CZECHOSLOVAKIA (Ceskoslovensko), Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (Ceska a Slovenska Federativni Republika), CSFR (CSFR), is a state in Central Europe. In the north it borders with and Poland, in the east - with, in the south - with Hungary and, in the west - with Germany. The area is 127.9 thousand km 2. Population 15.55 million (January 1, 1987). The capital is Prague. Czechoslovakia is a federation of two equal republics: Czech and Slovak. It is divided into 10 regions and cities - Prague and Bratislava (as a region). official languages- Czech and Slovak. The monetary unit is the Czechoslovak crown.
General characteristics of the economy. In the structure of national income (1986), 59.8% came from industry, 10.7% from construction, and 6.9% from Agriculture; the rest - for transport, communications and trade. In the post-war period industrial production increased by 13 times. Mechanical engineering and the chemical industry developed at the fastest pace. Czechoslovakia has a relatively limited fuel and energy and mineral resource base. The most significant reserves of coal (more than 94% of fuel and energy resources).
Geological structure. On the territory of Czechoslovakia, the Czech (Bohemian) massif (part of the European Hercynides) and the Western Carpathians framing it in the east, belonging to the Alpine belt of Europe, stand out structurally. The basement of most of both units is composed of Proterozoic rocks: in the core of the Czech massif, the upper Proterozoic Moldanubicum, Barrandiena and their equivalents in the Ore Mountains, the Krkonoše and the Eagle Mountains, as well as formations of crystalline rocks that emerge on the eastern margin of the Czech massif in the Brno unit and at the base of the northern part Western Carpathians. The rocks of these formations underwent Baikal (Kadom) folding and metamorphism, which were accompanied by the intrusion of granitoids of the Brno and Luzhitsk plutons and the formation of a Cambrian molasse sequence in the Pribramsko-Jinets basin of the Barrandiena, a synclinorium within the Czech massif. Primary mineralization is associated with volcanogenic-sedimentary formations. Hercynides (variscides) are also composed of sedimentary rocks in Barrandiene, in the Ore Mountains, the Giant Mountains and the Jeseniki. The Hercynian (Varisian) folding at the end of the Devonian - the beginning of the Carboniferous period caused the formation of tectonic covers. Granitoid plutons in Central Bohemia and other areas are characterized by polymetallic or tin-tungsten mineralization. At the end of the Varissian tectogenesis, molasse was formed, in some places coal-bearing (Ostrava-Karvina basin), the Czech massif was consolidated. In the intermountain troughs in the Late Carboniferous-Permian, freshwater coal-bearing basins (Pilsensky, Kladensko-Rakovnitsky, Mshensky, Lower Silesian, etc.) were formed, in which sedimentation in places continued until the Triassic. In, and time, the formation of lakes went on. This accumulation of precipitation and landform formation is associated with tectonic movements late Mesozoic era of tectogenesis; in some areas, volcanic activity (basalts of the continental type) was actively manifested, accompanied by the remobilization of ore elements.
The area of modern Carpathians until the beginning of the Mesozoic era developed along with the Czech massif. Later, the Slovak block, under the influence of the Alpine phases of folding, broke up into smaller parts that became part of later folded structures (the crystalline core of some Slovak mountains). As a result of Alpine folding in the Western Carpathians in the Late Cretaceous (Inner Carpathians) and in the Miocene (Outer Carpathians), powerful covers branched in the frontal part arose. These covers, including the crystalline cores, formed the central crystalline belt. The two main covers of the Inner Carpathians are Kriznyansky and Khochsky, the youngest is Spissky, which covers the Gemer region. The thickness of the sedimentary cover is about 2800 m. At the end of the Neogene, the Inner Carpathians were divided into a series of blocks subjected to denudation, as a result of which the crystalline core (High and Low Tatras, Malaya Fatra) was exposed. In the Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary times, the Carpathians and the adjacent edges of the platform were again covered by transgression, as evidenced by a thick stratum (up to 4000 m) of sandy, clayey and other deposits. To the north of the crystalline core of the Inner Carpathians at the end of the Tertiary, after the processes of folding and mountain building, a flysch belt was formed from the Danube to the Transcarpathian region. During folding during the Oligocene and Miocene, the flysch zone was thrown over the edge of the Czech Massif. Thus, three covers were formed - Zhdanitsko-Podsilezsky, Silesian and in the east Magursky. Intensive mountain-building movements were accompanied by the formation of faults, along which, mainly in the Miocene, as well as in the Quaternary period, outpourings of volcanic rocks (andesites, rhyolites, dacites and their tuffs, etc.) occurred, especially powerful in the southern and eastern parts of the Czechoslovak Carpathians.
