in Costa Rica, which is located about 1000 km north of the equator, they began to grow coffee. The reason for this was: “... the perfect alternation of rainy and dry seasons. And, constant temperature throughout the year, which favorably affects the development of coffee bushes ... "

That is, even to the north of the equator for several thousand kilometers there was prosperity. How is it, interesting to know, 150 cubic kilometers of erupted soil jumped 5 ... 8 thousand kilometers from the southern hemisphere to the northern, at an altitude of 43 kilometers, in defiance of all longitudinal stratospheric currents, without spoiling the weather for the inhabitants of Central America in the slightest? But all its terrible, photon-scattering impenetrability, this dust brought down on Europe and North America.

Europe. In 1816 and the two following years, European countries, still reeling from the Napoleonic Wars, became the worst place on Earth - they were hit by cold, famine, epidemics and an acute shortage of fuel. There was no harvest at all for two years.

In England, Germany and France, feverishly buying up grain all over the world (mainly from the Russian Empire), food riots took place one after another. Crowds of French, Germans and British broke into warehouses with grain and carried out all the supplies. Grain prices soared tenfold. Against the backdrop of constant riots, massive arson and looting, the Swiss authorities have introduced a state of emergency and a curfew in the country.

The summer months instead of heat brought hurricanes, endless rains and snowstorms. The large rivers of Austria and Germany overflowed their banks and flooded large areas. A typhoid epidemic broke out. Over 100,000 people died in Ireland alone in three years without a summer. The desire to survive is the only thing that drove the population of Western Europe in 1816-1818. Tens of thousands of citizens of England, Ireland, Scotland, France and Holland sold their property for next to nothing, threw everything that was not sold and fled across the ocean to the American continent.

I had a dream... Not everything in it was a dream.
The bright sun went out, and the stars
Wandering aimlessly, without rays
In space eternal; icy ground
Worn blindly in the moonless air.
The hour of the morning came and went,
But he did not bring the day after him ...

... People lived in front of the fires; thrones,
Palaces of crowned kings, huts,
The dwellings of all those who have dwellings -
The fires were built ... the cities were burning ...

... Happy were the inhabitants of those countries
Where the torches of volcanoes blazed...
The whole world lived with one timid hope ...
The forests were set on fire; but with every passing hour
And the burnt forest fell; trees
Suddenly, with a formidable crash, they collapsed ...

... The war broke out again,
Extinguished for a while...
... Terrible hunger
Tortured people...
And people died quickly...

And the world was empty;
That crowded world, mighty world
Was a dead mass, without grass, trees
Without life, time, people, movement...
That was the chaos of death.

George Noel Gordon Byron, 1816

North America. In March 1816, winter did not end, snow was falling and frosts were standing. In April-May, America was covered with endless rains with hail, and in June-July - frosts. The corn crop in the northern states of the United States was hopelessly lost, and attempts to grow at least some grain in Canada were fruitless. Newspapers vying with each other promised famine, farmers massively slaughtered livestock. Canadian authorities have voluntarily opened grain warehouses to the public. Thousands of inhabitants of the American northern lands were drawn to the south - for example, the state of Vermont was practically depopulated.

A farmer in a field with dead corn in the US state of Vermont

China. The provinces of the country, especially Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Anhui and Jiangxi, were affected by a powerful cyclone. Endless rains fell for several weeks in a row, and on summer nights frost fettered the rice fields. For three years in a row, every summer in China was not summer at all - rains and frosts, snow and hail. In the northern provinces, buffaloes died from hunger and cold. The country, unable to grow rice due to the sudden harsh climate and floods in the Yangtze River valley, was gripped by famine.

Famine in the provinces of the Chinese Qing Empire

India(at the beginning of the 19th century - a colony of Great Britain (East India Company)). The territory of the country, for which monsoons (winds blowing from the ocean) and heavy rains are common in summer, was under the influence of a severe drought - there were no monsoons. For three years in a row, the drought at the end of the summer gave way to many weeks of downpours. A sharp change in climate contributed to the mutation of cholera vibrio - a severe cholera epidemic began in Bengal, covering half of India and quickly moving north.

Russian empire.

Three devastating and difficult years for the countries of Europe, North America and Asia on the territory of Russia passed surprisingly smoothly - neither the authorities nor the population of the country simply noticed anything. And this is very, very strange. Even if you spend half your life in archives and libraries, you will not find a word about bad weather in the Russian Empire in 1816. Allegedly, there was a normal harvest, the sun was shining and the grass was green. Russia, probably, is neither in the Southern nor in the Northern hemisphere, but in some third one.

So, there was hunger and cold in Europe in 1816 ... 1819! This is a fact confirmed by many written sources. Could this bypass Russia? It could, if it concerned only the western regions of Europe. But in this case, one would definitely have to forget about the volcanic hypothesis. After all, stratospheric dust is pulled along the parallels around the entire planet.

And besides, no less fully than in Europe, the tragic events are covered in North America. But they are still separated by the Atlantic Ocean. What kind of locality are we talking about here? The event clearly affected the entire northern hemisphere, including Russia. A variant when North America and Europe froze and starved for 3 years in a row, and Russia did not even notice the difference.

Thus, from 1816 to 1819, the cold really reigned in the entire northern hemisphere, including Russia, no matter what anyone says. Scientists confirm this and call the first half of the 19th century the "Little Ice Age". And here is an important question: who will suffer more from a 3-year cold, Europe or Russia? Of course, Europe will cry louder, but Russia will suffer more. And that's why. In Europe (Germany, Switzerland), the time of summer plant growth reaches 9 months, and in Russia - about 4 months. This means that in Russia it was not only 2 times less likely to grow sufficient supplies for the winter, but also 2.5 times more likely to die of starvation during a longer winter. And if in Europe the population suffered, then in Russia the situation was 4 times worse, including in terms of mortality.

Moreover, it was the territory of Russia that was probably the source of climatic troubles for the entire hemisphere. And in order to hide this (someone needed it), all references to this were removed or reworked.

But if you think about it, how could it be? The entire northern hemisphere is suffering from climatic anomalies and does not know what it is. The first scientific version appears only after 100 years, and it does not hold water. But the cause of the events must be located precisely at our latitudes. And if in America and Europe this reason is not observed, then where can it be if not in Russia? Nowhere else. And just then the Russian Empire pretends that it does not know what it is about at all. And we did not see, and did not hear, and in general everything is in order with us. Familiar behavior, and very suspicious.

However, one should take into account the missing estimated population of Russia in the 19th century, numbering in the tens of millions. They could die both from the very unknown cause that caused climate change, and from severe consequences in the form of hunger, cold and disease. And also, let's not forget about the traces of widespread large-scale fires that destroyed the Siberian forests around that time. As a result, the expression "secular spruce" (centennial) bears the imprint of rare antiquity, although the normal life of this tree is 400 ... 600 years

Fig.1 Expansion of the territory of Russia from 1613 to 1914 (official version)

Great Tartaria disappeared from the political map of the world about two hundred years ago.

More precisely, it was erased from this map (Fig. 1).

Erased so thoroughly that for almost two hundred years no one had heard of her. And I didn't know. Until the works of Academician Fomenko appeared on the New Chronology, which returned to scientific circulation a lot of evidence of the existence of this state. The largest ever to exist on our planet.

The natural boundaries of Great Tartaria, which occupied the entire Northern Hemisphere in the Middle Ages, were ocean shores (Fig. 2, 3).

Rice. 2. Map of Eurasia (mid-18th century)

Rice. 3. Great Tartaria (mid-XV century)

Moreover, three of the four oceans available - the Arctic, the Pacific and the Atlantic - were, in fact, its internal reservoirs.

By the end of the eighteenth century (according to modern reckoning), having succumbed to the pernicious influence of monotheism (Judaism, Christianity and Islam), the population of the European part of Great Tartaria plunged into the bloody horror of religious and predatory wars, political intrigues, rebellions and revolutions. And broke away from Asia. The one who managed to resist the evil onslaught of the new world religions and preserved the moral purity and faith of her Ancestors. The border between the Metropolis and the western, plague-ridden lands ran from the Arctic to the Indian Ocean. Along the Ural Mountains, the shores of the Caspian Sea and the peaks of Zagros (Fig. 4, 5).

Rice. 4. Great Tartaria (1680)

Rice. 5. Russian Empire (1755)

The last border war with Britain and Muscovy was unsuccessful for Great Tartaria. Having suffered a series of serious defeats, she was forced to admit the loss of some of her territories. In the Southern Urals, in the Northern Caspian and South-Western Siberia, in Central and North-Eastern India and on the east coast of North America. At present, various episodes of this war, truly world in scope and consequences, are known as the suppression of the Pugachev rebellion and the development of Siberia, the colonization of India and the war for the independence of the British colonies in America (Fig. 6, 7, 8).

Rice. 6. The uprising led by E.I. Pugachev 1773-1775.

Rice. 7. India in 1784

Rice. 8. The war for the independence of the English colonies in North America and the creation of the United States

Given the pathological tendency of professional historians to falsify, it can be assumed that this was not entirely the case. But, even in the event of the victory of the Anglo-Russian coalition, by the beginning of the nineteenth century, Great Tartaria remained the largest and most powerful state in the world anyway.

Suppose (as an exception) that this time, for some reason unknown to us, the official historiography describes the events that actually happened.

