Dash for clarification and explanation. Moscow State University of Printing Arts. C) Attaching members of the proposal

Theoretical information

1. Clarifying members of the sentence clarify, concretize, explain, narrow the meanings of different members of the sentence - main and secondary - and, as a rule, stand apart.

For example: Tower was high - not less than thirty meters.

(K. Paustovsky) Long, several miles , the shadow lay down from the mountains on the steppe.(L. Tolstoy)

1) Most often, clarifications require circumstances of place and time, since they can be indicated in a sentence very generally and vaguely by such words as: there, there, from there, in front, behind, everywhere, everywhere, then, then, now and so on.

It is precisely such general indications of space and time that usually need to be specified and to move from a broader concept to a narrower one. From the specified member of the sentence to the clarifying one, you can ask a question with the word exactly:

For example: There, ( where exactly? ) behind the quiet river , there is a high mountain (A. Pushkin).

2) Clarifying terms with the meaning of the explanation call the concepts already indicated in the sentence in other words and are usually attached with words : that is, exactly, namely,or(=that is). Such sentence members are sometimes called explanatory .

For example: From the forest ravine came the cooing of wild pigeons, or turtledoves . (S. Aksakov)

2. Attaching members of the proposal contain additional messages to the main utterance that arise in the process of communication as a passing remark.

Often such members of a sentence are joined using connecting unions ( yes and, yes and that, besides, and besides, moreover, and moreover, also, also) or particles and combinations of words ( even, in particular, especially, mainly, including, in particular, for example, and therefore, and only, and in general and etc.).

For example: All, including a funny bouncing guy , reached for the window. (A. Chekhov) large, also square , the window overlooked the garden.(S. Zalygin) At night especially in a thunderstorm , the faces of the images in the hall lit up every minute, the trembling pink-gold sky opened up, flung open over the garden. (I. Bunin)

3. Clarifying and connecting members of the proposal can be distinguished not only by commas, but also by dashes and brackets.

For example: We fulfilled the duty of the guests - told the city news - and spent the night with the Cossack.(K. Paustovsky) Rich deposits of selenite (varieties of gypsum ) are available in the Urals. Suddenly, interrupting his memories of the guys, a distant, distant day appeared in front of her - and also with the river .

4. Not separated by commas clarifying members of a sentence with wordsrather, rather, rather. However, these words themselves are used as introductory words and therefore are separated by commas on both sides.

For example: His kindness more precisely , his generosity touched me. I I'll fix it rather , clarify article material. We heard his voice quicker , whisper and quieted down.

5. Clarifying and connecting syntactic constructions are pronounced with a special accentuating intonation (clarification intonation): with pauses and lowering of the voice. At the same time, the words with which such constructions are associated are highlighted with a logical stress with an increase in voice.

For example: There II on the horizon ,// a pale pink streak of light glowed.(M. Gorky)

Clarifying proposals And explanatory sentences differ from each other.
Clarification is the transition from a broader to a narrower concept.
An explanation is a designation of the same concept in other words.

In general, they have the function of additional messages.

Specifying members of a sentence:

Separate clarifying members of a sentence are members of a sentence that explain the meanings of other members of a sentence.
Clarifying isolated sentences answer the questions:
how exactly? where exactly? Who exactly? when exactly? and so on.

1. Clarifying circumstances of time and place are isolated.
(from there, everywhere, there, there, everywhere, then, then, and others)
Here's an example:
There, (where exactly?) on the outskirts, glowed a bright red streak of light;

2. Other circumstances may also be specified, if they have a broader meaning than a clarifying one:
Here's an example:
She tossed her hair and coquettishly (how exactly?) almost defiantly stepped forward into the hall;

3. Coordinated definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc. can be clarified.
Here's an example:
One more (what exactly?) last tale - and my chronicle is over;

4. Clarifying inconsistent definitions are separated more often than agreed definitions:
Here's an example:
The ship sailed, moving all the time in a dark (what exactly?) almost ink-colored shadow cast by high coastal cliffs;

5. Words more precisely, or rather, otherwise, and so on, give the statement a clarifying character. The members of the sentence following them are not separated.
Here's an example:
Her kindness, or rather, his generosity, shocked me.
(the predicate in this sentence is consistent with the word closest to it, from which it cannot be separated by a comma);
More recently, more precisely, in the last issue of the journal, an article of a similar content was published;

It is necessary to supplement, rather, clarify the data given in the report.
Clarifying members of a sentence are usually distinguished by commas or dashes (less often).

