Participle endings
Participles have the same case endings as adjectives. That's why,in order not to be mistaken in the spelling of the endings of participles, they should be coordinated with the nouns to which they refer.
For example: Hawks soared over the swaying steppe. Over the steppe Ouch? - swaying to her sya. There was something menacing in the sparkling glare of the lightning. in brilliance like ohm? - sparkling eat. This sound is called hissing. sound like them? - hissing them.
Participle suffixes
1. In the real participles of the present tense, suffixes are written:
· -usch- (-yusch-)if participles are formed from verbs of the I conjugation: boron Yusch iisya (fight), klokoch yi ii (bubbling), kolysh yi iisya (sway), chalk Yusch uy (grind), floorYusch ij (flying), steleYusch uyya (spread), that Yusch uy (melt).
· -ash- (-ash-) breathe ash iy (breathe), stingcrate ii (sting), hungcrate ii (depend), gluecrate iy (glue), they saycrate ii (pray), praisecrate yy (praise).
Exceptions: Verbs glimpse And be based have participles shivering And founded. From verbs torment And measure two forms are formed: tormenting, tormenting(neutral) and tormenting, tormenting(colloquial).
Note! In a word budyi uy(by origin - participle) suffix -yusch- added to base bud-, so you should not write an extra vowel before the suffix Yu (!).
2. In the passive participles of the present tense (they are formed only from transitive imperfective verbs), suffixes are written:
· -eat-(less often -om-), if participles are formed from verbs of I conjugation: organization eat th (organize), oscillate eat th (fluctuate), check eat th (check), ved ohm th (lead), attractedohm th (draw), carriedohm th (carry);
· -them-, if participles are formed from verbs of II conjugation: view them th (see), hoveredthem th (depend), gluethem th (glue), hearthem th (hear).
Note. Participle movable derived from obsolete verb move.
3. In real past participles before suffix -vsh- write the same vowel that comes before the suffix -l- in the past tense (or before the suffix -th in indefinite form): glue And past (glue And l, glue And th), lele I former (lele I l, lele I th), hope I shady (hope I hope I tsya).
Participles from verbs like to weaken - to weaken differ in vowels in, and before the suffix - vsh -, compare: exhausted e former(lost strength) and exhausted And former(depriving someone of power).
IN gerunds before suffixes -v-, -vsh - the same is also kept vowel , which is in the past tense before -l - (or in indefinite form before -th : recovered e in (recovered e l, get well e th), hear A in (hear A L, hear A th), flank And leaning (sideways And leaned, flailed And tsya).
4. In passive past participles suffixes are written:
1) -nn-, if in the past tense before the suffix -l- there are vowels a, i, e : paints A ny (patterns A l, razrisov A th), now I ny (real I l, nasto I th), fall out I nny (dump I l, dump I t), exchange I ny (exchange I l, exchange I th), insult e ny (offensive e l, resentment e t);
2) -enn-, yonn-, if in the past tense (or indefinitely before -t) there is a vowel and: departure enn th (departure And l), grown enn th (growth And l, grow And w), output enn th (exit And l, output And t), napo enn th (napo And l, napo And t); Also If participles are formed from verbs ending in -ch: baked enn th (bake), save enn th (save), carried away yonn th (to captivate). saying yonn th (to speak); the same suffixes are used in the formation of participles from verbs in which the suffix is indefinite before -ti there is a consonant: brought yonn th (to bring), brought yonn th (bring), sweep enn th (sweep out).
They differ in writing participles of prefixed formations from verbs weigh - hang, knead - interfere, roll - roll and the like. From verbs to -it participles are formed using the suffix - enn- , and from verbs to -at (-yat) - participles with suffix -nn- (while the verbal suffixes -and I- saved), for example: hung, hung, hung and similar are formed from the corresponding verbs in -it : hang up"close something hung" ( A tightly curtained window did not let in any light.); hang- "attach, put on something" ( hinged door); give short weight- "deceive when buying, underweight"; hang up- Divide by weight.
hung, hung, hung, hung and similar formations from verbs into -at: hang up- "hang on the entire space in question" ( All the walls in the room were hung with bunches of herbs.); hang- "hang in large numbers" ( Various posters were hung on the wall.); hang around- "place on all sides" ( Ships hung with colorful flags look festive); hang up- "hang in different places" ( In summer, well-hung linen dries quickly.). Participles on - this have the meaning "placed in large numbers throughout the space"; otherwise, participles end in –enny .
