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The presentation on the topic "World War II - Capture of Poland" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: History. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 30 slide(s).
Presentation slides
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At the end of the First World War, the Treaty of Versailles was signed, establishing new borders in Western Europe. Outside the Weimar Republic, there remained significant territories with a compact German population: the Sudetenland, Klaipeda and the Free City of Danzig (Gdansk). One of the main stumbling blocks in German-Polish relations was the existence on the territory of East Pomerania of the so-called "Polish Corridor" - a part of Polish territory with access to the Baltic Sea, which separated the main part of Germany from East Prussia. In addition to purely political issues, Pomorie has absorbed a whole range of unresolved economic problems, in particular, with the transit of German cargo from Germany to East Prussia and its payment.
After the occupation of the Sudetes in October 1938, German-Polish relations came to the forefront of German foreign policy. On January 6, 1939, during the visit of Polish Foreign Minister Jozef Beck to Germany, Ribbentrop in Berchtesgaden in the most decisive form demanded Poland's consent to the annexation of Danzig to Germany and the construction of transport lines through Pomerania. Poland recognized these demands as completely unacceptable.
Polish Foreign Minister Beck and Hitler.
The German demands threw the British government into disarray. In the winter of 1938/39, it suspected that Germany would do something in the west - against Holland, France, or perhaps even against England. 03/31/1939 - Great Britain and France give Poland firm guarantees of support in the event of an attempt on its independence (April 6, a Mutual Assistance Treaty is concluded). This agreement served as a pretext for Hitler to break the German-Polish non-aggression pact of 1934 on April 28. The order, issued on the night of April 4, 1939, required the completion of secret preparations for the Weiss plan, which envisages the invasion of Poland and the complete capture of the country, by the end of September.
Neville Chamberlain. British Prime Minister
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At the same time, the rapprochement between Germany and the USSR continued. On August 19, 1939, Hitler agreed to the territorial claims of the Soviet Union, including the entire eastern half of Poland up to the line of the Narew, Vistula and San rivers, as well as the territories of Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Romanian Bessarabia. On the same day, Stalin, with the approval of the Politburo, decided to conclude a German-Soviet non-aggression pact. To conclude an agreement, Joachim von Ribbentrop arrived in Moscow on a special plane via Königsberg. On the night of August 23-24, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was signed in the Kremlin. The secret protocols of this treaty described the division of spheres of interest in Eastern Europe.
Even before the signing of the treaty, immediately after obtaining the consent of Stalin on August 19, Hitler appointed a meeting for the highest ranks of the Wehrmacht on August 22 in Berchtesgaden. On it, he announced the date of the attack on Poland in accordance with the Weiss plan - August 26, 1939. However, on August 25, the German Fuhrer received news of the conclusion of the Polish-British alliance and, at the same time, of Benito Mussolini's refusal from Italy's participation in the war. After that, the earlier decision to attack Poland was canceled. However, Hitler returned to it again on August 30, setting a new date - September 1, 1939. A final new date was set for 0:30 on 31 August.
At the signing of the pact
Hitler with officers at the map. 1939
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The forces of the parties at the beginning of the war
Germany and Slovakia
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In accordance with the Weiss plan, Germany concentrated five armies and a reserve for the invasion of Poland, which included 14 infantry, 1 tank and 2 mountain divisions. The overall command of the invasion forces was carried out by Colonel-General Walter von Brauchitsch. The troops entrusted to him advanced from three directions: Silesia-Slovakia, West Pomerania and East Prussia. All three directions converged at Warsaw. Total: 56 divisions, 4 brigades, 10,000 guns, 2,700 tanks, 1,300 aircraft. The number of personnel of the ground forces is 1,800,000 people. Army Group North - Colonel General Fedor von Bock Army Group South - Colonel General Gerd von Rundstedt
The military forces of the Republic of Poland included 7 armies and the task force "Narev". All Polish armed forces obeyed the commander-in-chief - Marshal Edward Rydz-Smigly. The main headquarters of the VP was headed by Brigadier General Vaclav Stakhevich. Already during the war, additional formations were formed: the army "Warsaw" and a separate task force "Polesie". In total, the Polish army consisted of 39 infantry, 11 cavalry, 3 mountain brigades and 2 motorized armored brigades. The total number of personnel is about 1 million people.
