Disgrace passed. Vasily Vasilievich ran up to the Metropolitan's porch at a run. But an unknown clerk came out of the door to meet her, dressed poorly, stopped Vasily Vasilyevich with his index finger, and, unfolding the letter, read it loudly, slowly, - he beat on the crown of the head with every word:
- “... for all his aforementioned faults, the great sovereigns Peter Alekseevich and Ivan Alekseevich indicated to deprive you, Prince Vasily Golitsyn, of honor and boyars and send you with your wife and children to eternal exile in Kargopol. And your estates, estates and courtyards of Moscow and bellies to unsubscribe to yourself, the great sovereigns. And your people, bonded and serfs, besides peasants and peasant children, - let them go free ... "
Having finished a long reading, the clerk folded the letter and pointed to the bailiff at Vasily Vasilyevich - he could hardly stand, without a hat, Alexei held his arm ...
Take into custody and do as told...
Have taken. They led. Outside the churchyard, they put father and son on a cart, on mats, a bailiff and dragoons jumped from behind. The driver, in a torn coat, in bast shoes, twirled the reins, and the bad horse dragged the cart from the laurel into the field at a pace. It was night, the stars were covered with dampness.
23
The trip to Trinity is over. Just like seven years ago, they sat out Moscow in the Lavra. The boyars with the patriarch and Natalya Kirillovna, after thinking, wrote on behalf of Peter to Tsar Ivan:
“... And now, sir, the time has come for our two persons to rule the kingdom entrusted to us by God ourselves, since they have come to the measure of their age, and the third shameful face, our sister, with our two male persons in titles and the reprisal of deeds, we do not deign to be ... "
Sophia was transported from the Kremlin to the Novodevichy Convent without much noise at night. Shaklovity, Chermny and Obrosim Petrov were beheaded, the rest of the thieves were beaten with a whip in the square, in the suburb, their tongues were cut out, they were exiled to Siberia forever. Pop Medvedev and Nikita Gladky were later captured by the Dorogobuzh governor. They were terribly tortured and beheaded.
Awards were granted - in land and money: three hundred rubles for boyars, two hundred and seventy for roundabouts, two hundred and fifty for duma nobles. To the stolniks who arrived with Peter at the Lavra - thirty-seven rubles each, those who arrived after - thirty-two rubles each, those who arrived before August 10 - thirty rubles each, and those who arrived before August 20 - twenty-seven rubles each. The city nobles were granted eighteen, seventeen and sixteen rubles in the same order. To all ordinary archers for loyalty - one ruble without land.
Before returning to Moscow, the boyars sorted out the orders among themselves: the first and most important - Posolsky - was given to Lev Kirillovich, but already without the title of saver. After the military and other needs had passed, it would have been completely possible to abandon Boris Alekseevich Golitsyn - the patriarch and Natalya Kirillovna could not forgive him much, and especially that he saved Vasily Vasilyevich from a whip and block, but the boyars considered it indecent to deprive such a high family of honor : "Let's go for it, - soon orders will be kicked out from under us, - merchants, rootless clerks, foreigners and all sorts of vile people, look, they climb to Tsar Peter for prey, for places ..." Boris Alekseevich was given for feeding and honor order of the Kazan Palace. Upon learning of this, he spat, got drunk that day, shouted: “To hell with them, but I have enough for my own,” and the drunk galloped off to the patrimony near Moscow - to sleep off ...
The new ministers, as the foreigners then began to call them, knocked out some clerks and clerks from orders and imprisoned others and began to think and rule according to the old custom. There were no significant changes. Only in the Kremlin palace did Lev Kirillovich walk around in black sables, imperiously slamming doors, tapping his heels pinchfully instead of Ivan Miloslavsky ...
These were old, well-known people - apart from ruin, extortion and disorder, there was nothing to be expected from them. In Moscow and on Kukuy - merchants of all hundreds, tax-farmers, merchants and artisans in the settlements, foreign guests, ship captains - Dutch, Hanoverian, English - were looking forward to new orders and new people with great impatience. Various rumors circulated about Peter, and many put all their hope in him. Russia - a gold mine - lay under the age-old mud ... If not a new tsar will raise life, then who will?