Mixed, mixed, mixed, mixed knead- “knead, knead, stirring any semi-liquid mass” (knead the dough) - mix, mix, mix, mix.
Mixed up, mixed up, mixed up, mixed up and similar - participles from prefixed formations of the verb interfere- “mix, stir with a spoon, stirrer; combine into one thing homogeneous" ( stir tea with a spoon). Compare the meaning and use of such participles in the following examples: Well-mixed cement mortar has high strength. My friend was involved in this unpleasant story.
Pumped out, pumped out - participles from the corresponding verbs roll out(from the bike shed) and deflate(from oil tank);
Shot, shot, shot, shot, shot and similar - participles from the corresponding verbs on -it: shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot; shot, shot, shot, shot, shot (automatic), shot- participles from the corresponding verbs on -yat: to shoot, to shoot, to shoot, to shoot, to shoot (to aim), to shoot, For example: The landing force, suddenly fired upon by the enemy, somehow got ashore. Shell casings shot around testified to a heated fight. A shot gun does not misfire. But: The shot predator lay with a bared mouth.
5. Spelling -Н- and -НН- in participle suffixes.
6. In suffixes of passive participles after hissing under stress instead ofO spelled her): armyo nny - armedyo n, leashyo nny - leashyo n, perfectyo ny (done) - perfect yo n, streetyo nny - streetyo n, abbreviatedyo nny - abbreviatedyo n.
from the verb burnand its derivatives, participles are formed using the suffix-yonn- : LJ yonn oh, light it up yonn oh, nazhzh yonn oh, burn yonn oh, please yonn oh wait yonn oh, come on yonn oh, fire up yonn oh, burn yonn th(But: burn out enn th).
Spelling of adverbs. Suffixes of gerunds
1. Imperfect participles are formed from present tense imperfective verbs with the help of suffixes or -A (after hissing): advise - advise - advice I, stand - stand - one hundred I, knock - knock - knock A, fight - fight - boron I s.
Verbs with the suffix -va-, which falls out in the present tense, form a participle from the indefinite form: acknowledge - recognizing I give - giving I.
Remember. 1) Many imperfective verbs do not have the form of a gerund, for example, verbs in -ch ( guard, cherish), verbs with suffixes –nu- ( wither, languish) and some others ( write and so on.).
2) Some gerunds, having lost the sign of time (type), turned into adverbs: silently, lying, sitting, standing.
2. Perfect participles are formed from perfect past tense verbs with the help of suffixes -v, -lice (after a vowel) and -shi (after consonant): take - take - take V- taking lice; captivate - captivate - captivate shea; merge - merge - merge lice s.
Note. The same vowel is written before the suffixes as before the suffix l in the past tense: grievances e l - resentment e in, bros And l - cast And c, rasta I l - rasta I in, delay A lysya - delay A after waking up.
Some perfective verbs form gerunds by means of suffixes -A or -I from future tense verbs: find - find - find I, get out - get out - get out I hear - hear - hear A.
Help answer questions in Russian: 1. Define the sacrament. 2. What is the difference between validpassive participles.
1) What is the difference between real and passive participles?2) what do full and short participles have in common and how do they differ?
3) what rules should be followed when writing vowels in the suffixes usch, yusch; ash, yash;? in the suffixes em, im?
4) in what cases in passive participles before one and two letters n is written a (i) in which e?
5) how many letters n are written in the suffixes of full and short passive participles?
6) when is one and two letters n written in the suffixes of passive participles and adjectives formed from verbs?
7) write about spelling not with participles
8) what is participial turnover? when is it separated by commas in a letter?