The dash is usually placed:
- under clarifying circumstances, when not only the clarifying, but also the plug-in nature of the circumstances is emphasized,

Rooks screamed across the river in the branches, and everywhere - in the bushes and in the grass - birds sang, chirped (A.N. Tolstoy);
- when emphasizing the sequence of clarification and correlation of the clarification and clarification members, for example:
He got a job at the mine, part-time - after school (Baruzdin)
The use of a comma instead of a dash in this context is impossible, since the comma will distort the meaning, equalizing the positions of all three circumstances: (for a mine, for a part-time job, after school). The dash, in turn, emphasizes that the circumstances are unequally correlated with each other;
- when specifying the nominal part of the predicate
(The snow here was shallow - ankle-deep).

Explanatory members of the sentence:
Before the explanatory member of the sentence are the words: exactly, namely, that is, that is.
For example:
At that time, namely a year ago, I was still working with several companies.
In the absence of explanatory unions, that is, exactly, namely, and in the presence of an explanation, the selection usually occurs with a dash, and not a comma.
For example:
There was only one conversation - about politics;
His profession was the most peaceful - a teacher.
The setting of the colon is also found in the explanatory member of the sentence. It is often put in order to avoid two dashes.
For example:
Another option has been proposed: the use of certain types of marine plants - algae, rich in valuable substances.
Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a union or (meaning "that is"):
It was Alexander Petrovich, or simply Sasha, who had come from St. Petersburg.
Attaching members of the proposal
The connecting members of the sentence convey explanations or comments, additional information that arose along the way, in connection with the content of the main statement.
The connecting members of the sentence can be separated by commas (more often), or a dash (less often).
The reflection of the light struck, trembling impetuously, in all directions, especially from above (Turgenev);

Attaching members of the proposal may have the following special linking words: for example, besides, and moreover, even, especially, especially, mainly, in particular, including, and, and in general, and only, etc.
For example:
At night, especially in the heat, the house was unbearable.
The new manager paid most of his attention to the formal side of the matter, in particular to organizational specifics.
Such members of the sentence can be easily separated from the rest of the sentence and, to enhance their distinguishing role, put a dot instead of a comma.
For example:
You have quite a bit of work experience, moreover, in the field of restructuring and searching for new forms. - Among other telegrams will be his. And the most unusual.
A comma can separate the connecting construction from the preceding part of the sentence, if this construction is closely connected in meaning with the subsequent part of the sentence, from which it is not separated by a pause in pronunciation, for example:
It's too late now, and there's no need to return to this question.
A comma after the introductory word is not put if the connecting member of the sentence begins with an introductory word (for example, in particular, etc.)
A comma before the union and is not put:
- if the union is used in a connecting sense.
So he went into the forest for nuts and got lost (Turgenev);
- in combinations like yes and said (with the same form of the verb, take another verb to denote an unexpected or arbitrary action):
They lived a year soul to soul, and the next year she take it and die (Uspensky);
- combined no-no yes and:
... No, no, yes, and he will remember her (mother), write a letter (Gladkov)

Affiliating Members can be part of a sentence without the use of conjunctions, accompanied by a pause. In this case, the sentence is separated by a dash, comma, period or ellipsis.
For example:
At night I stand at the post, orderly. (,)
We went to the dacha - to the sun, to the sea, to the picturesque mountains. (-)
I'm completely cold. My feet are cold. And the face (Yu. Kazakov). (.)
It's scary to admit it, but I want this person to know that it is like a song to me ... And it must be the last one (N. Pogodin). (…)

In a simple sentence, intonationally and in meaning, the members of the sentence with the meaning clarifications, clarifications and additions. In general, they have the function of additional messages.

In sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, dash.

A) Specifying members of a sentence

When clarified, they are distinguished specifying And refined sentence members. Clarifying are those members of the sentence that explain other, specified members.

