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Municipal budgetary educational institution main comprehensive school No. 7 of the settlement of Prirechensky municipal formation, the city of Goryachiy Klyuch
History test Russia XIX century. "Crimean War 1853-1856"
Savchenko Natalia Ivanovna teacher of history and social studies
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1. Select the date of the reign of Nicholas I: a) 1801-1825; b) 1825-1855; c) 1762-1796. 2. Indicate the years when the Crimean War took place: a) 1853-1855; b) 1855-1856; c) 1853-1856 3. In Europe, the Crimean War was called: a) Northern; b) Eastern; c) Western. 4. The following did not act on the side of Turkey: a) England; b) Prussia; c) France. 5. When did it happen Sinop battle? a) November 18, 1853; b) October 18, 1853; c) November 8, 1853 6. Who commanded the Russian squadron in the battle of Sinop? a) V.I. Istomin; b) V.A. Kornilov; c) P.S. Nakhimov. 7. Who led the defense of Sevastopol? a) V.A. Kornilov and P.S. Nakhimov; b) A.S. Menshikov and I.D. Gorchakov; c) E.I. Totleben and S.A. Khrulev.
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8. How many months did the defense of Sevastopol last? a) 10; b) 11; c) 12. 9. What was the name of the first nurse in the Russian army? a) Dasha Krymskaya; b) Masha of Sevastopol; c) Dasha Sevastopolskaya. 10. The fall of Sevastopol predetermined the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War. When did it happen? a) 1853; b) 1854; c) 1855. 11. What was the fate of the Black Sea squadron of the Russian fleet in the Crimean War? a) was broken Turkish fleet in Sinop Bay; b) took refuge in the ports of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus; c) was flooded at the entrance to the Sevastopol Bay. 12. Which of the great Russian doctors participated in the defense of Sevastopol? a) S.I. Botkin; b) N.I. Pirogov; c) N.V. Sklifosovsky.
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13. What was the name of the hero - a sailor of the Sevastopol defense, whose exploits were described in his Sevastopol stories by L.N. Tolstoy? a) Petr Koshka; b) Ivan Gavrilov; c) Semyon Shein. 14. Set the sequence of events: a) Surrender of Sevastopol; b) Sinop battle; c) Death of Kornilov. (b, c, a) 15. Which name falls out of the general logical series: a) Kornilov; b) Nakhimov; c) Ermolov. 16. What were the terms of the Paris Peace Treaty? a) Russia paid the victorious countries an indemnity in the amount of 50 million rubles; b) Russia was forbidden to have a merchant and fishing fleet on the Black Sea; c) The Black Sea was declared neutral. 17. The crisis of the Nikolaev system manifested itself in: a) the collapse of the financial system; b) backwardness military equipment; c) profitability Agriculture.
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18. Nicholas I understood that the main reason hindering the development of the country was: a) mediocrity of officials; b) serfdom; c) imperfection of the administrative apparatus. 19. Who is depicted in the portraits?
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
b c b b a c a b c c c b a (b, c, a) c c b b
ANSWERS:
19. Nicholas I; V.A. Kornilov; P.S. Nakhimov; P.M. Cat.
Information sources: 1. Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. History of Russia XIX. 8th grade. M., Enlightenment, 2009 Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. History of Russia XIX. Workbook., M., Education, 2009 Kolganova E.V., Sumakova N.V. Pourochnye development on the history of Russia. XIX century. 8th grade. M., Wako, 2006 http://artchive.ru/images/work/800/23197/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0 %B9-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%
The spirit in the troops is beyond description. At times ancient greece there was not so much heroism. I have not been able to be in business a single time, but I thank God that I have seen these people and live in this glorious time.
Lev Tolstoy
The wars of the Russian and Ottoman empires were a common occurrence in the international politics of the 18th-19th centuries. In 1853, the Russian Empire of Nicholas 1 entered another war, which went down in history as the Crimean War of 1853-1856, and ended with the defeat of Russia. In addition, this war showed the strong resistance of the leading countries Western Europe(France and Great Britain) strengthening the role of Russia in Eastern Europe especially in the Balkans. The lost war also showed Russia itself the problems in domestic politics which led to many problems. Despite victories at the initial stage of 1853-1854, as well as the capture of the key Turkish fortress of Kars in 1855, Russia lost the most important battles on the territory of the Crimean peninsula. This article describes the causes, course, main results and historical meaning V short story about the Crimean War of 1853-1856.
