Download exemplary programs of physics fgos. Exemplary program of basic general education in physics. Basic general education

Moscow, "Enlightenment", 2007

General programs educational institutions. Physics grades 10-11. Saenko P. G.
The collection contains an exemplary program for grades 10 - 11 of the basic and profile levels, as well as programs for four parallel sets of textbooks: "Physics, 10-11" by P. G. Saenko - a basic level of; "Physics 10" ed. G. Ya. Myakishev, B. B. Bukhovtsev, N. N. Sotsky and "Physics - 10" auth. G. Ya. Myakishev, B. B. Bukhovtsev. "Physics 10 - 11" ed. N. V. Sharonova. "Physics 10-11" ed. A. A. Pinsky, O. F. Kabardin.

Sample program
secondary (complete) general education

10-11 GRADES

(A basic level of)

Explanatory note

Document status
An exemplary program in physics is based on the federal component of the State Standard for Secondary (Complete) General Education.
Sample program specifies the content of the subject topics of the educational standard at the basic level; gives an approximate distribution of teaching hours by sections of the course and the recommended sequence for studying sections of physics, taking into account inter-subject and intra-subject communications, logic educational process, age characteristics of students; defines the minimum set of experiments demonstrated by the teacher in the classroom, laboratory and practical work performed by students.
An exemplary program is a guideline for compiling author's curricula and textbooks, and can also be used in the thematic planning of a course by a teacher. Authors of textbooks and teaching aids, teachers of physics can offer options for programs that differ from the exemplary program in the sequence of studying topics, a list of demonstration experiments and frontal laboratory work. They can reveal in more detail the content of the material being studied, as well as ways to form a system of knowledge, skills and methods of activity, development and socialization of students. Thus, an exemplary program contributes to the preservation of a single educational space without constraining the creative initiative of teachers, provides ample opportunities for the implementation different approaches to the design of the curriculum.
Document structure
An exemplary program in physics includes three sections: an explanatory note; the main content with an approximate distribution of teaching hours by sections of the course, the recommended sequence for studying topics and sections; requirements for the level of training of graduates.
General characteristics of the subject
Physics as the science of the most general laws nature, acting as a school subject, makes a significant contribution to the system of knowledge about the world around. It reveals the role of science in the economic and cultural development of society, contributes to the formation of a modern scientific worldview. To solve the problems of forming the foundations of a scientific worldview, developing intellectual abilities and cognitive interests schoolchildren in the process of studying physics, the main attention should be paid not to transferring the amount of ready-made knowledge, but to getting acquainted with the methods scientific knowledge the world around, posing problems that require students to work independently to resolve them. We emphasize that it is planned to familiarize schoolchildren with the methods of scientific knowledge when studying all sections of the physics course, and not only when studying the special section "Physics and methods of scientific knowledge".
The humanitarian significance of physics as an integral part of general education lies in the fact that it equips the student scientific method of knowledge, allowing to obtain objective knowledge about the world around.
Knowledge of physical laws is necessary for the study of chemistry, biology, physical geography, technology, life safety.
Physics course in the approximate program of the secondary (full) general education structured on the basis of physical theories: mechanics, molecular physics, electrodynamics, electromagnetic oscillations and waves, quantum physics.
A feature of the subject "physics" in the curriculum educational school is the fact that mastering the basic physical concepts and laws at a basic level has become necessary for almost every person in modern life.
The goals of studying physics
The study of physics in secondary (complete) educational institutions at the basic level is aimed at achieving the following goals:
assimilation of knowledge about the fundamental physical laws and principles underlying the modern physical picture of the world; the most important discoveries in the field of physics, which had a decisive influence on the development of engineering and technology; methods of scientific knowledge of nature;
mastery of skills conduct observations, plan and perform experiments, put forward hypotheses and build models, apply the knowledge gained in physics to explain a variety of physical phenomena and properties of substances; practical use of physical knowledge; evaluate the reliability of natural scientific information;
development cognitive interests, intellectual and creative abilities in the process of acquiring knowledge and skills in physics using various sources of information and modern information technologies;
upbringing conviction in the possibility of knowing the laws of nature, using the achievements of physics for the benefit of the development of human civilization; in the need for cooperation in the process of joint performance of tasks, respect for the opinion of the opponent when discussing problems of natural science content; readiness for a moral and ethical assessment of the use scientific achievements; sense of responsibility to protect environment;
use of acquired knowledge and skills for solving practical problems of everyday life, ensuring the safety of one's own life, rational use of natural resources and environmental protection.
The place of the subject in the curriculum
Federal Basic Curriculum for Educational Institutions Russian Federation dedicates 140 hours to compulsory study physics at the basic level of the stage of secondary (complete) general education, including in grades 10-11, 70 teaching hours at the rate of 2 teaching hours per week. The exemplary programs provide for a reserve of free study time in the amount of 14 study hours for the implementation of author's approaches, the use of various forms of organization of the educational process, the introduction modern methods training and pedagogical technologies taking into account local conditions.
General educational skills, skills and methods of activity
The exemplary program provides for the formation of schoolchildren's general educational skills, universal methods of activity and key competencies. The priorities for the school physics course at the stage of basic general education are:
Cognitive activity:
the use of various natural scientific methods for understanding the world around us: observation, measurement, experiment, modeling;
the formation of skills to distinguish between facts, hypotheses, causes, consequences, evidence, laws, theories;
mastering adequate methods for solving theoretical and experimental problems;
acquiring the experience of putting forward hypotheses to explain known facts and to experimentally test the put forward hypotheses.
Information and communication activities:
possession of monologue and dialogic speech, the ability to understand the point of view of the interlocutor and recognize the right to a different opinion;
use of various sources of information for solving cognitive and communicative problems.
Reflective activity:
possession of the skills of monitoring and evaluating one's activities, the ability to foresee the possible results of one's actions:
organization of educational activities: setting goals, planning, determining the optimal ratio of goals and means.
Learning Outcomes
The obligatory results of studying the course "Physics" are given in the section "Requirements for the level of graduates' training", which fully complies with the standard. The requirements are aimed at the implementation of activity and personality-oriented approaches; development by students of intellectual and practical activities; mastering the knowledge and skills necessary in everyday life, allowing you to navigate in the world around you, significant for the preservation of the environment and health.
The heading "Know/Understand" includes the requirements for educational material that is learned and reproduced by students. Graduates should understand the meaning of the studied physical concepts, physical quantities and laws.
The “To be able” section includes requirements based on more complex activities, including creative ones: describe and explain physical phenomena and properties of bodies; distinguish hypotheses from scientific theories; draw conclusions based on experimental data; give examples of the practical use of the acquired knowledge; perceive and independently evaluate the information contained in the media, the Internet, popular science articles.
Under the heading “Use the acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and Everyday life» presents requirements that go beyond the educational process and are aimed at solving various life problems.