Separate (separated by a comma at the beginning and at the end of the sentence and highlighted on both sides in the middle of the sentence) words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the preceding words.

Clarifying members in relation to the specified ones serve as names that are more specific in meaning, since they narrow the concept conveyed by the specified (main) member of the sentence, or in some way limit it. Thus, the terms specified and specified are related as general and particular, broad and specific, generic and specific, and the specifying member of the sentence follows the specified one (and not vice versa!).

Wed: Tomorrow ,(when exactly?) at six o'clock in the evening, a meeting of members of the cooperative will be held. - At six o'clock in the evening there will be a meeting of members of the cooperative.

All members of the proposal can be specified.

1. Most often specified circumstances of place and time, since they can be denoted in a very generalized and indefinite way ( there, there, from there; everywhere, everywhere; then, then and etc.). It is the clarifying term that gives the concretization:

There ,(where exactly?) on the horizon, glowed a pale pink streak of light(M. Gorky); Now,(when exactly?) after flood, it was a river of six fathoms(Chekhov).

Sometimes the ratio of a broader and a narrower concept can be dictated only by the given context:

Tonight Yegor Ivanovich and I are going to Petrograd,(where exactly? / to whom exactly?) to Masha (A.N. Tolstoy).

Often, specifying circumstances of the place form a chain, line up in a row:

ahead,(where exactly?) away, (where exactly?) on the other side of the misty sea, one could see protruding wooded hills(L. Tolstoy).

2. Can be specified and other circumstances, if they have a broader meaning than a clarifying one:

He shook his curls and self-confidently,(how exactly?) almost with a challenge looked up at the sky(Turgenev); He was meticulous(how exactly? / to what extent?) to a pink gloss on the cheeks, shaved(Antonov).

Note!

1) Sometimes a series of circumstances can be devoid of a clarifying shade of meaning and be perceived (in this context!) As different sides of one phenomenon, without semantic subordination.

Several people are walking through the snow across the street to the hut (Bykov).

If we put commas between the circumstances, then the relationship between them will become somewhat different: each subsequent one will be logically distinguished, perceived as subordinate to the previous one, which will enhance the impression of tension and even danger of the described moment.

Wed: Several people are walking across the snow, across the street, into the hut.

Pay attention to how the intonation changes with this!

2) Depending on the meaning, the same words can be considered as clarifying or not as clarifying circumstances. Compare the sentences given in pairs:

Far away in the forest were heard blows of an ax(the listener is also in the forest). - Far , In the woods, ax blows were heard(the listener is outside the forest).

Children settled down in the clearing between the bushes (the clearing is surrounded by bushes, but there are none on the clearing itself). - The children sat in the meadow between the bushes (the bushes are in the clearing itself).

3) If, in the presence of two circumstances of time, the second of them does not serve to limit the concept expressed by the first, then it is not clarifying and a comma is not placed between them.

In 1961, 12th of April man first flew into space. On April 12, 1961, a man flew into space for the first time.

3. Can be specified agreed definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.:

Another ,(what exactly?) last thing, legend - and my chronicle is over(Pushkin); In some places women's peeped out,(what exactly?) mostly old ladies, head(Turgenev).

Clarifying definitions can concretize the general meaning of pronouns this, such, each, one(not in the meaning of the numeral, but in the meaning of the pronoun), etc.:

Chichikov was a little puzzled by this(what exactly?) partly sharp, definition (Gogol); Not a single, neither sledge, nor human, nor animal, trace was visible (L. Tolstoy); I wanted to distinguish myself before this, (what exactly?) dear to me, man (M. Gorky).

Note!

1) Separation of clarifying agreed definitions is a rather rare phenomenon and largely depends on the will of the writer. Usually, definitions with a clarifying meaning are considered as homogeneous, that is, a comma is placed not on both sides, but on one - between the definitions.

With quick steps I passed a long "area" of bushes, climbed a hill and ... saw completely different, unfamiliar my place(Turgenev).

2) Clarifying definitions can be attached through subordinating conjunctions.

irresistible, although quiet, the power carried me away(Turgenev); You can't kill like that because of a simple, albeit so expensive, suit(Saveliev).