Great Tartaria suffered a military defeat and suffered territorial losses. And what? Such insignificant losses could not lead to the death of such a great power! Even if the defeat caused a serious internal political crisis. For no internal political crisis could lead to the collapse of the Great Tartaria. Because the people who inhabited Asia two hundred years ago were united and completely homogeneous. And by nationality, and by language, and by religion.

Two hundred years ago, in Great Tartaria, on the land of Tarkh and Tara, only Tartars lived (Fig. 9). Tall, fair-haired, white-skinned people with cornflower blue, green, fiery or silver eyes. Slavs-Aryans. Russ. Friendly and kind-hearted in times of peace, brave and merciless in battle, fair and merciful in days of victory, and steadfast in times of adversity. Because they preserved the moral purity and faith of their Ancestors. From the Urals to Alaska. From Novaya Zemlya to Tibet.

Rice. 9. Tarkh and Tara

In order to destroy the Great Tartaria, it was necessary first to destroy its people. Whole! Until the last person! And that was still not enough. Neither Britain nor Muscovy. Not their coalition. Even if the rest of Europe joined this nasty coalition.

The famous commander Alexander Suvorov (Fig. 10), who took part in the defeat of Pugachev (Fig. 11) and personally escorted him to Moscow (Fig. 12), could inflict a major defeat on the Tartar troops.

Rice. 10. Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov, Prince of Italy, Count of Rymnik, Count of the Holy Roman Empire, Generalissimo of the Russian land and sea forces, Field Marshal of the Austrian and Sardinian troops, Grandee of the Kingdom of Sardinia and prince of royal blood, holder of all Russian military and foreign orders. And apparently he did. For which he was awarded a golden sword with diamonds (the cost of such a sword was equal to the sum of the annual salary of a whole regiment). And he received several highest orders of the Russian Empire (the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called and the Order of George and Vladimir, first class). Although the official historical science is silent about this. Like a fish on ice. More precisely, it hides the history of the Tartar wars of Muscovy among its wars with the Ottoman Turks. And other Crimean khans.

Rice. 11. Emelyan Pugachev

Fig.12. Suvorov puts Pugachev in a cage

However, note that Russia has been at war with the Brilliant Port for more than one century. But she couldn't completely defeat it. Despite the glorious victories of Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky, Orlov-Chesmensky, Potemkin-Tavrichesky, Suvorov-Rymniksky, Kutuzov-Smolensky, Dibich-Zabalkansky and Paskevich-Erivansky. Although the Turkish Empire, even at the time of its heyday, was ten times smaller than Tartaria (Fig. 13).

Rice. 13. Ottoman Empire (official version)

Turkey suffered defeats in battles many times, lost wars and lost territories, but it never disappeared from the political map of the world.

Unlike the Great Tartaria. Which was erased not only from the map. Tartaria was wiped off the face of the Earth. Together with the people who inhabited it ...

***
This happened in February 1816. Which later became known as "The Year Without Summer". In the United States, it is still called "Eighteen hundred and frozen to death", that is, "one thousand eight hundred and frozen to death." And official science considers the beginning of the "Little Ice Age", which lasted three years.

In March, the temperature in North America continued to be wintry. In April and May there was an unnatural amount of rain and hail, a sudden frost destroyed most of the crops, in June two giant snowstorms caused deaths, in July and August the rivers froze even in Pennsylvania. It was frosty every night, and up to a meter of snow fell in New York and the northeastern United States. Germany was tormented by strong storms. Many rivers, including the Rhine, burst their banks. The weather in Switzerland was terrible, it snowed every month. The unusual cold led to a catastrophic crop failure. In the spring of 1817, grain prices in Europe increased tenfold, and famine began among the population.

Darkness fell on the world. In the literal sense of the word. The sun could not break through the cloud cover and did not warm the earth. Lord Byron wrote in 1816: “The bright sun went out, and the stars / Wandered aimlessly, without rays / In eternal space; icy land / Was drifting blindly in the moonless air. / The hour of the morning rose and passed, / But the day did not bring after him ... / The dwellings of all those who have dwellings - / In fires were built ... cities burned ... / Terrible famine / Tormented people ... / And quickly perished People".

The key to the three-year cold was "found" a hundred years later. American researcher W. Humphreys linked climate change in 1816-1819. with the eruption of the volcano Tambora on the island of Sumbawa. Currently, this hypothesis is considered generally accepted in the scientific world. Although it is not clear why the explosion of a volcano south of the equator so affected the climate of the Northern Hemisphere? Having no effect on the climate of the South. Eruptions of the same power (about eight hundred megatons), which occurred in 1883 in Indonesia (Krakatau), in 1912 in Alaska (Katmai) and in 1991 in the Philippines (Pinatubo), led to a decrease in temperature by no more than half a degree (Fig. 14, 15, 16). Without causing no midday darkness, no snow storms in the middle of summer, no massive overflow of rivers.

Rice. 14. Krakatoa volcano eruption (1883)

Rice. 15. Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, (1991)

Rice. 16. Pinatubo volcano eruption (1991)

It is interesting to note that while Europe and America were freezing and starving, in Russia in 1816-1819. nothing unusual was noted. No cold, no hunger. "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, and goodwill toward men." I mean, it's the same as always. And frosts, and crops.

It's in Russia! Yes, even after the recent invasion of twelve languages and the complete ruin of the western provinces! As they say, the legend is fresh, but hard to believe! Even in ordinary years, winter in Rus' lasts half a year, the trunks of centuries-old trees crack from frost, and by spring you can’t even sweep a handful of flour through the barrels. So the point here is not the Russian people's habit of cold and fasting, but the absence of rotten Western democracy. And the presence of reliable censorship.

Meanwhile, Russia, most likely, was the source of climate problems in both Europe and America. This is indirectly evidenced by the age of modern forests in Russia and Belarus. Which are no more than two hundred years old. All forests! And Siberian, and Russian, and Belarusian.

This fact can only be explained by the fact that two hundred years ago all Russian forests disappeared. Chorus. And the ancient ones (elm lives three hundred years, linden - four hundred, pine and larch - five hundred, spruce - six hundred, cedar - a thousand, oak - one and a half thousand), and young ones. Apparently, they burned down (Fig. 17).

Rice. 17. Fires are burning, burning ... (art. K. Vasiliev)

And the current ones have grown in their place. On the central Russian plain, the forest was restored in the middle of the nineteenth century by mass planting in verst squares. And the Siberian taiga rose by itself. Because there was no one to plant trees here. But more on that later.

And now a few words about the so-called "karst" lakes. Very common in Russia. Especially near populated areas. Especially in Siberia. Perfectly round (Fig. 18, 19, 20, 21).

Rice. 18. Lake Dead, Penza district, Penza region.

Rice. 19. Lake Krugloye, Fokinsky district, Bryansk region.

Rice. 20. Lake Dead, Penza district of the Penza region.

Rice. 21. lake Shaitan, Muromtsevsky district, Omsk region.

Often having a higher water level (due to the dense bowl) than the surrounding bodies of water. Lakes that have arisen not only above karsts (cavities formed under the action of saturated carbon dioxide water in the thickness of soluble rock - gypsum or limestone), but even where there were no karsts. And some of them never filled with water (Fig. 22, 23).

Rice. 22. Funnels of unknown origin near the city of Sarapul

Rice. 23. Funnels of unknown origin near the city of Sarapul

The names of these lakes are Hell's Lake, Shaitan Lake, Devil's Lake, Dead Lake, etc. - are completely meaningless. From the point of view of official science, of course. Who found nothing out of the ordinary in them. Unlike the local population.

And further. It's strange, but the diameter of these lakes correlates well with the diameter of the craters from air nuclear explosions. Capacity from one to ten megatons. But it is so. By the way.

To complete the picture, we note that, by an amazing coincidence, it was in the nineteenth century that mankind became acquainted with cancer. Where they came from is still unknown to science. Although today none of the doctors doubts that one of the main causes of cancer is radioactive radiation.

In any case, in the middle of the twentieth century, the outbreak of cancer was caused precisely by an increase in the radioactive background. Due to nuclear tests - 2422 nuclear and thermonuclear, incl. 525 atmospheric (Fig. 24, 25). But it is not important.

Rice. 24. Thermonuclear explosion

Rice. 25. Thermonuclear explosion

Indeed, in the nineteenth century, neither Muscovy, nor Britain, nor nuclear, nor thermonuclear weapons had yet been available. Therefore, neither one nor the other could apply it.

What if they had it?

Considering the level of philanthropy of the British colonialists (Fig. 26) and the royal satraps, there is no reason to doubt their determination to use the atomic bomb (if it were available). Even in the absence of modern means of delivery and detonation.

Rice. 26. Execution of the leaders of the sepoy uprising with the help of the "Devil's Wind" (thin V. Verishchagin)

But. One way or another, neither Muscovy nor Britain had an atomic bomb yet. But there seems to be a reason for its use. And very weighty...

***
Napoleon (Fig. 27) entered Moscow on September 2. After a terrible battle near the village of Borodino, the Russian troops, having successfully repelled all the attacks of the French, retaining reserves and having excellent positions and strong rears at their disposal, unexpectedly withdrew. And they didn’t just retreat, but gave the largest city in the country to the enemy for desecration. Its historical center. Which Emperor Alexander I (Fig. 28) publicly proclaimed "the head of other Russian cities", as soon as Napoleon crossed the border. So that he is not mistaken with the direction of the main blow, probably (Fig. 29).

