Ireland is an island on the west side of Europe. The capital of Ireland is Dublin. There are about 5 million people in the Republic of Ireland. It is a small country but a lot of people know about it. In many countries there are Irish priests and nuns.
People left Ireland to find work in those countries and they stayed there. All over the world there are people with Irish blood.
The country is in two parts. The larger part, the Republic of Ireland, is in the south. The smaller part of Ireland, Northern Ireland, is part of the United Kingdom and its big city is Belfast. Like a lot of other countries, Ireland had sad and difficult times, but it had good times too.
The Irish are kind and polite people, they welcome strangers. The Irish love to talk. Ireland is a beautiful country with fine lakes, tall mountains and attractive beaches. It has two great rivers. It is a very green country. It is green partly because it rains too much.
Ireland is a country of good butter, good beer and good horses. People come from all over the world to buy Irish horses, from Europe, from America, from Arab countries and from the Far East. Ireland also has its own manufacturing industry.
Ireland
Ireland is an island in the west of Europe. The capital of Ireland is Dublin. The population of the Republic of Ireland is over 5 million people. It is a small country, but it is known to many people. Many countries have Irish priests and monks.
People left Ireland to find work in other countries and stayed there. There are people with Irish blood all over the world.
The country consists of two parts. The largest part, the Republic of Ireland, is in the south. The smaller part of Ireland, Northern Ireland, is part of the United Kingdom, the largest city there is Belfast. Like many other countries, Ireland has had sad and difficult times, but there have been good times as well.
The Irish are kind and polite people, they are good at meeting strangers. The Irish love to chat. Ireland is a beautiful country with beautiful lakes, big mountains and attractive beaches. There are two big rivers here. This is a very green country. It is green partly because it rains a lot.
Ireland is a country of good butter, beer and horses. People from all over the world come to buy Irish horses: from Europe, America, Arab countries and from Far East. Ireland is also known for its manufacturing industry.
Northern Ireland, an integral part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, located in the northeastern portion of the island of Ireland. Northern Ireland is bounded on the north and northeast by the North Channel, on the southeast by the Irish Sea, and on the south and west by the Republic of Ireland. It includes Rathlin Island in the North Channel and several smaller offshore islands. Northern Ireland is also known as Ulster, because it comprises six of the nine counties that constituted the former province of Ulster.
land. The total area of Northern Ireland is 14,148 sq km (5463 sq mi). Northern Ireland has an extreme northern to southern extension of about 135 km (about 85 mi) and an extreme eastern to western extension of about 175 km (about 110 mi). The shoreline is characterized by numerous irregularities and is about 530 km (about 330 mi) long. The major indentations are Lough Foyle in the north and Belfast, Strangford, and Carlingford loughs in the east. A striking feature of the northern coast is the Giant's Causeway, a rock formation consisting of thousands of closely placed, polygonal pillars of black basalt. The country consists mainly of a low, flat plain in the approximate center of which is Lough Neagh ( about 390 sq km/about 150 sq mi), the largest lake in the British Isles. the Antrim Plateau along the northeastern coast, and the Mourne Mountains in the southeast. The highest point in the country is Slieve Donard (852 m/2796 ft), a peak in the Mourne Mountains. The chief rivers are the Foyle River, which forms part of the north boundarywestern and flows into Lough Foyle at Londonderry, and the Upper Bann and Lower Bann rivers. annel. Among the many other rivers are the Main, Blackwater, Lagan, Erne, and Bush. Because of the generally flat terrain, drainage is poor, and the areas of marshland are extensive.
climate. The climate of Northern Ireland is mild and damp throughout the year. The prevailing westerly winds from the Gulf Stream are largely responsible for the lack of extreme summer heat and winter cold. The average annual temperature is approximately 10 C (50 F); temperatures average about 14.4 C (about 58 F) in July and about 4.4 C (about 40 F) in January. Rainfall is distributed even during the year. The annual frequently rainfall exceeds 1016 mm (40 in) in the north and is about 760 mm (about 30 in) in the south. The level of humidity is high.
