Usch- (-yusch-), if participles are formed from verbs of I conjugation: boron -shuffling (fighting), bubbling-shushing (bubbling), pegging-shushing (swaying), chalking (shuffling), crawling (flying), creeping ( creep), ta-yushch-y (melt).
Ash- (-yash-), if participles are formed from verbs of II conjugation: breathe -ashch-y (breathe), sting-box-y (sting), hung-box- (depend), glue-box- (glue), pray-box- (pray), praise-box ( praise).
Note 1. Verbs to glimpse and build have participles shivering and budding.
Note 2. From verbs to torment and measure two forms are formed:tormenting, tormenting(neutral) and tormenting, tormenting(colloquial)
I eat- (less often -om-), if participles are formed from verbs of I conjugation: organize -received (organize), oscillating (fluctuate), verifiable (check), led (lead), attracted (attract), carried ( carry);
Im-, if participles are formed from verbs of II conjugation: view -im-th (see), dependent-im-th (depend), glue-im-th (glue), audible-im-th (hear)
Note. Communion driven derived from obsolete verb move .
In real past participles, the suffix -vsh- is preceded by the same vowel that precedes the suffix -l- in the past tense verb (or before the suffix -t in the infinitive): kle and-vsh-y (glue-l, glue-t), cherishing (cherishing l, cherishing), hoping (hoping, hoping).
Note 1. Participles from verbs like to weaken - to weaken differ in vowels e , and before suffix-vsh-; cf.: pissed off e former("lost strength") and exhausted and former("depriving someone of power") .
Note 2. In gerunds before suffixes-e-, -vsh- the vowel that is in the past tense before the verb is also preserved.-l- -t); cf.: recover e-in (recovered, get well), heard in (heard heard, hear), akimbo (akin akimbo, akimbo).
In passive past participles, suffixes are written:
Hn-, if in the past tense verb before the suffix -l- (or in an indefinite form before -th) there are vowels a, i, e: painted-nn-th (painted-l, painted-th), dumped-nn-th (dumped, dumped), insisted-nn-th (insisted, insisted), sowing-nn-th (sowed, sow), exchanged nn-th (exchanged, exchange), offended-nn-th (offended, offended), saw-nn-th (saw, see);
Enn-, -yonn-, if in the past tense verb before the suffix-l- (or indefinitely before-t) there is a vowel and: exit -en-ny (departure-l, leave-be), grown-en-y (grown, grow up), well-groomed (groomed, groomed), watered (drank, watered); if the participles are formed from the verb into-ch: bake -yenny (bake), coastal (save), enthusiastic (captivate); if participles are formed from verbs that have an indefinite form before the suffix-ti is a consonant: brought -yen-y (brought-ti), brought-yon-y (bring), swept-en-y (sweep).
Note 1. Participles with the suffix -enn- (-yonn-) are formed from a few, ancient in origin, verbs in -ch and in -zti, -sti. As for verbs on -it, from a historical point of view, passive participles are produced using the same suffix -nn-, as from verbs on -am, -yat, -eat. In the Old Russian language, when participles were formed from verbs in -it before the vowel, the combination jе appeared, while j caused the corresponding changes in the consonants in front of it. As a result, alternations d - f (ho dit-walked), s - w (but with it - worn), h - f (moro zit - ice cream), in - ow (vylo in it - caught), b - bl (dol beat - dug), p - pl (ku drink - purchased), m - ml (vylo mite - broken out) and others. Under the influence of the same consonant (j) and changed into e. As a result of re-expansion (i.e., changes in the boundaries between morphemes) in modern Russian, participles from verbs in -it are distinguished instead of two original suffixes (-e- - an indefinite suffix and -nn- - participle suffix) one - -enn- .
Note 2. Participles are formed from the verb burn and its derivatives using the suffix -enn-; compare: zhzh burnt, burnt, burnt, burnt, burnt, burnt, burnt, burnt, burnt(but: burn enn th) .