Rice. 27. Napoleon I Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine and Mediator of the Swiss Confederation

Rice. 28. Alexander I Blessed, magnanimous restorer of powers, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauric Chersonis, Sovereign of Pskov and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuanian, Volyn and Podolsky, Prince Estonian. Liflyandsky, Courland and Semigalsky, Samogitsky, Korelsky, Tversky, Yugorsky, Permsky, Vyatsky, Bulgarian and others; Sovereign and Grand Duke of Novgorod Nizovsky land, Chernigov. Ryazan, Polotsk. Rostov. Yaroslavl, Beloozersky, Udorsky, Obdorsky, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislavsky and all Northern countries Sovereign and Sovereign of Iversky, Kartalinsky, Georgian and Kabardian lands, Cherkasy and Mountain Princes and other hereditary Sovereign and Possessor, Heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Golstinsky, Stormarn, Ditmarsensky and Oldenburgsky and Sovereign Eversky and others, and others, and others

Rice. 29. The invasion of the Napoleonic army in Russia in 1812

Rice. 30. Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov, His Serene Highness Prince Smolensky, Field Marshal General of the Russian Forces

The day before the shameful surrender of the “head of all other cities”, the Commander-in-Chief of all Russian armies and militias, His Serene Highness Prince Smolensky (Fig. 30), the other day, by the highest decree, was promoted to Field Marshal of the Russian Empire and received one hundred thousand rubles for expenses, held the infamous military council in Filiakh (Fig. 31). And he insisted on leaving Moscow. Despite the fierce resistance of some of their generals. Young and stupid. He cut off all the screams and ordered to retreat. Although yesterday, in an order dated August 31, he swore to give the adversary a new decisive battle under the walls of Moscow.

Rice. 31. Military Council in Fili (art. A. Kivshenko)

During the retreat in Moscow, more than thirty thousand wounded and a huge amount of weapons were thrown (one hundred and fifty-six guns and twenty-seven thousand cores, seventy-five thousand guns and forty thousand sabers, six hundred banners and a thousand standards).

This decision of the field marshal has not yet found an unambiguous interpretation. Someone justifies it. Based on the end result. Someone considers a traitor. Who sold out to the Jewish Masons. In the face of the French. Or the English. Not for a pinch. At his age! Having everything you want. Including money, fame, orders and titles...

Why did Napoleon, famous for his determination, sit on Poklonnaya Hill and wait for who knows what? Not daring to enter Moscow. Even though I already knew it was empty. And no one is going to arrange street fights in it. Despite the old Russian habit of fighting for every house. As it was in Smolensk. And many other places.

Or maybe he finally smelled the trap? Maybe something told him that such experienced military leaders as Kutuzov, whom he knew well from previous wars, did not just give up the historical centers of their homeland. Especially, covered with well-fortified positions. Provided with strong rears. Also reserves.

However, there was nowhere to go. So I still had to enter Moscow. At least in order to have something to bargain in the peace negotiations. By this time, Napoleon had already lost the numerical advantage. And most importantly - the confidence in victory. “Of all my battles, the most terrible is the one I fought near Moscow. The French showed themselves worthy of victory in it, and the Russians acquired the right to be invincible ... ”he said after the battle (Fig. 32).

Rice. 32. Battle of Borodino (artist L. Lezhene)

This unfortunate Buonaparte had no idea that no one was going to enter into any negotiations with him. Because there is no need. For everything is already predetermined. Mene, Tekel, Perez. “Me — God has numbered your kingdom and put an end to it; Tekel - you are weighed in the balance and found very light; Peres, your kingdom is divided and given to the Medes and Persians” (Daniel 5:26-28).

Therefore, Kutuzov received an order to leave Moscow. Because his army has fully completed the task - lured the Corsican monster into a trap. Now the army had to be saved. The Lord of Light saved her. Why should he be eternally remembered. Because it was precisely this army that led the remnants of foreign troops back to the border (Fig. 33).

Rice. 33. Expulsion of Napoleon's army from Russia

As for the Muscovites, they all knew that Moscow would be abandoned. And you have to take off your feet. To avoid getting Buonaparte. Which will not stand on ceremony. And will rob, kill and rape. So, as they say, who did not hide ...

However, few remained. Only twenty thousand citizens.

Napoleon's Chief Master of the Horse, Marquis Armand de Caulaincourt, later recalled: “A city without inhabitants was enveloped in gloomy silence. During our long journey, we did not meet a single local resident ... ".

The trap closed. The game got caught.

On the same night, a fire broke out in Moscow (Fig. 34, 35).

Rice. 34. The fire of Moscow in 1812 (artist I. Aivazovsky)

Rice. 35. Moscow fire (unknown German artist)

Brigadier General Count Philippe de Segur wrote in his memoirs: “Two officers were located in one of the Kremlin buildings, from where they had a view of the northern and eastern parts of the city. Around midnight, they were awakened by an extraordinary light, and they saw that the flames had engulfed the palaces: at first it illuminated the graceful and noble outlines of their architecture, and then it all collapsed ... The information brought by the officers who had gathered from all sides coincided with each other. On the very first night, on the 14th to the 15th, a fireball descended over the palace of Prince Trubetskoy and set fire to this building.

A very strange fire. To put it mildly.

Unusual (!) light. Fire ball. Flames that bring down (!) palaces. Not adobe huts, but multi-storey buildings! Not igniting, but illuminating. At first. And then crushing! As for the ball - no comment at all. I mean, guess for yourself. From one time. What is this ball. And if you don’t guess, watch the newsreel of nuclear tests (Fig. 36, 37) ...

Rice. 36. Nuclear testing

Rice. 37. Nuclear testing

The city center was hit the hardest. Despite the fact that it was built up exclusively with stone and brick buildings. Even the Kremlin is almost nothing left. Although it was separated from the surrounding buildings by wide squares and ditches. Such, for example, as the Alevizov moat (thirty-four meters wide and thirteen deep). Which passed from the Arsenal tower to Beklemishevskaya. This huge ditch after the fire was completely littered with debris and debris. After that, it became easier to level it than to clear it.

By the way, Napoleon, who is accused of setting fire to Moscow and blowing up the Kremlin, barely survived the fire himself.

Comte de Segur says: “Then, after a long search, our people found an underground passage near a pile of stones that led to the Moscow River. Through this narrow passage, Napoleon with his officers and guards managed to get out of the Kremlin.

All who survived were in a state of shock.

De Segur recalls: “Those of our people who used to walk around the city, now, stunned by the storm of fire, blinded by ashes, did not recognize the area, and besides, the streets themselves disappeared in smoke and turned into piles of ruins ... All that remained of great Moscow was a few surviving houses scattered among the ruins. This slain and burned colossus, like a corpse, emitted a heavy smell. Heaps of ash, and in places the ruins of walls and fragments of rafters that came across, alone indicated that there had once been streets here. On the outskirts one came across Russian men and women covered in charred clothes. They, like ghosts, wandered among the ruins ... Only one third of the French army, as well as from Moscow, survived.

A Moscow resident says: “The barracks were littered with sick soldiers, deprived of any care, and the hospitals were wounded, dying by the hundreds from a lack of medicines and even food ... the streets and squares were littered with dead, bloodied human bodies and horses ... The wounded fighting death wailed, of which others the soldiers passing by, out of compassion, pinned them with the exact composure with which we kill a fly in the summer ... The whole city was turned into a cemetery.

In total, more than eighty thousand people died (for reference: seventy thousand people died during the atomic explosion in Hiroshima, and sixty in Nagasaki). Of the nine thousand, one hundred and fifty-eight buildings, six thousand, five hundred and thirty-two were destroyed.

Doesn't this remind you of anything? From modern history?

Not surprising. After all, the Moscow fire occurred a hundred and fifty years before Hiroshima (Fig. 38, 39, 40, 41)! When no one had ever heard of tactical nuclear weapons or radiation sickness. And I didn't know. Because they didn't exist yet. Or have they already been?

Rice. 38. Atomic explosion in Hiroshima 08/06/1945

Rice. 39. Atomic explosion in Nagasaki 08/09/1945.

Rice. 40. Hiroshima after the atomic bombing

Rice. 41. Nagasaki before and after the atomic bombing

By the way, the increased level of background radiation in the center of Moscow forms a characteristic spot, with a “torch” stretched towards the south (Fig. 42).

Rice. 42. Map of the radiation background of Moscow

The epicenter of the spot is located just in the place where the windows of the two officers mentioned in the memoirs of the Comte de Segur looked out. The very ones in whose eyes graceful and noble palaces were first illuminated, and then collapsed. Caught in the epicenter…

***
Official historical science has not yet figured out who set fire to Moscow.

The French believed that the Muscovites themselves did it. And they even shot four hundred "arsonists" (Fig. 43). So that it would be disrespectful to others.

Rice. 43. The execution of the Moscow "arsonists" (artist V. Verishchagin)

The Russians believed that the Corsican monster was to blame for everything. Vengeful and vicious. Out of natural bloodthirstiness, it destroyed a huge city and tens of thousands of people, including thirty thousand of its own soldiers and officers.

But is it? The French had no reason to set fire to Moscow. Ahead is winter. And from Moscow to Paris - six hundred and sixty-six leagues. I mean, very far away! Among other things, Napoleon needed Moscow as a bargaining chip in the upcoming peace negotiations.

Muscovites also did not need to burn themselves. Ahead is winter. And you have to survive somehow. regardless of the occupation. In addition, thirty thousand wounded were left in Moscow. Which almost all perished in the fire of the fire. Together with twenty thousand citizens who did not have time to leave the doomed city.