Natiral Resources. The most valuable natural resources of Northern Ireland are its fertile soil and rich pasturelands. Natural waterpower is plentiful. The chief minerals are basalt, limestone, sand and gravel, granite, chalk, clay, and shale; bauxite, iron ore, and coal are also found in small amounts. Peat is important as a fuel. Plants and Animals. In general, the plants and animals of Northern Ireland are similar to those of the island as a whole. The only distinctive plant is a species of wild orchid, Spiranthes stricta, found in the valleys of the Upper and Lower Bann rivers. Distinctive species of animal life include the pollan, a freshwater variety of whitefish found in Lough Neagh and Lough Erne. Population. The majority of the people are of Scottish or English ancestry and are known commonly as the Scotch-Irish. The remainder of the population is Irish, principally native to Ulster. English is the sole official language. Unlike the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland does not encourage the use of the Gaelic language.
Population Characteristics. The population of Northern Ireland (1992 preliminary) was 1,610,300. The overall density was about 113 persons per sq km (about 295 per sq mi). The population is unevenly distributed, with greater concentrations in the eastern half. It is almost equally divided between urban and rural dwellers.
The capital and largest city of Northern Ireland is Belfast (population, 1991 preliminary, 279,237), which is surrounded by heavy industries including shipbuilding and textiles. The other major city in Northern Ireland is Londonderry (72,334). political divisions. Northern Ireland is divided into 26 districts. Each district is governed by an elected council. Religion. Religious affiliation has been a key determinant in Northern Ireland's history, politics, and social life since the 17th century. At various times it has determined access to voting and jobs, standards of living, and education. In modern times it has come to in the early 1990s, almost 51 percent of the population regarded themselves as Protestant, and almost 39 percent as Roman Catholic. or state, church.The Church of Ireland, at one time a branch of the Church of England, was disassociated from the state in 1871.
Education. Education in Northern Ireland is free and compulsory for children between the ages of 5 and 15. The educational system is essentially similar to that of England. In the early 1990s Northern Ireland had nearly 1100 primary schools, annually attended by approximately 191,000 pupils and staffed by more than 8200 teachers. Secondary and special schools numbered about 275 and were attended by about 147,000 students taught by 10,300 instructors. The country has two universities: Queen's University of Belfast, founded as Queen's College in 1845, and the University of Ulster (1984), with campuses in Coleraine, Belfast, Jordanstown, and Londonderry. The total annual university enrollment in the early 1990s was about 17,000. Two colleges, the Belfast College of Technology (1901) and the Union Theological College (1978), are in Belfast.
Culture. Originally, Northern Ireland was culturally indistinguishable from the remainder of Ireland. However, with the waves of colonization from England and Scotland during the 17th century, the northeastern province of Ulster evolved a distinctive cultural identity. The settlers, who came to form a majority in the region, were British in culture and tradition, and Protestant in religion; their descendants are committed to keeping the province constitutionally allied with Great Britain. The Irish inhabitants, in a minority and for centuries politically and economically marginalized, had as their goal the reunification of the island of Ireland. In addition, Northern Ireland is considerably more urbanized and industrialized than the Republic of Ireland. Northern Ireland shares the early cultural glories of all Ireland. To Ulster belongs one of the two great cycles of Irish myths that contain the exploits of CI Chulainn and the tragic story of Deirdre (see Gaelic Literature). There is a thriving theatrical movement in Belfast, and much literary activity. Belfast is the base of Opera Northern Ireland, which presents seasons at the Grand Opera House in the city, and also tours the province. A ballet company is based in the capital, as is the Belfast Philharmonic Society, one of Britain's leading choral societies. The Ulster Symphony Orchestra is among the leading orchestras of Britain. Queen's University hosts the annual Belfast Festival. Northern Ireland has two national museums: the Ulster Museum in Belfast, which houses a collection of Irish antiquities; and the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum in Holywood, County Down.