Causes of the aggravation of the Eastern question
Under the eastern question, historians understand a number of controversial issues in Russian-Turkish relations, which at any moment could lead to conflict. The main problems of the Eastern question, which became the main one for the future war, are as follows:
- The loss of the Crimea and the northern Black Sea region by the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 18th century constantly stimulated Turkey to start a war in the hope of regaining the territories. Thus began the wars of 1806-1812 and 1828-1829. However, as a result of them, Turkey lost Bessarabia and part of the territory in the Caucasus, which further strengthened the desire for revenge.
- Belonging to the Bosphorus and Dardanelles. Russia demanded that these straits be opened for the Black Sea Fleet, while the Ottoman Empire (under pressure from the countries of Western Europe) ignored these demands of Russia.
- Presence in the Balkans, consisting of Ottoman Empire, Slavic Christian peoples who fought for their independence. Russia supported them, thereby causing a wave of indignation among the Turks about Russia's interference in the internal affairs of another state.
An additional factor that intensified the conflict was the desire of the countries of Western Europe (Britain, France, and Austria) not to let Russia into the Balkans, as well as close its access to the straits. For the sake of this, the countries were ready to support Turkey in a potential war with Russia.
The reason for the war and its beginning
These troubled moments brewed throughout the late 1840s and early 1850s. In 1853, the Turkish Sultan transferred the Bethlehem Temple of Jerusalem (then the territory of the Ottoman Empire) to the control of the Catholic Church. This caused a wave of indignation of the highest Orthodox hierarchy. Nicholas 1 decided to take advantage of this, using the religious conflict as a pretext for attacking Turkey. Russia demanded to transfer the temple Orthodox Church, and at the same time also open the straits for the Black Sea Fleet. Turkey refused. In June 1853, Russian troops crossed the border of the Ottoman Empire and entered the territory of the Danubian principalities dependent on it.
Nicholas 1 hoped that France was too weak after the revolution of 1848, and that Britain could be appeased by transferring Cyprus and Egypt to it in the future. However, the plan did not work, European countries called the Ottoman Empire to action, promising her financial and military assistance. In October 1853, Turkey declared war on Russia. Thus began, to put it briefly, the Crimean War of 1853-1856. In the history of Western Europe, this war is called Eastern.
The course of the war and the main stages
The Crimean War can be divided into 2 stages according to the number of participants in the events of those years. Here are the steps:
- October 1853 - April 1854. During these six months the war was between the Ottoman Empire and Russia (without the direct intervention of other states). There were three fronts: Crimean (Black Sea), Danube and Caucasian.
- April 1854 - February 1856. British and French troops enter the war, which expands the theater of operations, as well as a turning point in the course of the war. The allied troops were superior to the Russian ones from the technical side, which was the reason for the changes in the course of the war.
As for specific battles, the following can be distinguished key battles: for Sinop, for Odessa, for the Danube, for the Caucasus, for Sevastopol. There were other battles, but those listed above are the main ones. Let's consider them in more detail.
Battle of Sinop (November 1853)
The battle took place in the harbor of the city of Sinop in the Crimea. Russian fleet under the command of Nakhimov completely defeated the Turkish fleet of Osman Pasha. This battle was perhaps the last major world battle on sailing ships. This victory significantly raised morale Russian army and gave hope for an early victory in the war.
Map of the Sinopo naval battle November 18, 1853
Bombing of Odessa (April 1854)
In early April 1854, the Ottoman Empire launched a French squadron through its straits. british navy, which rapidly headed for Russian port and shipbuilding cities: Odessa, Ochakov and Nikolaev.
