Dissertation abstract on the topic "Biodamage of building materials by mold fungi"
As a manuscript
SHAPOVALOV Igor Vasilievich
BIODAMAGE OF BUILDING MATERIALS BY MOLDS
05.23.05 - Building materials and products
Belgorod 2003
The work was carried out at the Belgorod State Technological University. V.G. Shukhov
Scientific supervisor - doctor technical sciences, Professor.
Honored Inventor of the Russian Federation Pavlenko Vyacheslav Ivanovich
Official opponents - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor
Chistov Yury Dmitrievich
Leading organization - Design and survey and research institute "OrgstroyNIIproekt" (Moscow)
The defense will take place on December 26, 2003 at 1500 hours at the meeting dissertation council D 212.014.01 at the Belgorod State Technological University. V.G. Shukhov at the address: 308012, Belgorod, st. Kostyukova, 46, BSTU.
The dissertation can be found in the library of the Belgorod State Technological University. V.G. Shukhov
Scientific Secretary of the Dissertation Council
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor Pogorelov Sergey Alekseevich
Dr. tech. Sciences, Associate Professor
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK
Relevance of the topic. Exploitation building materials and products in real conditions is characterized by the presence of corrosion damage not only under the influence of environmental factors (temperature, humidity, chemically aggressive environments, various types of radiation), but also living organisms. Organisms that cause microbiological corrosion include bacteria, mold fungi and microscopic algae. The leading role in the processes of biodamage of building materials of various chemical nature, operated under conditions of high temperature and humidity, belongs to mold fungi (micromycetes). This is due to the rapid growth of their mycelium, the power and lability of the enzymatic apparatus. The result of the growth of micromycetes on the surface of building materials is a decrease in the physical, mechanical and operational characteristics of materials (reduction in strength, deterioration in adhesion between individual components of the material, etc.), as well as deterioration in their appearance(discoloration of the surface, the formation of age spots, etc.). In addition, the mass development of mold fungi leads to the smell of mold in residential premises, which can cause serious diseases, since among them there are species pathogenic to humans. So, according to the European Medical Society, the smallest doses of fungal poison that have entered the human body can cause the appearance of cancerous tumors in a few years.
In this regard, it is necessary to comprehensively study the processes of biodamage of building materials by mold fungi (mycoderuction) in order to increase their durability and reliability.
The work was carried out in accordance with the research program on the instructions of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation "Modeling of environmentally friendly and waste-free technologies."
Purpose and objectives of the study. The aim of the research was to establish patterns of biodamage of building materials by mold fungi and increase their fungal resistance. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:
study of the fungus resistance of various building materials and their individual components;
assessment of the intensity of diffusion of mold fungi metabolites into the structure of dense and porous building materials; determination of the nature of the change in the strength properties of building materials under the influence of mold metabolites
establishing the mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders; development of fungus-resistant building materials through the use of complex modifiers.
Scientific novelty of the work.
Cement concrete compositions with high fungus resistance have been introduced at the OJSC KMA Proektzhilstroy.
The results of the dissertation work were used in educational process on the course "Protection of building materials and structures against corrosion" for students of specialties 290300 - "Industrial and civil construction" and specialty 290500 - "Urban construction and economy". - -
Approbation of work. The results of the dissertation work are presented at the International scientific and practical conference“Quality, safety, energy and resource saving in the building materials industry on the threshold of the XXI century” (Belgorod, 2000); P regional scientific and practical conference " Contemporary Issues technical, natural science and humanitarian knowledge” (Gubkin, 2001); III International scientific-practical conference - school - seminar of young scientists, graduate students and doctoral students "Modern problems of building materials science" (Belgorod, 2001); International scientific-practical conference "Ecology - education, science and industry" (Belgorod, 2002); Scientific and practical seminar "Problems and ways of creating composite materials from secondary mineral resources" (Novokuznetsk, 2003); International congress "Modern technologies in the industry of building materials and building industry" (Belgorod, 2003).
Scope and structure of work. The dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, general conclusions, a list of references, including 181 titles and 4 appendices. The work is presented on 148 pages of typewritten text, including 21 tables and 20 figures.
The introduction provides a rationale for the relevance of the dissertation topic, formulates the purpose and objectives of the work, scientific novelty and practical significance.
The first chapter analyzes the state of the problem of biodamage of building materials by mold fungi.
The role of domestic and foreign scientists E.A. Andreyuk, A.A. Anisimova, B.I. Bilay, R. Blahnik, T.S. Bobkova, S.D. Varfolomeeva, A.A. Gerasimenko, S.N. Gorshina, F.M. Ivanova, I.D. Jerusalem, V.D. Ilyicheva, I.G. Kanaevskaya, E.Z. Koval, F.I. Levina, A.B. Lugauskas, I.V. Maksimova, V.F. Smirnova, V.I. Solomatova, Z.M. Tukova, M.S. Feldman, A.B. Chuiko, E.E. Yarilova, V. King, A.O. Lloyd, F.E. Eckhard et al. in isolating and identifying the most aggressive building material biodegraders. It has been proven that the most important agents of biological corrosion of building materials are bacteria, mold fungi, microscopic algae. Their brief morphological and physiological characteristic. It is shown that the leading role in the processes of biodamage of building materials of various
chemical nature, operated in conditions of high temperature and humidity, belongs to mold fungi.
The degree of destruction of building materials by mold fungi depends on a number of factors, among which, first of all, it should be noted the ecological and geographical factors of the environment and the physicochemical properties of materials. A favorable combination of these factors leads to the active colonization of building materials by mold fungi and the stimulation of destructive processes by the products of their vital activity.
The mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials is determined by a complex of physicochemical processes, during which there is an interaction between the binder and the waste products of mold fungi, resulting in a decrease in the strength and performance characteristics of materials.
The main methods of increasing the fungus resistance of building materials are shown: chemical, physical, biochemical and environmental. It is noted that one of the most effective and long-acting methods of protection is the use of fungicidal compounds.
It is noted that the process of biodamage of building materials by mold fungi has not been studied fully enough and the possibilities of increasing their fungus resistance have not been fully exhausted.
The second chapter presents the characteristics of objects and methods of research.
The least fungi-resistant building materials based on mineral binders were chosen as objects of study: gypsum concrete (building gypsum, hardwood sawdust) and gypsum stone; based on polymer binders: polyester composite (binder: PN-1, PTSON, UNK-2; fillers: Nizhne-Olynansky quartz sand and tailings of ferruginous quartzites (tailings) of LGOK KMA) and epoxy composite (binder: ED-20, PEPA; fillers: Nizhne-Olshansky quartz sand and dust from OEMK electrostatic precipitators). In addition, fungus resistance was studied various kinds building materials and their individual components.
To study the processes of mycodestruction of building materials, we used various methods(physico-mechanical, physico-chemical and biological), regulated by the relevant GOSTs.
The third chapter presents the results experimental studies processes of biodamage of building materials by mold fungi.
An assessment of the intensity of damage by mold fungi, the most common mineral fillers, showed that their fungal resistance is determined by the content of aluminum and silicon oxides, i.e. activity module. It has been established that non-fouling (fouling degree of 3 or more points according to method A, GOST 9.049-91) are mineral aggregates with an activity modulus of less than 0.215.
An analysis of the growth rate of mold fungi on organic aggregates showed that they are characterized by low fungal resistance, due to the content of a significant amount of cellulose in their composition, which is a source of nutrition for mold fungi.
The fungus resistance of mineral binders is determined by the pH value of the pore fluid. Low fungus resistance is typical for binders with a pore fluid pH of 4 to 9.
The fungus resistance of polymer binders is determined by their chemical structure. The least stable are polymer binders containing ester bonds, easily cleaved by exoenzymes of mold fungi.