seismicity. The territory of Czechoslovakia belongs to weakly seismic regions. Earthquakes were known mainly in Slovakia (in the regions of Komarno, Dobra-Voda, Zilina). On the territory of the Czech Republic, earthquakes reached 7 points (in the areas of Kraslice, Trutnov, Opava). Most of the earthquakes recorded in Czechoslovakia had epicenters outside its territory (in neighboring areas of young mountain building in the Alps and Carpathians).
hydrogeology . Two main hydrogeological structures are distinguished on the territory of Czechoslovakia: the Czech massif and the folded region of the Western Carpathians. Within their boundaries there are a number of independent artesian basins (Czech Cretaceous, Ceske-Budejovitsky, and others in the Czech massif, Turchansky, Oravsky, Zvolensky, and others in the Western Carpathians). In the south of Slovakia, a number of basins are distinguished, confined to the depressions of the same name - the Danube, Ipel, Potisskaya. The main resources of fresh groundwater are formed in gravel-pebble Quaternary alluvial and fluvioglacial deposits, in Cretaceous sandstones, in Mesozoic carbonate rocks, and in Neogene effusive rocks. In Quaternary sediments, groundwater occurs at a depth of 80 m. The flow rates of wells and wells are mainly from 3 to 15 l/s, in the valleys of the Danube, Vah, and other rivers - up to a few hundred l/s. Among the Cretaceous rocks (from the Coniacian to the Cenomanian), a sandstone stratum is characterized by a high but extremely uneven water content (the Czech Cretaceous, Ceske-Budejovitskaya depressions, etc.). Artesian horizons lie at a depth of 80 to 900 m. The module of underground runoff is 3.5-4 l/s.km 2 . The flow rates of springs are up to 5 l / s, the maximum - up to 25 l / s, rarely 150 l / s. Specific well flow rates are from 0.1 to 10 l/s, less often up to 16 l/s. Among the Mesozoic rocks, high water content is characteristic of the karst limestones and dolomites of the Triassic (Western Carpathians). The specific underground runoff in the area of their development varies from 4 to 25 l/s.km 2 . Flow rates of karst springs vary from 0.1 to hundreds of l/s, karst-fissure springs reach hundreds of l/s and more. The ratio of minimum and maximum debits is from 1:10 to 1:57; their operational resources are about 1000 l/s. Among the effusive rocks of the Neogene (Slanskie Gory, Vigorlat, etc.) water-bearing tuffite sandstones, sandy and gravel tuffs. The underground current module varies from 8 to 7 l/s.km 2 . The filtration coefficient ranges from 1.10 4 to 1.10 6 m/s. Flow rates of springs from tenths of a l/s to 7 l/s, wells from 4 to 15 l/s, in zones of tectonic disturbances up to 50 l/s. Among the flysch deposits of the Eocene-Oligocene (Western Carpathians), sandstones serve as the main collector of groundwater. The filtration coefficient in the zone of exogenous fracturing is from 7.10 -7 to 6.10 -9 m/s. The depth of groundwater is from 5 to 100 m or more. The flow rates of the springs are from 0.5 to 7 l/s, the specific flow rates of wells are from 0.09 to 0.52 l/s. Among the Pliocene rocks developed in all depressions, only individual lenses and interlayers of sand and pebbles are water-bearing. Well flow rates are from 0.6 to 3.0 l/s, less often up to 30 l/s (basins of the Nitra and Vah rivers) and up to 60 l/s (Turchanskaya depression). In the area of development of crystalline rocks (Czech Massif, Western Carpathians), fresh groundwater is formed in the zone of exogenous and tectonic fracturing; flow rates of springs from shares to 1 l/s. The mineralization of fresh groundwater is 0.1-1 g / l, their composition is predominantly HCO 3 - - Ca 2+, Ca 2+ - Mg 2+, SO 4 2- - Ca 2+. The total natural resources of fresh groundwater in Czechoslovakia are estimated at 60-90 m 3 /s. Moreover, from a third to a half of all natural resources available there are concentrated in the carbonate rocks of Slovakia. Czechoslovakia is rich in mineral and thermal waters. Over 950 manifestations of mineral waters are known on its territory, on the basis of which more than 50 resorts operate.