economy. Northern Ireland's gross domestic product in 1992 was about $18.3 billion. In general, the economy of Northern Ireland is based on agriculture and manufacturing and is closely tied to that of Great Britain as a whole; almost half of manufacturing output is sold to the rest of Britain; one quarter is sold locally. Northern Ireland has been particularly hard hit by the decline of traditional industries like shipbuilding, on which much of its prosperity and many jobs depended. The lack of economic opportunities, particularly for young people, played a role in the sectarian conflicts of the 1970s. At the same time, however, the threat of terrorism hindered efforts to attract investment and create new jobs in the 1980s. has been established to attract new companies and encourage small businesses, backed by tax and other incentives. e sectarian violence, several important new investments were announced in the early 1990s. Public finance comes predominantly from taxes (50 percent in 1994) and government grants in aid from Great Britain (41 percent); Northern Ireland also received considerable funding from the European Union.
agriculture. Small farms predominate in Northern Ireland, and production generally includes both crops and livestock. Livestock on farms in the early 1990s numbered approximately 1.5 million cattle, 2.6 million sheep, 588,000 pigs, and 12.3 million poultry. The leading crops in the country were potatoes, barley, hay, oats, turnips, apples, and pears. forestry and fishing. Northern Ireland is sparsely forested, but the state afforestation program has made considerable progress, and in the early 1980s about 60,000 cu m (about 2.1 million cu ft) of timber were felled annually. The annual catch of fish and shellfish in the early 1990s was about 15,000 metric tons. Saltwater fishing is centered on the eastern coast, principally off Newcastle; the most important species caught include herring, whiting, and scallops. Freshwater fisheries operate in Lough Neagh, Lough Erne, and Upper Lough Erne; the species caught include salmon, trout, eel, and pollan.
Mining and manufacturing. Mining and quarrying are relatively unimportant economic activities in Northern Ireland. They employed only about 6200 workers in the late 1980s. The chief minerals are basalt, sand and gravel, peat, chalk, limestone, and granite. Manufacturing is a major source of the national product. In the early 1990s the industrial output of Northern Ireland was about 18 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). Manufacturing and construction accounted for about one-fifth of the employed work force. Traditionally, the leading industries of Northern Ireland have been the manufacture of textiles and clothing. Linen is the most important textile manufactured; cotton cloth and fabrics woven of synthetic fibers rank next in importance. Shipbuilding and the manufacture of aircraft are also major industries; large shipyards are located in Belfast. Other manufactures include textile machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, processed food, liquor, tobacco products, and chemicals.
external trade. About 80 percent of Northern Ireland's external trade is with Great Britain, and the British pound is the legal tender of Northern Ireland. A large portion of the exports to Great Britain is transshipped to other countries, however. Northern Ireland exports linen goods, Imports consist chiefly of petroleum and other fuels, raw materials and metals, produce, and an assortment of manufactured goods.Transportation and Communications Northern Ireland has about 23,730 km (about 14,745 mi) of roads, including 113 km (70 mi) of motorway.The Northern Ireland Railways Company provided passenger service on 357 km (222 mi) of railroad track.Daily steamship and airline services connect Belfast with the rest of the United Kingdom Northern Ireland has three daily newspapers, the Belfast Telegraph, the Irish News, and the News Letter, all published in Belfast. ion of about 272,000.