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The territory of Poland is exceptionally unfavorable for the conduct of defensive military operations. In addition to the Polesye swamps in the east and the Carpathian highlands in the south, the country had practically no natural barriers. The Polish-German border was practically open, since Poland did not have the necessary funds for construction fortifications on such a huge area, and its military doctrine was based on the rapid redeployment of troops, counterattacks and counterattacks.
Poland was inferior to the enemy both in the number of troops and in the quality of weapons. So, for example, only 36 twin-engine medium bombers PZL P.37 "Moose" designed by Jerzy Dąbrowski could compete with German aircraft
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3 arm 4 arm 8 arm 10 arm 14 arm Gr. Army South Gr. armies North arm. Pomorye arm. Know the Arm. Lodz arm. Krakow arm. Karpaty arm. Modlin opera. gr. Narew
main reserve arm. Prussians
3 army corps
The location of the German and Polish troops on 09/01/1939
German troops Polish troops
Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force Marshal E. Rydz-Smigly
Walther von Brauchitsch
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To start implementing the Weiss plan, Germany had to find a formal pretext for war. To this end, the security services of the Reich prepared a series of provocations at 39 border points along the entire length of the Polish-German border (the so-called Operation Himmler).
The most famous pre-war provocations during Operation Himmler are as follows: The attack on the radio station in Gleiwitz - the main part of Operation Himmler The attack on the forestry in Byczyn (Pitschin) The attack on the customs checkpoint in Rybnik-Stodoly (Hochlinden)
Head of Operation - Reich Security Chief R. Heydrich
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The action on 08/31/1939 in Gleiwitz was carried out by Sturmbannführer Alfred Naujoks. Around 20:00, his group, dressed in civilian clothes (in other sources, in Polish uniforms), attacked the radio station in the border town of Gleiwitz. With great technical difficulties, the Germans managed to transmit only one phrase: "The Gleiwitz radio station is in Polish hands!" At the entrance to the building, the Germans threw the body of the Silesian Fratiszek Honok, who was previously shot dead by them, known for his pro-Polish activities (in other sources there are several bodies).
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At 0445, the training battleship Schleswig-Holstein attacked the Polish transit warehouse in Gdansk (Danzig). The seven-day defense of Westerplatte began.
At 0440 hours, the 1st Max Immelmann Deep Bomber Battalion (from the 76th Luftwaffe Regiment), under the command of Captain Walter Siegel, began bombarding Wielun. The attack on Wielun killed 1,200 people, mostly civilians. The city was destroyed by 75%.
At 5 o'clock in the morning, German troops went on the offensive along the entire length of the Polish-German border, as well as from the territory of Moravia and Slovakia. The front line was about 1600 km.
Ruins of Velun
"Schleswig-Holstein" shelling Gdansk
German soldiers invade Poland
German soldiers at Westerplatte
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The German offensive began and in full accordance with the Blitzkrieg doctrine. However, already in the first days it ran into fierce resistance from those who were inferior to the enemy in military force Polish troops. Nevertheless, having concentrated a huge mass of armored and motorized formations in the main directions, the Germans dealt a powerful blow to all Polish combat units. The border battle took place on September 1-4 in Mazovia, Pomerania, Silesia, and also on the Warta.