On the territory of Czechoslovakia, deposits of diatomite, talc (accompanying magnesite deposits), and zeolite have also been established. In the Czech Republic there is a large deposit of Proterozoic pyritized shales containing 10-15% sulfur and approximately the same amount of manganese (Chvaletice near the town of Kolin). Large reserves of these shales (426 million tons) may become a potential resource of S, Mn in the future.
Deposits are widespread throughout Czechoslovakia. building materials(facing and decorative stone, pebbles, brick clays, etc.), but their development is often limited by environmental legislation.
In Czechoslovakia, deposits of various precious and ornamental stones are known. These include, in particular, Czech garnets contained in pyro-bearing pebbles in the Czech Middle Mountains, tektites (moldavites) in South Bohemia and noble opal in eastern Slovakia (Dubnik), agate and jasper in the Krkonoše mountains (Northern Bohemia).
Mineral springs. On the basis of numerous mineral in Czechoslovakia there are 55 resorts. Of these, the largest and most famous are: in Western Bohemia (Karlovy Vary, Marianske Lazne, Frantiskovy Lazne, Jachymov, Kinhvart, Konstantinovy Lazne) and Central Bohemia (Podebrady); in Moravia - Luhacovice, Teplice nad Bechvoi, Darkov, Velke Losiny, Jesenik, and others; in Slovakia - Piestany, Trencianske Teplice, Koritnica-Kupele, Bojnice, Rajecke-Teplice, Bardejov, Dudince, Sliac, Czyz, and others. In addition to resorts, there are many places where there are sources of mineral water.
History of the development of mineral resources. It is known from archaeological finds that gold was mined in Czechoslovakia by the Celts (4th-1st centuries BC). The first mention of tin mining in the Czech Republic dates back to 973. The exploitation of the polymetallic deposits of Banska-Stiavnica has been known since the 10th century. In the 13th century Banska Stiavnica — Big City with own mining law; in the 16-18 centuries. one of the largest suppliers of gold and silver in Europe. The most famous place of ancient mining is the Ore Mountains (Krushne-Gori). The first mention of tin and silver mining in this area dates back to 1168. The mining of ores reached a significant scale in the Czech Republic in the 13th-14th centuries, when mining law was first issued (Jihlava in 1249 and Kutnohorsk in 1300, which influenced for several centuries on mining legislation) and began to mint silver coins (Czech pennies). In the area of Příbram, from the 13th century, ores of silver, lead, zinc, and later antimony were mined. In 1332, the Rudnyany deposit (Slovak Ore Mountains) was discovered. Now this deposit is the largest supplier of iron ore, barite and iron ore in Czechoslovakia. From 1512 silver was mined in Jáchymov, and from 1852 uraninite was mined. At the mine "Vojtech" (Pribram) in 1875, for the first time in the world, a depth of 1000 m was reached. The extraction of ores, mainly non-ferrous metals, was carried out almost throughout Czechoslovakia, but the reserves of both non-ferrous metals and iron ore are small.
Mining. From the beginning of the 50s. the production of mineral raw materials in Czechoslovakia steadily increased, reaching 340 million tons in 1986 (Table 2).