On April 10, 1854, the bombardment of Odessa, the main southern port, began. Russian Empire. After a rapid and intense bombardment, it was planned to land troops in the northern Black Sea region, which would force the withdrawal of troops from the Danubian principalities, as well as weaken the defense of the Crimea. However, the city withstood several days of shelling. Moreover, the defenders of Odessa were able to deliver accurate strikes against the Allied fleet. The plan of the Anglo-French troops failed. The allies were forced to retreat towards the Crimea and begin battles for the peninsula.
Fights on the Danube (1853-1856)
It was with the entry of Russian troops into this region that the Crimean War of 1853-1856 began. After the success in the Battle of Sinop, another success awaited Russia: the troops completely crossed to the right bank of the Danube, an attack was opened on Silistria and further on Bucharest. However, the entry into the war of England and France complicated the offensive of Russia. On June 9, 1854, the siege of Silistria was lifted and the Russian troops returned to the left bank of the Danube. By the way, on this front, Austria also entered the war against Russia, which was worried about the rapid advance of the Romanov Empire into Wallachia and Moldavia.
In July 1854, near the city of Varna (modern Bulgaria), a huge landing of the British and French armies(according to various sources, from 30 to 50 thousand). The troops were supposed to enter the territory of Bessarabia, ousting Russia from this region. However, a cholera epidemic broke out in the French army, and the British public demanded that the leadership of the army first strike at the Black Sea fleet in the Crimea.
Fights in the Caucasus (1853-1856)
An important battle took place in July 1854 near the village of Kyuruk-Dara (Western Armenia). The combined Turkish-British forces were defeated. At this stage Crimean War was still successful for Russia.
Another important battle in this region took place in June-November 1855. Russian troops decided to attack the eastern part of the Ottoman Empire, the fortress of Karsu, so that the allies would send part of the troops to this region, thereby slightly weakening the siege of Sevastopol. Russia won the battle of Kars, but this happened after the news of the fall of Sevastopol, so this battle had little effect on the outcome of the war. Moreover, according to the results of the "peace" signed later, the fortress of Kars returned to the Ottoman Empire. However, as the peace talks showed, the capture of Kars still played a role. But more on that later.
Defense of Sevastopol (1854-1855)
The most heroic and tragic event of the Crimean War is, of course, the battle for Sevastopol. In September 1855, Franco-British troops captured the last point of the city's defense - Malakhov Kurgan. The city survived 11 months of siege, however, as a result, it was surrendered to the allied forces (among which the Sardinian kingdom appeared). This defeat became a key one and served as an impetus for the end of the war. From the end of 1855, intensified negotiations began, in which Russia had practically no strong arguments. It was clear that the war was lost.
Other battles in the Crimea (1854-1856)
In addition to the siege of Sevastopol on the territory of Crimea in 1854-1855, several more battles took place, which were aimed at "unblocking" Sevastopol:
- Battle of the Alma (September 1854).
- Battle of Balaklava (October 1854).
- Battle of Inkerman (November 1854).
- An attempt to liberate Evpatoria (February 1855).
- Battle on the Chernaya River (August 1855).
All these battles ended in unsuccessful attempts to lift the siege of Sevastopol.
"Distant" battles
Main fighting wars took place near the Crimean peninsula, which gave the name to the war. There were also battles in the Caucasus, on the territory of modern Moldova, as well as in the Balkans. However, not many people know that battles between rivals also took place in remote regions of the Russian Empire. Here are some examples:
- Peter and Paul Defense. The battle that took place on the territory of the Kamchatka Peninsula between the combined Franco-British troops on the one hand and Russian on the other. The battle took place in August 1854. This battle was the result of the victory of Britain over China during the Opium Wars. As a result, Britain wanted to increase its influence in the east of Asia, ousting Russia from here. In total, the Allied troops made two assaults, both ended in failure for them. Russia withstood the Peter and Paul defense.
- Arctic Company. The operation of the British fleet to attempt to blockade or capture Arkhangelsk, carried out in 1854-1855. The main battles took place in the Barents Sea. The British also undertook the bombardment of the Solovetsky fortress, as well as the robbery of Russian merchant ships in the White and Barents Seas.