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"Strange War", "Seated War" (fr. Drôle de guerre, English Phoney War, German Sitzkrieg) - the period of World War II from September 3, 1939 to May 10, 1940 on the Western Front. For the first time the name Phony War (Russian fake, fake war) was used by American journalists in 1939. The authorship of the French version of Drôle de guerre (Russian strange war) belongs to the pen of the French journalist Roland Dorgeles. Thus, the nature of hostilities between the warring parties was emphasized - their almost complete absence, with the exception of hostilities at sea. The warring parties fought only battles of local importance on the Franco-German border, mostly under protection defensive lines Maginot and Siegfried.
strange war
Bumps on the "Siegfried Line"
Fort on the Maginot Line
In connection with the aggression against Poland, on September 3, 1939, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany. They also sent an ultimatum to the German leadership demanding an immediate cessation of hostilities and the withdrawal of all Wehrmacht troops from the territory of Poland and the Free City of Gdansk. Thus, both states, in accordance with their allied obligations, found themselves in a state of war with Germany. The day before, on September 2, the French government announced mobilization and began to concentrate its troops on the German border.
After Britain declared war on Germany, the Poles went on a joyful demonstration in front of the British Embassy in Warsaw.
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"Siegfried Line" "Maginot Line" Grand Army Central South-East. front N-E. front
French troops
Up to 110 divisions (45 divisions on the Maginot Line). About 4500 aircraft (with English).
33 divisions and 1186 aircraft
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German troops took up positions along the Dutch, Belgian and French borders. In doing so, they used the previously created Siegfried Line. On September 7, units of the 3rd and 4th French armies crossed the German border in the Saar and wedged into the forefield of the Siegfried Line. No resistance was offered to them, and the German population of the Saar was evacuated. On September 12, a meeting of the French-British High Military Council was held in Abbeville with the participation of Neville Chamberlain, Edouard Daladier and the commander-in-chief of the French army, Maurice Gamelin. During the meeting, it was decided to "maximum mobilization of funds before the start of major ground operations, as well as limiting the actions of the Air Force."
In practice, this decision meant the cessation of the French offensive and the rejection of allied obligations towards Poland, adopted on May 19, 1939. Until the very end of hostilities in Poland, the German command was not able to transfer a single formation to the Western Front (except for the aforementioned mountain rifle division) . However, the Allies did not use their chance, which had disastrous consequences for them in 1940.
French soldiers at the Maginot Lines fort
French soldiers and an English pilot on the Western Front.
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Taking advantage of the inaction of England and France and despite the resistance of the VP, the Germans increased their attacks in Poland. On September 1, the President of the country, I. Mościcki, left Warsaw; on September 4, the evacuation of government offices began. On September 5, the government left Warsaw, and on the night of September 7, the commander-in-chief E. Rydz-Smigly also left. By September 5, German troops had broken through the Polish front, which, in the absence of mobilized reserves, doomed the Polish army to defeat. On September 6, Krakow was occupied.
The first German unit reached Warsaw on 8 September. However, the plan for a quick encirclement turned out to be thwarted in the heroic defense of Vizna (“Polish Thermopylae”). Also on September 9, the Battle of Bzura began, where the armies of Pomerania and Poznan counterattacked the advancing German troops. Only on September 12 did the German troops reach the middle reaches of the Vistula already in a number of sectors, they crossed the Western Bug-Narew line, engulfing Warsaw from the east, and advanced to the San, forcing its upper reaches.
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German soldiers on the outskirts of Warsaw
Warsaw street destroyed by bombing
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To the south, the advance of the German troops went even faster - on September 12, the 1st Mountain Division of the 18th Corps approached Lvov, by September 14 it was completely surrounded. On September 15, units of the 14th German Army occupied Przemysl. The 22nd Corps captured Vladimirets and Grubeshov and moved further south in order to prevent the breakthrough of Polish troops into Romania. From September 7, the headquarters of the High Command of the Polish troops was transferred to Brest, on September 10 it left Brest and moved to Vladimir-Volynsky and further to Kolymia.