As for Emperor Alexander I, there are very serious doubts about his innocence in this crime!

On April 5, 1813, the emperor arrived to say goodbye to Kutuzov, who was dying. Behind the screens, near the bed of the Most Serene Prince, was the official Krupennikov, who was with him. He preserved for posterity the last conversation between Kutuzov and Alexander I:

“Forgive me, Mikhail Illarionovich! - said the Sovereign and Autocrat of All Russia.

“I forgive you, sir, but Russia will never forgive you for this,” the field marshal replied.

Why did the emperor ask for forgiveness from Kutuzov? Maybe for his top secret order to leave Moscow? Or for what happened to her after she left?

Shortly before the invasion, Alexander I told the Austrian ambassador: “I suppose that at the beginning of the war we will be defeated, but I am ready for this; retreating, I will leave the desert behind me. The bloody nightmare of the Austerlitz catastrophe forever instilled fear in the emperor's soul and assured Buonaparte of invincibility. I mean, the impossibility of defeating the Corsican monster by conventional means. And could push to search for unusual ...

One way or another, at least the emperor must have known about it. Therefore, he ordered to hand over the capital to Napoleon. Blaming all responsibility for this on Kutuzov.

The latter, by the way, is quite understandable. If the offer to surrender Moscow had come from the lips of the tsar, he would not have reigned for very long. Even the enormous prestige and glory of Kutuzov could hardly bear the weight of this decision. “The ruler is weak and crafty, / A bald dandy, an enemy of labor, / Unintentionally warmed by glory” would simply be crushed by this weight. In the literal sense of the word. I mean, an officer's scarf. Like it happened to his father. Ten years ago.

So who did organize such a terrible trap for Napoleon?

Cui prodest - look for who benefits - said the ancient Romans. Who would benefit from destroying the Corsican villain? Who was the most sworn enemy of the usurper?

Modern historians laugh at the stupid Buonaparte, who, after the Battle of Borodino, sat on Poklonnaya Hill and waited for the boyars to bring him the keys to Moscow (Fig. 44).

Rice. 44. Napoleon at Moscow. In anticipation of the deputation of the boyars. (artist V. Vereshchagin)

And really, it's funny. After all, there were no boyars in the Russian Empire for a hundred years!

In Russia, indeed, there were no longer any boyars or governors. And in the Great Tartaria?

The enemy of my enemy is my friend. Therefore, it is not at all surprising that Napoleon sought an alliance with a power that had recently been at war with Britain and Russia. Expecting with its help to defeat both. And to fulfill his cherished dream - to remove her best pearl from the British crown. I mean, India.

If the military alliance of France and Tartaria took place, the possessions of the East India Company in India would very soon change owners.

The Prime Minister of England, the Earl of Liverpool (Fig. 45), formed his cabinet in June 1812. And taxied for almost fifteen years. In the previous government, he was Minister of War and Minister of the Colonies. Prior to that, he was Minister of the Interior. It was he who managed to solve the most important foreign policy problems of England - to weaken France and Russia as much as possible. And destroy the Great Tartaria - the most terrible threat to the Indian colonies.

Rice. 45. Robert Banks Jenkinson, Earl of Liverpool, Prime Minister of Great Britain 1812-1827

The observance of British interests in Russia was monitored by the envoy Count Cathcart (Fig. 46). Which became famous for the bombardment of Copenhagen in September 1807, outstanding in its cruelty and senselessness. When, in just three nights, fifty English ships of the line made fourteen thousand broadside salvos and razed a third of the Danish capital to the ground. Before that, Cathcart managed to distinguish himself in the war with the British colonies in North America, fought in Spain and Flanders and cracked down on anti-British speeches in Ireland, for which he was promoted to full general and knighted in the Order of the Thistle.

Rice. 46. William Shaw, Earl of Cathcart, Baron Greenock

During the invasion of Napoleon, Lord Cathcart was in the retinue of Alexander I and in September 1813 (on the first anniversary of the Moscow fire) was granted the St. Andrew's ribbon by the highest decree.

Field Marshal General Rumyantsev was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called for the capture of Kolberg during the Seven Years' War. Prince Potemkin - for the victory in the Russian-Turkish war and the Kyuchuk-Kaynarji peace treaty. Suvorov - for the defense of Kinburn and for Focsani.

I wonder what such feats of the highest order of the Russian Empire was awarded to the English envoy?

Apparently, for the timely advice given. About the trap. And also for the organization of the procedure. More precisely, for mediation in its organization.

Because the main role in the Moscow tragedy was played by other forces...

In addition to Britain, Napoleon had another powerful enemy. Much more vindictive and dangerous.
The Rothschild brothers (Fig. 47) were not awarded Russian orders. And nowhere in connection with Napoleon's campaign against Moscow were they mentioned. But his defeat could not do (and did not do!) Without their participation.

Rice. 47. Rothschild family

Considering the craftiness of this family. And the number of spies it contained. As well as the authority of the Rothschilds in the Jewish diaspora and proximity to the ruling circles of Europe. And also to those who stood behind these circles. And pulled their strings.

It is possible that the Rothschild family had contact with the very top of the pyramid. In a sense, with those who are above and are watching what is happening.

How did Napoleon annoy the Rothschild family?

Yes, actually nothing. Except for his appeal to the French Council of State in 1806 in connection with complaints about Jewish usury: “They are the main troublemakers in the modern world ... They are the vultures of mankind ... The evil in them does not come from individuals, but from the fundamental nature of this people ... The activities of the Jewish nation since the time of Moses, by virtue of all its predisposition, has consisted in usury and extortion ... The French government cannot look indifferently at how a low, degraded nation capable of all sorts of crimes seizes in its exclusive possession both beautiful provinces of old Alsace ... Whole villages are robbed Jews, they reintroduced slavery; these are real flocks of ravens. The harm caused by the Jews does not come from individuals, but from this people as a whole. These are worms and locusts devastating France ... I do everything to prove my contempt for this meanest nation of the world. The Jews are a nation capable of the most terrible crimes... You cannot change the philosophical teachings of the Jewish character, they require exceptional special laws... The Jews are treated with disgust, but it must be admitted that they are really disgusting; they are also despised, but they are deserving of contempt.”

Prior to this appeal, Buonaparte did not show his vile anti-Semitic nature in any way. And even vice versa! For the first time, he met representatives of the most persecuted nation in the world only during the Italian campaign. When he was already twenty-eight years old. And immediately took them under protection. And since then, he has supported in every possible way wherever his army turned out to be. He even promised to restore the Sanhedrin and the Jewish state in Palestine. But it didn't last long.

After the Alsatian appeal, the fate of the presumptuous Corsican upstart, who had lost his scent after countless victories in Europe, was decided.

The victories ended abruptly. Glory rolled downhill. Less than three years later, his empire was shaken by a severe economic crisis. The population was dissatisfied. Assassinations followed one after another. The Russian tsar, who recently swore eternal love in Tilsit, suddenly became insolent. And he refused to marry his sister to him. First one, then the second. Obviously running into a scandal. And yet he managed to achieve his goal - Buonaparte gathered troops, moved to Moscow and climbed into the trap prepared for him.
The Hasidic tzaddik Yisroel from Kozenits, having learned about Napoleon's invasion of Russia, answered the question about the prospects of his campaign: "Nafol tipol." Literally translated, this means: "will inevitably fall." It is curious that at the same time the mentioned Israel used a play on the words "nafol" and "napol", consonant with the name Napoleon.

The rest was a matter of technique.

In the literal sense of the word…

***
During the Napoleonic invasion and foreign campaign, the irretrievable losses of the Russian army amounted to about three hundred thousand people.

Despite the presence of a huge number of archival documents, memoirs and scientific works on the history of the Patriotic War of 1812, the total losses suffered by Russia during the invasion are unknown. They can only be assessed indirectly. Based on the results of revisions carried out in 1811 and 1816. The decline in the population of Russia during this period amounted to more than three million people!! With a total number of thirty-six million. In other words, almost ten percent of the population perished. The same number as during the Great Patriotic War.

How to explain such a huge number of deaths and deaths from disease, cold and hunger? The Corsican monster, for all its bloodthirstiness, did not touch the local population. The retreating Russian troops, who arranged a scorched desert along the old Smolensk road, on the orders of Alexander I, “the Blessed, magnanimous restorer of powers,” burned hundreds of towns and villages. But the inhabitants were still not shot. In any case, until the complete expulsion of Napoleon.

The official historical science somehow vaguely sets out the reasons for the cessation of the guerrilla war. Say, they drove the adversary away and everything ended immediately. Clubs went to kindling, and swords to plowshares. For uselessness.

Why did the peasants, who had just defended their land with weapons in their hands (Fig. 48), again surrender to the mercy of the feudal beasts?

It's in Russia! Not yet forgotten Razin and Pugachev, and always ready for the "last and decisive"! That is, to "senseless and merciless." Even in the most peaceful time! As it has happened so many times. both before and after 1812.

Rice. 48. Don't block, let me come! (artist V. Vereshchagin)

Historians attribute the loss of the Russian civilian population to the harsh winter of 1812-1813. Or maybe the people's war did not subside by itself? And ten percent of the population did not die from cold and hunger? I mean, not only from them?

"Eighteen hundred and frozen to death" claimed tens of thousands of lives in Europe and North America. In Russia, the account went into the millions!

But this year claimed even more lives in Tartaria ...