Results and historical significance of the war
In February 1855, Nicholas 1 died. The task of the new emperor, Alexander 2, was to end the war, and with minimal damage to Russia. In February 1856, the Paris Congress began its work. Russia was represented by Alexei Orlov and Philip Brunnov. Since neither side saw the point in continuing the war, already on March 6, 1856, the Paris Peace Treaty was signed, as a result of which the Crimean War was completed.
The main terms of the Treaty of Paris 6 were as follows:
- Russia returned the Karsu fortress to Turkey in exchange for Sevastopol and other captured cities of the Crimean peninsula.
- Russia was forbidden to have Black Sea Fleet. The Black Sea was declared neutral.
- The Bosporus and Dardanelles were declared closed to the Russian Empire.
- Part of Russian Bessarabia was transferred to the Moldavian Principality, the Danube ceased to be a border river, so navigation was declared free.
- On the Allada Islands (an archipelago in the Baltic Sea), Russia was forbidden to build military and (or) defensive fortifications.
As for losses, the number of Russian citizens who died in the war is 47.5 thousand people. Britain lost 2.8 thousand, France - 10.2, the Ottoman Empire - more than 10 thousand. The Sardinian kingdom lost 12 thousand soldiers. Austrian casualties are unknown, possibly because Austria was not officially at war with Russia.
In general, the war showed the backwardness of Russia, compared with the states of Europe, especially in terms of the economy (completion of the industrial revolution, construction railways, the use of steamboats). After this defeat, the reforms of Alexander 2 began. In addition, a desire for revenge was brewing in Russia for a long time, which resulted in another war with Turkey in 1877-1878. But this is a completely different story, and the Crimean War of 1853-1856 was completed and Russia was defeated in it.
Test on the topic "Crimean War of 1853-1856"
1. The reason for the Crimean War was
a) the decline of the power of the Ottoman Empire
b) aggravation of the Eastern question
c) Russia's desire to reach the shores of the Black Sea
d) Russia's desire to expand its influence in Asia
2. The reason for the start of the war was
a) accession to Russia of Central Asia
b) strengthening the influence of Russia in the Balkan region
c) The dispute over the right to control Christian shrines in Palestine between the Orthodox and Catholic churches
d) Russian interference in the internal affairs of Turkey
3. Turkey's ally during the Crimean War was
a) Germany
b) England
c) Italy
d) Prussia
4. On the Caucasian front, Russian troops managed to inflict a number of defeats on the Turkish army and capture
a) Kars
b) Kabarda
c) Sukhum
d) Batum
5. The defense of Sevastopol lasted
a) 8 months
b) 14 months
c) 11 months
d) 6 months
6. Further defense of Sevastopol became impossible after the capture
a) Sevastopol Bay
b) Small land
c) Mamaev Kurgan
d) Malakhov Kurgan
7. The total losses among the defenders of Sevastopol amounted to
a) 1300 people
b) 1000 people
c) 1100 people
d) 1400 people
8. Establish a correspondence between the warring countries and their goals in the war
9. Match the last name historical figure and its activities
For each position of the first column, select the corresponding position of the second and write it down in the table with the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
10. Match Date to Event
For each position of the first column, select the corresponding position of the second and write it down in the table with the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
11. Establish a correspondence between the section of the border strip of Russia and the ratio of its military strength
The ratio of military power | |