Formations of the 21st Army Corps of the Germans occupied Belsk on September 11, and Bialystok on September 15. On the afternoon of September 14, Brest was occupied. On September 15, von Bock ordered the commander of the 4th by the German army to organize an offensive with the immediate task of reaching the line Volkovysk - Grodno (150 km from the Soviet border), the 19th motorized corps to advance to Vlodava, Kovel. Other units transferred to the 4th Army were tasked with reaching the Baranovichi-Slonim line (50 km from the Soviet border),
The plans of the German command were not supposed to stop the advance of troops. With the rate of advance of German mechanized troops at that time 25-30 km per day, they could occupy all of Eastern Poland (Western Ukraine and Western Belarus) within 4-8 days, that is, by September 21-25, despite the fact that the united Polish front there was no longer in front of them, just as there were no sufficient reserves and time for the Polish command to form it
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Polish campaign of the Red Army
In this situation, on September 17, the Soviet government handed over to the Polish ambassador to the USSR a note with the following content: “The Polish state and its government actually ceased to exist. Thus, the treaties concluded between the USSR and Poland ceased to be valid. Left to itself and left without leadership, Poland has become a convenient field for all sorts of accidents and surprises that could pose a threat to the USSR.
Therefore, having hitherto been neutral, the Soviet government cannot be more neutral about these facts, as well as about the defenseless position of the Ukrainian and Belarusian population. In view of this situation, the Soviet government ordered the High Command of the Red Army to order the troops to cross the border and take under their protection the lives and property of the population of Western Belarus, Western Ukraine.
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The line of maximum advance of German troops
Belorussian Front
Ukrainian front Soviet troops
10 battalions, 3 divisions and 1 cavalry squadron
on the Belorussian Front: 200802 personnel, 3167 guns and 2406 tanks.
on the Ukrainian front: 265714 personnel, 1792 guns and 2330 tanks.
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On September 17, in the morning, the advance of the Red Army troops to Polish territory began (with the exception of Polesie and the southern segment of the Ukrainian SSR border with Poland, where it began on September 18). It was met with little resistance from individual units of the Polish Border Guard Corps (KOP). With further advancement, the units of the regular Polish army encountered by the units of the Red Army mostly did not show resistance and were disarmed or surrendered, partly tried to retreat to Lithuania, Hungary or Romania. Organized resistance to units of the Red Army, which lasted more than a day, was provided only in a few cases: in the cities of Vilna, Grodno, Tarnopol, the village of Navuz, the village of Borovichi (near Kovel), in the Sarnensky fortified area. The resistance was mainly the gendarmerie, detachments of the KOP and the militia from the Poles.
Polish troops on the defensive
After the skirmish of German and Soviet troops on September 19 in the Lvov region, at the Soviet-German negotiations held on September 20-21, a demarcation line was established between the German and Soviet armies, which ran along the river. Pisa before its confluence with the river. Narev, further along the river. Narew to its confluence with the Western Bug, then along the river. Bug before its confluence with the river. Vistula, further along the river. Vistula to the confluence of the river San and further along the river. San to its origins. On September 21, Soviet troops were ordered to stop at the extreme western positions, reached by 20:00 on September 20, in order to begin moving to the established demarcation line on September 23 - as the withdrawal of German troops.
Red Army troops in Poland
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On the Polish-German front, the fighting took on a focal character. On September 17 - 26, two battles took place near Tomaszow-Lubelsky. On September 23, the troops here received an order to break into small groups and break through from the encirclement to Hungary. On September 22, the Polish units surrounded near Kutno surrendered to the enemy and resistance in the Lvov region ceased.
20.09.39 22.09.39 23.09.39
Nevertheless, Warsaw, Modlin and the troops located on Cape Hel continued to resist. September 23 was one of the last equestrian battles during the Second World War. The 25th regiment of the Wielkopolska Lancers, Lieutenant Colonel Bogdan Stakhlevsky, attacked the German cavalry in Krasnobrud and captured the city.