In 1st place in terms of volume - coal mining, 2nd - non-metallic building materials, 3rd - industrial raw materials (limestone, kaolin, magnesite and glass sands). In value terms, the production of mineral raw materials amounted to 40.7 billion kroons (1986), incl. mining of coal 32.1 billion kroons, oil and natural gas 0.92 billion kroons, ores 3.8 billion kroons; other minerals 3.8 billion kroons. The number of workers employed in the mining industry is about 190 thousand people (1986). The extraction of coal and certain types of non-metallic raw materials is basically sufficient to meet the needs of Czechoslovakia and their small exports. Of the minerals, mainly kaolin, refractories and magnesite are exported. At the same time, Czechoslovakia is an importer of iron (11.3 million tons) and manganese ores, non-ferrous metals, oil (16 million tons), natural gas (11 billion m 3), phosphates, mineral (potash and nitrogen) fertilizers, asbestos, sulfur, salt and some other minerals. Much attention is paid to the development of the mining industry in Czechoslovakia, but only 5-15% of all the country's needs are covered by its own extraction (with the exception of mercury and antimony ores).
Oil and natural gas production is relatively low (Table 2), despite significant exploration activity in the most promising Vienna and East Slovak basins. Exploration is carried out to a depth of several kilometers. Deposits of oil and natural gas are small, well flow rate is low. The depleted natural gas fields were partly used to create underground storage facilities, which have in Czechoslovakia great importance, because they provide an opportunity to equalize seasonal fluctuations in its supply in accordance with gas consumption. The gas storage capacity in them reaches 2.4 billion m 3 .
coal industry. The extraction of solid fuels is carried out in the following basins: hard coal - in the Ostrava-Karvinsky (22.6 million tons), Kladensky (1.7 million tons), Plzeň (0.45 million tons), East Bohemia (0.65 million tons) and Rositsky (0.24 million tons); brown coal - in North Czech (74.1 million tons), Sokolovsky (21.1 million tons), Gandlovsky-Novatsky (2.9 million tons) and Yuzhno-Slovaksky (Modrikamensky) (1 million tons) ; lignites - in the South Moravian (2.2 million tons) and Nowacki (1.4 million tons). All hard coal and lignite are mined underground, and 91.8% of lignite mining is open pit. The average thickness of the developed coal seams, incl. high-quality coking coal, in the Ostrava region is 1.07 m (1985), in the Karvina region - 2.32 m (1985). In the East Bohemian basin, the thickness of the developed seams is on average 1.3 m. The coal is very hard, with a high
natural conditions Czech Republic
The Czech Republic is a continental country in Central Europe. It has no access to the sea and covers an area of 79 thousand square meters. km.
Her neighbors are:
- Slovakia,
- Austria,
- Germany,
- Poland.
According to the relief, the country is conditionally divided into the Bohemian Massif and the Moravian Plain. The Czech Massif, located in the west, is a hilly plateau with a height of 450 to 600 m. To the north, towards the valley of the Laba River, the Czech Massif decreases.
The massif is surrounded by mountains of medium height - the Sudetenland, the Ore Mountains, Sumava, the Czech Forest.
The Bohemian-Moravian Upland limits the massif from the east and southeast. The longest and highest Czech mountains are the Sudetenland, which consists of mountain ranges.
The massifs, in turn, are separated by longitudinal and transverse valleys.
Separate uplands and lowlands form the Moravian Plain, to the east of which the Carpathians rise.
The climatic conditions of the country are associated with the characteristics of its geographical location and are formed under the influence of the Atlantic air masses.
In general, the climate is temperate continental with pronounced seasons.
Since the country is dominated by mountainous terrain, local circulation is of great importance. The temperature regime and precipitation are related to the terrain.
Significant climatic differences exist between the western and eastern parts of the country, the reason for which is the elongation in the longitudinal direction.
Average annual temperature fluctuations are within 8-10 degrees. The winter is mild with a January temperature of -2 ... -4 degrees, but a significant short-term decrease in temperature is also possible.