Note 3. They differ in the spelling of the participle from the prefixed formations of the verbs weigh - hang, knead - interfere, roll - swing and under. From verbs on -it, participles are formed with the help of the suffix -enn-, and from verbs on -at (-yat) - participles with the suffix -nn- (while the verbal suffixes -а-, -я- are preserved); Wed: curtain hung, hung, hung, hung etc. are formed from the corresponding verbs in -it: veils it- "close the curtain" ( A tightly curtained window did not let in any light.); canopy it- "hang, put on something" ( hinged door); body kit it- "deceive when buying, underweight"; weight it- "divide by weight"; veil Anna, hung, hung, hung etc. are formed from verbs in -at: zavesh at- "hang on the whole space" ( All the walls were hung with bunches of herbs); hang at- "hang in large numbers" ( Various posters were hung in the corridors); body kit at- "hang from all sides, hang everywhere" ( Ships hung with colorful flags look festive); hang up at- "hang in different places" ( In summer, well-hung linen dries quickly.- sometimes in combination with the word underwear there is also a participle hanged, but the first option is preferable). Participles in -anna have the meaning "placed in large numbers throughout the space", in other cases the participles end in -enny: mixed th, mixed th, obsessed th, mixed and under. - participles from prefixed formations of the verb knead - "knead, mixing" ( knead the dough) - kneading ite, mix, mix, mix; mixed, mixed, mixed, mixed and under. - participles from prefixed formations of the verb interfere - "turn over, shake in a circular motion with the help of something" ( stir tea with a spoon) - zamesh mix, stir, stir, mix; compare: Well-mixed cement mortar has high strength; My friend was involved in this unpleasant story; pump out enn th, pumped out- participles from the corresponding verbs vykat it (out of the shed bike) and pump out at (oil tanker); shot shot, shot, shot, shot, shot etc. - participles from the corresponding verbs on -it: shot to shoot, to shoot, to shoot, to shoot, to shoot; shot, shot, shot, shot, shot (automatic), shot- participles from the corresponding verbs in -yat: shot shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot("tune aiming"),shoot; compare: Suddenly fired upon by the enemy, the landing force managed to get ashore; Shot around the cartridge cases testified to a heated fight; A shot gun does not misfire; The shot predator was no longer scary.
Note 4. In stable combination shot sparrow the adjective is written with one n
1. In real participles of the present tense, suffixes are written:
A) -usch-, -yusch-, if the participle is formed from the verb I of the conjugation, for example: walking (go, go), drawing (draw, draw), laughing (laugh, laugh);
b) -ash-, -ash- if the participle is formed from the verb of conjugation II, for example: screaming (shouting, shouting), flying (flying, flying), building (building, building).
2. In passive participles of the present tense, suffixes are written:
A) -eat- if the participle is formed from the verb I of the conjugation, for example: performed (perform, perform), drawn (draw, draw);
b) -them- if the participle is formed from the verb II conjugation, for example: stored (keep, store), audible (hear, hear).
Note. In book speech, a few passive participles of the present tense are used with the suffix -om-, formed from verbs of I conjugation, for example: lead - lead - led.
3. In passive past participles before nn spelled A or I, if in the indefinite form of the verb before -th costs A or I, for example: detain - detained, fire - fired. If in the indefinite form of the verb before -t costs And or e, in passive past participles before nn spelled e, for example: view - scanned, shoot - shot.
(About spelling nn And n in passive past participles, see § 53.)
308. Write down, denoting the suffix in each participle and indicating in brackets the indefinite form, conjugation and the 3rd person plural form of the verb from which this participle is formed.
Sample. Klokoch.. flow. - Klokoch yi ii (gurgle, I ref., gurgle) flow. Coloring material. - Kras crate uyya(be painted, II ref., are painted) material.
Panting.. man, grinding.. flour worker, sawing.. wood workers, splashing.. kids splashing in the water, gluing a box.. boy, number on the list, crew fighting a storm, bravely a fighting regiment, a hostess clapping at the stove, a steppe spreading out, a building under construction, a young man picking firewood, a child hiding, a quivering .. fish, a student preparing .. for tests, a drowsy old man, a horn heard from afar, a creeping fog, a barking dog, ripening grapes.