But if the definition attached by the subordinating union is homogeneous in relation to the previous one and does not have the character of a clarification (semantic and intonational!), then a comma is not placed after it.

Received important although not final intelligence.

4. More often than agreed definitions, clarifying inconsistent definitions:

The boat was moving, moving all the time in black,(which one?) almost inky color, the shadow cast by high coastal cliffs(Simonov); It was a young man of short stature, with an inconspicuous mustache, in simple,(which one?) striped, shirt(Soloukhin); A young woman entered(which exactly?) seventeen years old girl(Kuprin); Gavrik examined the little schoolboy in a long,(which one?) to toe, greatcoat(Kataev).

5. The clarifying character is given to the statement of the word rather, rather, otherwise etc., however, the members of the sentence following them are not isolated, since the indicated words, which have the meaning of introductory ( rather, rather, otherwise, rather in meaning, they are equivalent to the phrases “to be more precise”, “in other words”, etc.), they themselves are separated by commas:

His kindness, or rather, his generosity touched me(in this example, the predicate agrees with the closest preceding word to it, from which it cannot be separated by a comma); More recently, more precisely, in the last issue of the journal, an article of similar content was published; It is necessary to supplement, rather, clarify the data given in the report.

In the role of clarifying words moreover can act. They are separated by commas, while the definition following them is not:

It would be foolishness, nay, madness, to miss such an opportunity; He deeply respected his friend, moreover, admired him.

Note!

The word is rather not separated by commas if used in meanings:

A)"better", "more willing":

b)"better say":

Pavel Petrovich slowly paced up and down the dining room..., uttering some remark, or rather an exclamation, like "ah! hey! hm!(Turgenev); He was not surprised, but rather pleased by this question.

Note. Specifying members of a sentence are usually separated by commas. However, it is also possible to set such a sign as dash.

A dash is usually placed in the following cases:

a) under clarifying circumstances, if not only the clarifying, but also the plug-in nature of the circumstances is emphasized, for example: Rooks screamed across the river in the branches, and everywhere - in bushes and grass- birds chirped, chirped(A.N. Tolstoy);

b) when emphasizing the sequence of clarification and correlation of the clarification and clarification members, for example: He got a job at the mine, part-time- After school(Baruzdin). Here circumstance to the mine explained by the following construction part-time - after school, and this construction has its refinement After school, separated by a dash. The use of a comma instead of a dash in this context is impossible, since the comma would distort the meaning, equalizing the positions of all three circumstances (cf .: to the mine, part-time, after school). A dash emphasizes that the circumstances are unequally correlated with each other;

c) when clarifying the nominal part of the predicate (cf .: The snow here was shallow - ankle-deep ).

B) Explanatory members of the sentence

The explanatory members of the sentence explain the meaning of the preceding members of the sentence. Explained and explanatory terms, in principle, denote identical concepts.

Difference between specifying And explanatory members of the sentence lies in the fact that clarification is the transition from a broader concept to a narrower one, and explanation is the designation of the same concept in other words.

Thus, the explanatory members are the second names in relation to the first, expressing for various reasons this or that concept is not sufficiently clear and understandable:

Especially for us Russians, conciseness should be close and precious.(Chernyshevsky); He imagined his house - six large rooms (M. Gorky); Sometimes you want to do something - read(Gogol).

1. The explanatory part of the sentence is preceded by the words exactly, namely, that is, that is, that is:

She was raised no-old, that is, surrounded by mothers, nannies, girlfriends and hay girls (Pushkin); We rode on our leather horses that is, in a covered matting (Aksakov); While, exactly a year ago, I also collaborated on magazines(Dostoevsky); third day, i.e. this week I say to the elder...(Sleptsov).

If there are no words in the sentence exactly, namely, that is these words can be inserted:

Grandfather Semyon had his own golden and unfulfilled dream - to become a carpenter(Paustovsky); He always wanted one thing with all the strength of his soul - be quite good (L. Tolstoy).

Note!

1) In the absence of explanatory conjunctions that is, exactly, namely and when there is an explanation, the selection is usually done with a dash, not a comma.

There was only one conversation - about the weather; His profession was the most peaceful - a teacher.