An analysis of the fungus resistance of various types of building materials showed that gypsum concrete filled with sawdust, polyester and epoxy polymer concrete exhibit the least resistance to mold fungi, and ceramic materials, asphalt concrete, cement concrete with various fillers exhibit the highest resistance.
Based on the research, a classification of building materials according to fungus resistance was proposed (Table 1).
Mushroom resistance class I includes materials that inhibit or completely suppress the growth of mold fungi. Such materials contain components having a fungicidal or fungistatic effect. They are recommended for use in mycologically aggressive environments.
To the II class of fungus resistance are materials containing in their composition a small amount of impurities available for absorption by mold fungi. The operation of ceramic materials, cement concretes, under the conditions of aggressive action of mold fungi metabolites is possible only for a limited period.
Building materials (gypsum concrete, based on wood fillers, polymer composites), containing components easily accessible to mold fungi, belong to class III of fungus resistance. Their use in conditions of mycologically aggressive environments is impossible without additional protection.
Class VI is represented by building materials that are a source of nutrition for micromycetes (wood and its products).
processing). These materials cannot be used in conditions of mycological aggression.
The proposed classification makes it possible to take into account fungus resistance when selecting building materials for operation in biologically aggressive environments.
Table 1
Classification of building materials according to their intensity
damage by micromycetes
Fungus resistance class Degree of resistance of the material in conditions of mycologically aggressive environments Characteristics of the material Fungi resistance according to GOST 9.049-91 (method A), points Example of materials
III Relatively stable, needs additional protection The material contains components that are a source of nutrition for micromycetes 3-4 Silicate, gypsum, epoxy carbamide, and polyester polymer concrete, etc.
IV Unstable, (non-fungus resistant) unsuitable for use under conditions of biocorrosion The material is a source of nutrition for micromycetes 5 Wood and products of its processing
Active growth of mold fungi producing aggressive metabolites stimulates corrosion processes. Intensity,
which is determined by the chemical composition of waste products, the rate of their diffusion and the structure of materials.
The intensity of diffusion and destructive processes was studied on the example of the least fungi-resistant materials: gypsum concrete, gypsum stone, polyester and epoxy composites.
As a result of the study of the chemical composition of mold fungi metabolites developing on the surface of these materials, it was found that they contain organic acids, mainly oxalic, acetic and citric acids, as well as enzymes (catalase and peroxidase).
Analysis of acid production showed that the highest concentration of organic acids is produced by mold fungi that develop on the surface of gypsum stone and gypsum concrete. So, on day 56, the total concentration of organic acids produced by mold fungi developing on the surface of gypsum concrete and gypsum stone was 2.9-10-3 mg / ml and 2.8-10-3 mg / ml, respectively, and on the surface of polyester and epoxy composites 0.9-10"3 mg/ml and 0.7-10"3 mg/ml, respectively. As a result of enzymatic activity studies, an increase in the synthesis of catalase and peroxidase was found in mold fungi developing on the surface of polymer composites. Their activity is especially high in micromycetes,
living on
the surface of the polyester composite, it was 0.98-103 µM/ml-min. Based on the method of radioactive isotopes, were
the dependences of the penetration depth
metabolites depending on the duration of exposure (Fig. 1) and their distribution over the cross section of the samples (Fig. 2). As can be seen from fig. 1, the most permeable materials are gypsum concrete and
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 exposure time, days
I am a plaster stone
Gypsum concrete
Polyester composite
Epoxy Composite
Figure 1. Dependence of the depth of penetration of metabolites on the duration of exposure
gypsum stone, and the least permeable - polymer composites. The depth of penetration of metabolites into the structure of gypsum concrete, after 360 days of testing, was 0.73, and into the structure of the polyester composite - 0.17. The reason for this lies in the different porosity of the materials.
Analysis of the distribution of metabolites over the cross section of the samples (Fig. 2)
showed that in polymer composites the diffuse width, 1
the zone is small, due to the high density of these materials. \
It amounted to 0.2. Therefore, only the surface layers of these materials are subject to corrosion processes. In gypsum stone and, especially, gypsum concrete, which have high porosity, the width of the diffuse zone of metabolites is much larger than that of polymer composites. The depth of penetration of metabolites into the structure of gypsum concrete was 0.8, and for gypsum stone - 0.6. The consequence of active diffusion of aggressive metabolites into the structure of these materials is the stimulation of destructive processes, during which the strength characteristics are significantly reduced. The change in the strength characteristics of the materials was evaluated by the value of the fungus resistance coefficient, defined as the ratio of the compressive or tensile strength before and after 1 exposure to mold fungi (Fig. 3.). As a result, it was found that exposure to mold metabolites for 360 days helps to reduce coefficient of fungus resistance of all studied materials. However, in the initial period of time, the first 60-70 days, in gypsum concrete and gypsum stone, an increase in the coefficient of fungus resistance is observed as a result of compaction of the structure, due to their interaction with the metabolic products of mold fungi. Then (70-120 days) there is a sharp decrease in the coefficient
relative depth of cut
gypsum concrete ■ gypsum stone
polyester composite - - epoxy composite
Figure 2, Change in the relative concentration of metabolites over the cross section of the samples
exposure duration, days
Gypsum stone - epoxy composite
Gypsum concrete - polyester composite
Rice. 3. Dependence of the change in the coefficient of fungus resistance on the duration of exposure
mushroom resistance. After that (120-360 days) the process slows down and
mushroom coefficient
durability reaches
minimum value: for gypsum concrete - 0.42, and for gypsum stone - 0.56. In polymer composites, compaction was not observed, but only
the decrease in the fungus resistance coefficient is most active in the first 120 days of exposure. After 360 days of exposure, the fungus resistance coefficient of the polyester composite was 0.74, and that of the epoxy composite was 0.79.
Thus, the obtained results show that the intensity of corrosion processes is determined, first of all, by the rate of diffusion of metabolites into the structure of materials.
An increase in the volume content of the filler also contributes to a decrease in the coefficient of fungus resistance, due to the formation of a more rarefied structure of the material, therefore, more permeable to micromycete metabolites.
As a result of complex physical and chemical studies, the mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone was established. It was shown that as a result of the diffusion of metabolites represented by organic acids, among which oxalic acid had the highest concentration (2.24 10-3 mg / ml), they interact with calcium sulfate. At the same time, organic calcium salts are formed in the pores of the gypsum stone , represented mainly by calcium oxalate.The accumulation of this salt was recorded as a result of differential thermal and chemical analysis gypsum stone exposed to mold fungi. In addition, the presence of calcium oxalate crystals in the pores of the gypsum stone was recorded microscopically.
Thus, the sparingly soluble calcium oxalate formed in the pores of the gypsum stone first causes a compaction of the material structure, and then contributes to an active decrease in
strength, due to the occurrence of significant tensile stress in the walls of the pores.
Gas chromatographic analysis of the extracted products of mycodestruction made it possible to establish the mechanism of biodamage of the polyester composite by mold fungi. As a result of the analysis, two main products of mycodestruction (A and C) were isolated. An analysis of the Kovacs retention indices showed that these substances contain polar functional groups. The calculation of the boiling points of the isolated compounds showed that for A it is 189200 C0, for C it is 425-460 C0. As a result, it can be assumed that compound A is ethylene glycol, and C is an oligomer of the composition [-(CH)20C(0)CH=CHC(0)0(CH)20-]n with n=5-7.
Thus, the mycodestruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the cleavage of bonds in the polymer matrix under the action of exoenzymes of mold fungi.
In the fourth chapter, a theoretical substantiation of the process of biodamage of building materials by mold fungi is given.