1. Define the sacrament.
2. What is the difference between valid
Passionate sacraments.
3. What do full and short participles have in common and how do they differ.
4. What rules should be followed when writing vowels in the suffixes -usch-(-yusch-), -ash-(-yash-)? in suffixes -em-, -im-.
5. In what cases in passive participles is written a (i) before one and two letters n, in which e?
6. How many letters n are written in the suffixes of full and short passive participles.
7. When is one and two letters n written in the suffixes of passive participles and adjectives formed from verbs?
8. Tell us about spelling not with participles.
9. What is participial turnover? When is it separated by commas in a letter?
1. Define participle.2. What is the difference between real and passive participles?
3. What is common and how do full and short participles differ?
4. What rules should be followed when writing vowels in the suffixes -usch-(-yush-), -ash-(-yash-)? in suffixes -em-, -im-?
5. In what cases, in passive participles, a (i) is written before one and two letters n, in which ones?
6. How many letters n are written in the suffixes of full and short passive participles?
7. When is one and two letters n written in the suffixes of passive participles and adjectives formed from verbs?
8. Tell us about spelling not with participles.
9. What is participial turnover? When is it separated by commas in a letter?
Spelling: spelling of participle suffixes(formation of real participles of the present and past tense, passive participles of the present and past tense).
Formation of real participles of the present tense
The real participles of the present tense are formed from the stem of imperfective present tense verbs with the help of suffixes -usch (-yusch) from verbs of the 1st conjugation and suffixes -ash (-ash) from verbs of the 2nd conjugation: playing - playing, writing - writing, shaving - shaving, building - building, screaming - screaming, seeing - seeing.
Formation of real past participles
The real past participles are formed from the base of the indefinite form with the help of suffixes -vsh- (-sh-). Suffix -vsh- used if the stem of the indefinite form ends in a vowel: read - read, laugh - laughed . In this case, the suffix of the indefinite form is preserved before -vsh- the same as in the past tense of the verb before -l: see - saw - saw, melt - melted - melted.
Suffix -w- is used if the stem of the indefinite form ends in a consonant, as, for example, all verbs in -whose. This results in an alternation h/g, k. By using -sh- participles are formed from verbs with the ending -ti(in this case, alternations are also possible).
Forming Passive Present Participles
Passive present participles are formed from the basis of the present tense of transitive imperfective verbs with the help of suffixes -em- (-om-) from verbs of the 1st conjugation and suffix -them- from verbs of the 2nd conjugation: lead - guided, respect - respected, see - visible, store - stored . You need to remember the participle with the suffix -them-- movable (in the meaning of "motivated": "driven by a feeling of remorse"; also used in relation to property that can be moved). This participle is not formed from the verb move (I conjugation), but from an obsolete verb "move" .
From many transitive verbs, passive present participles Not formed (eg. take, wait, reap, write, wash, pour, beat, drink and etc.). At the same time, there are several passive participles formed from intransitive verbs: preceded, guided, managed .
Passive present participles should not be confused with verbal adjectives with suffixes -em-, -im-(fossil, permissible, incomparable, invincible, inextinguishable). Such adjectives can also be formed from intransitive verbs (dependent, inexhaustible, waterproof, incessant, unfading, fireproof), and from perfective verbs (to beg - inexorable). Most of them are not used without a prefix Not-(imperturbable, unbearable, invisible, incalculable, inexhaustible). Signs that are indicated by verbal adjectives are constant, do not flow in time (unlike the signs indicated by participles).
Forming Passive Past Participles
Passive past participles are formed from the bases of the indefinite form of transitive verbs with the help of suffixes -nn-, -enn- (-yonn-), -t- (read, seen, decided, understood ).
With a suffix -nn- -at, -yat. In this case, the verb suffix -A- or -I- preserved before the participle suffix - nn-(sow - sown, knead - mixed).