309. Write off. Explain the spelling of participle suffixes.
1) The nature of the thirsty steppes gave birth to him on the day of anger. (P.) 2) A flurry dug into the quicksand of the ocean, dousing the bridge with whipping ... splashes. (New-Pr.) 3) The moon and stars disappeared before the brilliance of this wonderful, breathing freshness, joyful morning. (St.) 4) Looking at a cheerful companion, at his ruddy, radiant, healthy face, even strangers involuntarily smile. (S.-M.) 5) Everything inside me was shaking from bubbling laughter. 6) Puddles gleamed from that .. current snow. (N.O.) 7) In the (half) light, blackish .. dead earth is visible far away. (Boon.) 8) Meeting the piercing gaze of small eyes, she timidly moved her eyebrows. (M. G.) 9) Pechorin is a decisive person, hungry for worries and storms. (Bel.) 10) The poet, for whom everything was in common .. my editor was news, listened attentively to Mikhail Alexandrovich. (Bulg.)
310. From indefinite verbs, form the 3rd person plural of the present tense and passive participles of the present tense. Label them with suffixes. With participles formed from the highlighted verbs, make up phrases.
love, excite, respect, excite, hear, edit, control, hate, support, encourage, depict, lead, see, interrupt, forget, recommend, change.
311. From the verbs of the indefinite form, form and write down the past tense singular masculine and the passive past participle. Label them with suffixes. With participles formed from the highlighted verbs, make up phrases.
Sample. Ignite - ignite, ignite yonn wow, lit fire.
Lower, illuminate, dedicate, offend, consider, shoot, shoot, extinguish, knead, knead, hang, hang, buy, throw, crown, promise, hit, shell, shoot, start, cut out, make fun of, sow, glue, hung up, hung up, consoled.
312. Write off. For each highlighted participle in brackets, indicate the indefinite form of the verb from which it is formed.
1) The dough is good confused..but. He was mixed..n into a bad story. 2) The walls of the room were covered with light wallpaper. 3) Lost.. the book was found. 4) Noticed Mistakes were quickly corrected on time. 5) On seeded In early spring, the first shoots amicably appeared in the fields. 6) Work was ending..on in a timely manner. 7) The laundry was fast dry..but wind. 8) Lecture listen..on with deep attention.
313. Write off, inserting the necessary participles and agreeing them with the nouns. Indicate verbally which participles are real and which are passive.
1) The school drama club, ... an artist of the city theater, is preparing a new production. - The artist, ... a school drama club, carefully explains the role of each participant in the performance (leading, led). 2) The students ... did a great job of expanding the school garden, wrote about their experience in the school wall newspaper. - A lot of work, ... by schoolchildren, was described in detail in the wall newspaper (done, done). 3) The girl, ... a new book, told her friends about her impression of it. - The new book, ... by a girl, was written brightly and fascinatingly (read, read). 4) A new instrument, ... by an engineer, is of great value. - Engineer, ... a new device, received an award (invented, invented). 5) The wind, ... clouds, did not subside for a minute. - Clouds, ... by the wind, quickly rushed across the sky (driven, driven).
314. Write off. Emphasize passive participles with one line, real participles with two. Specify orally the indefinite form of the verb from which the participle is formed, and explain the spelling of the participle suffixes.
1) The birch leaves rustle a little, barely swaying .. my wind. 2) The glow at the distant heights was reflected in a tremulous .. with a blush. (L.) 3) On thoughts breathing with power, like beads, words fall. (L.) 4) I love the smoke of the burnt stubble, in the steppe I spend the night .. the convoy and on the hill among the yellow fields a couple of white .. birches. (L.) 5) The mermaid floated along the blue river, illuminating ... with the full moon. (L.) 6) And suddenly there is a cave in front of the hero; there is light in the cave. He goes straight to her under dormant vaults. (P.) 7) After the black dungeon, the light reflected by the snows, piercing the eyes, seems unusually bright. (S.-M.) 8) Mined coal flows in a continuous stream, roaring .. with a waterfall falls into the holds of a ship that has docked at the pier. (S.-M.) 9) From time to time, a signalman waving a flag appeared on the canvas ahead. (A. N. T.) 10) Suddenly there was a clatter of a galloping horse. (T.)