MAIN CONTENT (140 h)

Physics and methods of scientific knowledge (4 hours)

Physics is the science of nature. Scientific methods of cognition of the surrounding world and their difference from other methods of cognition. The role of experiment and theory in the process of cognition of nature. Modeling of physical phenomena and processes. scientific hypotheses. Physical laws. Physical theories. Limits of applicability of physical laws and theories. The principle of conformity. The main elements of the physical picture of the world.

Mechanics (32 hours)

Mechanical movement and its types. Relativity of mechanical motion. Rectilinear uniformly accelerated motion. Galileo's principle of relativity. Laws of dynamics. Universal gravitation. Conservation laws in mechanics. The predictive power of laws classical mechanics. The use of the laws of mechanics to explain the motion of celestial bodies and to advance space research. Limits of applicability of classical mechanics.
Demonstrations
Dependence of the body's trajectory on the choice of reference system.
Falling bodies in air and in vacuum.
The phenomenon of inertia.
Comparison of masses of interacting bodies.
Newton's second law.
Measurement of forces.
Composition of forces.
Dependence of the elastic force on the deformation.
Forces of friction.
Conditions for the equilibrium of bodies.
Jet propulsion.
Conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy and vice versa.
Laboratory works
Acceleration measurement free fall.
The study of the motion of a body under the action of a constant force.
The study of the motion of bodies in a circle under the action of gravity and elasticity.
Study of elastic and inelastic collisions of bodies.
Conservation of mechanical energy when a body moves under the action of gravity and elasticity.
Comparison of the work of a force with change kinetic energy body.