Peter was in no hurry to go to Moscow. He left the Lavra with an army on a march to Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, where the rotten log cabins of the terrible palace of Tsar Ivan the Fourth still stood. Here General Sommer staged an exemplary battle. It lasted a whole week, until there was enough gunpowder. And here Sommer's service ended - the poor fellow fell off his horse and was crippled.
In October, Peter went with some amusing regiments to Moscow. About ten miles away, in the village of Alekseevsky, large crowds of people met him. They kept icons, banners, loaves on dishes. Logs and chopping blocks with stuck axes were lying on the sides of the road, and archers, elected, from those regiments that were not in the Trinity, were lying on the damp earth, their necks on logs ... But the young king did not chop heads, he was not angry, although he was not friendly.
Chapter Five
1
Lefort was becoming a big man. Foreigners living on Kukuy and visitors on trade business from Arkhangelsk and Vologda spoke of him with great respect. The clerks of the Amsterdam and London trading houses wrote about him there and advised: what happens, sending him small gifts is better than good wine. When he was promoted to the rank of general for the Trinity campaign, the Kukuis folded up and offered him a sword. Passing by his house, they winked meaningfully at each other, saying: “Oh, yes ...” His house was now small - so many people wanted to shake his hand, exchange a word, just remind him of themselves. Despite the late autumn, hurried work began on the superstructure and expansion of the house - they put up a stone porch with side entrances, decorated the front side with columns and stucco men. On the site of the courtyard, where there used to be a fountain, they dug a lake for water and fire fun. Guards were built on the sides for the musketeers.
Russian tsar in 1682-1696 from the Romanov dynasty
short biography
John (Ivan) V Alekseevich(September 6, 1666, Moscow - February 8, 1696, ibid) - Russian Tsar in 1682-1696 from the Romanov dynasty. Son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich the Quietest and Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya. Senior half-brother and co-ruler of Peter I. Father of Anna Ioannovna, Empress of All Russia.
When in 1682 his older brother, Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, died without leaving an heir, 15-year-old Ivan Alekseevich, as the next in seniority, was to inherit the throne.
Ivan Alekseevich was sickly from childhood and incapable of governing the country. Therefore, it was proposed to remove him and choose his half-brother, 10-year-old Peter, the youngest son of Alexei Mikhailovich, as the next king.
They said about Ivan Alekseevich that he was weak-minded, which, perhaps, was the result of an illness (epilepsy aggravated by scurvy, a chronic illness of the children of Maria Miloslavskaya) and the Naryshkins' slander, which they spread during a fierce struggle for power with the Miloslavskys. It is known for certain that, being in the very center of this struggle, Ivan Alekseevich never once tried to accept in it Active participation and showed no interest in state activities. Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev, who was a younger contemporary of Ivan and one of the associates of Peter I, wrote about him as "a man of a contented mind."
Rise to power
Both brothers, one due to ill health, the other due to age, could not participate in the struggle for power. Instead, their relatives fought for Ivan - his sister, Princess Sophia, and their relatives Miloslavsky, relatives of his mother; for Peter - Naryshkins, relatives of the second wife of Alexei Mikhailovich. The case was not without a bloody riot of archers.
As a result, Patriarch Joachim proposed to proclaim both tsars at once: Ivan - the senior tsar, Peter - the junior tsar and appoint Princess Sofya Alekseevna as regent under them.
June 25, 1682 Ivan V Alekseevich and Peter I Alekseevich were married to the kingdom in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Moreover, the "senior" king was married with a genuine Monomakh's hat and a large outfit, and copies were made for the "younger". For them, a special throne with two seats was built, currently stored in the Armory.
Until 1689, the reign of both Ivan and Peter was nominal, in fact, power was exercised by Tsarevna Sofya Alekseevna, who relied on the Miloslavsky clan and on her favorites - V.V. Golitsyn and F.L. Shaklovity.