315. Write off. Underline the participles with one line, and the words to which they refer - with two. Make a morphological analysis of participles from the first three sentences. Find paths in the text, determine their types.
In the white desert
We go out onto the ice, already covered with (explored) snow, we step on the shore. Sliding over (crumbling) stones, I rise .. I climb to a high, embankment, (stretching) along the (open, bare) coast. Having adjusted my gun behind my back .. yo, zast .. bending my jacket tightly, struggling with the (tight, blowing) wind in my face, I walk along the coast. I look at the stones, a heap (fell) from the shore into the sea. A sunbeam, breaking through, illuminates the edge (black, hanging) of the cloud. I rise ..may b..nokl, peer into the (fluctuating) depth of the dead desert. A yellowish spot is moving in the (white, sparkling) field. Alien (surrounding) to the world, m.. lurks in a snow haze .. "Sedov".
Day and night, night and day, a boat runs between the shore and the ship, (loaded) for stability with boxes..kami with rifle p..trons. The owners of the (building .. schisya) stations in turn .. are replaced on the steering wheel. (According to I. Sokolov-Mikitov)
Participle endings
Participles have the same case endings as adjectives. That's why,in order not to be mistaken in the spelling of the endings of participles, they should be coordinated with the nouns to which they refer.
For example: Hawks soared over the swaying steppe. Over the steppe Ouch? - swaying to her sya. There was something menacing in the sparkling glare of the lightning. in brilliance like ohm? - sparkling eat. This sound is called hissing. sound like them? - hissing them.
Participle suffixes
1. In the real participles of the present tense, suffixes are written:
· -usch- (-yusch-)if participles are formed from verbs of the I conjugation: boron Yusch iisya (fight), klokoch yi ii (bubbling), kolysh yi iisya (sway), chalk Yusch uy (grind), floorYusch ij (flying), steleYusch uyya (spread), that Yusch uy (melt).
· -ash- (-ash-) breathe ash iy (breathe), stingcrate ii (sting), hungcrate ii (depend), gluecrate iy (glue), they saycrate ii (pray), praisecrate yy (praise).
Exceptions: Verbs glimpse And be based have participles shivering And founded. From verbs torment And measure two forms are formed: tormenting, tormenting(neutral) and tormenting, tormenting(colloquial).
Note! In a word budyi uy(by origin - participle) suffix -yusch- added to base bud-, so you should not write an extra vowel before the suffix Yu (!).
2. In the passive participles of the present tense (they are formed only from transitive imperfective verbs), suffixes are written:
· -eat-(less often -om-), if participles are formed from verbs of I conjugation: organization eat th (organize), oscillate eat th (fluctuate), check eat th (check), ved ohm th (lead), attractedohm th (draw), carriedohm th (carry);
· -them-, if participles are formed from verbs of II conjugation: view them th (see), hoveredthem th (depend), gluethem th (glue), hearthem th (hear).
Note. Participle movable derived from obsolete verb move.
3. In real past participles before suffix -vsh- write the same vowel that comes before the suffix -l- in the past tense (or before the suffix -th in indefinite form): glue And past (glue And l, glue And th), lele I former (lele I l, lele I th), hope I shady (hope I hope I tsya).
Participles from verbs like to weaken - to weaken differ in vowels in, and before the suffix - vsh -, compare: exhausted e former(lost strength) and exhausted And former(depriving someone of power).
IN gerunds before suffixes -v-, -vsh - the same is also kept vowel , which is in the past tense before -l - (or in indefinite form before -th : recovered e in (recovered e l, get well e th), hear A in (hear A L, hear A th), flank And leaning (sideways And leaned, flailed And tsya).