A) the coast of the Baltic Sea (Finland, St. Petersburg and Ostsee provinces) B) the shores of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and the Black Sea C) the space along the Danube and the Black Sea to the Bug River D) Caucasian and Transcaucasian region E) Crimea and the Black Sea coast from the Bug to Perekop E) the Kingdom of Poland and the western provinces G) the shores of the White Sea | 1) 27 battalions, 19 squadrons and hundreds, 48 guns 2) 146 battalions, 100 squadrons and hundreds, with 308 guns 3) 152 battalions, 281 hundreds and a squadron, 289 guns (⅓ of these troops were on the Turkish border, the rest were inside the region, against hostile highlanders) 4) 179 battalions, 144 squadrons and hundreds, with 384 guns 5) 182 battalions, 285 squadrons and hundreds, with 612 guns 6) 31½ battalion, 140 hundreds and squadrons, 54 guns 7) 2½ battalions |
For each position of the first column, select the corresponding position of the second and write it down in the table with the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
12. Arrange events in chronological order
A) England and France declared war on Russia
b) The Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia
B) Parisian peace
D) the fall of Sevastopol
D) the defeat of Shamil
E) Sinop battle
13. Name the provisions that are the reasons for the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War
1) betrayal of allies
2) Russia's lack of allies in the war
3) political isolation of Russia
4) small army
5) military-technical backwardness of Russia
6) mediocrity of the military command
Answer: _________________
14. What are the provisions that are the conditions of the Paris Peace Treaty
1) loss of Sevastopol by Russia
2) Russia was deprived of the right to keep the navy on the Black Sea
3) the right of free passage through the Bosporus and Dardanelles was obtained
4) closing the straits of the Black Sea for all countries
5) the return of the Ottoman Empire, everything captured in southern Bessarabia, at the mouth of the Danube River and in the Caucasus
6) Russia received new territories in Transcaucasia
Answer: _________________
15. Name the provisions reflecting the places of hostilities of the Crimean War
1) Caucasus
2) Baltic
3) Crimea
4) Danubian Principalities
5) Ural
6) Kamchatka
7) Far East
8) Caspian Sea
Answer: _________________
ANSWERS:
1. b
2. in
3. b
4. a
5. in
6 g
7. a
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Test on the topic "Crimean War" 1. Select the date of the reign of Nicholas I: a) 1801-1825; b) 1825-1855; c) 1762-1796. 2. Indicate the years when the Crimean War took place: a) 1853-1855; b) 1855-1856; c) 1853-1856 3. In Europe, the Crimean War was called: a) North b) Eastern; c) Western. 4. On the side of Turkey were: a) England b) Prussia; c) Italy 5. When did the Sinop battle take place? 6. Who commanded the Russian squadron in the battle of Sinop? a) V.I. Istomin; b) V.A. Kornilov; c) P.S. Nakhimov. 7. Who led the defense of Sevastopol? a) V.A. Kornilov and P.S. Nakhimov; b) A.S. Menshikov and I.D. Gorchakov; c) E.I. Totleben and S.A. Khrulev. 8. How many months did the defense of Sevastopol last? a) 10; b) 11; c) 12. 9. What was the name of the first sister of mercy in the Russian army? a) Dasha Krymskaya; b) Masha of Sevastopol; c) DashaSevastopol.10. The fall of Sevastopol predetermined the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War. When did it happen? a) 1853; b) 1854; c) 1855 11. What is the fate of the Black Sea squadron of the Russian fleet in the Crimean War? a) was defeated by the Turkish fleet in the Sinop Bay; b) took refuge in the ports of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus; c) was flooded at the entrance to the Sevastopol Bay. 12. Which of the great Russian doctors participated in the defense of Sevastopol? a) S.I. Botkin; b) N.I. Pirogov; c) N.V. Sklifosovsky.13. What was the name of the hero - a sailor of the Sevastopol defense, whose exploits were described in his Sevastopol stories by L.N. Tolstoy? a) Petr Koshka; b) Ivan Gavrilov; c) Semyon Shein. 14. Set the sequence of events: a) Surrender of Sevastopol; b) Sinop battle; c) Death of Kornilov. Example: (b, a, c) 15. What name falls out of the general logical series: a) Kornilov; b) Nakhimov; c) Ermolov. 16. What were the terms of the Paris Peace Treaty? a) Russia paid the winning countries an indemnity in the amount of 50 million rubles; b) Russia was forbidden to have a merchant and fishing fleet on the Black Sea; c) The Black Sea was declared neutral. 