In 1689, the confrontation between Sophia and Peter came to a climax, as a result of which Sophia was removed from power. At this time, Peter sends a message to Ivan from the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, in which he writes:
And now, my dear brother, the time will come for our two persons, the kingdom entrusted to us by God, to rule by ourselves, if you have come to the extent of your age, and we do not deign to the third shameful person, our sister, with our two male persons in titles and in the reprisal of deeds; your will, the sovereign of my brother, would have bowed to that, because it taught to enter into business and write in titles by yourself without our permission; besides, she also wanted to get married with a royal crown, for our final insult. Shameful, sire, at our perfect age, for that shameful person to rule the state past us! To you, sovereign brother, I declare and ask: allow me, sovereign, by your fatherly will, for our better benefit and for the people's reassurance, without slandering you, sovereign, to inflict truthful judges on orders, but to change indecent ones, in order to calm our state. and rejoice soon. And how, sir, brother, let us happen together, and then we will put everything on the measure; and I am ready to honor you, the sovereign brother, like a father.
At that time, it was very important for Peter to enlist the support of his brother, or at least his non-interference.
Participation in public affairs
Although Ivan was called the "senior tsar", he practically never directly dealt with state affairs, except for ritual ceremonies that required the participation of the tsar, and devoted himself entirely to his family.
Russian tsar in 1682-1696, from the Romanov dynasty. The son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich "The Quietest" and Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna, nee Miloslavskaya.
When in 1682 his older brother, Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, died without leaving an heir, 15-year-old John Alekseevich, as the next in seniority, was to inherit the throne.
Ivan Alekseevich was sickly from childhood and incapable of governing the country. Therefore, it was proposed to remove him and choose his half-brother, 10-year-old Peter, the youngest son of Alexei Mikhailovich, as the next king.
They said about Ivan Alekseevich that he was weak-minded, which, perhaps, was the slander of the Naryshkins, which they spread during a fierce struggle for power with the Miloslavskys. It is known for certain that being in the very center of this struggle, Ivan Alekseevich never tried to take an active part in it, and did not show interest in state activities. It is also possible that his indifference, and perhaps even aversion to higher power, was perceived by his contemporaries as a clear sign of dementia.
Both brothers, one due to ill health, the other due to age, could not participate in the struggle for power. Instead, their relatives fought for Ivan - his sister, Princess Sophia and Miloslavsky, relatives of his mother; for Peter - Naryshkins, relatives of the second wife of Alexei Mikhailovich. The case was not without a bloody riot of archers.
As a result, Patriarch Joachim proposed to proclaim both tsars at once: Ivan - the senior tsar, Peter - the junior tsar and appoint Princess Sofya Alekseevna as regent under them.
June 25, 1682 Ivan V Alekseevich and Peter I Alekseevich were married to the kingdom in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. For them, a special throne with two seats was built, currently stored in the Armory.
Until 1689, the reign of both Ivan and Peter was nominal, in fact, power was exercised by Tsarevna Sofya Alekseevna, who relied on the Miloslavsky clan and on her favorites - V.V. Golitsyn and F.L. Shaklovity.
In 1689, the confrontation between Sophia and Peter came to a climax, as a result of which Sophia was removed from power. At this time, Peter sends a message to Ivan from the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, in which he writes:
And now, my dear brother, the time will come for our two persons, the kingdom entrusted to us by God, to rule by ourselves, if you have come to the extent of your age, and we do not deign to the third shameful person, our sister, with our two male persons in titles and in the reprisal of deeds; your will, the sovereign of my brother, would have bowed to that, because it taught to enter into business and write in titles by yourself without our permission; besides, she also wanted to get married with a royal crown, for our final insult. Shameful, sire, at our perfect age, for that shameful person to rule the state past us! To you, sovereign brother, I declare and ask: allow me, sovereign, by your fatherly will, for our better benefit and for the people's reassurance, without slandering you, sovereign, to inflict truthful judges on orders, but to change indecent ones, in order to calm our state. and rejoice soon. And how, sir, brother, let us happen together, and then we will put everything on the measure; and I am ready to honor you, the sovereign brother, like a father. |
The message, obviously, is addressed to a person who is quite reasonable, and this is not just a form of etiquette: at that time it was very important for Peter to enlist the support of his brother, or at least his non-interference.