With a suffix -enn- (yonn-) Passive past participles are formed from verbs in -it, -et. In this case, the verb suffix -And- or -e- cut off ( glue - glued, see - seen, offend - offended, ask - asked ). Participle suffixes -enn- (-enn-) is also used to form participles from verbs with a stem into a consonant (verbs into -whose: captivate - enthusiastic, save - saved ; verbs with ending -ti: lead - brought, weave - woven ).
Table "Spelling of participle suffixes"
In the course of studying morphology, schoolchildren go through the topic "Suffixes of real and passive participles." Let's take a closer look at the intricacies and features of this group.
Participle
What is this interesting phenomenon? To this day, disputes of linguists do not subside. Opinions are divided: some consider the sacrament because it has a number of its own characteristics. Others are sure that this is just a verb form. If we turn to the history of its occurrence, we can find out that it was formed precisely from the verb. True, outwardly it is more like an adjective. Yes, and it borrowed some functions from him: they both answer the same question (which one?), And they have the same syntactic role (definition). Therefore, scientists argue and cannot come to a unanimous decision.
Various educational and methodological complexes, according to which the Russian language is taught at school, also approach this situation in different ways. For example, M. M. Razumovskaya refers the participle to the verb form, and V. V. Babaitseva to an independent part of speech. But in both textbooks it is said that it is still not clear to which category it should be attributed.
Valid
Before considering the suffixes of real and passive participles, you need to know that this part of speech is usually divided into two large groups by meaning. The first is called real. They received such a name due to their purpose: to name the signs of such objects that themselves perform an action.
Consider the example: "The wind blowing from the sea was raging."
As we can see, the wind blew on its own from the sea, without resorting to anyone's help and without being affected in any way. It is these forms that are called real.
Another example: "The dog guarding the house was a large breed."
The object in this sentence protects the house, that is, it performs the action on its own. Thus, the participle "protected" belongs to the category of real.
Passive
The next group, which has a slightly different purpose, is the category of passive participles. They are so named because they do not perform an action, but are subjected to it.
Let's take an example: "The parents called to school by the teacher were worried."
In this sentence, we see the participle "called out". It was formed from the verb "call". We will make sure that the parents did not decide to come to the school themselves, but at the request of the teacher. We see that the action is not performed by them, it is performed on them. Therefore, they refer to such communion as passive. That is, parents, as it were, “suffer”, experiencing someone’s influence on themselves.
Suffixes of real and passive participles of the present tense
Now that we have figured out the intricacies of this morphological group, we can move on to the main topic. Each of the categories will have its own characteristics of word formation.
The suffixes of active and passive participles will differ depending on the tense. So, in the present tense, the following are distinguished: -usch and -yushch, as well as -ashch and -yashch. Example: rebelling, singing, holding, speaking. As you can see, they are all real. For the suffering ones, they are different: -om, -im, -em. Example: drawn, persecuted, condemned.
In the real participle of the present tense, all suffixes have spelling features.
If you do not know the rules, many questions arise. For example, how should you write: struggling or struggling? The verb from which this word is formed will help us with this - fight. Let's define its conjugation. Since its stem ends in -ot, this is 1 conjugation. Now you need to use the following rule: if the word belongs to 1 conjugation, we write -usch or -yushch. If to the second - then -ashch or -yashch. Thus, we found out that in the word "struggling" it is necessary to write -yushch. The main thing is to know how to determine the conjugation of verbs.
The table helps to remember the suffixes of real and passive participles better. And besides, you can always turn to her if the rule suddenly flies out of your head.
Suffixes of real and passive past participles
Now, having considered the features of the formation of this part of speech in the present tense, we can proceed to the next stage. It is worth remembering that participles cannot be used in the future tense, so we will continue to talk about the past. They borrowed this sign from the verb.
In the past tense, the suffixes -vsh and -sh are distinguished. For example: melted, sprouted.
The suffering ones have more of them: -nn, -enn, -t. For example: seeded, attached, stabbed.
And again, the table will help us remember the suffixes of real and passive participles.