Molecular physics (27 h)

The emergence of the atomistic hypothesis of the structure of matter and its experimental evidence. Absolute temperature as a measure of the average kinetic energy of the thermal motion of particles of matter. Ideal gas model. Gas pressure. The equation of state for an ideal gas. Structure and properties of liquids and solids.
The laws of thermodynamics. Order and chaos. Irreversibility of thermal processes. Thermal engines and environmental protection.
Demonstrations
mechanical model brownian motion.
Change in gas pressure with temperature change at constant volume.
Change in the volume of a gas with a change in temperature at constant pressure.
Change in the volume of a gas with a change in pressure at a constant temperature.
Boiling water at reduced pressure.
The device of the psychrometer and hygrometer.
The phenomenon of surface tension of a liquid.
Crystalline and amorphous bodies.
Volumetric models of the structure of crystals.
Models of heat engines.
Laboratory works
Measurement of air humidity.
Measurement of the specific heat of melting of ice.
Measurement of the surface tension of a liquid.

Electrodynamics (35 hours)

elementary electric charge. The law of conservation of electric charge. Electric field. Electricity. Ohm's law for a complete circuit. The magnetic field of the current. Plasma. Action magnetic field to moving charged particles. The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. Interrelation of electric and magnetic fields. Free electromagnetic oscillations. Electromagnetic field.
Electromagnetic waves. Wave properties of light. Different kinds electromagnetic radiation and their practical application.
Laws of propagation of light. Optical devices.
Demonstrations
Electrometer.
conductors in an electric field.
Dielectrics in an electric field.
The energy of a charged capacitor.
Electrical measuring instruments.
Magnetic interaction of currents.
Deflection of an electron beam by a magnetic field.
Magnetic recording of sound.
Dependence of the EMF of induction on the rate of change of the magnetic flux.
Free electromagnetic oscillations.
AC waveform.
Alternator.
Radiation and reception of electromagnetic waves.
Reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves.
Light interference.
Diffraction of light.
Obtaining a spectrum using a prism.
Obtaining a spectrum using a diffraction grating.
polarization of light.
Rectilinear propagation, reflection and refraction of light.
Optical devices.
Laboratory works
Measurement electrical resistance using an ohmmeter.
Measurement of EMF and internal resistance of the current source.
Measurement of the elementary charge.
Measurement of magnetic induction.
Determination of the spectral limits of the sensitivity of the human eye.
Measurement of the refractive index of glass.

Quantum physics and elements of astrophysics (28 hours)

Planck's hypothesis about quanta. Photoelectric effect. Photon. De Broglie's hypothesis about the wave properties of particles. Corpuscular-wave dualism.
Planetary model of the atom. Bohr's quantum postulates. Lasers.
The structure of the atomic nucleus. Nuclear forces. Mass defect and nuclear binding energy. Nuclear energy. Effect of ionizing radiation on living organisms. dose of radiation. Law of radioactive decay. Elementary particles. Fundamental interactions.
Solar system. Stars and sources of their energy. Galaxy. Spatial scales of the observable Universe. Modern ideas about the origin and evolution of the Sun and stars. Structure and evolution of the Universe.
Demonstrations
Photoelectric effect.
Line emission spectra.
Laser.
Counter of ionizing particles.
Laboratory work
Observation of line spectra.