4. In passive past participles suffixes are written:
1) -nn-, if in the past tense before the suffix -l- there are vowels a, i, e : paints A ny (patterns A l, razrisov A th), now I ny (real I l, nasto I th), fall out I nny (dump I l, dump I t), exchange I ny (exchange I l, exchange I th), insult e ny (offensive e l, resentment e t);
2) -enn-, yonn-, if in the past tense (or indefinitely before -t) there is a vowel and: departure enn th (departure And l), grown enn th (growth And l, grow And w), output enn th (exit And l, output And t), napo enn th (napo And l, napo And t); Also If participles are formed from verbs ending in -ch: baked enn th (bake), save enn th (save), carried away yonn th (to captivate). saying yonn th (to speak); the same suffixes are used in the formation of participles from verbs in which the suffix is indefinite before -ti there is a consonant: brought yonn th (to bring), brought yonn th (bring), sweep enn th (sweep out).
They differ in writing participles of prefixed formations from verbs weigh - hang, knead - interfere, roll - roll and the like. From verbs to -it participles are formed using the suffix - enn- , and from verbs to -at (-yat) - participles with suffix -nn- (while the verbal suffixes -and I- saved), for example: hung, hung, hung and similar are formed from the corresponding verbs in -it : hang up"close something hung" ( A tightly curtained window did not let in any light.); hang- "attach, put on something" ( hinged door); give short weight- "deceive when buying, underweight"; hang up- Divide by weight.
hung, hung, hung, hung and similar formations from verbs into -at: hang up- "hang on the entire space in question" ( All the walls in the room were hung with bunches of herbs.); hang- "hang in large numbers" ( Various posters were hung on the wall.); hang around- "place on all sides" ( Ships hung with colorful flags look festive); hang up- "hang in different places" ( In summer, well-hung linen dries quickly.). Participles on - this have the meaning "placed in large numbers throughout the space"; otherwise, participles end in –enny .
Mixed, mixed, mixed, mixed knead- “knead, knead, stirring any semi-liquid mass” (knead the dough) - mix, mix, mix, mix.
Mixed up, mixed up, mixed up, mixed up and similar - participles from prefixed formations of the verb interfere- “mix, stir with a spoon, stirrer; combine into one thing homogeneous" ( stir tea with a spoon). Compare the meaning and use of such participles in the following examples: Well-mixed cement mortar has high strength. My friend was involved in this unpleasant story.
Pumped out, pumped out - participles from the corresponding verbs roll out(from the bike shed) and deflate(from oil tank);
Shot, shot, shot, shot, shot and similar - participles from the corresponding verbs on -it: shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot; shot, shot, shot, shot, shot (automatic), shot- participles from the corresponding verbs on -yat: to shoot, to shoot, to shoot, to shoot, to shoot (to aim), to shoot, For example: The landing force, suddenly fired upon by the enemy, somehow got ashore. Shell casings shot around testified to a heated fight. A shot gun does not misfire. But: The shot predator lay with a bared mouth.
5. Spelling -Н- and -НН- in participle suffixes.
6. In suffixes of passive participles after hissing under stress instead ofO spelled her): armyo nny - armedyo n, leashyo nny - leashyo n, perfectyo ny (done) - perfect yo n, streetyo nny - streetyo n, abbreviatedyo nny - abbreviatedyo n.
from the verb burnand its derivatives, participles are formed using the suffix-yonn- : LJ yonn oh, light it up yonn oh, nazhzh yonn oh, burn yonn oh, please yonn oh wait yonn oh, come on yonn oh, fire up yonn oh, burn yonn th(But: burn out enn th).
Spelling of adverbs. Suffixes of gerunds
1. Imperfect participles are formed from present tense imperfective verbs with the help of suffixes or -A (after hissing): advise - advise - advice I, stand - stand - one hundred I, knock - knock - knock A, fight - fight - boron I s.