2) There is a statement of the colon with the explanatory member of the sentence. Usually a colon is used to avoid two dashes.

Another way has been suggested: the use of certain types of marine plants- algae, rich in many valuable substances.

2. Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a union or (meaning "that is"):

Note!

The union or can have a divisive meaning ("either this or that"). In this case, it connects homogeneous members, and a comma is not placed between them. If the union or can be replaced by the union that is, then it has an explanatory meaning. In this case, the explanatory phrase is separated by commas.

Wed: From the forest ravine came the singing of a nightingale or a goldfinch. - From the forest ravine came the cooing of wild pigeons, or turtledoves(Aksakov); It was decided to decorate the house with a balcony or a mezzanine. - Around the whole building there is a vast stone balcony, or veranda, where, in bamboo chairs, the owners of the barracks lazily doze(Goncharov).

Note. Definitions that are in the nature of an explanation (they can be preceded by the words namely, that is), are separated by a comma from the word being explained, but after them a comma is usually not put, for example: Thick brands stuck out, remnants of the old, burned-out bathhouse; The next, sixth volume of the subscription edition will go to the store one of these days; He spoke in a completely different, serious tone; The fourth and last part of the novel will end with an epilogue.

C) Attaching members of the proposal

The connecting members of the sentence convey additional information, clarifications or comments that have arisen along the way, in connection with the content of the main statement. The connecting members of the sentence are separated by commas, less often by a dash:

Reflection of light hit, trembling impetuously, in all directions, especially from above(Turgenev); Each, even a small, river has merit on earth(Peskov).

1. The connecting members of the sentence may have special linking words: even, especially, in particular, for example, mainly, in particular, including, moreover, and moreover, moreover, and(in the sense of "and moreover"), yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, and yes and etc.:

Invisibly I became attached to a good family, even to the crooked garrison lieutenant(Pushkin); Here you will have a bath, and with your mistress(Pushkin); At night, especially in the heat, ... it was scary in the house (Bunin); Some Cossacks including Lukashka, stood up and stretched out (L. Tolstoy); The new manager paid most of his attention to the formal side of the matter, in particular on clerical subtleties(Mamin-Sibiryak); Three people in the district, including Sima Devushkin, made bird cages and cages (M. Gorky).

Such members of the sentence can be easily separated from the rest of the sentence and, to enhance their distinguishing role, put a dot instead of a comma.

Wed: You have solid work experience moreover, in the field of restructuring and the search for new forms (Belyaev). - Among other telegrams there will be his. And the most unusual (Lapin); All things, especially tree branches and corners of buildings, surprisingly stood out in relief against the swarthy-pink darkening sky(Kuprin). - Many writers possessed this ability for a beautiful oral story based on true facts. Especially Mark Twain (Paustovsky); It was very warm, even hot(Chakovsky). - The mechanisms in dolls are usually very primitive. Even in the most expensive and beautiful (Dementiev).

Note!

1) If the connecting member of the sentence begins with an introductory word ( for example, in particular etc.), then the comma after the introductory word is not put.

The fastest growing mushrooms such as birches and russula reach full development in three days(Aksakov).

2) Punctuation should not be mixed with joining unions and connecting unions and, yes, linking homogeneous members of the sentence. In the first case, a comma is placed before the union, in the second, no sign is required before a non-repeating union.

Wed: The author submitted the article, and in a timely manner (And- conjunction union). - The author submitted the article in a revised form and in a timely manner. (And- union connecting); The work could have been done long ago, and even better. - The work could have been done faster and even better.

3) A comma is not put before the union and in the following cases:

A) if it is used in a conjunctive sense.

So he went into the forest for nuts and got lost(Turgenev);

b) in combinations like yes and said (with the same form of the verb take and another verb for unexpected or arbitrary action):

They lived a year soul to soul, and the next year she take it and die (Uspensky);

V) combined no-no yes and:

... No, no, yes, and he will remember her[mother], will write a letter(Gladkov).

2. Sometimes adjuncts can be included in a sentence without conjunctions (note the long pause that accompanies the adjunct of the sentence):

Quite late, another guest appeared, in a tailcoat ...(Herzen); At night I stand at the gun, on duty(Kataev).