Labor. The system of labor relations in Northern Ireland is based on the same principles as that of Great Britain. A major proportion of trade unionists in Northern Ireland are members of trade unions with headquarters in Great Britain. government. Northern Ireland, an integral part of Great Britain, elects members (now 17) to the British House of Commons. In recent years some of those elected have chosen not to go to London (usually in order to protest the domestic situation). The Government of Ireland Act, passed by the British Parliament in 1920 and modified by several subsequent agreements between Ireland Northern and Great Britain, is the country's basic constitutional document. In 1972, however, because of political and religious strife, London imposed direct rule. A 1973 act gave Northern Ireland much local autonomy, while Great Britain retained control over defense, foreign policy, currency, tariffs, and communications. In January 1974, direct rule was relinquished, but it was reimposed again that same year. The office of governor and the Northern Ireland Parliament were abolished, and the secretary of state for Northern Ireland became the head of government. of Ireland a limited role in Northern Ireland and set up an intergovernmental conference of British and Irish cabinet ministers. Judiciary. The highest court is the Supreme Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland, which consists of the High Court, the Court of Appeal, and the Crown Court. Lower courts include county courts with criminal and civil jurisdiction and magistrates" courts for minor offenses.
local government. Northern Ireland is divided into 26 districts for the purposes of local government. Each district is run by a council responsible for a variety of administrative functions. political parties. The Ulster Unionist Party was governed by Northern Ireland from 1921 to 1972. More recently, the party has split into two groups; the Official Unionist and the Democratic Unionist; the latter are opposed to any compromise on Northern Ireland"s future in relation to Great Britain and the most hostile to the Republic of Ireland. The other main political parties are the Social Democratic and Labor Party, which supports peaceful reunification with Ireland, the Alliance Party, and Sinn Fein, the political wing of the outlawed Irish Republican Army. local and national elections.
Topic: Unforgettable Ireland
Theme: Unforgettable Ireland
Ireland. What associations do you have with this country? Some people will exactly state the island, but there are individuals, who can be puzzled by the existence of this republic, as this word is commonly used with Northern Ireland, an indispensable part of Great Britain. It is a well-developed country with its customs, traditions, way of life. It borders in the north on Britain and is greatly influenced by it, but Ireland is an independent country .
Ireland. What associations does this country evoke in you? Some people will call the island, but there are those who may be puzzled by the existence of such a Republic, as the word is used with the name of Northern Ireland, part of Great Britain. This is a developed country with its customs, traditions, way of life. It borders the UK to the north and has a lot of influence over it, but Ireland is an independent country recognized by many other countries.
Ireland is located on the island in the Atlantic Ocean in the west of Europe. The area of the whole state comprises more than 70,000 km2, in average 14,000 km2. Apart from the ocean the island is also washed by the Irish Sea, the North Channel and the St. George's Channel. The location of the island determines its climate, which is temperate and usually maritime. The relief of Ireland is rather plain in the center and mountainous in the outer rim. The highest point of the isle is over 1,000 m above the sea level.
Ireland is located in Western Europe on an island in the Atlantic Ocean. The total area of the Republic is over 70,000 km2, while the area of Northern Ireland is about 14,000 km2. In addition to the ocean, the island is washed by the Irish Sea, the Strait of St. George and the North Channel. The position of the island determines its climate, which is temperate and maritime. The relief of the country is flat in the central part and mountainous along the outer rim. The highest point is over 1000 meters above sea level.
The population comprises more than 3 million people. Their in 21 cities and towns, while about 40% of people prefer a rural scenery. Due to some historical background the population of this country has one more subdivision. It is connected with the nationality, origin and language. Though Ireland previously used to be in the UK, nowadays almost all people consider themselves Irish, but the state has 2 official languages: English and Irish. Irish people, so to touch people while talking, but humor is an indispensable characteristic of the nation.
The population is over 3 million people. Most of them are urban, living in 21 cities and towns, while about 40% prefer rural landscapes. Due to some historical background, the population of the country has another division. It is connected with nationality, origin and language. Although Ireland was part of Great Britain, nowadays almost all people consider themselves Irish, but the country has two official languages: English and Irish. The Irish value personal space, so it's not customary to touch each other during a conversation, but humor is an integral characteristic of the nation.