As experimental studies have shown, the kinetic growth curves of mold fungi on the surface of building materials are complex. To describe them, a two-stage kinetic model of population growth was proposed, according to which the interaction of the substrate with the catalytic centers inside the cell leads to the formation of metabolites and the doubling of these centers. On the basis of this model and in accordance with the Monod equation, a mathematical dependence was obtained, which makes it possible to determine the concentration of mold fungi metabolites (P) during the period of exponential growth:
where N0 is the amount of biomass in the system after the introduction of the inoculum; ¡us-
specific growth rate; S is the concentration of the limiting substrate; Ks is the affinity constant of the substrate for the microorganism; t - time.
The analysis of diffusion and degradation processes caused by the vital activity of mold fungi is similar to the corrosion destruction of building materials under the action of chemically aggressive environments. Therefore, to characterize the destructive processes caused by the vital activity of mold fungi, models were used that describe the diffusion of chemically aggressive media into the structure of building materials. Since in the course of experimental studies it was found that dense building materials (polyester and epoxy composite) have a width
diffuse zone is small, then to estimate the depth of penetration of metabolites into the structure of these materials, one can use the model of liquid diffusion into a semi-infinite space. According to it, the width of the diffuse zone can be calculated by the formula:
where k(t) is the coefficient that determines the change in the concentration of metabolites inside the material; B - diffusion coefficient; I - duration of degradation.
In porous building materials (gypsum concrete, gypsum stone), metabolites penetrate to a large extent; therefore, their total transfer into the structure of these materials can be
estimated by the formula: (e) _ ^
where Uf is the filtration rate of the aggressive medium.
Based on the method of degradation functions and experimental results of the study, mathematical dependencies were found that allow determining the degradation function of the bearing capacity of centrally loaded elements (B(KG)) through the initial modulus of elasticity (E0) and the material structure index (n).
For porous materials: d / dl _ 1 + E0p.
For dense materials, the residual value of the modulus is characteristic
pgE, (E, + £■ ") + n (2E0 + £, 0) + 2 | - + 1 elasticity (Ea) therefore: ___I E "
(2 + E0n) - (2 + Eap)
The obtained functions make it possible to assess the degradation of building materials in aggressive environments with a given reliability and to predict the change in the bearing capacity of centrally loaded elements under conditions of biological corrosion.
In the fifth chapter, taking into account the established regularities, it is proposed to use complex modifiers that significantly increase the fungus resistance of building materials and improve their physical and mechanical properties.
To increase the fungus resistance of cement concretes, it is proposed to use a fungicidal modifier, which is a mixture of superplasticizers C-3 (30%) and SB-3 (70%) with the addition of inorganic hardening accelerators (CaCl2, No. N03, Nag804). It is shown that the introduction of 0.3 wt % of a mixture of superplasticizers and 1 wt % of inorganic hardening accelerators makes it possible to completely
suppress the growth of mold fungi, increase the coefficient of fungus resistance by 14.5%, density by 1.0-1.5%, compressive strength by 2.8-6.1%, and also reduce porosity by 4.7-4 .8% and water absorption by 6.9 - 7.3%.
The fungicidal activity of gypsum materials (gypsum stone and gypsum concrete) was ensured by introducing superplasticizer SB-5 into their composition at a concentration of 0.2–0.25% wt. stone by 38.8 38.9%.
Efficient compositions of polymer composites based on polyester (PN-63) and epoxy (K-153) binders filled with quartz sand and production wastes (wastes of enrichment-iron quartzites (tailings) of LGOK and dust of electrostatic precipitators of OEMK) with organosilicon additives (tetraethoxysilane and Irganoks ""). These compositions have fungicidal properties, high coefficient of fungus resistance and increased compressive and tensile strength. In addition, they have a high coefficient of stability in solutions of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
The technical and economic efficiency of the use of cement and gypsum materials with increased fungus resistance is due to an increase in the durability and reliability of building products and structures based on them, operated in biologically aggressive environments. The compositions of cement concretes with fungicidal additives are introduced at the enterprise. JSC "KMA Proektzhilstroy" during the construction of basements.
The economic efficiency of the developed compositions of polymer composites in comparison with traditional polymer concretes is determined by the fact that they are filled with production waste, which significantly reduces their cost. In addition, products and structures based on them will eliminate molding and associated corrosion processes. The estimated economic effect from the introduction of a polyester composite amounted to 134.1 rubles. per 1 m3, and epoxy 86.2 rubles. per 1 m3.
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 1. The fungus resistance of the most common components of building materials has been established. It is shown that the fungus resistance of mineral aggregates is determined by the content of aluminum and silicon oxides, i.e. activity module. It was revealed that non-mushroom resistant (fouling degree of 3 or more points according to method A, GOST 9.049-91) are mineral aggregates with an activity modulus of less than 0.215. Organic aggregates are characterized by low
fungus resistance due to the content in their composition of a significant amount of cellulose, which is a source of nutrition for mold fungi. The fungus resistance of mineral binders is determined by the pH value of the pore fluid. Low fungi resistance is typical for binders with pH=4-9. The fungus resistance of polymer binders is determined by their structure.
7. Functions have been obtained that allow, with a given reliability, to evaluate the degradation of dense and porous building materials in aggressive environments and predict a change in the bearing capacity
of centrally loaded elements under conditions of mycological corrosion.
8. The use of complex modifiers based on superplasticizers (SB-3, SB-5, S-3) and inorganic hardening accelerators (СаС12, NaN03, Na2S04) is proposed to increase the fungus resistance of cement concretes and gypsum materials.
9. Efficient compositions of polymer composites based on polyester resin PN-63 and epoxy compound K-153, filled with quartz sand and production waste, have been developed, which have increased fungus resistance and high strength characteristics. The estimated economic effect from the introduction of a polyester composite amounted to 134.1 rubles. per I m3, and epoxy 86.2 rubles. per 1 m3. .
1. Ogrel L.Yu., Shevtsova R.I., Shapovalov I.V., Prudnikova T.I., Mikhailova L.I. Biodamage of polyvinylchloride linoleum by mold fungi // Quality, safety, energy and resource saving in the building materials industry and construction on the threshold of the XXI century: Sat. report International scientific-practical. conf. - Belgorod: BelGTASM Publishing House, 2000. - 4.6 - S. 82-87.
2. Ogrel L.Yu., Shevtsova R.I., Shapovalov I.V., Prudnikova T.I. Biodamage of polymer concrete by micromycetes and Modern problems of technical, natural science and humanities knowledge: Sat. report II region, scientific-practical. conf. - Gubkin: Polygraph Publishing House. Center "Master-Garant", 2001. - S. 215-219.
3. Shapovalov I.V. Study of the biostability of gypsum and gypsum polymer materials // Modern problems of building materials science: Mater, dokl. III Intern. scientific-practical. conf. - schools - a seminar for young people, scientists, graduate students and doctoral students - Belgorod: BelGTASM Publishing House, 2001. - 4.1 - P. 125-129.
4. Shapovalov I.V., Ogrel L.Yu., Kosukhin M.M. Improving the fungus resistance of wood-filled cement composites // Ecology - education, science and industry: Sat. report International scientific method. conf. - Belgorod: BelGTASM Publishing House, 2002. -Ch.Z-S. 271-273.
5. Shapovalov I.V., Ogrel L.Yu., Kosukhin M.M. Fungicidal modifier of mineral building compositions // Problems and ways of creating composite materials and technologies from
secondary mineral resources: Sat. work, scientific-practical. semin. - Novokuznetsk: Publishing House of SibGIU, 2003. - S. 242-245. Shapovalov I.V., Ogrel L.Yu., Kosukhin M.M. The mechanism of mycodestruction of building gypsum // Vestnik BSTU im. V.G. Shukhov: Mater. International congr. "Modern technologies in the building materials industry and the construction industry" - Belgorod: Publishing House of BSTU, 2003. - No. 5 - P. 193-195. Kosukhin M.M., Ogrel L.Yu., Shapovalov I.V. Biostable modified concrete for hot humid climate conditions // Vestnik BSTU im. V.G. Shukhov: Mater. International congr. "Modern technologies in the industry of building materials and the construction industry" - Belgorod: Publishing House of BSTU, 2003. - No. 5 - P. 297-299.