Often this uses a dash instead of a comma:

We went to the Caucasus - to the sun, to the sea, to the picturesque mountains; He remained the same as before, calm, hardworking, humble.

3. Punctuation distinguishes not only the connecting members of the sentence, but also the connecting sentences:

No, I am his[brownie] did not see yes, you can't see him (Turgenev); I was walking in some kind of intoxication, yes, and from what (Garshin); I took it into my head to turn under the shed where our horses stood, to see if they had food, And besides, caution never hurts (Lermontov).

D) Separate turnovers with the value of inclusion, exclusion and substitution

Separate turns with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution adjoin the clarifying, explanatory and connecting constructions. Such turns consist of nouns (with or without dependent words) with prepositions and prepositional combinations except for, instead of, in addition to, beyond, along with, except for, including, excluding and etc.:

instead of hard work; with the exception of three people; except for three people; along with clear success.

Turnovers denote objects included in a homogeneous series or, conversely, excluded from such a series, or objects replacing others.

In a letter, turnovers with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution can be separated:

The crowd dispersed except for a few curious and boys and Gavrila returned home(Turgenev). Beyond all expectation my grandmother gave me some books(Aksakov).

It should be remembered that the allocation of such revolutions is not mandatory! They can be isolated depending on the semantic load, position in the sentence, degree of prevalence, etc., that is, if the author wants to single out such phrases in meaning and intonation:

At the outpost, instead of a sentry, there was a collapsed booth(Pushkin). - Instead of answering, Kirila Petrovich was given a letter(Pushkin).

Note!

1) In this kind of phrase excluding including are prepositions, not adverbs.

2) If the isolated member of the sentence is in the middle of the sentence, then it is isolated from two sides.

3) A phrase with the preposition except can have inclusion and exclusion meanings.

Wed: Except the big house in Zamoskvorechye, nothing reminded of a night fight(Leonov) - an exception (only the big house reminded of the fight); Except the city of Okurov, on the plain, a small village of Voevodino was stuck(M. Gorky) - inclusion (both the city of Okurov and the village of Voevodino were on the plain).

Usually turns are isolated regardless of shades of meaning. However, uncommon expressions with except in the meaning of inclusion may not be isolated (this is how their inclusion in a homogeneous series of objects is emphasized).

Wed: In addition to books, there were notebooks and pencils on the table.(inclusion). - There was nothing on the table besides books.(exception).

Recently, there has been a tendency to highlight turns with except, regardless of the shades of meaning. This happens especially often:

A) in the presence of negative pronouns nobody, nothing and interrogative pronouns who, what:

I couldn't distinguish anything except for the muddy torsion of a blizzard (Pushkin);

b) if there is a combination in circulation other than:

We are evil to no one except for bears, do not(Markov).

Please note that the turnover in addition in the meaning of "besides" is an introductory word, therefore it is always isolated in writing.

4) Turnovers with the preposition instead also differ in meaning. If they have a substitution value, then a comma is usually included.

Instead of bare cliffs, I saw green mountains and fruitful trees around me(Pushkin).

If instead is used in the meaning of "instead of", "for", then the comma is usually not put.

He got into the car instead of the driver.

However, in the absence of direct contact between such definitions, the explanatory definition is isolated: Another bed, empty , was on the other side of the table(Bulg.).

The explanatory nature of the second definition can also be found when contextual synonyms are combined: Once I was fishing on a small lake withtall, steep banks (Paust.) - a high bank cannot be flat (high, that is, steep).

An explanation can also arise in the case when the first definition is quite specific (for example, expressed by a numeral), and the second definition explains it in other words: Terrible path! Onthirtieth, lastverst does not bode well(A. Mezh.) - that is, the thirtieth, which turned out to be the last.

It is possible to highlight the connecting members with a dash, especially in the final position: Suddenly, interrupting her memories of the guys, a distant, distant day appeared in front of her - and also with the river (rasp.).

Note. Before combination yes and the comma is not put: a) if it has a connecting meaning: went to townand didn't come back, thought, thoughtyes i thought; b) in the expression no no yes and when indicating irregularity of action: No no yes andhear the voice of the cuckoo; c) if included in a combination of verbs like I took it and came with the meaning of surprise.