The republic is divided into 29 counties and five cities. Dublin is the capital of the country. The main symbols of Ireland are its three-color flag, the shamrock clover and the green color.
The country is divided into 29 districts and five cities. Dublin is the capital of the country. The main symbols of Ireland are its tricolor flag, clover shamrock and green.
Being a parliamentary democracy Ireland is headed by the elected president. The Parliament of Ireland consists of two houses: the House of Representatives and Senate. The official document is the Constitution, but all adopted laws must correspond with the European Community obligations. The executive power is in the hands of the Prime Minister and the cabinet known as the Government, while the judicial one is headed by the Supreme Court. Though in this republic, the Catholic Church is considered special.
The Republic is a parliamentary democracy headed by an elected president. Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Representatives and the Senate. The official document is the Constitution, and all laws must comply with obligations with the European Community. Executive power is vested in the prime minister and a cabinet known as the government, while the judiciary is administered by the Supreme Court. Although there is no official religion in the country, the Catholic Church is considered special.
The main industries of the country are the provision of services, manufacturing and construction, agriculture, fishing and forestry. Also considered influential are brewing, clothing, textiles, information Technology, finance and, of course, tourism.
Ireland is regarded to be a country with a high cultural level and many tourists arrive there annually. Its architecture is rather various including ancient castles, eye-catching thatched cottages, rococo country houses, magnificent cathedrals and contemporary buildings. It is a motherland of famous artists and sculptors, poets and writers, physicists and mathematicians, and even Nobel laureates.
Ireland is a country with a high cultural level, and many tourists come there every year. Its architecture is very diverse, including ancient castles, thatched cottages, rococo country houses, stately cathedrals and modern buildings. This is the birthplace of famous painters and sculptors, poets and writers, physicists and mathematicians, and even Nobel laureates.
It has numerous unique sights attracting guests from each part of the world. Boyne Valley is a place with ancient tombs, which are even older than the Egyptian Pyramids. December, 21 is an unforgettable day, as one of these tombs a beam of light shining through the roof and those who have seen it, say that it forever. The Cliffs of Moher provide a breathtaking view of the seacoast and the entire isle. The Giant's Causeway is one more interesting place with more than 40,000 basalt columns located in the coastal area. They are considered a homeland of the giant, but scientists proved that they had appeared due to the volcanic eruption. The Aran Islands can give an opportunity to appear for more than several centuries, made of limestone plates and a paradise for botanists and geologists. drink, St. Patrick's Cathedral, the largest religious cathedral in Dublin and a residence many different historical events, and Croke Park, one of the largest stadiums in Europe
It has a number of unique attractions that attract visitors from all over the world. Boine Valley is a place with ancient tombs that are older than the Egyptian pyramids. December 21 is an unforgettable day when one of the tombs is illuminated by a beam of light breaking through the roof and those who have seen it say that it remains in memory forever. The Cliffs of Moher will provide the most breathtaking view of the coast and the entire island. Giants Road is another interesting place with more than 40,000 basalt columns located in the coastal zone. They are rightfully considered the birthplace of one giant, but scientists have proven that they appeared due to a volcanic eruption. The Aran Islands may offer an opportunity to find yourself in an area where nothing has changed for more than a few centuries, while the Burren is a well-known natural monument of limestone slabs and a paradise for botanists and geologists. For urban lovers, Ireland offers Guinness with its incredible glass-shaped building that hosts a historical review of the drink, St. Patrick's Cathedral, the largest temple in Dublin and the site of many historical events, and Croke Park, the fourth largest stadium in Europe, which gives you the chance to watch hurling or Gaelic football with the Irish.
As we all know, the vast majority of Irish people speak English. Also, we all know that Irish English is different from the same language in England or the United States of America.
How did English come to Ireland?
This situation is connected with the eight-hundred-year-old domination of the British. Representatives of Britain became the ancestors of the Irish families de Burgh, Fitzwilliam, Fitzpatrick, Fitzgibbon, etc.; fitz is an Old French word that corresponds to the modern fis (fils) "son".