Although Ivan was called the "senior tsar", he practically never directly dealt with state affairs, except for ritual ceremonies that required the participation of the tsar, and devoted himself entirely to his family.
Sophia ruled from 1682 to 1689, in 1689 the actual power passed to the Naryshkin clan, nominally headed by Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna, after whose death in 1694 power was concentrated in the hands of Peter.
Ivan Alekseevich lived longer than all the male offspring of Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna, but by the age of 27 he was completely decrepit, did not see well and was struck by paralysis.
At the age of 30, on January 29 (February 8), 1696, he died suddenly in Moscow and was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
Sophia, as she expected, was sent to the monastery with some precautions that increased the severity of the punishment. Peter established a relationship with his brother. He wrote him the following letter:
“Brother, Sovereign Tsar John Alekseevich, with his daughter-in-law, but with his wife, and with your birth in the grace of God, hello! It is known to you, sovereign, I am repairing, but I will also forgive your permission about this: that by the grace of God, the scepter of the government of our ancestral Russian kingdom was handed over to us, two persons, as if our mothers in the eastern churches testify to this cathedral action in 190: also by our neighboring brethren sovereign about our statehood is known; and the third person, to be with us in equal government, was by no means remembered. And how our sister Tsarevna Sofya Alekseevna taught our state to control her own will, and in that possession that appeared to our people the opposite, and the burden on the people and our patience, you know about that, sovereign. And now our villains Fedka Shaklovity and his comrades, not satisfied with our mercy, having violated their promise, conspired with other thieves to kill our and our mother's health, and they were guilty of this by search and torture. And now, my dear brother, the time will come for our two persons, the kingdom entrusted to us by God, to rule by ourselves, since we have come to the measure of our age, and to the third shameful person, our sister (c. S. A.) with our two male persons in titles and in we do not deign to be right in deeds; your will would bow to that, my sovereign brother, because it taught to enter into business and write in titles by yourself without our permission; besides, she also wanted to get married with a royal crown, for our final insult. Is it shameful, sir, at our perfect age, for that shameful person to rule the state by us? To you, sovereign brother, I declare and ask: allow me, sovereign, by your fatherly will, for our better benefit and for the people's reassurance, without slandering you, sovereign, to commit truthful judges on orders, but to change indecent ones, in order to calm our state. and rejoice soon. And how, sir, brother, let us happen together and then put everything on the measure, and I am ready to honor you, sir brother, like a father. And about something else, to you, sovereign, it was ordered verbally to convey to our faithful boyar, Prince Peter Ivanovich Prozorovsky. And against this writing of mine and verbal order to rebuke me. “Your brother, Tsar Peter, writing in sorrow, I wish you good health and bow.”
Ivan Proskurov was instructed to offer the princess to choose a monastery as soon as possible. After a brief hesitation, she complied and appointed the newly built Novodevichy Convent near Moscow.
But this was only a temporary rule. From Ivan, silently accepting the facts that have taken place and speaking only in ceremonial ceremonies, and Peter, who, after the end of the crisis, returned to his entertainment and then shied away, power fell to the real heroes of the moment. Most of it was received first by Boris Golitsyn, a native Muscovite, the living opposite of his cousin Vasily; then, when the help to a guilty relative that compromised him aroused the wrath of the Naryshkins, power passed to the Naryshkins themselves and other relatives of the queen mother. But for the future great man, the hour has not yet struck. The serious struggle, in which he was temporarily involved, had not yet forced him out of his youth. But this struggle still had a great influence on his fate, on the development of his character and inclinations. The young king leaves his former comrades, finds himself others who quickly take the place of the old ones in his heart and who are called, if not to create with him the history of a great reign, then at least to show him the way and direct his steps.