Academician Fomenko in his works hypothesized that the Great Tartaria was defeated and divided between Russia and the United States immediately after the defeat of the Pugachev rebellion. Assuming this to be the case, a number of questions arise:

Why, after the death of Great Tartaria, several smaller states did not arise on its territory, as usually happens after the collapse of empires (Roman, Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, German, Russian, British) or during the collapse of large countries (Soviet Union, Yugoslavia)?

Why, having suffered a military defeat, the proud and freedom-loving Tartars submitted to the cruel conquerors, and did not raise the cudgel of a people's war, as the Slavs-Aryans always do in such situations?

Why did the real development of new lands in Russia and the USA begin only half a century later?
And finally, the most important thing:

Why did the boundless spaces from the Urals to Alaska turn out to be deserted? Where did more than a hundred million defeated tartars go?

In addition, Fomenko’s hypothesis leaves out a number of important facts that we have already mentioned earlier: “A year without summer”, two hundred year old forests and “karst” lakes, as well as an outbreak of cancer.

Even half a century later, the development of new lands was only cartographic in nature. Both in Russia and in the USA. Because neither the United States nor Russia simply had the resources to occupy them. Neither human nor material.

Not to mention the constant threat of popular unrest in the occupied territories. If not only the small ethnic groups of the North, but at least a little Slavic-Aryans survived in these territories.

By the way, why did the northern peoples become so small? In North America, the invaders mercilessly massacred the local population west of the Appalachians. However, the Russian Empire was not caught in the genocide. However, all the northern peoples of Asia, who survived after 1816, have since been on the verge of extinction ...

Now suppose that Great Tartary was not divided either in 1775 or later. Lost another war and suffered territorial losses. But it remained a single state. As before, the largest in the world. Still representing a great danger to both the Russian Empire and the British (the Romanovs were afraid of losing the usurped throne, and the Hanoverian dynasty trembled for their Indian colonies).

And here the chimera of the French Revolution gives rise to the Corsican monster. Who dreams of only one thing - to take away from Britain everything acquired by overwork! I mean, take the best pearl out of her crown.

Soon Napoleon agrees with Paul I (Fig. 49) on a joint Indian campaign. Which breaks down only because of the murder of the Russian emperor. As a result of a conspiracy organized and paid for by Britain.

Rice. 49. Paul I, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauric Chersonis, Sovereign of Pskov and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volyn and Podolsk, Prince of Estland, Livonia, Courland and Semigalsky, Samogitsky, Korelsky, Tversky, Yugorsky, Perm, Vyatsky, Bulgarian and others, Sovereign and Grand Duke of Novagod Nizovsky lands, Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Beloozersky, Udora, Obdorsky, Kondiya, Vitebsk, Mstislav and all Northern countries Sovereign and Sovereign of the Iberian lands, Kartalinsky and Georgian Tsars and Kabardian lands, Cherkasy and Mountain Princes and other hereditary Sovereign and Possessor, Heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Golstinsky, Stormarn, Ditmarsensky and Oldenburg and Sovereign of Everskia, Grand Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem and other, and other, and other

But failure does not stop the stubborn Corsican. Disappointed in the new Russian tsar, Buonaparte is ready to make an alliance with the Great Tartaria. And he makes a trip to Moscow. After the capture of which a direct road to India opens for his legions.

Was it because Napoleon's Great Army was so great that it had to defeat not only Russia? And go almost half the world!

It is difficult to imagine a more terrible nightmare of the unfortunate Hanoverian dynasty! A huge French-Tartarian army under the overall command of the most brilliant commander of all times and peoples, whose rear is provided with all the military and economic potential of Great Tartaria and its dominions, Free and Chinese Tartaria! And unhindered advance to the Indian Ocean - their diplomatic support.

Is it not from this nightmare that King George III finally went crazy (Fig. 50)?

Rice. 50. George III, King of Great Britain, King of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

However, the main reason for what happened in 1816 was still not in this. The people of Great Tartaria withstood the vicious onslaught of the new world religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam), preserved the moral purity and faith of their Ancestors and would never allow "worms and locusts" to engage in usury and extortion, rob villages and introduce slavery on their land. In a country that was the largest in the world...

By 1812, it became quite clear that it was impossible to defeat Buonaparte on land. The Emperor of the French, the King of Italy, the Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine and the Mediator of the Swiss Confederation brought all of Europe to its knees (with the exception of Britain). He attached someone to France, imposed his relatives on someone as rulers, forced someone to join the continental blockade.

Cui prodest - look for who benefits. Who, in the end, won as a result of the victory over Napoleon and the destruction of Great Tartary along with its entire population?

Without a doubt, Britain.

Or the Rothschild family?

However, paraphrasing the classic, one can say: “I say Britain, I mean the Rothschilds. I say Rothschilds, I mean Britain! Because by 1816 (after Nathan Rothschild's famous Waterloo stock exchange scam), the aforementioned family took over Britain.

From that moment on, for almost a hundred years, Britain ruled the seas (Fig. 51, 52). Britain was ruled by the Rothschilds. And no one told them! Great Tartaria was wiped off the face of the earth. France is defeated. Until the end of the nineteenth century, Russia could not recover from the invasion provoked by Alexander I. And when it recovered, the Rothschilds gave it new, no less destructive problems.

Rice. 51. Expansion of the British Empire after the destruction of Great Tartaria

Rice. 52. British Empire

As for Napoleon, after the Moscow fire he lived for another nine years. And he died, barely stepping over a half-century milestone (Fig. 53). In the last years of his life, his health deteriorated greatly. Although before this fire, he did not complain about him. Official science has not established the cause of the premature death of the Emperor of the French. Someone thinks that the jailers poisoned him with arsenic. Some people think he died of cancer. Someone believes that both from one and the other.

Rice. 53. Death of Napoleon

However, it may very well be that Napoleon suffered the fate of hibakusha.

As mentioned above, seventy thousand people died during the atomic explosion in Hiroshima, and sixty in Nagasaki. But the list of victims of a nuclear strike is far from exhausted. The total number of hibakusha (exposure-affected people) who died over the next five years from radiation sickness and other long-term effects of the atomic bombings was over two hundred and fifty thousand.

***
The total power of nuclear charges used in the winter of 1816 across the territory of Great Tartaria, which burned out all Russian forests and caused a three-year "nuclear winter" in the Northern Hemisphere, according to the calculations of climatologists, amounted to about eight hundred megatons. In other words, forty thousand Hiroshima. Some of the craters left after the explosions and turned into "karst" lakes testify to the use of not only nuclear, but also thermonuclear weapons. Capacity from one to ten megatons. But even in this case, the mentioned number of bombs should have been enough for the guaranteed destruction of all settlements of Great Tartaria. And large cities, and small sketes. And large villages, and individual farms. And noble Kremlins, and small border fortresses.

That is why, after the death of Great Tartaria, several smaller states did not arise on its territory, as is usually the case after the collapse of empires or the collapse of large countries!

That is why the Tartars did not raise the cudgel of a people's war, as the Slavs-Aryans always do in the event of a military defeat!

That is why the boundless spaces from the Urals to Alaska in the middle of the nineteenth century, when their development began, turned out to be practically deserted (Fig. 54)!

Rice. 54. Valkyrie over a defeated warrior (artist K. Vasiliev)

The vast majority of the population of Great Tartaria burned down in the fire of atomic explosions. This explains the absence of the remains of millions of dead. The survivors suffocated in the smoke of the fires or died of cold and hunger. And also from radiation sickness and cancer. And they were betrayed by their comrades to the cleansing flame. For the commission of Kroda (departure to the Family with the help of a funeral pyre) is a sacred duty and a sacred duty of every Slav-Aria in relation to his dead or dead brothers!

At the same time, the very last of the survivors, realizing that there would be no one to arrange Kroda for him, could commit self-immolation ...

A huge flourishing country overnight was turned into radioactive ashes. And it remained so for many years. But the years went on. Taiga has risen in place of the burnt forests. Funnels turned into lakes. And most of the radioactive isotopes have decayed.

The radioactive background at the epicenter of a nuclear explosion does not remain high for long, because. the main isotopes decay fairly quickly. The activity of Cesium-137 falls by half in thirty years, Strontium-90 - in twenty-nine, Cobalt-60 - in five years, Iodine-131 - in eight days.

That is why the development of boundless spaces from the Urals to Alaska began only in the middle of the nineteenth century. When the radioactive background finally dropped to a safe level. But even half a century later, the settlers did not dare to approach the strange round lakes, which, for some unknown reason, formed in the most convenient places for settlement. And they gave these lakes completely meaningless names - Hell's Lake, Shaitan Lake, Devil's Lake, Dead Lake, etc.

By initiating the use of the atomic bomb against Napoleon, and convinced of the extraordinary effectiveness of this weapon, the initiators of its use were able to convince those who possessed it to use it again. Against his main enemy - the Great Slavic-Aryan state. Because there was no other way to crush it...

***
So. Let's put the disparate facts together.

In 1816, a "nuclear winter" began in the Northern Hemisphere, which lasted three years. Shortly before this, the largest state in the world disappeared from the face of the Earth along with its entire population. At the same time, all Russian forests burned down. And a lot of strange round depressions and "karst" lakes appeared. The re-population of the deserted lands began only half a century later. And any mention of the Great Tartaria and the Tartars were prohibited.

What happened?

If we discard all impossible hypotheses, then the remaining one, no matter how small its probability, is the truth.