Winter thaws are typical for the west of the Czech Republic. Summers are humid and warm. The average temperature in July is +19 degrees. With the rise in the mountains, summer becomes cooler - from +8 to +13 degrees.
Precipitation falls unevenly, and in different areas their amount varies from 450 to 2000 mm per year. 20% of precipitation falls as snow. Most of them fall on the windward slopes of the mountains.
Natural resources of the Czech Republic
The presence of various minerals in the country is associated with a complex geological structure.
Significant reserves of hard and brown coal. Coal reserves are estimated at 13 billion tons. The North Bohemian lignite basin accounts for 2/3 of all its reserves.
A number of Czech coal deposits can be mined open-pit.
Ore resources are insignificant, and the best deposits are already depleted. Phosphoric iron ores are poor, they contain less than 30% metal.
Non-ferrous and rare metals are concentrated in the Ore Mountains.
The Czech Republic is richer in non-metallic resources, in its bowels there is magnesite, graphite, kaolin, quartz sand.
Of the European countries, the Czech Republic is one of the most forested. Coniferous species occupy 60% of the total forest area. There are deciduous and mixed forests.
Coniferous species are represented by spruce and pine, and deciduous forests consist of beech and oak. To date, natural forests have been mostly cut down.
associated with forests animal world countries are typical European species: red deer, roe deer, wild boar, hare, fox, beaver.
Rivers and lakes are rich in fish. There are few large rivers in the country, although the river network is dense.
It is divided between three drainage basins - Laby, Morava, Odry. The navigable rivers include the Vltava and Laba. The Czech rivers belong to the basin of three seas - the North, the Black and the Baltic.
The Danube flows along the border, and its tributaries flow through the territory of the Czech Republic, for example, Vah, Morava, Laba.
Remark 1
Czech rivers are short and have insufficient water. There are few lakes in the country, and they are located mainly in the mountains and are of glacial origin.
Many artificial ponds have been created for fish breeding in the country. Groundwater reserves are small, but there are world-famous healing mineral water springs, where balneological resorts have been formed - Karlovy Vary, Lazne, Pestany, etc.
The formation of soils was greatly influenced by the relief, climate, and hydrogeological features. Brown forest soils are common, chernozems are less common, and podzolic soils are characteristic of the highlands.
Recreational resources of the Czech Republic
In addition to mineral, water, soil, plant and animal resources in the Czech Republic, there is another type of resource called recreational.
Recreational resources include:
- territories with natural or artificially created conditions for people's recreation;
- historical or cultural sites;
- factors related to the economic potential of the territory, for example, infrastructure, population.
On the basis of these resources, it is possible to form a recreational economy, and effectively operating.
Remark 2
In other words recreational resources is a complex of natural, socio-economic, historical and cultural factors that provide recreation and health improvement for people on a massive scale.
The basis of these resources are natural landscapes - mountain range, picturesque shores of reservoirs, forest and steppe landscapes, mineral springs, therapeutic mud, etc.
The second place in importance is occupied by a variety of historical and cultural monuments.
The Czech Republic has health-improving-tourist, sightseeing and medical resources.
In a country with a rich and picturesque nature, many nature reserves have been created, among which there is also a prehistoric forest in Boubin, the Sumava region, in Moravia - the Palava Upland, Labsk sandstones.
Industrial tourism is developed in the North Moravian Region with various Silesian enterprises.
There are recreational resources in the Jesenikov and Beskydov ridges - geological engineering surveys are being carried out here.
Several mixed architectural styles are characteristic of the city of Olomouc. most popular tourist place became the South Moravian Region. Luhačevice resort with healing springs, karst caves near the city of Brno, the fortresses Veverdzhi and Pergdtein, the monument in Austerlitz, the castle and the high minaret of the city of Lednice, have become a zone of international tourism.
In addition, foreign tourists are attracted to this area by holding traditional international engineering fairs.