Ogrel L.Yu., Yastribinskaya A.V., Shapovalov I.V., Manushkina E.V. Composite materials with improved performance characteristics and increased biostability // Building materials and products. (Ukraine) - 2003 - No. 9 - S. 24-26. Kosukhin M.M., Ogrel L.Yu., Pavlenko V.I., Shapovalov I.V. Bioresistant cement concretes with polyfunctional modifiers // Building materials. - 2003. - No. 11. - S. 4849.
Ed. persons. ID No. 00434 dated 11/10/99. Signed for publication on 25.11.03. Format 60x84/16 Conv. p.l. 1.1 Circulation 100 copies. ;\?l. ^ "16 5 Printed at the Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov 308012, Belgorod, Kostyukova st. 46
Introduction.
1. Biodamages and mechanisms of biodegradation of building materials. Problem state.
1.1 Biodamage agents.
1.2 Factors affecting the fungus resistance of building materials.
1.3 Mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials.
1.4 Ways to improve the fungus resistance of building materials.
2 Objects and methods of research.
2.1 Objects of study.
2.2 Research methods.
2.2.1 Physical and mechanical research methods.
2.2.2 Physical and chemical research methods.
2.2.3 Biological research methods.
2.2.4 Mathematical processing of research results.
3 Myodestruction of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders.
3.1. Mushroom resistance of the most important components of building materials.
3.1.1. Mushroom resistance of mineral aggregates.
3.1.2. Fungus resistance of organic aggregates.
3.1.3. Mushroom resistance of mineral and polymer binders.
3.2. Mushroom resistance of various types of building materials based on mineral and polymeric binders.
3.3. Kinetics of growth and development of mold fungi on the surface of gypsum and polymer composites.
3.4. Influence of metabolic products of micromycetes on the physical and mechanical properties of gypsum and polymer composites.
3.5. The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone.
3.6. Mechanism of mycodestruction of polyester composite.
Modeling the processes of mycodestruction of building materials.
4.1. Kinetic model of growth and development of mold fungi on the surface of building materials.
4.2. Diffusion of metabolites of micromycetes into the structure of dense and porous building materials.
4.3. Predicting the durability of building materials used in conditions of mycological aggression.
Improving the fungus resistance of building materials based on mineral and polymeric binders.
5.1 Cement concretes.
5.2 Gypsum materials.
5.3 Polymer composites.
5.4 Feasibility study of the effectiveness of the use of building materials with high fungus resistance.
Introduction 2003, dissertation on construction, Shapovalov, Igor Vasilyevich
The relevance of the work. The operation of building materials and products in real conditions is characterized by the presence of corrosion damage not only under the influence of environmental factors (temperature, humidity, chemically aggressive environments, various types of radiation), but also living organisms. Organisms that cause microbiological corrosion include bacteria, mold fungi and microscopic algae. The leading role in the processes of biodamage of building materials of various chemical nature, operated under conditions of high temperature and humidity, belongs to mold fungi (micromycetes). This is due to the rapid growth of their mycelium, the power and lability of the enzymatic apparatus. The result of the growth of micromycetes on the surface of building materials is a decrease in the physical, mechanical and operational characteristics of materials (reduction in strength, deterioration in adhesion between individual components of the material, etc.). In addition, the mass development of mold fungi leads to the smell of mold in residential premises, which can cause serious diseases, since among them there are species pathogenic to humans. So, according to the European Medical Society, the smallest doses of fungal poison that have entered the human body can cause the appearance of cancerous tumors in a few years.
In this regard, a comprehensive study of the processes of biodamage of building materials is necessary in order to increase their durability and reliability.
The work was carried out in accordance with the research program on the instructions of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation "Modeling of environmentally friendly and waste-free technologies"
Purpose and objectives of the study. The aim of the research was to establish patterns of mycodestruction of building materials and increase their fungus resistance.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: study of the fungus resistance of various building materials and their individual components; assessment of the intensity of diffusion of mold fungi metabolites into the structure of dense and porous building materials; determination of the nature of the change in the strength properties of building materials under the influence of mold metabolites; establishing the mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders; development of fungus-resistant building materials through the use of complex modifiers. Scientific novelty.
The relationship between the activity modulus and the fungus resistance of mineral aggregates of various chemical and mineralogical compositions is revealed, which consists in the fact that aggregates with an activity modulus of less than 0.215 are non-fungus resistant.
A classification of building materials according to fungus resistance is proposed, which makes it possible to conduct their targeted selection for operation in conditions of mycological aggression.
The patterns of diffusion of mold fungi metabolites into the structure of building materials with different densities were revealed. It has been shown that in dense materials metabolites are concentrated in the surface layer, while in materials with low density they are evenly distributed throughout the volume.
The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone and composites based on polyester resins has been established. It is shown that the corrosion destruction of gypsum stone is caused by the occurrence of tensile stress in the walls of the pores of the material due to the formation of organic calcium salts, which are products of the interaction of metabolites with calcium sulfate. The destruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the splitting of bonds in the polymer matrix under the action of exoenzymes of mold fungi.
The practical significance of the work.
A method is proposed for increasing the fungi resistance of building materials by using complex modifiers, which makes it possible to ensure fungicide and high physical and mechanical properties of materials.
Fungus-resistant compositions of building materials based on cement, gypsum, polyester and epoxy binders with high physical and mechanical characteristics have been developed.
Cement concrete compositions with high fungus resistance have been introduced at the OJSC KMA Proektzhilstroy.
The results of the dissertation work were used in the educational process at the course "Protection of building materials and structures against corrosion" for students of specialties 290300 - "Industrial and civil construction" and specialty 290500 - "Urban construction and economy".
Approbation of work. The results of the dissertation work were presented at the International Scientific and Practical Conference "Quality, safety, energy and resource saving in the building materials industry on the threshold of the XXI century" (Belgorod, 2000); II regional scientific-practical conference "Modern problems of technical, natural science and humanitarian knowledge" (Gubkin, 2001); III International scientific-practical conference - school-seminar of young scientists, graduate students and doctoral students "Modern problems of building materials science" (Belgorod, 2001); International Scientific and Practical Conference "Ecology - Education, Science and Industry" (Belgorod, 2002); Scientific and practical seminar "Problems and ways of creating composite materials from secondary mineral resources" (Novokuznetsk, 2003);
International congress "Modern technologies in the industry of building materials and building industry" (Belgorod, 2003).
Publications. The main provisions and results of the dissertation are presented in 9 publications.
Scope and structure of work. The dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, general conclusions, a list of references, including 181 titles, and appendices. The work is presented on 148 pages of typewritten text, including 21 tables, 20 figures and 4 appendices.
Conclusion thesis on the topic "Biodamage of building materials by mold fungi"
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
1. The fungus resistance of the most common components of building materials has been established. It is shown that the fungus resistance of mineral aggregates is determined by the content of aluminum and silicon oxides, i.e. activity module. It was revealed that non-mushroom resistant (fouling degree of 3 or more points according to method A, GOST 9.049-91) are mineral aggregates with an activity modulus of less than 0.215. Organic fillers are characterized by low fungal resistance due to the content of a significant amount of cellulose in their composition, which is a source of nutrition for mold fungi. The fungus resistance of mineral binders is determined by the pH value of the pore fluid. Low fungi resistance is typical for binders with pH=4-9. The fungus resistance of polymer binders is determined by their structure.
2. Based on the analysis of the intensity of mold fungi overgrowth of various types of building materials, their classification according to fungus resistance was proposed for the first time.