§ . The connecting members of the sentence that do not have special introductory words and act as explanatory additional messages are separated by a dash. They are at the end of the sentence: The old woman accepted the death of the ball as fate -no more and no less(rasp.); Stairs will also disappear -until next time(rasp.); Knyazev, along with everyone else, crossed the street and walked slowly along the other side of the street -just like that, nothing to do(Shuksh.); He did not even wash himself, but went straight into the yard - chop wood (Shuksh.); All night and all day and again all night Nikita ran around the city -to the doctors, to the pharmacist, to the shop for cloudberries(Geych.).

One of the most difficult, in our opinion, rules in the Russian language - punctuation marks with clarifying, connecting and explanatory members of a sentence - is somewhat undeservedly costed in textbooks. Indeed, it is more useful to explain the rule for spelling "not" with parts of speech or compound sentences with multiple clauses. The rule about the use of punctuation marks with clarifying members of the sentence is pushed out, as it were, to the periphery of the Russian language. One can only guess why every year the question addressed to the applicant: "Why is there a comma here?", Examiners hear: "This is a clarification." Moreover, this answer is "customized" by applicants both for separate definitions, and for circumstances, and, most often, for applications. As for the independent written work of schoolchildren, the selection of a “clarifying” member of any level is especially successful there - from a homogeneous subject and object to circumstances and “words similar to introductory words”. When analyzing such works, you constantly hear explanations: "This is a clarifying member." The root of the error lies in an unsteady understanding of the essence of the clarification, and even in the construction of our manuals, which are replete with examples from fiction, but do not teach real Russian.

So, first of all, it is necessary to determine what clarification is, how clarification differs from attachment and clarification, which members of the sentence can be in the function of clarifying, connecting and explanatory.

"Clarification is the transition from a broader concept to a narrower one," defines the "Punctuation Handbook" edited by D. E. Rosenthal (Rosenthal D. E. Punctuation Handbook. - M. AST, 1997, p. 79). (In another manual by a well-known author (Rosenthal D.E. Russian language. - Ulyanovsk, Moscow, 1997, p. 239), clarifying members are words that "clarify the meaning of words"). But, in addition to this definition, in the text of the above manual, we also find homogeneous terms that "are in the nature of clarification", and "clarifying remarks" in the group of homogeneous members, and an additional "clarifying meaning" of isolated definitions; applications that explain or clarify common nouns; revolutions with the value of refinement or attachment. The very concept of "refining", "refining member" is blurred. A student studying a manual either throws out a bunch of "unnecessary notes" from memory, or extends the concept of "clarification" to any use of a double comma (after all, in each case of isolated members, he reads about additional clarifying shades of meaning). It seems, why study several pages about the isolation of definitions, if there is a magic word "clarification"?

Another problem is the examples given by the authors of the manuals. It is often almost impossible to see the difference between a "qualifier" and just a detached member. Compare: In the sky, deep blue, the silver moon was melting. And five minutes later it was pouring heavy rain, heavy rain. These are examples from different sections of the rule for separating a single definition. Separation in the first case is explained as follows: "carries a significant semantic load and can be equated with the subordinate part of a complex sentence" (Rosenthal D.E. Punctuation Handbook. - M. AST, 1997, p. 49), and in the second case - as having a clarifying meaning. Another example: Then Dasha was surprised by the "home-grown" of all this, so sensational, daring. Dasha was waiting for everything, but not this obediently bowed head. In the second example, there is no clarifying meaning, in the first, from the point of view of the author, it was. How to distinguish? I don’t know about you, but, in my opinion, most high school students should formulate this rule: " Any member of the sentence that I, as a writer, want to highlight, can be isolated, and this can be explained either as a special semantic load, or as its clarification.". Another version of the rule, perhaps more dangerous for the student: " There is a special exception to each rule for non-separation - the clarifying meaning requires isolation, so I will separate just in case - in case I miss this clarifying sense".