The British introduced punitive laws against Catholicism, regularly reset the population of Ireland during wars, in the 17th century. began a mass settlement of the northern tip of the island by immigrants from Britain. As a result, there were more and more English speakers.
Already in ancient times, they justified their deeds by saying that the conquered Irish were generally savages who had recently climbed down from the trees. It's nothing that these "savages" had previously converted to Christianity, were engaged in missionary activities among the Anglo-Saxons and created a very serious literary tradition - the main thing is to declare a neighbor a subhuman and bear the burden of whites.
"This famine is God's punishment and a lesson to the wild and violent Irish"
However, English did not become the majority language until the 1940s. nineteenth century. At that time, there was a big crop failure in Ireland, but the British authorities quickly curtailed the state aid program (by the way, it was already small and was directed primarily to the Protestant Irish and the British living in Ireland). Sir Charles Trevelien, secretary of the British Treasury, a supporter of the invisible hand of the market, said: "This famine is God's punishment and a lesson to the wild and violent Irish."
As a result of the famine, half of the 8 million inhabitants of Ireland did not fit into the market, dying from starvation and epidemics or emigrating to the US and British colonies. Until now, fewer people live on the territory of the entire Emerald Isle, including six counties belonging to Great Britain, than in the middle of the 19th century.
After that, there were fewer people speaking Irish in Ireland. With each new generation, their number continues to decrease. Today, the Irish language is widely supported, but the number of places where it is still spoken as a native language (the so-called Gaeltachtaí, read as "Gaeltachts") is small. However, the Irish language is alive and constantly influencing local English. Scientifically, this is called "Irish substrate".
First of all, the Irish always pronounce [r], as in most dialects of the United States and Canada, and also in some places in the west of England. At the same time, they often pronounce hard as "hard", and turn as "thorn". A long sound can sound like "hey", and in some places the diphthong turns into something like "ye": great is read almost like "heats".
The absence of interdental sounds is striking. They go to t, d, so the sounds like de and three like tree. There are no such sounds in modern Irish. In general, there are not so many languages \u200b\u200bwhere they are: for example, in Europe it is, in addition to English, Icelandic, Greek, Spanish, and Albanian. It tends to disappear in a number of dialects: blacks in the US turn it into t and d, as do the Irish.
The absence of interdental sounds is striking.
There are two sounds [l] in English - hard (dark l) before consonants and at the end of a word, and soft between vowels and at the beginning of a word. In Ireland, only mild beer is consumed. In general, this is strange, because in the Irish language there are hard and soft [l].
The Irish, as a rule, do not pronounce a combination of sounds (tune, Tuesday, Tube). They get a pure “h”: chun, chuzdey, forelock. This feature of phonetics is also found in other varieties of English and has penetrated into the northern dialects of Irish (there, instead of soft "t" "d", "h" and "j" are used).
In addition, in Irish English, influenced Irish language(the same Celtic substrate) between a sonorant ([l], [m], [n]) and a voiced consonant, or between [j] and a sonorant, a neutral sound is placed (like er in better). For example, film is pronounced like "filem", the name Colm is pronounced like "Kolem". Here the original language of the Irish clearly influenced, where this phenomenon is widespread and received the name gúta cunta / guta kunta /, which means "hidden vowel". For example, one of the poetic nicknames of Ireland - Seanbhean bhocht 'poor old woman' - reads like "shanevyan vokht".
Irish grammatical differences in English.
An Irishman will never ask: Do you speak English? He will say: Do you have English? The fact is that in Irish this phrase would sound like this: An bhfuil Béarla agat? (read approximately as "an uyl Biarla agate"). Literally, it translates as "Do you have English?". By the way, historically, the word Béarla meant ‘mumbling’ - in the same way, the Greeks opposed themselves to the “mumbling” barbarians, and the Slavs to the “Germans” (as all foreigners were originally called). Now Béarla is a designation exclusively for the English language. England will be called Sasana (that is, "the land of the Saxons"), the English - Sasanach (Sasanakh). Tellingly, this word also penetrated into English - Sassenach.