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During the clearing of the rear of the Red Army from the remnants of Polish troops and armed detachments, in a number of cases, clashes took place, the most significant of which is the battle on September 28 - October 1 of the units of the 52nd Infantry Division in the Shatsk area with units of the Polish operational group "Polesie", formed from border units, gendarmerie, small garrisons and sailors of the Pinsk flotilla under the command of General Kleeberg, which retreated to the west.
On September 29, after the next Soviet-German political negotiations, the Soviet troops, which had not reached the previously established demarcation line in all sectors, were stopped again and received an order to begin withdrawal from October 5 back to the East. The deadline for the withdrawal of units of the Red Army to the new border between the territories of Soviet and German interests was set on October 12.
Soviet soldiers escorting Polish prisoners
Handshake of German and Soviet officers
Soviet tanks in Lvov
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German maximum advance line
28.09.39 29.09.39 02.10.39
The end of September and the beginning of October put an end to the existence of an independent Polish state. Until September 28, Warsaw defended, until September 29 - Modlin. On October 2, the defense of Hel was completed. The last to lay down their arms were the defenders of Kock - October 6, 1939
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This ended the armed resistance of the regular units of the Polish Army in Poland. For further struggle against Germany and its allies, armed formations were created, made up of Polish citizens: Polish armed forces in the West Anders Army (2nd Polish Corps) Polish armed forces in the USSR (1943 - 1944) the created General Government was carried out by the Polish Underground State.
Prince Georg together with Vladislav Sikorsky inspect the Polish units in the UK
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As a result of the hostilities of Germany and the USSR, the Polish state ceased to exist. On September 28, 1939, immediately after the capitulation of Warsaw, the Treaty of Friendship and Border was signed between the USSR and Germany, which determined the Soviet-German border on the territory of Poland occupied by them. The new border basically coincided with the "Curzon Line", recommended in 1919 by the Paris Peace Conference as the eastern border of Poland, since it demarcated areas densely populated by Poles on the one hand, Ukrainians and Belarusians - on the other. The territories east of the Western Bug and San rivers were annexed to the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR. This increased the territory of the USSR by 196 thousand km², and the population - by 13 million people.
The results of the war
Germany expanded the borders of East Prussia, moving them close to Warsaw, and included the area up to the city of Lodz, renamed Litzmannstadt. On October 8, 1939, by Hitler's decree, Poznan, Pomeranian, Silesian, Lodz, part of the Kielce and Warsaw voivodeships, where about 9.5 million people lived, were proclaimed German lands and annexed to Germany. The small remnant Polish state was declared the "Governor General of the Occupied Polish Regions" under the German authorities, which a year later became known as the "Governor General of the German Empire". Krakow became its capital. The German satellite Slovakia returned the territories taken by Poland in 1938 and annexed the disputed areas that had been ceded to Poland in 1920.
Of those who fought: blue - against Germany, red - against the USSR, green - against Slovakia
Military casualties
The Polish Navy was destroyed during the defense of the Coast (except for 3 destroyers (stayed in England until 1.09) and several submarines (3 were interned in Sweden).
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Sources and illustrations
German aggression against Poland On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland without declaring war. Thus began the second World War. Forces of the parties: German soldiers demolish the border post on the border with Poland. GermanyPoland Divisions6239 Tanks Aircraft -500 Guns and mortars
German aggression against Poland Military historians believe that the defeat of Poland was predetermined not so much by the number of German troops, but by their superiority in tanks and mechanization, which made it possible to make deep breakthroughs in the vast open spaces of Poland. German troops in Poland. September 1939 W. Shearer: “This was the first experience of a blitzkrieg - a sudden collapse of the offensive ... tank divisions, breaking through the defenses, covered 30–40 miles in a day; even the infantry developed incredible speeds - a whole army of one and a half million people rushed on wheels.