The lands of Tarha and Tara were subjected to a massive atomic bombardment.

But in the nineteenth century, neither Russia nor Britain had yet possessed nuclear weapons. And they couldn't use it. So who applied it?

No hits.

Annuit coeptis - enterprises agreed - as the ancient Romans would say (Fig. 55).

Rice. 55. Annuit coeptis

At the request of those who have contact with the uppermost part of the pyramid, the Great Slavic-Aryan power was destroyed by those who are above and are watching what is happening ...

As for 1812, a silver medal was established in memory of him. The same for everyone. And for the militias, and for the soldiers, and for the generals. First, they wanted to place the profile of the reigning Sovereign and the Autocrat on the obverse, as was always done in such cases before, but Alexander I the Blessed ordered another image to be made (Fig. 56). And knock out the words from David's psalm: "Not to us, not to us, but to your name" ...

Rice. 56. Commemorative medal "1812"

P.S. A skeptical reader might think that the author outlined in this article the plot of his next novel in the genre of alternative history. Forced to disappoint him. Alternative history is now being taught in schools and universities. And broadcast on zomboyaschiku. And we are just beginning to learn about what was really happening in the world.

And:
Artemiev A. Who burned down Moscow in 1812? Artemiev A. I understand your age-old sadness ...
Artemiev A. I had a dream... Not everything in it was a dream.
Artemyev A. A nuclear strike on us has already happened.
Kulagin A. The split of Rus'.
Klepov A. Alexander I and the fire of Moscow in 1812
Nosovsky G.V., Fomenko A.T. Pugachev and Suvorov. The mystery of Siberian-American history.

There is information that after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, the temperature dropped by 0.5 degrees, which was the same after the eruption of Tambora in 1815.

We should have observed in 1992 throughout the northern hemisphere approximately the same phenomena that are described as "a year without summer." However, there was nothing of the sort. And if you compare with other eruptions, you can see that they did not always coincide with climatic anomalies. The hypothesis is bursting at the seams. It is the “white threads” with which it is sewn that are spreading.

And here's another oddity. In 1816, the problem with the climate happened precisely "in the entire Northern Hemisphere." But Tambora is located in the southern hemisphere, 1000 km from the equator. The fact is that in the Earth's atmosphere at altitudes above 20 km (in the stratosphere) there are stable air currents along the parallels. Dust ejected into the stratosphere to a height of 43 km should have been distributed along the equator with the dust belt shifting to the southern hemisphere. And what about the US and Europe?

And their business, you know, went. That is, even to the north of the equator for several thousand kilometers there was prosperity. But then - a full "pipe". How is it, interesting to know, 150 cubic kilometers of erupted soil jumped 5 ... 8 thousand kilometers from the southern hemisphere to the northern, at an altitude of 43 kilometers, in defiance of all longitudinal stratospheric currents, without spoiling the weather for the inhabitants of Central America in the slightest? But all its terrible, photon-scattering impenetrability, this dust brought down on Europe and North America.

But the strangest thing in this worldwide swindle is the role of Russia. Even if you live half your life in archives and libraries, you will not find a word about bad weather in the Russian Empire in 1816. We allegedly had a normal harvest, the sun was shining and the grass was green. We probably live neither in the Southern nor in the Northern Hemisphere, but in some third one.

Let's test our sanity. It's high time, for we are facing a huge optical illusion. So, there was hunger and cold in Europe in 1816 ... 1819! This is a fact confirmed by many written sources. Could this bypass Russia? It could, if it concerned only the western regions of Europe. But in this case, one would definitely have to forget about the volcanic hypothesis. After all, stratospheric dust is pulled along the parallels around the entire planet.

Thus, from 1816 to 1819, the cold really reigned in the entire northern hemisphere, including Russia, no matter what anyone says. Scientists confirm this and call the first half of the 19th century the "Little Ice Age". And here is an important question: who will suffer more from a 3-year cold, Europe or Russia? Of course, Europe will cry louder, but Russia will suffer more. And that's why. In Europe (Germany, Switzerland), the time of summer plant growth reaches 9 months, and in Russia - about 4 months. This means that we were not only 2 times less likely to grow sufficient supplies for the winter, but also 2.5 times more likely to starve to death during a longer winter. And if in Europe the population suffered, then in Russia the situation was 4 times worse, including in terms of mortality. This is, if you do not take into account any magic. Well, what if...

I offer readers a magical version of the development of events. Suppose the existence of a wizard who twisted his staff and changed the movement of high-altitude winds so that the sun would not block us. But this option does not convince me. No, I believe in good wizards, but I don’t believe in foreigners who draped across the ocean in tens of thousands, instead of calmly coming and staying in Russia, where it’s so good, where they are always welcome, I don’t believe.

Apparently, after all, Russia was much worse than Europe. Moreover, it was our territory that was probably the source of climatic troubles for the entire hemisphere. And in order to hide this (someone needed it), all references to this were removed or reworked.

Nevertheless, one should take into account the missing estimated population of Russia in the 19th century, numbering in the tens, and maybe hundreds of millions. They could die both from the very unknown cause that caused climate change, and from severe consequences in the form of hunger, cold and disease. And also let's not forget about the traces of widespread large-scale fires that destroyed our forests around that time (for more details, see the article "

The more scientists study the microbes that live in the human body, the more they learn about the powerful influence of these crumbs on our appearance, behavior, even the way we think and feel.

Do our health and well-being really depend on viruses, bacteria, unicellular fungi and other organisms that live in the lungs and intestines, on the skin and eyeballs? Isn't it too strange to believe that the microscopic creatures that we carry in ourselves and on ourselves largely determine our very essence?

The influence of the microbiome, as this mini-zoo is called, can be fundamental even in the early stages of development.

One study, published last year, shows that even something as innate as a baby's temperament may depend on whether most of the bacteria in its gut belong to the same genus: the more bifidobacteria, the more cheerful child.

The conclusions made by Anna-Katariina Aatsinki and her colleagues at the University of Turku in Finland are based on the analysis of stool samples from 301 infants. Those children who had more bifidobacteria at two months were more inclined to show "positive emotions" at six months, as the researchers determined.

The study of the microbiome began relatively recently - in fact, only 15 years ago. This means that most of the studies conducted to date have been preliminary and modest in scope, involving only dozens of mice or humans. Scientists have found a certain relationship between the state of the microbiome and various diseases, but so far they cannot identify clear cause-and-effect relationships between specific inhabitants of a densely populated “inner world” of a person and his health.

The diversity of the gut microbiome is at its best in this sample. Among other things, we see here a huge bacterium - it is 50 times longer than E. coli. Each person's microbiome is unique. Scientists continue to explore the wide variety of ways in which microorganisms, its constituents, affect our health, weight, mood, and even personality traits.

Even the very number of these inhabitants is amazing: today it is believed that about 38 quintillion (1012) microbes live in the body of an ordinary young man - this is even more than their own human cells. If we learn to understand how to manage this - our own - wealth, fascinating prospects will open before us.

According to optimists, in the near future it will become common to administer healthy complexes of microbes in the form of prebiotics (compounds that act as a substrate on which beneficial bacteria can grow), probiotics (the bacteria themselves) or through fecal transplantation (transplantation of a rich intestinal microbiome from donors). ) so that he can feel healthy.

When people talk about the microbiome, they are primarily referring to the inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract, which make up 90 percent of our microorganisms. However, life is also teeming in other organs: microbes fill any part of the body that comes into contact with the outside world: eyes, ears, nose, mouth, anus, genitourinary system. In addition, germs are present on any piece of skin, especially in the armpits, perineum, between the toes and in the navel.

The bacteria shown here are taken from sweaty feet. It is they that give the secretions of the sweat glands a peculiar smell: as sweat accumulates, it becomes a breeding ground for odorous microbes. And most of the sweat glands are concentrated on our palms and soles.

And here's what's really amazing: each of us has a unique set of microbes that is not found in anyone else. Today, according to Rob Knight of the Center for Microbiome Innovation at the University of California (San Diego), it can already be argued that the probability of the existence of two people with the same set of species in microbiomes is approaching zero. According to Knight, the uniqueness of the microbiome could be used in forensics. “Who touched this or that object is tracked by the microbiome “imprint” that the human skin leaves,” he explains. Well, someday, investigators looking for clues will start collecting samples of microbes that live on the skin, just like today they are looking for fingerprints.

In this article, we will share some of the significant discoveries made by scientists studying the microbiome and its influence on us from infancy to old age.

Infancy

The fetus in the mother's womb is practically sterile. Squeezing through the birth canal, it meets with myriads of bacteria. During normal childbirth, the baby is "washed" by microbes that live in the vagina; in addition, the mother's intestinal bacteria get on it. These microbes immediately take up residence in his own intestines, entering into a kind of communication with the developing immune system. So already at the earliest stages of its existence, the microbiome prepares the immune system for it to work correctly in the future.

If the baby is born by caesarean section, there is no contact with maternal bacteria, and other microorganisms colonize his intestines - from the mother's skin and from breast milk, from the hands of a nurse, even from hospital linen. Such a foreign microbiome can complicate the rest of a person's life.

Streptococcus pneumoniae, shown here at the time of cell division, can cause serious illnesses such as meningitis and pneumonia - however, like strains of E. coli, some streptococci are harmless. These bacteria live on the skin and in the mouth, in the airways and in the intestines.