3. The composition of metabolites and the nature of their distribution in the structure of materials were determined. It is shown that the growth of mold fungi on the surface of gypsum materials (gypsum concrete and gypsum stone) is accompanied by active acid production, and on the surface of polymeric materials (epoxy and polyester composites) - by enzymatic activity. An analysis of the distribution of metabolites over the cross section of the samples showed that the width of the diffuse zone is determined by the porosity of the materials.
4. The nature of the change in the strength characteristics of building materials under the influence of mold fungi metabolites was revealed. Data have been obtained indicating that the decrease in the strength properties of building materials is determined by the penetration depth of metabolites, as well as the chemical nature and volumetric content of fillers. It is shown that in gypsum materials the entire volume undergoes degradation, while in polymer composites only surface layers are subjected to degradation.
5. The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone and polyester composite has been established. It is shown that the mycodestruction of gypsum stone is caused by the occurrence of tensile stress in the walls of the pores of the material due to the formation of organic calcium salts, which are products of the interaction of metabolites (organic acids) with calcium sulfate. Corrosion destruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the splitting of bonds in the polymer matrix under the action of exoenzymes of mold fungi.
6. Based on the Monod equation and a two-stage kinetic model of mold growth, a mathematical dependence was obtained that allows determining the concentration of mold fungi metabolites during exponential growth.
Functions have been obtained that allow, with a given reliability, to assess the degradation of dense and porous building materials in aggressive environments and to predict the change in the bearing capacity of centrally loaded elements under conditions of mycological corrosion.
The use of complex modifiers based on superplasticizers (SB-3, SB-5, S-3) and inorganic hardening accelerators (CaCl, Na > Yuz, La2804) is proposed to increase the fungus resistance of cement concretes and gypsum materials.
Efficient compositions of polymer composites based on polyester resin PN-63 and epoxy compound K-153, filled with quartz sand and production waste, possessing increased fungus resistance and high strength characteristics have been developed. The estimated economic effect from the introduction of a polyester composite amounted to 134.1 rubles. per 1 m, and epoxy 86.2 rubles. per 1 m3.
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Igor Shapovalov, head of the education department of the Belgorod region, has a lot of questions. So he was, one might say, a long-awaited and very important guest of the editorial board. After all, what could be more important than our children?
About the exam
- Igor Vasilyevich, let's start with the exam. This year the situation is not very convenient for graduates: universities have changed the lists of entrance examinations for some specialties, the requirements for passing the exam are being tightened, there are many disputes about essays ...
– Changes are not only in this. For example, universities were given the right to introduce additional tests. All this is not bad - and the fact that the list of exams has been expanded, and additional tests, but I believe that all changes should be introduced at the beginning school year and not in the second half. On the issue of the Unified State Examination, a new procedure for its conduct has already been approved. Video cameras, online surveillance, metal detectors at each exam point and other technical things related to information security. This is probably important, but psychologically it puts a lot of pressure on children, causes nervousness, excitement ... In general, in the 2013-2014 academic year, changes in conducting the exam only technical issues will be touched upon, the content of the exam will not change.
So you asked about the composition - this academic year everything will be the same as in the past. If there are changes, they will affect the 2015 graduates. Yes, there are heated debates: to remove a mini-essay from the exam in Russian language and literature, replacing it with a large one, or simply add a large essay as well ... My personal opinion is that you can’t put different things in one basket. It is one thing to test knowledge of spelling and punctuation, and another thing is whether a person knows how to express his thoughts on paper, reflect, draw some conclusions ... Probably, this should depend on the specialty for which the applicant enters.
- Now there is talk that, in addition to the results of the Unified State Examination, when entering universities, they will take into account the so-called portfolio of a school graduate - certificates, diplomas, etc. In your opinion, will this innovation cross out one of the main tasks pursued by the supporters of the Unified State Examination, – to defeat corruption in admission to universities? After all, the results of the exam are numbers, and the volume and quality of the dossier are quite subjective things ...
- So far, there are no regulatory documents that would allow taking into account not only the results of the Unified State Examination, but also extracurricular achievements of schoolchildren, for which additional points will be added. Currently, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation is preparing a procedure for admission of applicants to higher educational institutions, which, we hope, will present a system for recording the individual achievements of students. In particular, points will be added to applicants if they become winners and prize-winners at the regional level of the All-Russian Subject Olympiads.
According to federal standards
– The project “Our New School” is being implemented in the Belgorod Region. Have you already summed up its results for 2013?
– Implementation of the main directions of the national educational initiative"Our New School" in 2013 was held in the context of the introduction of the new Federal Law No. 273-FZ "On Education in the Russian Federation" and the Strategy for the Development of Preschool, General and additional education Belgorod region for 2013-2020. So I can say with confidence that the system of general and additional education in the region has moved to a qualitatively new level of innovative development.
The introduction of federal state educational standards (FSES), the main goal of which is to improve the quality of education and upbringing, remains a strategic direction for the modernization of education. In 2012, the Belgorod Region started implementing the Federal State Educational Standard general education, although the mass regular mode of introducing these standards will begin on September 1, 2015. Now more than 45,000 primary school students study according to the Federal State Educational Standard. There are more than 4,000 pupils in the fifth and sixth grades. In total, 49,448 Belgorod schoolchildren study according to the new standards, or 36.2 percent of the total number of students, which is 5,966 people more than the established federal requirements.
Changes also affected the system teacher education, development of teacher potential, additional vocational education. In the region, the infrastructure of advanced pedagogical education is being created during the entire period of the teacher's professional activity. The Institute for the Development of Education in the Belgorod Region has developed innovative, student-centered approaches to this issue.
An efficient form of enrichment teaching practice“Methodical train” of the regional club “Teacher of the Year” became innovative ideas. The club unites winners and laureates of professional competitions, including competitive selection within the framework of the national project "Education". Within its framework, the School of Methodological Excellence for Young Teachers "Start" operates. The winners, laureates of the competition and members of the Nachalo School became part of the All-Russian Open Video Forum Young Teacher in the Social Vector of Russia. In July 2013, young teachers of the region took part in the All-Russian Youth Forum "Seliger-2013". In 2013, a remote examination was carried out professional achievements and certification of teachers for qualification categories, 5354 teachers passed it (in 2012 - 4412), including 2587 teachers general education schools, which is 22.1 percent of their total. Belgorod experience "The use of automated technologies in the certification procedure for teachers" in October 2013 was recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for inclusion in the All-Russian Bank of the best practices for the modernization of regional education systems.
– New federal standards introduced for preschool education…
Yes, for the first time in Russian history fateful event was the approval in accordance with federal law"On Education in the Russian Federation" Federal State Educational Standard for Preschool Education. They guarantee equality of opportunity in obtaining quality preschool education; the level and quality of education based on the unity of requirements for the conditions for the implementation of basic educational programs; maintaining the unity of the educational space in the country regarding the level of preschool education, which is independent in the system of general education. A working group has been created in the Belgorod Region, a roadmap for the introduction of standards has been developed, the head of the department of preschool education has become a member of the working group of the Coordinating Council for the introduction of the Federal State Educational Standard for Preschool Education of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia. The introduction of preschool education standards in the regular mode will be carried out from September 1, 2014.
In the near future we will defend this project at a government meeting. But for its implementation, conditions are needed. We analyzed the state of kindergartens in the Belgorod region - 21 percent do not meet these conditions. In order to solve this problem in the conditions of budget deficit, we took the path of integrating the resources of schools and kindergartens. For the last two years we have been supporting small schools. About one and a half billion rubles from the regional, municipal and federal budgets were directed to these needs. And it turned out that schools now look better than kindergartens. We considered the issue of forming schools with a preschool group. Thus, all the resources of schools - assembly and sports halls, equipment, teaching staff - work on kindergarten.