Krakow fell on September 6th. 8 September german tanks went to Warsaw. Most of the surviving Polish troops were surrounded near Warsaw. On September 9, the Germans began encircling the remnants of the Polish troops between Warsaw and the Bug. On September 17, they closed the second pincers south of Brest-Litovsk. German aggression against Poland
The Polish government left Warsaw on 5 September and arrived in Romania on 17 September. All the Polish troops, who were surrounded, courageously resisted the Germans and were destroyed. On September 27–28, the garrisons of Warsaw and Modlin laid down their arms. Poland was destroyed. A. Hitler takes the parade of German troops in Warsaw. October 4, 1939 Photographer Hugo Jaeger. German aggression against Poland
The "strange war" England and France, which provided guarantees to Poland in the spring of 1939, on September 3, 1939, declared war on Germany. English and French troops took up defensive positions along the Maginot Line and the Belgian border. An offensive that could have rendered Poland real help, the Anglo-French troops did not undertake. British historian J. Fuller: "The strongest army in the world sat behind the fortifications of steel and concrete, while its quixotic brave ally was destroyed." Maginot Line
"Strange War" Losses on the Maginot Line for September-December 1939 (killed and wounded): Germans - 696 people, French - 1433 people, British - 3 people. General Jodl: "If we did not collapse back in 1939, it was only because during the Polish campaign 110 French and British divisions did nothing against the 23 German divisions stationed in the West." French tanks "Hotchkiss" H-35 and Somu S-35
“Strange War” American historian Fleming: “It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that Poland was sacrificed as deliberately as Czechoslovakia. Poland meant for the Munichers another diversion of the German line of capture to the East, which was to lead to a Soviet-German clash. French soldiers on the Maginot Line play cards. ? Do you agree with Fleming? What, in your opinion, explained the passivity of the Anglo-French troops?
On September 17, when German troops approached Brest, Soviet troops crossed the border of Poland. Belarusian and Ukrainian fronts(each - as part of 3 armies) totaled 600 thousand soldiers, 4 thousand tanks, 2 thousand aircraft, 5.5 thousand guns. " liberation campaign» Red Army
In 12 days, Soviet troops advanced 250-350 km and occupied 190 thousand km 2 of Polish territory, where 12 million people lived, incl. 6 million Ukrainians, 3 million Belarusians Soviet losses: 737 killed, 1,862 wounded. In Soviet captivity - over 230 thousand Polish soldiers.
"Liberation Campaign" of the Red Army The Polish command ordered its troops not to resist the Red Army. However, V.M. Molotov on October 31, 1939, at a session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, spoke about the military advance of the Red Army and expressed satisfaction that Poland, "the ugly brainchild of the Treaty of Versailles", ceased to exist as a result of a joint strike by the Wehrmacht and the Red Army. “Soviet knife in the back. September 17, 1939" Hood. F. Adamik.
Partition of Poland By the time the Red Army entered Poland, the German troops had crossed far the demarcation line established by the pact of August 23, 1939. After the entry of the Red Army, the Germans withdrew their troops to the West. On the eve of their departure, joint parades of the Wehrmacht and the Red Army were held in Brest, Pinsk and other cities. Joint parade of German and Soviet troops in Brest. September 1939
Partition of Poland On September 25–27, negotiations between Stalin and Ribbentrop took place in Moscow. On September 28, the Soviet-German Treaty "On Friendship and Borders" was signed. According to the secret protocol to this treaty, Lithuania was transferred to the Soviet sphere of influence, and the territory of Poland between the Vistula and the Western Bug - to the German one. The Vilna region of Poland, as it was decided on August 23, passed to Lithuania. Section map of Eastern Europe according to the secret protocol to the Soviet-German pact of Mr.
Partition of Poland What is the meaning of the caricature of the English artist? Christmas gift exchange. Caricature of the Soviet-German Treaty "On Friendship and Borders"
Partition of Poland The Soviet-German border in Poland ran approximately along the "Kezon line". The d. agreement meant that Germany and the USSR officially became allies. In fact, on September 17, 1939, the USSR entered the Second World War.
