Words with ь sign denoting softness of consonants. Soft sign before a consonant. Spelling ъ and ь

Spelling ъ and ь

A. The use of a separator b.

1. Dividing b spelled:

1) before letters e, yo, yu, i after a prefix ending in a consonant: entry, rise, pre-anniversary, internuclear;

2) before letters e, yo, yu, i in foreign words in which there is a prefix ending in a consonant (ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, counter, ob-, sub, trans-), or a compound particle pan-: adjutant, injection, conjunctivitis, counter-Jacobin, object, subject, trans-Japanese, pan-European;

3) in compound words, the first part of which is formed by numerals two-, three-, four-: two-tier, four-lingual.

2. Dividing b not spelled:

1) in compound words before letters e, yo, yu, i : children;

2) before vowels uh uh uh : categorical, cloudless, unexamine.

B. The use of dividing b.

Dividing b it is written:

1) before e, yo, i, yu, i inside a word, not after prefixes: career, curious, sparrow, blizzard, monkey, clerk(from the word clerk, i.e. b fundamentally);

2) in some foreign words before O : broth, companion, champignon.

B. The use of ь to indicate the softness of consonants in writing.

1. The letter b is written:

1) at the end of a word after any soft consonant: horse, coal, lantern;

2) after a soft l before any consonant (hard or soft): sick, herring, boy, sawyer;

3) after a soft consonant before a hard consonant: Kuzma, less, fight;

4) between two soft consonants only if, when changing the word, the second consonant becomes hard, and the first remains soft: in request(request), Kuzmich(Kuzma), about the fight(struggle);

5) in numerals ending in -ten, -hundred, after the first root: fifty, five hundred, eighty, eight hundred; in numbers ending in -twenty at the end of a word: fifteen, nineteen, twenty.

2. The letter ь is not written:

1) inside combinations chk, ch, lf, nsch, rsh, rh : river, river, babysit, mason, lamplighter, spoiled;

2) between soft ll : illusion, illumination, illustration.

D. The use of ь to designate grammatical forms.

Note: hissing letters are w, w, w, h .

1. After hissing b is written:

1) in singular feminine nouns: speech, silence, roar(do not mix with clouds, groves, thousands, since these are forms of the genitive plural);

2) in the imperative mood of verbs: assign, cut, eat, assign, cut, eat;

3) in the indefinite form of verbs: keep, keep, take care, take care;

4) in the 2nd person singular of present and future tense verbs: you carry, you carry, you throw, you rush, you rush, you carry;

5) in adverbs: helplessly, completely. Exceptions: already, married, unbearable;

6) in particles: vysh, bish, only, ish.

2. The use of ь in some other case and verb forms:

1) in the instrumental plural of some nouns and numerals: children, people, four, as well as in other cases of the numeral eight: eight, eight And eight;

2) in the indefinite form of verbs: carry - mess around, shave - shave;

3) in the imperative mood: get ready, get ready, get ready. Exceptions: lie down, lie down.

Exercises on the topic "Spelling b and b"

Exercise 1. Rewrite, inserting, where necessary, the missing letters.

1. At that moment, there were p ... yanye cries of the guests.
2. He himself decided Chichikov] to compose fortresses, write and rewrite, so as not to pay anything under ... yachim.

3. She sat down at the pianoforte and played some of his favorite songs.

4. The lackey impersonates their manners, manners.

5. Tall green drill...yang grew up in the place where the yard once was.

6. The upholstery on the chairs of the first rows and on the bars ... of the boxes ... has long faded.

7. The angry river foamed and whipped the granite parapets of the embankment with waves.
8. Sometimes a group came out from ... examining high school students, talking cheerfully about luck or anxiously about the possibility of failure.

9. The cook gave them [the sailors] boiled broth ... meat.
10. In the midst of a large clean area on a high pedestal stood a cast of the mighty figure of David.
11. Here we have one more company ... he is for a picnic.
12. Not far away, behind the trees, an immense azure expanse opened up.

13. At the slightest ... yane in a suit, with torn buttons, this suit should be handed over for repair, cleaning, etc.

14. We already had dinner with my father.

15. We retreated to the north, hiding all the time with strong rearguards.

16. Andrey's letters have become an integral part of my life.

17. Aksinya with ... narrowed her eyes, moved ... with her black eyebrows.

18. The day of the premiere has come, which has been prepared for over six months.

19. We presented a number of demands to Fokin, and above all about raising wages.

Exercise 2. Rewrite, inserting the missing letters where necessary.