Since September 1, 2013, in fact, there has been a quiet revolution. In fact, all children from five to 17 years old became schoolchildren. Because de jure children of five or six years old are covered by primary school education - preschool. From September 1, 2014, 50 kindergartens in the region will be integrated with schools.
About "extracurricular" and textbooks
- And one more question related to the introduction of the Federal State Educational Standard. The new educational standards involve daily extracurricular activities - that is, in fact, children after school are busy for another two or three hours at school. This is convenient and useful for those who do not go to any circles or sections. But there are situations when children who play sports, in music school etc., it turns out that they have practically no free time left, they are forced to miss classes, training. How to be parents in this situation?
- It all depends on the particular school. Now the key link in the education system is the school, the child and his parents. And they have the right to choose. For example, in elementary school, 30 percent of all teaching hours are parental choice. This is written in the standard. Plus "out of school" - 60 percent of the hours should also be organized based on the choice of parents. But a lot of people don't even know about it!
In general, the new Federal State Educational Standards give more freedom to choose. School education consists of two blocks. The first is the actual educational activity, 37 hours a week, taking into account the fact that in high school students should have subjects of their choice. The second block is extracurricular activities up to 10 hours a week. It is organized in different areas - physical culture, sports and health, spiritual and moral, social, general intellectual, general cultural. This is where parents face a problem: there are children who are engaged in circles, sections, a music school, and they are forced to stay for extracurricular activities. As a result, indeed, children practically do not have free time even for preparing homework. From the point of view of the school, this position of teachers can be explained simply: the more children a teacher has in a group, the more hours, respectively, the higher the salary. What to do? First of all, remember that parents should not feel that they are powerless in this situation. They have the right to raise the issue of organizing extracurricular activities according to an individual plan by submitting an application to the principal of the school or the chairman of the governing board of the educational institution. If the situation is not resolved with their help, then you need to contact the department of education. There is a page on the department's website for sending citizens' appeals, and, believe me, we always respond very quickly to each such appeal.
– Can extracurricular activities be used as preparation for exams?
Not only is it possible, but it is necessary! Many schools do just that, organizing additional classes to prepare for the USE and GIA for high school students. And this solves many problems, for example, parents do not need to pay money to tutors. But everything must be done wisely. 37 study hours plus 10 "out of class" hours, that's 47 hours a week. Not every child is able to withstand such a load.
What about modern textbooks? Even teachers note that they are not written for children, it is very difficult to teach them. Schoolchildren do not perceive information presented in boring, memorized language.
- I completely agree with you. For example, my wife teaches biology at school. Children have always liked this subject, and in recent years it has become one of the most disliked lessons. They began to understand - it turned out that the matter was in the textbooks! And this can be said about many things!
Modern textbooks are overloaded with information that is not required for studying at school. Yes, science is now striding by leaps and bounds, the authors of textbooks are trying to keep up with it, but do children need it? Are they able to absorb all this information? Even if the textbooks say: “Complies with the Federal State Educational Standard”, most often this is just a cosmetic correction, but in fact the textbook has not been adapted to the new educational standards, which indicate the necessary amount of knowledge that a student should receive.
Therefore, we had the idea of a fundamental core of knowledge in each subject. After all, many textbooks are written by employees of the university sector and, indeed, are simply incomprehensible to children. In such cases, I always give an example, comparing Wikipedia and the Great Soviet encyclopedia. Wikipedia has thousands of times more views than TSB. Cause? Wikipedia is written by people themselves. Understandable language. Unfortunately, we do not have the right to write textbooks. But we can collect best practics work of teachers, and we are doing it now. We strive to write our pedagogical Wikipedia. We are creating a resource where any teacher in any subject can post their developments and recommendations for free, with copyright secured. These can be documents, presentations, fragments of a video lesson, and any other forms. And our Belgorod teachers have such masterpieces!
We became the initiators of the creation of the portal "Network School Belogorye", it is scheduled to launch on April 1. Now we are working out the rules of its work and the filling mechanism. The portal will be based on regional institute development of education.
Certainly, educational portals a lot on the internet. What is the feature of the Belogorye Network School? Firstly, registered users will be provided with all the multimedia features of the site - for example, full-fledged functionality for creating presentations, videos, etc. There is a mechanism that allows you to assign copyright to everyone who posts their materials. Any teacher can use the information posted on the portal to prepare a lesson. Yes, we have no right to write textbooks, but using a textbook is only a small part of how you can build a lesson! This path has found support in the Ministry of Education and Science. Many other regions of Russia have declared that they are ready to join our resource, which will be useful for teachers, students, and parents. He can become a kind electronic textbook, and it is convenient to use it for self-education. Especially in cases where children are forced to not attend school for a long time. The teacher visits homework children on average once a week. Is it possible in this case to talk about quality education?
Therefore, despite the difficult attitude towards electronic resources, I believe that their potential is far from being exhausted.
About electronic services
– At one of the meetings of the Government of Russia, Dmitry Medvedev gave several instructions regarding the field of education. For example, gradually withdraw from classes on the second shift, establish a system for tracking students who move to other schools in the second half of the academic year. How do you plan to carry out these assignments?
- The issue of tracking students who in the second half of the 11th grade move to other schools (the so-called USE-tourists) was raised at a meeting of heads of municipal education departments. The Department of Education of the region sends out letters, in accordance with which the municipal departments of education must ensure control and monitoring of the movement of "USE-tourists". And of course, our department will also monitor the "migration" of high school students, including with the help of law enforcement agencies. An interdepartmental working group was created, which included representatives of the police.
As for the gradual transition to training only in the first shift, the question is more complicated. According to the 28th article of the Law "On Education in the Russian Federation", the development and adoption of the internal regulations for students falls within the competence of the educational organization. Therefore, according to the law, only the school itself can decide this issue.
- Not so long ago, a portal of municipal services in the field of education was launched on the department's website. What services can you get with it?
- The portal is currently under construction. I think the work will be completed by March 1st. The most demanded services now are licensing of educational institutions and accreditation of educational programs. From January 1, 2014, it was decided to transfer this process to the maximum in electronic form in order to eliminate the corruption component, to minimize personal contacts between those who provide documents and those who accept them. It also makes paperwork easier. Other services - enrollment in educational institutions, current performance, final certification - so far less attention has been paid. Although the results of the GIA and the Unified State Examination are very popular information, it is also provided in electronic form.
The registration system for kindergartens was transferred to electronic form last year. Since January 1, 30 regions, including the Belgorod region, are participating in this project. Until April 1, all data will be uploaded to the federal information base.
Medals - to be!
- In the Belgorod region, a survey was conducted on whether it is necessary to keep school medals ...
- I can say unequivocally: there will be school medals in the Belgorod region! We conducted a survey and, in principle, determined for ourselves that officials would not put a spoke in our wheels. General opinion: 80 percent of Belgorod residents are for medals. This is a brand, a symbol that has developed over many years.
The abolition of a medal is tantamount to the fact that, for example, an Olympic champion would be awarded a diploma or certificate, but would not be awarded a medal. Yes, it has lost its significance with the introduction of the Unified State Examination, but it should exist! We have developed a regulation on the basis of what results it is issued and what it should be. This provision is posted on the Department's website for public comment.
- And the last question - have the measures to support non-state kindergartens changed?
- This year, the principle of payment for kindergarten services has changed. From January 1, the regions took over the payment for the standard of educational services. The educational standard lays down how to educate, educate and socialize children. More than 2.5 billion rubles have been allocated for these purposes.
But services for supervision and care can be paid either from the funds of the municipalities, or with the help of the parental fee. What is supervision and care? According to the Family Code of the Russian Federation (Part 1 of Article 63), parents are responsible for the upbringing and development of their children. They are obliged to take care of their health, physical, mental, spiritual and moral development.