Partition of Poland V.M. Molotov at the session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on October 31, 1939: "Germany is in the position of a state striving for a speedy end to the war and peace, while England and France, who yesterday opposed aggression, stand for the continuation of the war and against the conclusion of peace" English caricature on Stalin and Hitler Hitler: The scum of humanity, if I'm not mistaken? Stalin: Bloody killer of workers, I presume? ? Analyze the words of Molotov
Sources of illustrations Slide 2. _Border_% %29.jpg _Border_% %29.jpg Slide 3. Slide 4. Slide 5. Slide / Slide Slide 8. Slide Slide 10. Jordan D., Whist E. Atlas of World War II Operations. M., EKSMO, Slide 11.
Image sources Slide Slides 13–14; Slide go.htmlhttp://diary-news.com/intresting/17453-druzhba-froyndshaft-obraztsa go.html Slad ECTION_ID= ECTION_ID=6782 Slide 18.
The history of Poland, like many states, is full of tragic events. External and internal wars, rebellions, divisions, desperate defense of their sovereignty. The mighty Rzeczpospolita, having appeared in the 16th century, disappears from political map peace for 123 years. After foreign domination, its independence, thanks to common efforts, was restored at the end of the First World War, on November 11, 1918.
However, after the Second World War, Poland again falls into the zone of influence of another country, this time the Soviet Union, where communism was the dominant political doctrine. The allied treaty concluded in 1945 marked the beginning of new relations between the two states.
Polish losses in World War II
After the perfidious attack of fascist Germany, caught up by the occupation Soviet troops from the eastern part, Poland was erased from the political map in 27 days. It is with its defeat that the countdown of the Second World War begins, which entailed huge human losses.
Military operations thoroughly battered the lands of the Polish state and left behind a string of severe destruction and loss. The territories of Western Ukraine and Belarus were finally assigned to the USSR. In general, 20% of industrial facilities, 60% of medical institutions, more than 63% of educational and scientific institutions were destroyed, and Warsaw was razed to the ground. But the most important thing is the irreplaceable human losses.
Hundreds of thousands of inhabitants were tortured by hard forced labor in Nazi concentration camps. Particular cruelty fell on the lot of Polish Jews, who were first driven into the ghetto, and after the Reich made a decision on Jewish question in 1942 they were sent to death camps. One of the bloodiest death camps was located near the city of Auschwitz, where more than 4 million people were tortured and killed.
Undoubtedly, a huge number of Poles died as a result of the Nazi regime, however, the Soviet leadership also had a good hand in the destruction of the Polish elite and intelligentsia. Soviet repressions were skillfully aimed at the economic exploitation of the Polish people.
New Frontiers
Territorial losses and new borders of Poland after the Second World War is a fairly large and controversial topic. And although officially the state was among the winners, only its coastal part and the lands of the southern territories remained from the pre-war regions. In compensation for the lost eastern regions, German territories joined Poland, which the propagandists called the “Returned Lands”.
Following the results of the signed friendship treaty on April 21, 1945 Soviet Union handed over to Poland controlled German territories: part of West Prussia, part of East Pomerania, Silesia, the Free City of Danzig, East Brandenburg and the district of Szczetin. Thus, after the Second World War, the territory of Poland amounted to 312 thousand square meters. kilometers, despite the fact that until 1939 it was 388 thousand square meters. kilometers. The loss of the eastern regions was not completely compensated.
Population
As a result of the German-Soviet agreement of 1939 on the division of Poland's borders, more than 12 million Polish citizens (including about 5 million ethnic Poles) ended up in the territories that passed to the Soviet Union. The new territorial borders of the states became the reason for the mass migration of peoples.