Verbs with the suffix -va-, which falls out in the present tense, form a participle from the indefinite form: acknowledge - recognizing I give - giving I.
Remember. 1) Many imperfective verbs do not have the form of a gerund, for example, verbs in -ch ( guard, cherish), verbs with suffixes –nu- ( wither, languish) and some others ( write and so on.).
2) Some gerunds, having lost the sign of time (type), turned into adverbs: silently, lying, sitting, standing.
2. Perfect participles are formed from perfect past tense verbs with the help of suffixes -v, -lice (after a vowel) and -shi (after consonant): take - take - take V- taking lice; captivate - captivate - captivate shea; merge - merge - merge lice s.
Note. The same vowel is written before the suffixes as before the suffix l in the past tense: grievances e l - resentment e in, bros And l - cast And c, rasta I l - rasta I in, delay A lysya - delay A after waking up.
Some perfective verbs form gerunds by means of suffixes -A or -I from future tense verbs: find - find - find I, get out - get out - get out I hear - hear - hear A.
In the course of studying morphology, schoolchildren go through the topic "Suffixes of real and passive participles." Let's take a closer look at the intricacies and features of this group.
Participle
What is this interesting phenomenon? To this day, disputes of linguists do not subside. Opinions are divided: some consider the sacrament because it has a number of its own characteristics. Others are sure that this is just a verb form. If we turn to the history of its occurrence, we can find out that it was formed precisely from the verb. True, outwardly it is more like an adjective. Yes, and it borrowed some functions from him: they both answer the same question (which one?), And they have the same syntactic role (definition). Therefore, scientists argue and cannot come to a unanimous decision.
Various educational and methodological complexes, according to which the Russian language is taught at school, also approach this situation in different ways. For example, M. M. Razumovskaya refers the participle to the verb form, and V. V. Babaitseva to an independent part of speech. But in both textbooks it is said that it is still not clear to which category it should be attributed.
Valid
Before considering the suffixes of real and passive participles, you need to know that this part of speech is usually divided into two large groups by meaning. The first is called real. They received such a name due to their purpose: to name the signs of such objects that themselves perform an action.
Consider the example: "The wind blowing from the sea was raging."
As we can see, the wind blew on its own from the sea, without resorting to anyone's help and without being affected in any way. It is these forms that are called real.
Another example: "The dog guarding the house was a large breed."
The object in this sentence protects the house, that is, it performs the action on its own. Thus, the participle "protected" belongs to the category of real.
Passive
The next group, which has a slightly different purpose, is the category of passive participles. They are so named because they do not perform an action, but are subjected to it.
Let's take an example: "The parents called to school by the teacher were worried."
In this sentence, we see the participle "called out". It was formed from the verb "call". We will make sure that the parents did not decide to come to the school themselves, but at the request of the teacher. We see that the action is not performed by them, it is performed on them. Therefore, they refer to such communion as passive. That is, parents, as it were, “suffer”, experiencing someone’s influence on themselves.
Suffixes of real and passive participles of the present tense
Now that we have figured out the intricacies of this morphological group, we can move on to the main topic. Each of the categories will have its own characteristics of word formation.
The suffixes of active and passive participles will differ depending on the tense. So, in the present tense, the following are distinguished: -usch and -yushch, as well as -ashch and -yashch. Example: rebelling, singing, holding, speaking. As you can see, they are all real. For the suffering ones, they are different: -om, -im, -em. Example: drawn, persecuted, condemned.
In the real participle of the present tense, all suffixes have spelling features.
If you do not know the rules, many questions arise. For example, how should you write: struggling or struggling? The verb from which this word is formed will help us with this - fight. Let's define its conjugation. Since its stem ends in -ot, this is 1 conjugation. Now you need to use the following rule: if the word belongs to 1 conjugation, we write -usch or -yushch. If to the second - then -ashch or -yashch. Thus, we found out that in the word "struggling" it is necessary to write -yushch. The main thing is to know how to determine the conjugation of verbs.