The development of sports and recreational tourism is facilitated by the medium-altitude ridges of the Šumava, the Czech Forest, the Ore Mountains, lowlands, alternating with a low-mountain massif in the Czech Basin.
1200 specially protected areas are suitable for ecotourism natural areas occupying 10% of the country's area.
There are more than 2 thousand historical and cultural monuments protected by the state in the Republic.
Remark 3
9 objects are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, among them are Prague, Kutna, Mount Telch, Cesky Krumlov and others.
Many monuments are used for economic purposes, therefore, they require restoration, which complicates their tourist development.
The therapeutic resource fund includes sources of mineral waters and deposits of therapeutic mud. Resort status has 30 settlements located in the west of the country.
The South Bohemian region is known for its ponds, there are 7500 of them, the Lipėna dam, the Orlik dam. Here lovers can hunt and fish.
Numerous castles and fortresses give the zone an attractive force.
The tourist zone of the East Bohemian Region includes the mountainous region of the Krkonoše and Orlické. The well-known spa Janske Lazne is located here.
The region attracts not only with its picturesque nature, but also with its amazing architecture - the city of Hradec Kralove with the Cathedral of the Holy Spirit, the White Tower, etc. Some places in this region are associated with the life of J. Hasek and his brave hero Švejk.
Czech(Czech Republic) is a state located in Central Europe. The country is a member of the European Union and is part of the Schengen area. The Czech Republic is one of the countries of the European Union that does not use the euro in circulation, but has its own national currency - the Czech crown. The capital of the country is the city of Prague. Other major Czech cities are Brno, Ostrava, Pilsen. The largest city in the country is Prague. The population of Prague is over one million inhabitants. There are no other cities with a population of more than a million inhabitants in the Czech Republic. With a population of over 10 million people, the Czech Republic is one of the most densely populated countries in Europe. The Czech Republic is in the same time zone. The difference with universal time is one hour.
The Czech Republic is one of the countries in Europe that does not have access to the sea. The Czech Republic has only land borders. It borders Poland, Germany, Austria and Slovakia.
Forests cover a third of the country's territory. This is one of the highest rates in Europe. All Czech forests are predominantly coniferous; on flat areas there are massifs of broad-leaved forests.
The Czech Republic is a mountainous country. Most of the country is occupied by mountains. There are a lot of mountain systems, ridges and massifs in the Czech Republic: the Eagle Mountains, the Ore Mountains, the Krkonoše Massif, the Sudeten Mountains, the Moravian-Silesian Beskydy Mountains, the Elbe Sandstone Mountains, the Bohemian Forest massif, the Beskydy Mountain Range, the East Sudetenland Mountains, the High Jesenik Range, the Zdarsky Mountains , Western Beskids, Western Carpathians, West Sudeten Mountains, Jihlava Mountains, Pavlovsk Mountains, Czech Forest Ridge, Czech Massif, Javorniki Massif. The most high point Czech Republic - Mount Snezhka. The height of this peak is 1602 meters.
There are large and famous rivers in the Czech Republic. The largest river is the Vltava. Its length is 430 km. The second longest river is Laba. Its length in the Czech Republic is 370 km. Laba flows not only in the Czech Republic, but also in Germany. There, this river has a different name - the Elbe. Other major Czech rivers are the Ohře (length in the Czech Republic 256 km), Morava (length in the Czech Republic 246 km), Jihlava (length in the Czech Republic 185 km), Odra (length in the Czech Republic 136 km). The Odra River in Germany is also called differently - the Oder. There are beautiful lakes in the Czech Republic. The largest Czech lake is Brodsky Pond. Other picturesque lakes are Kamentsovo, Laka, Odlezelskoye, Pleshne, Devil's Lake.
Administratively, the Czech Republic is divided into one city of republican subordination and 13 regions:
a) the city of republican subordination - Prague;
b) regions: Central Bohemian, South Bohemian, Pilsensky, Karlovy Vary, Ustetsky, Liberetsky, Hradec Kralove, Pardubice, Olomouc, Moravian-Silesian, South Moravian, Zlinsky, Vysochina.