After World War II, Poland lost 17% of its population. In subsequent years, its migration policy was actively aimed at the mono-ethnic state and the return of Poles to their homeland. According to the signed agreement with the Soviet government on the mutual exchange of population in 1945, more than 1.8 million people repatriated to Poland. Jews were also among the repatriates, but the anti-Semitic sentiments of the post-war years provoked their mass emigration from the country. In 1956-1958, about 200 thousand more people were able to return from the Soviet Union.
It is also worth adding that about 500 thousand people from the Poles who fought on the side of the Allies, after the end of the war, refused to return to their homeland, where the Communists were in power.
Post-war polity
The presence of units of the Red Army in Poland successfully played in the transfer of power to the Polish communists. Representatives of the PPR (Polish Workers' Party), PPS (Polish Socialist Party) and PPK (Polish Peasant Party) at the end of the war formed a government of national unity, but the communists disbanded this coalition in 1947 and founded the state of people's democracy, which was later reflected in the adopted constitution from 1952.
In January 1947, the first post-war elections were held in which, out of 444 seats, the communists got 382, and the peasant party only 28. The elected Sejm approved Boleslav Bierut, a communist who adhered to Stalin's hard line, as head of state. And already in October 1947, activists of the opposition movements and some leaders of the Polish Peasant Party were forced to hide in the West due to persecution. These events gave rise to the "Stalinization" of Poland. And in December 1948, as a result of the merger of the Polish Workers' Party and the Polish Socialist Party, the Polish United Workers' Party (PUWP) was established, which subsequently retained a monopoly on political power in the country.
Despite the introduction of a rather tough policy after the Second World War, waves of protest against the existing regime more than once rose in Poland. The main reasons for the dissatisfaction of citizens were: low level life, infringement of personal freedom and civil rights, as well as the impossibility of political participation.
Foreign policy of Poland
Having become one of the states controlled by the USSR, Poland lost the right to make any decisions in its foreign political relations. Its desire to participate in the North Atlantic structures and figure prominently among the states of Western civilization came true only with the collapse of the socialist bloc.
In 1949, Poland joined the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, which greatly contributed to the development of close ties with the states of the "new democracy". And in 1955, the Warsaw Treaty of Friendship was certified by Polish representatives, consisting of 8 participating countries, which, in fact, was a response to the entry of Germany into NATO. Organization Warsaw Pact was a military-political alliance led by the Soviet Union, confronting the NATO bloc.
One of the difficult tasks of Poland after the Second World War was to ensure the security of its western borders. Germany only in 1970 was able to agree with the inviolability of the western border of the Polish state. In Helsinki in 1975, at the Conference on Security and Cooperation of European States, the following was recognized: all borders erected after the war are inviolable.
Post-war economy
The first steps in the development of Poland after World War II begin with a three-year economic recovery plan approved by Warsaw and Moscow in 1947. In the same year, an agreement was concluded with the USSR on the supply of industrial equipment to Poland in the amount of about 500 million US dollars. As a result, by 1949 the output of industrial goods per capita increased 2.5 times, and in comparison with the pre-war period, the economic return on their sale improved significantly. IN agriculture a reform also took place: 814 thousand farms were created, about 6,070 thousand hectares of land became the property of peasants, and existing allotments were increased.
In 1950-1955, with the scientific and financial assistance of the USSR, a stage of industrialization started in Poland, in which the main emphasis was on heavy industry and mechanical engineering. As a result, by 1955 the volume of production had multiplied by 2.5 times compared with the data of 1950, and the number of agricultural cooperatives had increased by 14.3 times.
Finally
In short, after the Second World War, Poland was already a completely different country compared to the interwar period (1918-1939). The formation of a new balance of power in the international arena and the policy of the leading states determined by this, recognizing the division of Europe into zones of influence, where its Eastern part was left behind the Soviet Union, led to cardinal changes in Poland. The changes that took place affected the establishment of the communist regime in the country, which soon led to changes political system, foreign policy orientation, socio-economic orientation and territorial and demographic situation.
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