The table helps to remember the suffixes of real and passive participles better. And besides, you can always turn to her if the rule suddenly flies out of your head.
Suffixes of real and passive past participles
Now, having considered the features of the formation of this part of speech in the present tense, we can proceed to the next stage. It is worth remembering that participles cannot be used in the future tense, so we will continue to talk about the past. They borrowed this sign from the verb.
In the past tense, the suffixes -vsh and -sh are distinguished. For example: melted, sprouted.
The suffering ones have more of them: -nn, -enn, -t. For example: seeded, attached, stabbed.
And again, the table will help us remember the suffixes of real and passive participles.
With the first category, everything is clear, no difficulties arise, but with the passive ones it is more difficult. In some words, it is not always clear which suffix should be highlighted: -nn or -enn. Consider the word "offended" It would seem that by highlighting the suffix -enn, we will not make a mistake. But it's not. According to the rule, if the verb that formed the participle ends in -at, -yat, -et, then we select the suffix -nn.
In this example, the stem of the verb "offend" ends in -et, so we define the suffix -nn in the participle.
Let's take another example: "dressed up". And again, let's recall the rule: if the verb ends in -it, -ty or -ch, then in this case we use only the suffix -enn.
We will also act in the words "baked" (bake), "brought" (bring), "asked" (ask).
Tasks
In the Russian language lessons, the teacher pays special attention to how and when the suffixes of real and passive participles are used. Exercises on this topic will help you to understand it more fully.
First you need to give a list of verbs and ask the guys to determine their conjugation. Then it is worth giving the task to form a sacrament of different categories and times from them.
For example:
- prick (1 sp.) - stabbing (act., present time), pricking (act., past time);
- speak (2 sp.) - speaker (act., present temp.), spoke (act., past temp.);
- shave (1 ref., excl.) - shaving (actual, present time), shaving (actual, past time), shaved (suffering, past time);
- offend (2 ref., excl.) - offended (suffering, present time), offended (suffering, past time).
The spelling of suffixes of various parts of speech, except for -Н- / -НН-, is included in the Unified State Exam in Russian for Grade 11 (task 10).
Spelling of noun suffixes
In nouns, the spelling of the suffixes -EK-/-IK- is most often checked. The suffixes -OK- and -OH- are written in a unique way.
Spelling of suffixes -EK- and -IK-
If you put the noun in the genitive singular, and the vowel in the suffix has disappeared, then the suffix -EK- is written in the word. Otherwise - suffix -IK-.
For example:
- The key is the suffix -IK-, since in the genitive case of the singular "key" the vowel in the suffix does not disappear.
- The lock is the suffix -EK-, since in the genitive case of the singular "lock" the vowel in the suffix disappeared.
The suffixes -NIK-, -CHIK-, -SCHIK-, -IN-, -IC-, -EC- can be checked in the same way.
Spelling of adjective suffixes
In adjectives, the spelling of the suffixes -K-, -SK- and -LIV-, -CHIV-, -CHAT-, -EB- / -IV- is most often checked.
Spelling of suffixes -K- and -SK-
If the adjective is qualitative (that is, it has degrees of comparison) or it is formed from a noun with a stem ending in K, Ch or C, then the suffix -K- is written. Otherwise, the suffix -SK- is written.
For example:
- Low - suffix -K-, because the adjective is qualitative.
- German - the suffix -K-, because the adjective was formed from the noun German, ending in C.
- French - the suffix -SK-, since the adjective is not qualitative and it was formed from the noun French, the stem of which does not end in K, Ch or C.
Spelling of suffixes -LIV-, -CHIV-, -CHAT-, -EB-, -IV-
The suffixes -LIV-, -CHIV- and -CHAT- are always written in a unique way.
For example:
- Whimsical - suffix -LIV-
- Assiduous - suffix -CHIV-
- Onion - suffix -CHAT-
The suffix -EB- is written only without stress, and the suffix -IV- is written only under stress. Exceptions: merciful, holy fool.