In order to speak English like an Irishman, one must translate Irish grammatical constructions verbatim or almost verbatim.
Another characteristic feature of the local variant of English is a special form of the perfect. After reading a book, an Irishman is unlikely to say: I have just read a book. Instead, he will say this: I am after reading a book. The Briton will think that this is an intention, but in fact it means a just completed action. And this is again an almost literal translation of the Irish construction, let's compare: Táim / tá mé tar eis leabhar a léamh (tam / ta me tar esh laur a liav /, literally - “I am after the book in reading”.
It should be noted that in Hiberno-English many expressions are literally translated from Irish. For example, in cities (Dublin, Cork, Limerick) you can often hear: What's the story? How's a story? It means: "What's new"? In Irish, this question sounds like Aon scéal? /en scéal/ ‘one story’, and the word scéal, in addition to the main meaning ‘a story about events’, has a derivative ‘news’.
Another purely Celtic feature is the coincidence of the first and third person forms of the verb to say: I says (and under the influence of the Irish word order - Says I to him), he says. In Irish it will be deirim, deireann tú, deireann sé / derim, deryan me, deryan she /. In addition, in Irish, in order to emphasize something necessary and important in meaning, you can repeat the verb: déireann an t-seanbhean, déireann sí / deryan an t-seanbhean, deryan shi / 'and the old woman says something' (literally, 'says [ article] old woman, she says"). In English, the Irish translate it as And the old lady she says. True, this can hardly be considered a purely Irish phenomenon, because illiterate people in all English-speaking countries speak this way.
Police in Irish - Garda Síochanna / garda shihana / ‘guardian of peace’.
Many words are borrowed from Irish. For example, some interjections have a Celtic origin, such as mhuise ‘well’ (it reads almost like the Russian “vashche”, only with the emphasis on the first syllable) or ara / aroo ‘aha, ah, ah’ (ara / arú). An Irishman can call an idiot eejit (i.e. idiot), but there is also the word amadawn, ommadhawn (Irl. amadán, stress on the last or first syllable - depending on the dialect). Close friends are addressed like this: a chara (Irl. "about a friend"), to loved ones - achree (akri, from a chroí / a chry / "about the heart"). Fun, joy is called craic (in Irish it is read as crack, in English it is closer to crack).
Police in Irish - Garda Síochanna / garda shihana / ‘guardian of peace’, the policeman is also garda. In everyday life in English they are called garda or guard / guards.
In addition, some slogans are spoken and written in Irish - for example, fans at Gaelic football cheer on their team by shouting: "[Team name] abú!" (abú - forever).
Irish nicknames.
Here's how the British themselves call the Irish: Paddy (Patrick, Irish Pádraig / padrag /), Sean (Seán - borrowed John; the original Irish name is Eoghain, or Eoin / he /, which in English turned into Owen), Seamas (English Seamus, Seamas, Irish Séamus, Séamas /shemas/ is the same as James; in the vocative it sounds like a Shéamais /a hemesh/, and this form has become a rare English name Hamish), and in Northern Ireland - also Teig / Tig / Tim (English Teague / Tim, Irish Tadhg / Taig /).
An Irishman who does not speak Irish, but inadvertently uses some words from it, is Seoinín (Shenin). The word is polysemantic: it combines the words Seínín and seo (she) ‘this one’; it is implied that a person without error cannot even pronounce the name Seán (Shan with a long "a" close to "o"). As stated in the Irish textbook for high school: “What do you call an Irishman who doesn't speak Irish? - Shenin. - Are you a shiunin? /An seoinín tusa?/ - No. /Ní hea/”.