In 2018, Paul Wilms of the Center for Systemic Medicine at the University of Luxembourg published the results of a study of 13 naturally born and 18 surgically born babies. Wilms and his colleagues analyzed the stools of newborns and their mothers, as well as vaginal swabs of women in labor. The “caesareans” turned out to have significantly fewer bacteria that produce lipopolysaccharides and thereby stimulate the development of the immune system. These microbes remain scarce for at least five days after birth, enough, according to Wilms, to lead to long-term effects on the immune system.

After some time, usually by the first birthday, the microbiomes of children in both groups become similar. However, according to Wilms, the difference observed in the first days of life means that babies born by caesarean section may not undergo primary immunization, during which immune cells learn to properly respond to external influences. This probably explains why these children are more likely to develop a variety of problems related to the functioning of the immune system, including allergies, inflammation and obesity. According to Wilms, in the future, it is possible that Caesareans will be given probiotics, created on the basis of strains of the mother's bacteria, to populate their digestive system with beneficial microbes.

Childhood

Food allergies have become so common that some schools have introduced restrictions on the foods children can bring from home (for example, peanut bars or jam sandwiches) to prevent one of their classmates from developing an allergic reaction. reaction. There are 5.6 million children in the United States with food allergies, meaning there are at least two or three in every grade.

All sorts of reasons have been cited that could lead to the spread of allergies, including an increase in the number of children born by caesarean section and the overuse of antibiotics that can destroy bacteria that protect us. Katherine Nagler and her colleagues at the University of Chicago set out to test whether the prevalence of food allergies among children is related to the composition of their microbiome. Last year they published the results of a study involving eight six-month-old children, half of whom were allergic to cow's milk. It turned out that the microbiomes of the representatives of the two groups are quite different: in the intestines of healthy infants there were bacteria typical of normally developing children of their age, while those suffering from an allergy to cow's milk were found to have bacteria more characteristic of adults.

In allergic children, Nagler says, the transition from childhood to adult microbiome, which is usually slow, “has happened at an abnormal rate.”

Nagler and her colleagues transplanted (using fecal transplants) the gut bacteria of "their" babies into mice born by caesarean section and raised under sterile conditions, that is, completely free of germs. It turned out that only mice transplanted from healthy babies did not develop an allergic reaction to cow's milk. Others, like their donors, became allergic.

Further studies showed that the main role in the protection of the first group of mice, apparently, was played by bacteria of one species found only in children: Anaerostipes caccae from the group of clostridia. As Nagler and her colleagues found out in one study, clostridium also prevents the development of peanut allergy.

Nagler, president and co-founder of Chicago-based pharmaceutical startup ClostraBio, hopes to test the therapeutic potential of Anaerostipes caccae bacteria in lab mice and later in people with allergies. The first task was to find a place in the intestines where they could land a landing of beneficial bacteria. Even in an unhealthy microbiome, Nagler says, all the niches are already filled; so that in order for Clostridia to take root in a new place, it is necessary to drive away the former inhabitants. Therefore, ClostraBio created a drug that clears a certain niche in the microbiome. Nagler and his colleagues “prescribe” it to mice, and then inject them with several types of Clostridium, as well as dietary fiber that promotes the growth of microbes. Nagler hopes to begin human clinical trials of Clostridium within the next two years, and eventually develop a drug for children with food allergies.

Gut microbes may also be linked to other diseases in children, including type 1 diabetes. In Australia, scientists analyzed stool samples from 93 children whose relatives suffered from such diabetes and found that those who subsequently developed the disease had an increased content of enterovirus A in the feces. However, one of the experimenters, W. Ian Lipkin from Mailmanovskaya School of Public Health at Columbia University, warns colleagues against jumping to conclusions that the causes of certain diseases are explained solely by differences in the microbiome. “All we know for sure,” he says, “is that certain microbes are somehow associated with certain diseases.”

Still, Lipkin is enthusiastic about the future of microbiome science. According to his forecast, over the next fifty years, scientists will uncover the mechanism of the impact of the microbiome on the body and begin clinical trials in humans in order to demonstrate how health can be improved by “editing” the microbiome.

Youth

Many teenagers have a predisposition to acne – and there seems to be such a thing as the “sebaceous microbiome.” Children's skin is particularly hospitable to two strains of the Cutibacterium acnes bacteria associated with acne. Most strains of this bacterium are safe or even beneficial because they inhibit the reproduction of pathogenic microbes; in fact, this bacterium is a major component of the normal face and neck microbiome.

However, a bad strain can do a lot of harm: its presence, according to Amanda Nelson, a dermatologist at the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, is one of the prerequisites for the development of inflammation. Among other causes of the development of the disease, scientists call sebum (produced by the sebaceous glands to moisturize the skin), which serves as a breeding ground for C. acnes, hair follicles and a tendency to inflammation. It all works together, and according to Nelson, we don't yet know which is more important.

The sebaceous microbiome was studied by scientists at the University of Washington School of Medicine and found that the only acne treatment that has long-lasting relief, isotretinoin (known by various trade names), works in part by changing the skin microbiome, increasing overall microbial diversity, among which it is more difficult for harmful strains to take root.

Now that scientists have learned that isotretinoin works by changing the composition of the microbiome, they can try to create other drugs with the same effect, but, they hope, are safer - after all, isotretinoin can lead to birth defects in children if mothers took the drug during time of pregnancy.

Wet lips have chosen all sorts of microbes. This is the microbiome of one of the women who literally kissed the Petri dish with nutrient substrate. A few days later, the colony was already flourishing. People who kiss each other often develop similarities between their oral microbiomes.

Maturity

What if you could get more out of your workouts just by borrowing an athlete's gut microbes? This question was asked by scientists from Harvard University. For two weeks, they collected daily stool samples from 15 runners who competed in the 2015 Boston Marathon—beginning a week before the race and finishing a week later—and compared them with fecal samples also collected two weeks later from ten controls. not running. The researchers found that a few days after the marathon, the runners had significantly more Veillonella atypica bacteria in their samples than those of the control group.

“This discovery explained a lot, because veillonella has a unique metabolism: its favorite source of energy is lactate, a salt of lactic acid,” says Aleksandar Kostic of the Joslin Diabetes Research Center and Harvard Medical School. “And we thought: maybe veillonella decomposes the lactate produced by the muscles in the athlete’s body?” And, if this is true, is it possible, by introducing its strains to people who are far from professional sports, to increase their endurance?

The scientists then turned to laboratory mice: Veillonella, isolated from the feces of one of the runners, was injected into 16 mice with a normal microbiome tested for pathogens. After that, the subjects were placed on a treadmill and forced to run to exhaustion. The same was done with 16 control mice; only they were injected with bacteria that do not consume lactate. As it turned out, mice "infected" with veillonella ran much longer than control animals, which means, the researchers believe, the microbiome can play a crucial role in maintaining performance.

According to Kostic, this experiment is "a wonderful example of what symbiosis gives us." Veylonella thrives when the person, its carrier, produces lactate as a result of exercise, which it feeds on, and, in turn, benefits the person by converting lactate into propionate, which affects the performance of the "host", because, among other things, increases the frequency contractions of the heart and improves oxygen metabolism, and also, possibly, prevents the development of inflammation in the muscles.

“This kind of relationship seems to me to underlie most of the interactions between humans and the microbiome,” explains Kostic. “Ultimately, the relationship between them is of such a mutually beneficial nature.”

The microbiome may also be responsible for less pleasant features of human nature, including mental conditions such as anxiety and depression. In 2016, scientists from the Irish National University in Cork published the results of a study of the influence of the microbiome on the development of depression. The researchers divided 28 laboratory rats into two groups. The experimental group received transplants of intestinal microflora from three men suffering from severe depression, and the control group received transplants from three healthy men.

It turned out that the gut microbiome of people suffering from depression plunged rats into depression. Compared with control animals, they showed a loss of interest in pleasurable activities (in rats, this is determined by how often they want to drink sweet water), and increased anxiety, expressed in their desire to avoid open or unfamiliar parts of the laboratory maze.

Given the large differences between rats and humans, the scientists note that their study provides new evidence that the gut microbiome may play a role in the development of depression. Sooner or later, they say, the day may come when depression and other similar disorders will be fought, including by specifically destroying certain bacteria in the human body.

Old age

The microbiome is both stable and changeable. Its unique structure is largely formed by the age of four, and only very significant factors can really affect it - for example, changes in diet, intensity of physical activity or time spent in the fresh air, moving to a new place of residence, use of antibiotics and some other medicines. However, in a sense, the microbiome is in constant motion, changing subtly with each meal. In adults, these changes are so predictable that you can guess your age just by looking at the array of bacteria that live in your gut.

This method, known as "aging microbiome clock aging," requires the help of artificial intelligence, as in an experiment recently conducted by Hong Kong startup Insilico Medicine. Scientists collected information about the microbiomes of 1165 people from Europe, Asia and North America. One third of them were 20-30 years old, another third were 40-50 years old, and the last one was 60-90 years old.

Data on 90 percent of microbiomes, scientists, having marked the age of their carriers, subjected them to “computer understanding”, and then applied the patterns identified by artificial intelligence to the microbiomes of the remaining ten percent of people whose age was not marked. Their age was determined with an error of only four years.

What does it mean: "edit" your microbiome and live in peace? Alas, even the biggest enthusiasts of microbiome science say that it is still difficult to draw accurate conclusions about the relationship between the microbiome and human health, and insist that treatment with bacterial transplants must be moved with great caution.