The second wording we came up with begins to work when completing tasks from manuals. For example, several sentences are given in which it is necessary to place signs or indicate those where there are no signs. Compare: " Two years later, in early September, I had to visit these places again. Once in the spring, in the aroma of buds, I heard a fragrant conversation between birch and bird cherry. The next day, early in the morning, I went to Kosovo. By morning, it's still dark, they should be there."(Tkachenko N.G. Tests on the grammar of the Russian language. Part 2. - M. Iris, 1998, exercises 89-91). Schoolchildren must decide where to put the signs and where not. True, in the Rosenthal reference book mentioned above it is indicated that it is the author's will to decide whether the penis is sinking or not. But put yourself in the place of those testing their knowledge who did not guess the author's will in the phrases he proposed from the classics. And will they subsequently guess the examiner's will? whatever it is and explain it by the clarifying nature of the secondary member or turnover.

As a result, we have the following extremely common mistakes in essays and presentations:

*These observations made by Belinsky are still relevant today.

*In his office, in St. Petersburg, Onegin keeps various objects that he does not need.

*In Manilov's office there was a dusty, bookmarked on page 14.

*Once, while hunting, he managed to shoot a seasoned wolf.

In the practice of teaching the Russian language at the preparatory courses and the preparatory department of Moscow State University, the author cited such examples to the students as true ones and offered to explain the meaning of isolation. Applicants easily found explanations, the absurdity of which does not require commentary: as they were made by Belinsky; precisely in the one in St. Petersburg; exactly those that he does not need; dusty, because it is laid down, that is, it is not readable; what happened on the hunt (it's hard to imagine that you can kill a wolf during a ball!). But the need to explain the will of the authors, and not to place commas themselves, leads the guys to the search for such explanations.

It seems that the time has come to more accurately define the rule for separating qualifying members, without resorting to reforming the spelling rules.

1. A clarifying member will be considered such a member of the sentence, which, being after its syntactic counterpart, will narrow the transmitted concept or limit it in some respect. In other words, the clarifying circumstance of time should come after the circumstance of time, the definition after the definition, but the meaning of the second should be narrower and more specific than the first. The role of clarifying members is the circumstances of place, time, mode of action, definition and application.

2. Circumstances of time can be expressed in pronominal words: then, then, now. In this case, the circumstance of time that follows is isolated, since it specifies the time of action - Then, in childhood, even ice cream seemed sweeter. The next day, March 15, the final examination was scheduled.

The second circumstance of time can limit the time of the first, give it more precise and narrow boundaries. Compare: Reception of visitors on Tuesdays and Fridays from 11 to 18.- in this case, both temporal circumstances indicate a wide time for the action. On Friday, from 11 to 11.30, there will be a distribution of coupons for free lunches.- time is limited very narrowly, which is noted both by the intonation of the sentence and punctuation. We note right away that in the first sentence we have the opportunity to point out the narrowing of the boundaries of time - reception takes place only on Fridays, from 11 to 18. Proposals in which the second circumstance is isolated require a more careful attitude to the exact time, and not just to the general time offers. Every morning from 7 to 10 I go to the gym.- in this phrase there is no clarification in relation to the exact time, it is usually, it is this time for most people that is associated with the concept of "morning". Early in the morning, at the beginning of the sixth, Masha runs around her house. The concept of "early morning" is rather vague - for someone it is six hours, for someone it is eight, so it needs to be clarified. At rush hour, at three o'clock in the afternoon, I got stuck on Tverskaya.- unfortunately, the reality of our life is such that when we pronounce "rush hour", we specify its time. In big cities, it sometimes stretches for a day.

The circumstance of time can more accurately describe the time of the action, giving it a more detailed and even figurative description: I first came to Paris in the spring, on a sunny and warm day. In winter, on a cold and dank evening, I had to walk home for about an hour.

The isolation of the circumstances of time in other cases depends on the will of the author and on the meaning that we want to give to the whole sentence: In autumn, during a thunderstorm, it is dangerous to walk on this bridge. The phrase can be interpreted approximately as follows: it is dangerous to walk on the bridge during thunderstorms, and the strongest and longest thunderstorms occur in autumn. When writing someone else's text, you can hear the intonational emphasis of the clarifying member. The author does not recommend that schoolchildren create sentences where the clarifying meaning requires such a long interpretation, and, as far as possible, rephrase it ("during autumn thunderstorms ...").