Our position is as follows: if parents delegate these functions to other specialists, institutions, they must pay for these services. But we understand that it is simply unrealistic to follow the path of 100% payment, for many families this is an unbearable amount. Therefore, more than 50 percent of the costs of supervision and care are borne by the municipalities, and parents pay the amount of 1,500 and 1,800 rubles, depending on where the kindergarten is located. Moreover, part of this fee is then returned to parents - 20 percent for one child attending kindergarten, 50 percent for the second and 70 percent for the third. This applies to municipal kindergartens.
In private gardens, the situation is different. Firstly, parents can send their children to such kindergartens from two months. This is a very difficult period, costly, specific, so we do not try to create unnecessary conditions to separate children from their parents in such early age. And for those who do not have the opportunity to be near children during this period, we are looking for alternative forms of preschool education. The most common are non-state kindergartens, full-fledged and care and supervision groups. And we support this private sector.
Licensed kindergartens can choose their own support methods: the opportunity to receive payment for services from the parents themselves, or as a return of a certain amount from the budget to the institutions. But then they have to reduce the parental fee by the same amount.
In previous years, private kindergartens had the opportunity to receive assistance from the Small Business Support Fund, where grants of 1 million rubles were issued to create conditions, purchase equipment, and so on. Six entrepreneurs took advantage of this opportunity. Plus, there are tax incentives, a zero rate on property tax.
And as a result, we are in the top ten subjects of the Russian Federation, where the non-state sector of preschool education is best developed.
The problem is this: there are many parents who attend non-state kindergartens, but are not removed from the queue for a municipal kindergarten. We understand them: for many, this is just a temporary measure that allows them to wait out, wait in line for a municipal kindergarten. And by law, we cannot force them to withdraw from the queue.
Interviewed by Elena Melnikova
1. Biodamages and mechanisms of biodegradation of building materials. Problem state.
1.1 Biodamage agents.
1.2 Factors affecting the fungus resistance of building materials.
1.3 Mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials.
1.4 Ways to improve the fungus resistance of building materials.
2 Objects and methods of research.
2.1 Objects of study.
2.2 Research methods.
2.2.1 Physical and mechanical research methods.
2.2.2 Physical and chemical research methods.
2.2.3 Biological research methods.
2.2.4 Mathematical processing of research results.
3 Myodestruction of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders.
3.1. Mushroom resistance of the most important components of building materials.
3.1.1. Mushroom resistance of mineral aggregates.
3.1.2. Fungus resistance of organic aggregates.
3.1.3. Mushroom resistance of mineral and polymer binders.
3.2. Mushroom resistance of various types of building materials based on mineral and polymeric binders.
3.3. Kinetics of growth and development of mold fungi on the surface of gypsum and polymer composites.
3.4. Influence of metabolic products of micromycetes on the physical and mechanical properties of gypsum and polymer composites.
3.5. The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone.
3.6. Mechanism of mycodestruction of polyester composite.
Modeling the processes of mycodestruction of building materials.
4.1. Kinetic model of growth and development of mold fungi on the surface of building materials.
4.2. Diffusion of metabolites of micromycetes into the structure of dense and porous building materials.
4.3. Predicting the durability of building materials used in conditions of mycological aggression.
Improving the fungus resistance of building materials based on mineral and polymeric binders.
5.1 Cement concretes.
5.2 Gypsum materials.
5.3 Polymer composites.
5.4 Feasibility study of the effectiveness of the use of building materials with high fungus resistance.
Recommended list of dissertations
Improving the Efficiency of Building Polymer Composites Used in Aggressive Environments 2006, Doctor of Technical Sciences Ogrel, Larisa Yurievna
Composites based on cement and gypsum binders with the addition of biocidal preparations based on guanidine 2011, candidate of technical sciences Spirin, Vadim Aleksandrovich
Biodegradation and bioprotection of building composites 2011, candidate of technical sciences Dergunova, Anna Vasilievna
Ecological and physiological aspects of destruction by micromycetes of compositions with controlled fungus resistance based on natural and synthetic polymers 2005, Candidate of Biological Sciences Kryazhev, Dmitry Valerievich
Waterproof gypsum composite materials using technogenic raw materials 2015, Doctor of Technical Sciences Chernysheva, Natalya Vasilievna
Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "Biodamage of building materials by mold fungi"
The relevance of the work. The operation of building materials and products in real conditions is characterized by the presence of corrosion damage not only under the influence of environmental factors (temperature, humidity, chemically aggressive environments, various types of radiation), but also living organisms. Organisms that cause microbiological corrosion include bacteria, mold fungi and microscopic algae. The leading role in the processes of biodamage of building materials of various chemical nature, operated under conditions of high temperature and humidity, belongs to mold fungi (micromycetes). This is due to the rapid growth of their mycelium, the power and lability of the enzymatic apparatus. The result of the growth of micromycetes on the surface of building materials is a decrease in the physical, mechanical and operational characteristics of materials (reduction in strength, deterioration in adhesion between individual components of the material, etc.). In addition, the mass development of mold fungi leads to the smell of mold in residential premises, which can cause serious diseases, since among them there are species pathogenic to humans. So, according to the European Medical Society, the smallest doses of fungal poison that have entered the human body can cause the appearance of cancerous tumors in a few years.
In this regard, a comprehensive study of the processes of biodamage of building materials is necessary in order to increase their durability and reliability.
The work was carried out in accordance with the research program on the instructions of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation "Modeling of environmentally friendly and waste-free technologies"
Purpose and objectives of the study. The aim of the research was to establish patterns of mycodestruction of building materials and increase their fungus resistance.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: study of the fungus resistance of various building materials and their individual components; assessment of the intensity of diffusion of mold fungi metabolites into the structure of dense and porous building materials; determination of the nature of the change in the strength properties of building materials under the influence of mold metabolites; establishing the mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders; development of fungus-resistant building materials through the use of complex modifiers. Scientific novelty.
The relationship between the activity modulus and the fungus resistance of mineral aggregates of various chemical and mineralogical compositions is revealed, which consists in the fact that aggregates with an activity modulus of less than 0.215 are non-fungus resistant.
A classification of building materials according to fungus resistance is proposed, which makes it possible to conduct their targeted selection for operation in conditions of mycological aggression.
The patterns of diffusion of mold fungi metabolites into the structure of building materials with different densities were revealed. It has been shown that in dense materials metabolites are concentrated in the surface layer, while in materials with low density they are evenly distributed throughout the volume.
The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone and composites based on polyester resins has been established. It is shown that the corrosion destruction of gypsum stone is caused by the occurrence of tensile stress in the walls of the pores of the material due to the formation of organic calcium salts, which are products of the interaction of metabolites with calcium sulfate. The destruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the splitting of bonds in the polymer matrix under the action of exoenzymes of mold fungi.
The practical significance of the work.
A method is proposed for increasing the fungi resistance of building materials by using complex modifiers, which makes it possible to ensure fungicide and high physical and mechanical properties of materials.
Fungus-resistant compositions of building materials based on cement, gypsum, polyester and epoxy binders with high physical and mechanical characteristics have been developed.
Cement concrete compositions with high fungus resistance have been introduced at the OJSC KMA Proektzhilstroy.
The results of the dissertation work were used in the educational process at the course "Protection of building materials and structures against corrosion" for students of specialties 290300 - "Industrial and civil construction" and specialty 290500 - "Urban construction and economy".