Many are now excited about the prospect of using the microbiota as medicine, says Paul Wilms of the University of Luxembourg, noting that pharmaceutical companies are developing new probiotics that aim to balance the microbiome.

“Before we are able to do this in a truly correct and intelligent way,” Wilms believes, “we need to understand in detail what a healthy microbiome is and how exactly it affects the human body. I think we're still a long way from that."

Microbes within us

colon - 38 quintillion
dental plaque - 1 quintillion
skin - 180 billion
saliva - 100 billion
small intestine - 40 billion
stomach - 9 million

*approximate amount

See the microbiome

All images in this article were taken by Martin Eggerli using a scanning electron microscope: the samples were dried, gold atoms were deposited on them and placed in a vacuum chamber. The wavelength of the electron beam of a microscope is shorter than visible light, so the beam "highlights" the smallest objects, but outside the color spectrum. Microbes whose color is known, Eggerli painted in these colors, in other cases he chose a different gamut so that microbes and their characteristic features could be distinguished.

Severe winters gave way to snow-covered springs and turned into snow-cold "summer" months. Three years without summer, three years without harvest, three years without hope... Three years that changed humanity forever.

On April 10, 1815, the Tambora volcano began to erupt on the island of Sumbawa (Indonesia) - in a few hours, the island with an area of 15,448 km2 was completely covered with a layer of volcanic ash one and a half meters thick. At least 100 km3 of ash was ejected into the Earth's atmosphere by the volcano. The activity of Tambor (7 points out of the maximum 8 according to the volcanic explosive index) led to a decrease in the average annual temperature by another 1-1.5 ° C - the ash rose into the upper layer of the atmosphere and began to reflect the sun's rays, acting like a thick gray curtain on a window on a sunny day . Modern scientists call the eruption of the Indonesian stratovolcano Tambor the largest in the last 2000 years.

However, high volcanic activity is not all. "Oil to the fire" added our star - the Sun. The years of intense saturation of the Earth's atmosphere with volcanic ash coincided with the period of minimum solar activity (Dalton minimum), which began around 1796 and ended in 1820. At the beginning of the 19th century, our planet received less solar energy than before or after. The lack of solar heat has reduced the average annual temperature on the Earth's surface by another 1-1.5°C.

Due to the small amount of solar thermal energy, the waters of the seas and oceans cooled down by about 2°C, which completely changed the usual water cycle in nature and the wind rose on the continents of the Northern Hemisphere. Also, according to the testimonies of English captains, a lot of ice hummocks appeared off the east coast of Greenland, which had never happened before. The conclusion suggests itself - in 1816 (perhaps even earlier - in the middle of 1815) there was a deviation of the warm ocean current of the Gulf Stream, which warms Europe.

Active volcanoes, a weakly active Sun, as well as cooling of ocean and sea waters lowered the temperature of each month, each day in 1816 by 2.5-3oC. It would seem - nonsense, some three degrees. But in an industrially undeveloped human society, these three "cold" degrees caused a terrifying catastrophe on a global scale.

Europe.

In 1816 and the two following years, European countries, still reeling from the Napoleonic Wars, became the worst place on Earth - they were hit by cold, famine, epidemics and an acute shortage of fuel. There was no harvest at all for two years. In England, Germany and France, feverishly buying up grain all over the world (mainly from the Russian Empire), food riots took place one after another. Crowds of French, Germans and British broke into warehouses with grain and carried out all the supplies. Grain prices soared tenfold. Against the backdrop of constant riots, massive arson and looting, the Swiss authorities have introduced a state of emergency and a curfew in the country.

North America.

In March 1816, winter did not end, snow was falling and frosts were standing. In April-May, America was covered with endless rains with hail, and in June-July - frosts. The corn crop in the northern states of the United States was hopelessly lost, and attempts to grow at least some grain in Canada were fruitless. Newspapers vying with each other promised famine, farmers massively slaughtered livestock. Canadian authorities have voluntarily opened grain warehouses to the public. Thousands of inhabitants of the American northern lands were drawn to the south - for example, the state of Vermont was practically depopulated.

China.

The provinces of the country, especially Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Anhui and Jiangxi, were affected by a powerful cyclone. Endless rains fell for several weeks in a row, and on summer nights frost fettered the rice fields. For three years in a row, every summer in China was not summer at all - rains and frosts, snow and hail. In the northern provinces, buffaloes died from hunger and cold. The country, unable to grow rice due to the sudden harsh climate and floods in the Yangtze River valley, was gripped by famine.

Russia (Russian Empire). Three devastating and difficult years for the countries of Europe, North America and Asia on the territory of Russia passed surprisingly smoothly - neither the authorities nor the population of the country simply noticed anything. On the contrary, all three years - 1816, 1817 and 1818 - the summer in Russia went much better than in other years. Warm, moderately dry weather contributed to good grain harvests, vied with each other purchased by the distressed states of Europe and North America. The cooling of the European seas, along with a possible change in the direction of the Gulf Stream, only improved the climatic conditions in Russia. However, the echo of the events of three years without a summer still touched Russia. In 1830-1831, two waves of cholera epidemic swept across the Russian Empire, a new type of which arose in 1816 in Indian Bengal. Expeditionary troops returned to Russia, having participated in the Asian wars with the Persians and Turks for several years. Together with them came cholera, from which (official data) 197,069 citizens of the Russian Empire died in two years, and a total of 466,457 people fell ill.

Three years without a summer and the events that unfolded during this period have influenced many generations of earthlings, including you, blog readers.

Dracula and Frankenstein.

Holidays on Lake Geneva (Switzerland) in May-June 1816 with friends, among whom were George Gordon, Lord Byron and Mary Shelley, were completely spoiled by gloomy weather and constant rain. Due to bad weather, friends were forced to spend evenings in the fireplace room of Villa Diodati, rented for a vacation by Lord Byron. They amused themselves by reading ghost stories aloud (the book was called Phantasmagorina or Stories about Ghosts, Phantoms, Spirits, etc.). Also discussed were the experiments of the poet Erasmus Darwin, who in the 18th century was rumored to have investigated the effect of a weak electric current on the organs of a dead human body. Byron invited everyone to write a short story on a supernatural topic - there was nothing to do anyway. It was then that Mary Shelley came up with the idea of a novel about Dr. Frankenstein - she later admitted that she dreamed of the plot after one of the evenings at Villa Diodati.

Lord Byron told a short "supernatural" story about Augustus Darvell feeding on the blood of the women he loved. Dr. John Polidori, hired by the Baron to take care of his health, carefully memorized the plot of the vampire story. Later, when Byron fired Polidori, he wrote a short story about Lord Ruthven called "The Vampire". Polidori deceived English publishers - he said that the vampire story was written by Byron and the lord himself asked him to bring the manuscript to England for publication. The release of the story in 1819 became the subject of a lawsuit between Byron, who denied the authorship of The Vampire, and Polidori, who claimed the opposite. One way or another, it was the winter summer of 1816 that became the cause of all subsequent literary stories about vampires.

Opium Wars.

The English fleet is attacking Chinese warships.......Three years without a summer have seriously hit Chinese farmers in the southern provinces of the country, who traditionally grow rice. Threatened by famine, farmers in southern China decided to grow the opium poppy because it was easy to maintain and guaranteed to generate income. Although the emperors of the Qing Dynasty categorically forbade the cultivation of opium poppy, farmers ignored this ban (bribed officials). By 1820, the number of opium addicts in China had risen from the previous two million to seven million, and the Daoguang Emperor banned the import of opium into China, smuggled in exchange for silver from the colonies of Great Britain and the United States. In response, England, France and the United States launched a war in China, the purpose of which was the unlimited import of opium into the Qing Empire. Superphosphate fertilizer. The Darmstadt son of an apothecary, Justus von Liebig, survived three hungry years without a summer when he was 13-16 years old. In his youth, he was interested in firecrackers and actively experimented with "explosive" mercury (mercury fulminate), and since 1831, remembering the harsh years of the "volcanic winter", he engaged in deep research in organic chemistry. Von Liebig developed superphosphate fertilizers that significantly increased grain yields. By the way, when Indian cholera came to Europe, it happened in the 50s of the XIX century, it was Justus von Liebig who developed the first effective cure for this disease (the name of the drug is Fleischinfusum).

Bike

Observing the difficult situation with oats for horses that developed in 1816, the German inventor Carl von Dres decided to build a new mode of transport. In 1817, he created the first prototype of modern bicycles and motorcycles - two wheels, a frame with a seat and a T-handle. True, von Drez's bicycle did not have pedals - the rider was asked to push off the ground and slow down on turns with his feet. Carl von Dres is best known as the inventor of the railcar, which is named after him.

Boldin autumn

A.S. Pushkin. Three autumn months of 1830, Alexander Sergeevich spent in the village of Boldino not of his own free will - because of the cholera quarantine established in Moscow by the authorities. It was the cholera vibrio, which mutated during an unusual drought, which abruptly gave way to continuous autumn rains and caused the Ganges to overflow, and after 14 years was brought into the Russian Empire, the descendants "owe" the appearance of Pushkin's brightest works - "Eugene Onegin", "The Tale of the Priest and His worker Balda”, etc.

Such is the story of three years without a summer that occurred at the beginning of the 19th century and was caused by a number of factors, including the eruption of the stratovolcano Tambora. It remains to remind you that the seven-point Tambora is far from the most significant volcanic problem of earthlings. There are, unfortunately, much more dangerous volcanic objects on Earth - supervolcanoes.