Free study time reserve (14 hours)

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LEVEL OF GRADUATE TRAINING

As a result of studying physics at a basic level, the student should
know/understand
meaning of concepts: physical phenomenon, hypothesis, law, theory, substance, interaction, electromagnetic field, wave, photon, atom, atomic nucleus, ionizing radiation, planet, star, galaxy, Universe;
meaning of physical quantities: speed, acceleration, mass, force, momentum, work, mechanical energy, internal energy, absolute temperature, average kinetic energy of matter particles, amount of heat, elementary electric charge;
meaning of physical laws classical mechanics, gravity, conservation of energy, momentum and electric charge, thermodynamics, electromagnetic induction, photoelectric effect;
contribution of Russian and foreign scientists, which had a significant impact on the development of physics;
be able to
describe and explain physical phenomena and properties of bodies: movement of celestial bodies and artificial earth satellites; properties of gases, liquids and solids; electromagnetic induction, propagation of electromagnetic waves; wave properties of light; emission and absorption of light by an atom; photoelectric effect;
differ hypotheses from scientific theories; draw conclusions based on experimental data; give examples showing that observations and experiments are the basis for putting forward hypotheses and theories, allow you to check the truth of theoretical conclusions; physical theory makes it possible to explain the known phenomena of nature and scientific facts, to predict yet unknown phenomena;
give examples of the practical use of physical knowledge: laws of mechanics, thermodynamics and electrodynamics in power engineering; various types of electromagnetic radiation for the development of radio and telecommunications; quantum physics in the creation of nuclear energy, lasers;
perceive and, on the basis of the acquired knowledge, independently evaluate information contained in media reports, the Internet, popular science articles;
use the acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life for:
ensuring life safety in the process of using vehicles, household electrical appliances, radio and telecommunications communications;
assessment of the impact on the human body and other organisms of environmental pollution;
rational nature management and environmental protection.

PHYSICS PROGRAM

FOR 10-11 GRADES
GENERAL EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS

Explanatory note

The sections of the program are traditional: mechanics, molecular physics and thermodynamics, electrodynamics, quantum physics ( atomic physics and nuclear physics).
The main feature of the program is that mechanical and electromagnetic oscillations and waves are combined. As a result, the study of the first section "Mechanics" is facilitated and another aspect of the unity of nature is demonstrated.
The program has a universal character, as it can be used to build the process of teaching physics with 2- and 5-hour teaching, i.e., in the implementation of the basic and profile levels of the standard. Information related to the basic level is typed in roman type, while information related only to the profile is highlighted. in italics. In parentheses, the number of hours for 2- and 5-hour training options is indicated. Thus, the conditions for variative teaching of physics have been created.
Lesson-thematic planning according to textbooks is presented in the form of tables after the program. The proposed planning is designed for general education schools, in which 2 hours (basic level of the standard) or 5 hours (profile level of the standard) are allotted for studying physics courses per week (total 68 hours / 170 hours per year), and is drawn up taking into account the practical experience of teaching the subject in complete secondary school.
In the lesson-thematic planning (column 3 of the table), it is noted which lessons are held with a 2-hour training, and which are not. However, some of the most important didactic elements of lessons not included in the shortened course of study are transferred by the teacher to a lesson with a different topic, becoming more concise in content. This allows not to lose the systematic nature of physical knowledge even in a short course. In this context, it is convenient for students to consider some new elements of knowledge in the form of tasks. For example, the essence of Vavilov's experiments can be studied by solving a problem situation formulated in the form of a physical problem (see ).
To facilitate the use of planning, cells with lesson topics that are mandatory for a 2-hour teaching of the subject are “filled” with gray. For each lesson in the lesson-thematic planning, the location of the didactic elements in the textbooks (numbers of paragraphs, examples of problem solving, numbers of exercises and tasks for independent work), and also noted possible options for a demonstration experiment that support the theoretical material of the lesson, and in some cases, methodological instructions for a more productive organization of students' cognitive activity. A large role in planning is given to the stages of consolidation, generalization, systematization of knowledge, as well as diagnostics and correction based on the analysis of schoolchildren's mistakes.
When conducting credit lessons, an approximate list of activities for students may be as follows.
Stage 1. Identification (detection) of theoretical elements of knowledge (didactic units) in a real demonstration (situation). For example, when organizing a test on the topic “Kinematics”, students are asked to characterize the type of mechanical movement shown by the teacher in terms of speed and trajectory.
Stage 2. Physical dictation "Complete the sentences."
Stage 3. Setting according to the graphs of the dependence of physical quantities on time, on other parameters. For example, during the test on the topic "Kinematics", students are asked to complete the following tasks according to speed graphs containing several sections: a) set the type of movement in each section; b) determine the initial and final speeds of movement; c) build a graph of the acceleration projection; d) build a displacement projection graph.
Stage 4. Filling in summary tables. It is productive to place formulaic and graphical information about the objects or processes under study in the table. For example, when conducting a test on the topic “Electric current in various media”, it is advisable to fill out a table to summarize the patterns of current flow in various conductive media based on models of their microstructure.
Stage 5. Solution of level experimental problems.
Stage 6. Control work on solving level problems.
To increase interest in physics, it is possible to include didactic games like "Through the mouth of quantum physics" (or any other section) in the test activities, which are held according to the rules of intellectual games like "Through the mouth of a baby".
When moving from a 5-hour version to a 2-hour teaching option, you should rely on the following ideas:
- highlighting the core of fundamental knowledge through generalization in the form of physical theories and the application of the principle of cyclicity (the books of Yu. A. Saurov will help the teacher in this);
- preservation of most of the laboratory work;
- reducing the lessons of problem solving;
- combining the stages of generalization, control and adjustment of educational achievements of students; the acquisition by the control process of an integrative function.
Thus, when using the teaching materials, a variable organization of the process of teaching physics at the senior level of the school is possible - at the basic and profile levels.