1. Several infantry battalions were concentrated in the town.

2. First, field shootings were made, then the work was transferred to the pavilions of the film factory.

4. During the repair of the theater, inter ... tiered ceilings were replaced.
5. The newspaper published an interview with the head of a foreign delegation.

6. New methods of work have made it possible to save a lot of time and money.
7. The active counter...attack of the opponent put the young chess player in a difficult position.

8. The work of the translator was facilitated by the recently published three ... language dictionary.

9. In such a ... southern night ... it was not difficult ... to go astray in unfamiliar places.

10. At night, frosts were not uncommon, and a leaf ... I was on trees ... with ... hedgehogs ... from the cold.

11. To send urgent and important documents, feld...jager communication was used.
12. The peasants repeatedly rebelled, stirrups... get rid... of the burden under... the jugular life in the conditions of serfdom.

13. Taking ... for any work, you need to objectively evaluate ... your capabilities.
14. Old-style banknotes were withdrawn ... from circulation.

15. At the dawn of human life, almost ... any natural phenomenon seemed to people super ... natural and inexplicable.

16. A chemist made experiments with some four ... elemental compounds.

17. Such theories as Pan...Turkism, Pan...Japanism are based not so much on religious, but on political goals.

18. A giant Soviet jet plane made a trans ... European flight in a few ... hours.

Exercise 3. Rewrite, inserting, where necessary, the missing letters.

1. My request is as follows.

2. The rain was sown all the chalk ... che and chalk ... che.

3. Frost fell on the ground ....

4. You are dressing ... near an open silt ... yuminator, into which you smell April ... freshness ....

5. He did not sit ....

6. He learns ... to ride horses.

7. A short winter ... day began to twilight ... sya.

8. With him all the nannies ... chilis ... .

9. Assistant ... nickname was diligent and sensible.
10. February ... on the seventeenth ... broke into the city with a wind, cold ... and in ... the south.

11. Nyan...ka loved to mess around with children...mi.

12. Linen ... heads turned white in t ... me.

13. I'm afraid ... seriously ... carried away.

14. And there is nothing to marvel at: how does a tree make friends with fire ...?

15. If you want ... - add ... eat ... sya.
16. Early ... on a summer morning, go ... to the forest.

17. Take care of ... tes ... about food: take ... something with you.

18. Do not cry ... those, console ... tes ....

19. Intercede ... for the weak.

20. Throw ... those swear ... sya.

Sources:

• Chapter "Difficulties of Russian spelling and punctuation" in the manual Golub I.B. "Russian language and culture of speech"
• Section "Letters ъ and ь" in the "Russian language manual for applicants to universities" by Rosenthal D.E.

Additionally on Guenon:

Speech therapy lesson held with younger students 1 - 3 classes.

Purpose: to teach children to hear the hard and soft sound of consonants.

Lesson progress

1. Organizational moment

The bell invites us to the lesson.

Everyone learns something new in class.

2. Consolidation of the material covered.

Task 1. Pairs of words are written on the board.

Kon - horse, camp - stand, steel - steel, corner - coal.

Speech therapist. Guys, read a couple of words. Say how these words differ in writing.

Students. In each pair of words, three times are written with the letter b at the end.

Speech therapist. Are there other differences (lexical, semantic, articulatory) between these pairs of words?

Students. These words differ in meaning.

Speech therapist. So, we can conclude: a soft sign not only softens the consonant after which it stands, but also changes the meaning of words.

Task 2.

Speech therapist. Listen to the words and name only those consonants in them that sound soft.

Bitterly, spanking, dawn, crust, Kiryan, hole, weeds, wheatgrass, Fan.

Students take turns answering.

Task 3.

Speech therapist. Guys, listen to the words. Compare them in meaning, in sound and spelling.

Bun - Bulka, shelf - polka, corners - coals.

Students. These words are different in meaning, but are similar in spelling and differ only in the middle of the word.

Task 4.

Speech therapist. Listen to the words. Name consonants in them that sound soft.

Bitter, soapy, painful, coat, polka, wedge, dusty.

Task 5.

Speech therapist. Read carefully, rewrite the sentences in your notebook, where necessary, put a soft sign.

There was steam from the soup ... - For a long time the legs are not steam ...

Misha ate a pear ... - Spruce grows in the forest ...

It's time to paint.. the roof. - The painter is painting the roof.