With the first category, everything is clear, no difficulties arise, but with the passive ones it is more difficult. In some words, it is not always clear which suffix should be highlighted: -nn or -enn. Consider the word "offended" It would seem that by highlighting the suffix -enn, we will not make a mistake. But it's not. According to the rule, if the verb that formed the participle ends in -at, -yat, -et, then we select the suffix -nn.
In this example, the stem of the verb "offend" ends in -et, so we define the suffix -nn in the participle.
Let's take another example: "dressed up". And again, let's recall the rule: if the verb ends in -it, -ty or -ch, then in this case we use only the suffix -enn.
We will also act in the words "baked" (bake), "brought" (bring), "asked" (ask).
Tasks
In the Russian language lessons, the teacher pays special attention to how and when the suffixes of real and passive participles are used. Exercises on this topic will help you to understand it more fully.
First you need to give a list of verbs and ask the guys to determine their conjugation. Then it is worth giving the task to form a sacrament of different categories and times from them.
For example:
- prick (1 sp.) - stabbing (act., present time), pricking (act., past time);
- speak (2 sp.) - speaker (act., present temp.), spoke (act., past temp.);
- shave (1 ref., excl.) - shaving (actual, present time), shaving (actual, past time), shaved (suffering, past time);
- offend (2 ref., excl.) - offended (suffering, present time), offended (suffering, past time).
Determine the conjugation of the verb.
In participles formed
from verbs of the 1st conjugation, write the suffix -usch (-yusch): knowing, reading.
from verbs of the 2nd conjugation - -ash (-ash): loving, seeing
Pay attention: The real participles of the present tense are formed from the stems of the present tense verbs:
zna no,zna ut– 1st conjugation, base zna + suffix -yush →knowing,love it,love yat - 2nd conjugation, base love + suffix -box →loving.
2. Suffixes -em (-om), -im in passive present participles: raised, visible
Determine the conjugation of the verb.
In participles formed from verbs
1st conjugation, write the suffix -em -om: lifted, led,
2nd conjugation - -im: favorite, visible
Pay attention: Passive present participles are formed from the stems of present transitive verbs:
lifting no,lifting ut- 1st conjugation, stem lifting + suffix -em → lifted,love it,love yat - 2nd conjugation, base love + suffix - -im → Darling.
Step 3. Choice of vowels in past participle suffixes.
Past participle suffixes
1. Vowels before the suffixes -vsh, -sh in the real participles of the past tense: who saw, heard, walked
In real past participles before suffixes -vsh, -sh write the same vowel that is written in the base of the indefinite form of the verb: viewe former ← viewe uh, listenA former ←hearA th.
2. Distinguishing the vowels of the suffix of the verb stem -а (я) before the suffix -н and the suffix -enna in the past passive participles: lost, seen
Identify the final vowel in the base of the indefinite form of the verb.
If passive participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of verbs
with the suffix -а- -я-, before the participle suffix -nn- write letters and I): lost ← lose,
with suffixes -i- or -e- , in the suffix -enn- write the letter e:filled ← fill.
Complete tasks
Task from the demo version of FIPI 2015:
Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.
transform...my
disbanded ...
look ... look
broken... broken
washing ... my
Performance:
1. Put the verbs in the personal form into the indefinite form: stare ... look - stare.
2. Define the conjugation: stare - verb 2 sp. This is a derived verb from the verb look, so this is an exception.
3. Knowing the conjugation, determine unstressed vowels in personal form: viewAnd sewing. The letter I is missing.
4. Define the vowels in the participle suffixes: transformed, debauched, broken and washed.
1) transform...my, washing...my- suffer. incl. present vr., therefore, it is necessary: to know the conjugation of the verbs from which they are formed: transform...my- from convert(1st question), washing ... my- from wash(1st question), write a vowele : transformed, washed.
2) loose ... broken, broken ...- suffer. incl. past vr., therefore, it is necessary to know the indefinite form of the verb from which it is formed, and the suffix of this form: loose ... ny - from dissolve, break ... ny - from break. Since in the passive past participles, formed from the indefinite form of the verb with the suffix and, the suffix enn is written, then write a vowele : disintegrated, broken .