Approbation of work. The results of the dissertation work were presented at the International Scientific and Practical Conference "Quality, safety, energy and resource saving in the building materials industry on the threshold of the XXI century" (Belgorod, 2000); II regional scientific-practical conference "Modern problems of technical, natural science and humanitarian knowledge" (Gubkin, 2001); III International scientific-practical conference - school-seminar of young scientists, graduate students and doctoral students "Modern problems of building materials science" (Belgorod, 2001); International Scientific and Practical Conference "Ecology - Education, Science and Industry" (Belgorod, 2002); Scientific and practical seminar "Problems and ways of creating composite materials from secondary mineral resources" (Novokuznetsk, 2003);
International congress "Modern technologies in the industry of building materials and building industry" (Belgorod, 2003).
Publications. The main provisions and results of the dissertation are presented in 9 publications.
Scope and structure of work. The dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, general conclusions, a list of references, including 181 titles, and appendices. The work is presented on 148 pages of typewritten text, including 21 tables, 20 figures and 4 appendices.
Similar theses in the specialty "Building materials and products", 05.23.05 VAK code
Stability of bituminous materials under the influence of soil microorganisms 2006, candidate of technical sciences Pronkin, Sergey Petrovich
Biological destruction and increasing the biostability of building materials 2000, candidate of technical sciences Morozov, Evgeniy Anatolyevich
Screening of environmentally friendly means of protecting PVC materials from biodamage by micromycetes based on the study of the production of indolyl-3-acetic acid 2002, candidate of biological sciences Simko, Marina Viktorovna
Structure and mechanical properties of hybrid composite materials based on Portland cement and unsaturated polyester oligomer 2006, Candidate of Technical Sciences Drozhzhin, Dmitry Alexandrovich
Ecological aspects of biodamage by micromycetes of building materials of civil buildings in an urban environment: On the example of the city of Nizhny Novgorod 2004, candidate of biological sciences Struchkova, Irina Valerievna
Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Building materials and products", Shapovalov, Igor Vasilyevich
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
1. The fungus resistance of the most common components of building materials has been established. It is shown that the fungus resistance of mineral aggregates is determined by the content of aluminum and silicon oxides, i.e. activity module. It was revealed that non-mushroom resistant (fouling degree of 3 or more points according to method A, GOST 9.049-91) are mineral aggregates with an activity modulus of less than 0.215. Organic fillers are characterized by low fungal resistance due to the content of a significant amount of cellulose in their composition, which is a source of nutrition for mold fungi. The fungus resistance of mineral binders is determined by the pH value of the pore fluid. Low fungi resistance is typical for binders with pH=4-9. The fungus resistance of polymer binders is determined by their structure.
2. Based on the analysis of the intensity of mold fungi overgrowth of various types of building materials, their classification according to fungus resistance was proposed for the first time.
3. The composition of metabolites and the nature of their distribution in the structure of materials were determined. It is shown that the growth of mold fungi on the surface of gypsum materials (gypsum concrete and gypsum stone) is accompanied by active acid production, and on the surface of polymeric materials (epoxy and polyester composites) - by enzymatic activity. An analysis of the distribution of metabolites over the cross section of the samples showed that the width of the diffuse zone is determined by the porosity of the materials.
4. The nature of the change in the strength characteristics of building materials under the influence of mold fungi metabolites was revealed. Data have been obtained indicating that the decrease in the strength properties of building materials is determined by the penetration depth of metabolites, as well as the chemical nature and volumetric content of fillers. It is shown that in gypsum materials the entire volume undergoes degradation, while in polymer composites only surface layers are subjected to degradation.
5. The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone and polyester composite has been established. It is shown that the mycodestruction of gypsum stone is caused by the occurrence of tensile stress in the walls of the pores of the material due to the formation of organic calcium salts, which are products of the interaction of metabolites (organic acids) with calcium sulfate. Corrosion destruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the splitting of bonds in the polymer matrix under the action of exoenzymes of mold fungi.
6. Based on the Monod equation and a two-stage kinetic model of mold growth, a mathematical dependence was obtained that allows determining the concentration of mold fungi metabolites during exponential growth.
Functions have been obtained that allow, with a given reliability, to assess the degradation of dense and porous building materials in aggressive environments and to predict the change in the bearing capacity of centrally loaded elements under conditions of mycological corrosion.
The use of complex modifiers based on superplasticizers (SB-3, SB-5, S-3) and inorganic hardening accelerators (CaCl, Na > Yuz, La2804) is proposed to increase the fungus resistance of cement concretes and gypsum materials.
Efficient compositions of polymer composites based on polyester resin PN-63 and epoxy compound K-153, filled with quartz sand and production waste, possessing increased fungus resistance and high strength characteristics have been developed. The estimated economic effect from the introduction of a polyester composite amounted to 134.1 rubles. per 1 m, and epoxy 86.2 rubles. per 1 m3.
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New changes to the order were made by the governor of the region Yevgeny Savchenko. As long as they are advisory. Belgorod residents are advised not to leave their homes, with the exception of going to the nearest store, walking pets at a distance not exceeding 100 meters from their place of residence, taking out the garbage, applying for an emergency medical care and commuting. Recall that as of March 30, 4 cases of...
Over the past day, three more patients with coronavirus have been identified in the Belgorod region. This was reported in the regional health department. Now there are four patients in the region who have been diagnosed with COVID-19. As Irina Nikolaeva, deputy head of the department of health and social protection of the population of the Belgorod region, said, four of the sick people are men aged 38 to 59 years. These are residents of the Belgorod district, Alekseevsky and Sheba ...
In Stary Oskol, in the garage of a 39-year-old local resident, the police liquidated a greenhouse for growing hemp. According to the regional Ministry of Internal Affairs, the man created optimal conditions for growing a drug-containing plant in the room: he equipped heating, installed lamps and a fan. In addition, the police found more than five kilograms of marijuana and parts of hemp plants intended for sale in the oskolchan's garage. As for illegal sale...
Mayor Yury Galdun said on his page on the social network that only hand in hand with the townspeople can stop violations. “Today we checked the objects of the service sector. Of the 98 checked, 94 were closed. For four, materials were collected for further prosecution. The list is constantly updated thanks to calls from caring citizens. This work will continue tomorrow. Call 112," the mayor warned. See also: ● In Belgorod, cunning...
Hotlines to prevent the spread of coronavirus infection have been launched in the Belgorod Region. Specialists of the Department of Health and Social Protection of the Population additionally call Belgorod residents who crossed the Russian border and talk about the need to spend two weeks in self-isolation. Volunteers, along with doctors and social workers, visit elderly Belgorod residents who are at risk of infection at home....
In Belgorod, a criminal case was opened against a 37-year-old local resident who beat two traffic police officers. According to the Investigative Committee, on the evening of March 28, in the village of Dubovoye, traffic police inspectors stopped an Audi driver who had violated traffic rules. During communication and verification of documents, it turned out that the motorist was drunk and deprived of a driver's license. Wanting to avoid responsibility, the suspect punched one inspector in the face, and...
According to weather forecasts, on March 31 in the Belgorod region it will be cloudy with clearings. There will be some light snow showers and rain showers. The wind will blow from the northwest with gusts up to 16 mph. The air temperature at night will be 0-5 degrees Celsius, in the lowlands up to 3 degrees below zero. During the day, the air will warm up to 4-9 degrees.
The media is circulating reports that the coronavirus may be transmitted from person to animal. The reason was information about a deceased cat from Hong Kong, who was allegedly struck by CoViD-19. We decided to ask Belgorod veterinarians how to protect our pet and ourselves from a dangerous virus. Svetlana Buchneva, a veterinarian at the Kotenok Gav veterinary clinic, answered our questions. There are rumors that the coronavirus is transmitted from person to animal...
This was stated in the regional department of construction and transport. Oleg Mantulin, secretary of the regional Security Council, made a proposal to temporarily limit bus communication with the Voronezh and Kursk regions at a meeting of the coordinating council last Friday. He proposed to introduce such restrictions from March 30 for two weeks. As stated in the relevant department, the organization of interregional communication is under the supervision of the Ministry of...