For example:
- Flannel - suffix -EB-, because without accent
- Truthful - suffix -IV-, because under stress
The main thing is to distinguish the suffixes -EB- / -IV- and -LIV-, -CHIV- from each other. To do this, you need to correctly perform the morphemic parsing of the word.
Spelling participle suffixes
In participles, the spelling of the suffixes -A-, -I-, -E- and -OM-, -EM-, -IM-, -USCH-, -YUSCH-, -ASCH-, -YASCH- is most often checked.
Spelling of suffixes A, Z and E
To check the vowel in a suffix, you need to go to the initial form of the verb (infinitive) and see which suffix is used there. If the verb ends in -AT or -YAT, then A or Ya is written in the participle suffix. In all other cases, E is written in the participle suffix. In participles and gerunds, the same suffix is used before the -VSh- suffix as in the infinitive.
For example:
- Tangled - suffix -A-, as it is formed from confuse (ends in -AT)
- Sowed - suffix -I-, as it is formed from sow (ends in -YAT)
- Glued - suffix -E-, as it is formed from glue (does not end in -AT or -YAT)
Spelling of suffixes -OM-, -EM-, -IM- and -USCH-, -YUSCH-, -ASCH-, -YASCH-
To check which vowel is written in the suffix, you need to determine the verb conjugationfrom which the participle is formed. If the verb is of the first conjugation, then the suffixes -OM-, -EM- and -USCH-, -YUSCH- are used, if the second, then -IM- and -ASCH-, -YASCH-.
For example:
- Dependent - suffix -IM-, as it is formed from the verb depend 2 conjugations
- Cherished - suffix -EM-, as it is formed from the verb cherish 1 conjugation
- Melting snows - suffix -YUSCH-, as it is formed from the verb to melt 1 conjugation
- Gluing - suffix -ЯШ-, as it is formed from the verb to glue 2 conjugations
Spelling of adverb suffixes
In adverbs, the spelling of the suffixes -O- and -A- is usually checked.
Spelling of suffixes -О- and -А-
If the adverb is formed in a suffixal way (only with the help of a suffix), then the suffix -O- is written. If an adverb is formed by a prefix-suffix method (with the help of a prefix and a suffix at the same time), then with the prefixes IZ-, DO- and C- the suffix -A- is written, and with the prefixes B-, HA- and ZA- the suffix -O- is written.
For example:
- Since ancient times - it was formed from the adjective old in the prefix-suffix way, and with the prefix IZ-, the suffix -A- is written.
- To the right - formed from the adjective right in the prefix-suffix way, and with the prefix HA-, the suffix -O- is written.
- Initially, it was formed from the adjective original in a suffixal way (although the word has the prefix IZ-, it was already in the adjective), so the suffix -O- is written.
Spelling of suffixes of verbs and participles
In verbs, the spelling of the suffixes -EVA-/-OVA- and -IVA-/-YVA- is usually checked.
Spelling of suffixes -EVA-/-OVA- and -IVA-/-YVA-
To check the vowel in the suffix of a verb, you need to put it in the first person singular form. If the suffix disappears, then -EVA- or -OVA- is written, if the suffix remains, then -IVA- or -IVA-. In nouns, participles and gerunds formed from verbs with given suffixes, suffixes are written according to the same rule.
For example:
- To grieve - the suffix -EVA-, since in the form of the first person singular it disappears (I grieve)
- Assimilate - the suffix -IVA-, since in the form of the first person singular it is preserved (I assimilate)
It is worth distinguishing the suffixes -EVA- and -IVA- from the suffixes -E- / -I- and -VA-. If -BA- can be removed from the verb, and such a word exists, then it has 2 suffixes -E- / -I- and -BA-, otherwise there is only one suffix.
Spelling of suffixes in past tense verbs
The vowel in the past tense verb suffix can be checked by putting the verb in the infinitive. The past tense verb uses the same suffix as the infinitive before -t.
For example: offended - the suffix -E-, since the suffix -E- is written in the infinitive to offend.