The boat ran into chalk .. - Here is a board and chalk ..

Task 6.

Speech therapist repeats spelling rule b mark:

The soft sign denotes the softness of the consonant: horse, herring, boy.

When transferring a word, you cannot separate the soft sign from the letter in front of it: female teacher, schoolgirl.

Speech therapist. Now I will dictate the words, and you write them down and divide them into syllables with a vertical line.

The speech therapist writes a few words on the board and divides them into syllables.

Tulle / pan, ac / falt, wing / tso, letter, bitterly, struggle, steel, perches, earlier, less, more, bathhouse, pebbles.

4. Summary of the lesson

Summarizing conversation

Speech therapist. How can consonants sound? How is the softness of consonants at the end of a word indicated? What is the consonant in the words - coat, lobule, dusty- sounds soft? Why?

Students. Because the consonants in the middle of the word softened the soft sign.

The game task "Bells" (to develop the skills of analysis and synthesis of the sound and syllabic composition of the word).

The speech therapist pronounces a series of sounds, agreeing in advance with the students that they will respond with a clap of their hands (the sound of a bell) only to the pronunciation of voiced consonant sounds. The winner is the one who accurately completes the game task.

The soft sign - b in Russian is the only letter of its kind that does not denote any sound. The soft sign serves only to soften the consonants. It can also be used as a delimiter before vowels.

A soft sign can perform the following functions:

1. Separating soft sign. In this case, -ь is used in combination with consonants before five letters, this is: e, e, u, i, and;
2. "Softener" of a consonant sound before a hard consonant. This option is possible at the end of a word or in the middle of a word before a solid consonant;
3. Indicate that the word belongs to the 3rd declension, provided that it is feminine, singular, and this word ends in a hissing consonant.

Pick up and write 5 words with a separating -ь

In all five words given in the example, the soft sign is in front of one of the five letters: e, e, yu, i, and.

Bindweed, weeds, estate, nightingale, peasant.

Pick up and write 5 words with -th designations for the softness of consonants in writing

The softness of the consonant sound -ь can show in the middle of a word between two consonants or at the end when it comes after a consonant.

In the middle: peignoir, schoolboy, teacher, mill, yellowish.

At the end: horse, bear, teacher, robber, heater.

Important!

1. Do not forget that softness in combinations -h and -u with other consonants, not denoted with -ь. For example: birdhouse, river, kidney, predator.
2. In the middle of a word, after the letter -l, between two consonants, there is always -ь. For example: linen, ice floe, rest, album.

Pick up and write 5 nouns in which the letter -ь at the end of the word after the hissing letters indicates the feminine

In this case, the presence of a soft sign at the end of a word does not mean softness. For example, words like: mouse, rye, thing, brooch, wasteland - are feminine words, singular, with hissing at the end.

All of them are feminine and belong to the nouns of the 3rd declension precisely because of the presence at the end of the word, after the hissing, soft sign -ь.

Important! If a noun with a sibilant at the end is masculine, then -ь is never written after the sibilant. For example: watchman, reed, raincoat.

A soft sign is a cunning sign.

Don't name him.

It doesn't pronounce

but the word is often asked.

Test "Soft sign to indicate the softness of consonants".

1. Indicate the word in which b is written.
1) step ... ka
2) can...tic
3) sad ... tit
4) girl

2. Indicate the word in which b is not written.
1) slip...
2) chick ... chick
3) bell ... chik
4) writing ... mo

3. Indicate the word in which b is written.
1) with ... it gets dark
2) half ... for
3) predator ... nickname
4) clean ...

4. Indicate the word in which b is not written.
1) bridge ... teak
2) Ol...ga
3) big ... shoy
4) re...my

5. Indicate the word in which b is written.
1) news ...
2) woman ... woman
3) postal
4) throw ... those

6. Indicate the word in which b is not written.
1) w ... mu
2) gave ... ny
3) tone...she
4) daughter ... ka

7. Indicate the word in which b is written.
1) tail ... tick
2) fire ... ki
3) precise
4) wine...teak

8. Indicate the word in which b is written.
1) sand ... ny
2) guest ... ty
3) finger ... chik
4) in the train ... de

9. Indicate the word in which b is not written.
1) apel...syn
2) Kos ... ty
3) money
4) get up ... those

10. Indicate the word in which b is written.
1) storm ... di
2) vegetable ... noy
3) h ... here
4) l ... dy