Map
Roads
The Czech Republic has a developed system railways. By train from Prague you can get to all the administrative centers of the Czech regions. Trains mostly run on schedule.
The Czech Republic also has a solid network highways. There are also high-speed autobahns, which are not inferior in quality to the same German or Dutch ones. The state of other roads in the country is also good.
Story
The Czech Republic has traveled its own unique path, having passed through many historical stages:
a) Prehistoric Bohemia - the settlement of modern Czech lands by Cro-Magnons, Unetice culture, Knoviz culture, Hallstatt culture, the invasion of the Celts, (until the 5th century), the appearance of the Germans and Romans, the seizure of the territory of the Czech Republic by the Roman Empire (until 160), the settlement of the Slavs, the invasion of the Avars and the creation of the Avar Khaganate, the creation of the first Czech state of Samo (623-658);
b) the Czech state (VIII century), campaigns of the Franks against the Czech Republic, the conquest of the Czech Republic by the Frankish Empire (806), the adoption of Christianity by the Czech Republic, the capture of the Czech Republic by Moravia;
c) Czech Republic as part of the Holy Roman Empire of the Germans (under the rule of the German emperors) (XI-XIV centuries) - a reflection of the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars, the Hussite movement, the Hussite wars;
d) Czech Republic as part of the Austrian Empire (early 16th century) - Thirty Years' War, the struggle of the Czech nobility against the German electors, the defeat of the Czech Republic in the war, the strengthening of the power of the Habsburgs in the Czech lands, German colonization, the Germanization of the population,
e) the Czech Republic as part of Austria-Hungary (since 1867) - the oppression of the Czechs by the Austrians and Hungarians, mass unrest in the country, the emergence of patriotic movements for the independence of the Czech Republic;
f) Czech Republic in the First World War (since 1914) - the participation of the Czechs in the war on the side of Austria-Hungary;
g) the Czech Republic as part of Czechoslovakia (since 1918) - the defeat of Austria-Hungary in the war, the collapse of Austria-Hungary into Austria and Hungary, the separation of the Czech Republic from Austria and unification with Slovakia;
h) Czechoslovakia in the Second World War (1939 - 1945) - the occupation of Czechoslovakia Nazi Germany, the creation of a pro-fascist puppet state "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia", joining the Third Reich, the liberation of Czechoslovakia from the Nazis by Soviet troops (1945);
i) socialist Czechoslovakia (since 1945) - " Prague Spring"(1968, uprising against the ruling communist regime and its brutal suppression with the help of Soviet troops), repression;
j) Velvet Revolution of 1989, the fall of the communist regime, preparations for the division of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia;
k) Independent Czech Republic (since 1993) - the division of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, accession to the European Union (1999) and NATO (2004).
Minerals
The Czech Republic is considered a country rich in minerals, but not all strategic energy resources are available in the country. The Czech Republic has significant reserves of hard coal, and this coal is easily coking. The Czech Republic fully provides itself with this type of fuel, it does not import it from other countries. But there is practically no oil in the Czech Republic at all. The Czech Republic is 100% dependent on the import of "black gold" from other countries. The Czech Republic buys oil from Norway and partly from Russia. The situation with natural gas is the same - it is not available in the Czech Republic either. The Czech Republic has to import blue fuel from Russia. The Czech Republic has quite significant reserves of brown coal. From other minerals, the Czech Republic extracts glass sand (which is used to produce the famous Czech crystal), iron ore, silver, lead, zinc, copper, precious stones (sapphires, rubies, agates, jaspers). The Czech Republic also has a lot of uranium ore reserves. Part of the uranium ore is exported. In the mountains of the Czech Republic there are a lot of mineral springs with healing water (especially in the area of the mineral spa Karlovy Vary).
Climate
The climate of the Czech Republic is temperate continental. Winter in the Czech Republic is usually snowy and frosty, but there are few very cold days. Summers are quite warm, big amount rains and thunderstorms.