BOOK TWO
AT THE SCHOOL OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD
On a hike. War school. Creation of a fleet. Capture of Azov
Comrades of foreign origin, who now appeared among those around Peter, were spoken of in various ways, confusing numbers and facts in such a way that Patrick Gordon was considered long before the fall of Sophia one of the trusted and educators of the young tsar, and Lefort was considered the main organizer and creator of the coup of 1689. In fact, both of them met Peter only during his stay at Trinity and much later became his close friends. Gordon belonged to the society of Vasily Golitsyn, Lefort was of no importance.
Born in 1635 into a family of petty lords, royalists and Catholics, Patrick Gordon had already vegetated for 30 years in Russia, holding minor positions that he did not like at all. Before coming here, he had already served the emperor, the Swedes against the Poles and the Poles against the Swedes "He was dearly a genuine Dugald Dolgetty", say his English biographers. His knowledge was reduced to memories of a country school, which he attended in his homeland, near Aberdeen; his military background goes back to commanding a dragoon regiment in Germany and Poland. Alexei in 1665 and Sophia in 1685 entrusted him with diplomatic missions; he went twice to England with instructions regarding the privileges of English merchants, fulfilled them with honor, but received only a glass of vodka, which Peter, then a boy of fourteen, offered him on his return from his second trip. He considered himself offended, asked for his resignation, but, not having received it, he joined the dissatisfied. Meanwhile, he took part in the devastating Crimean war and received the rank of general. Naturally intelligent and active, with good connections back home, he thought he was entitled to a higher position. Personally known to Kings Charles and James of England, cousin of the Earl of Gordon, governor of Edinburgh in 1686, he was the acknowledged representative of the Royalist Scottish colony of Sloboda. Speaking Russian and loving to drink, he enjoyed a certain popularity among the Muscovites themselves. With his lively mind, the appearance of a civilized man and his energetic appearance, he should have attracted the attention of Peter. Peter always gave preference to people with a strong temperament. Patrick Gordon suffered from a stomach ailment from which he died; but in 1697, at the age of 64, he ended his diary with the words: "These days I noticed for the first time a decrease in health and strength."
Franz Lefort came to Moscow in 1675 with fifteen foreign officers to seek his fortune. Swiss by birth, he belonged to a family that, during the Reformation, left the city of Kony, where it was called Liforti, to settle in Geneva. His father was a pharmacist, therefore, belonged to the highest merchant class. Around 1649, women of this class received from the Reformed Chamber the right to "wear dresses of double taffeta with flowers". At the age of eighteen, Franz left for Holland with 60 florins and a letter of recommendation from Prince Charles of Courland to his brother Casimir. Karl lived in Geneva, Casimir served in Holland with a corps of troops. He did young man his secretary, giving him, instead of a salary, his old dress, which cost 300 chervons, and money for cards. The reward was large, but little secured. Two years later, Lefort went to Arkhangelsk. His first thought was to leave. But at that time it was impossible to leave Russia when and how you wanted: foreigners were strictly monitored, and those leaving were considered spies. Lefort remained two years in Moscow, thinking that he would die of hunger. He tried to get into the retinue of one of the prominent members of the diplomatic corps, knocked on the thresholds of the Swiss Danish ambassador and the kitchen of the English. But he could not settle down anywhere, little by little, however, he acquired friends among the inhabitants of Sloboda, influential patrons and even a pretty patroness, the widow of a foreign colonel, a very rich woman. In 1678, he finally decided to settle in Russia and began by getting married. It was a necessary condition. It was necessary to have a family and a home to dispel mistrust. He married Elizabeth Sukhey, the daughter of a native of the city of Metz, a Catholic, with a fairly good dowry and excellent connections. The two brothers of Mrs. Sukhey, two of Bokkhoven, of Dutch origin, had important positions in the army; Patrick Gordon was the son-in-law of one of them. Lefort thus chose military career, for which, however, he had neither love nor vocation.