17. The reason for the Crimean War was the desire of Russia: a) To annex the peoples of the North Caucasus; b) Go to the shores of the Black Sea; c) annex Bessarabia; d) Expand influence in the Balkans. 18. What was the reason for the beginning of the Crimean War? a) Accession to Russia of the territory of Central Asia; b) Capture of Istanbul by British troops; c) The suppression by the troops of the Holy Alliance of the revolution in France; d) The dispute between the Orthodox and Catholic churches for the right to control Christian shrines in Palestine. 19. In the Crimean War of 1853-1856. Russia opposed the coalition of states, which included a) Prussia, Hungary, England; b) Persia, Turkey, England; c) Turkey, England, France; d) France, Persia, Greece. 20. The defeat of Russia in the Crimean War testified to (about) a) lack of talented military leaders; b) the crisis of the feudal system; c) the small size of the Russian army; d) the weaknesses of the Russian fleet. Answers: 1. b) 1825-1855; 2. c) 1853-1856; 3. b) Eastern; 4. a) England; 5. a) November 18, 1853; 6. c) P.S. Nakhimov; 7. a) V.A. Kornilov and P.S. Nakhimov; 8. b) 11; 9. c) Dasha Sevastopolskaya; 10. c) 1855; 11. c) was flooded at the entrance to the Sevastopol Bay; 12. b) N.I. Pirogov; 13. a) Petr Koshka; 14. (b, c, a) 15. c) Ermilov; 16. c) the Black Sea declared itself neutral; 17. d) Expand influence in the Balkans; 18. c) The suppression by the troops of the Holy Alliance of the revolution in France; 19. c) Turkey, England, France; 20. b) the crisis of the feudal system. Test on the topic "Crimean War" 1. Select the date of the reign of Nicholas I:a) 1801-1825; b) 1825-1855; c) 1762-1796. 2. Indicate the years when the Crimean War took place: a) 1853-1855; b) 1855-1856; c) 1853-1856 3. In Europe, the Crimean War was called: a) North b) Eastern; c) Western. 4. On the side of Turkey were: a) England b) Prussia; c) France. 5. When did the Sinop battle take place?a) November 18, 1853; b) October 18, 1853; c) November 8, 1853 6. Who commanded the Russian squadron in the battle of Sinop? a) V.I. Istomin; b) V.A. Kornilov; c) P.S. Nakhimov. 7. Who led the defense of Sevastopol? a) V.A. Kornilov and P.S. Nakhimov;b) A.S. Menshikov and I.D. Gorchakov; c) E.I. Totleben and S.A. Khrulev.8. How many months did the defense of Sevastopol last? a) 10; b) 11; at 12. 9. What was the name of the first sister of mercy in the Russian army? a) Dasha Krymskaya; b) Masha of Sevastopol; c) DashaSevastopol. 10. The fall of Sevastopol predetermined the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War. When is that happened? a) 1853; b) 1854; c) 1855 11. What is the fate of the Black Sea squadron of the Russian fleet in the Crimean War? a) was defeated by the Turkish fleet in the Sinop Bay; b) took refuge in the ports of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus;c) was flooded at the entrance to the Sevastopol Bay.12. Which of the great Russian doctors participated in the defense of Sevastopol? a) S.I. Botkin; b) N.I. Pirogov; c) N.V. Sklifosovsky.13. What was the name of the hero - a sailor of the Sevastopol defense, whose exploits were described in his Sevastopol stories by L.N. Tolstoy? a) Petr Koshka; b) Ivan Gavrilov; c) Semyon Shein. 14. Set the sequence of events: a) Surrender of Sevastopol; b) Sinop battle; c) Death of Kornilov. (b, c, a) 15. What name falls out of the general logical series: a) Kornilov; b) Nakhimov; c) Ermolov. 16. What were the terms of the Paris Peace Treaty? a) Russia paid the victorious countries an indemnity of 50 million rubles; b) Russia was forbidden to have a merchant and fishing fleet on the Black Sea; c) The Black Sea was declared neutral.17. The crisis of the Nikolaev system manifested itself in: a) the collapse of the financial system; b) the backwardness of military equipment; c) the profitability of agriculture. 18. Nicholas I understood that the main reason hindering the development of the country was: a) mediocrity of officials; b) serfdom; c) imperfection of the administrative apparatus. 19. Whoshown in portraits?    Nicholas I V.A. Kornilov P.S. Nakhimov P.M. Cat
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