10-11 GRADES

136 h / 340 h for two years of study (2 h / 5 h per week)

1. Introduction. Key Features
physical research method (1 h / 3 h)

Physics as a science and the basis of natural science. Experimental nature of physics. Physical quantities and their measurement. Connections between physical quantities. The scientific method of cognition of the surrounding world: experiment - hypothesis - model - (conclusions-consequences, taking into account the boundaries of the model) - criterion experiment. Physical theory. Approximate character of physical laws. Modeling of phenomena and objects of nature. The role of mathematics in physics. Scientific outlook. The concept of the physical picture of the world.

2. Mechanics (22h/57h)

Classical mechanics as a fundamental physical theory. The limits of its applicability.
Kinematics. mechanical movement. Material point. Relativity mechanical movement. Reference system. Coordinates. Space and time in classical mechanics. Radius vector. The displacement vector. Speed. Acceleration. Rectilinear motion with constant acceleration. Free fall of bodies. The movement of the body in a circle. Angular velocity. centripetal acceleration.
Kinematics solid body. Progressive movement. rotational movement solid body. Angular and linear speeds of rotation.
Dynamics. Basic assertion of mechanics. Newton's first law. Inertial reference systems. Force. Relationship between force and acceleration. Newton's second law. Weight. The principle of superposition of forces. Newton's third law. Galileo's principle of relativity.
Forces in nature. Gravity force. The law of universal gravitation. First space velocity. Gravity and weight. Weightlessness. Elastic force. Hooke's law. Forces of friction.
Conservation laws in mechanics. Pulse. Law of conservation of momentum. Jet propulsion. Force work. Kinetic energy. Potential energy. The law of conservation of mechanical energy.
The use of the laws of mechanics to explain the motion of celestial bodies and to advance space research.
Statics. Moment of power. Equilibrium conditions for a rigid body.

1. Movement of a body in a circle under the action of forces of elasticity and gravity.
2. Study of the law of conservation of mechanical energy.

3. Molecular physics. Thermodynamics (21 h/51 h)

Fundamentals of molecular physics. The emergence of the atomistic hypothesis of the structure of matter and its experimental evidence. Dimensions and mass of molecules. The amount of substance. Moth. Avogadro constant. Brownian motion. Forces of interaction of molecules. The structure of gaseous, liquid and solid bodies. Thermal motion of molecules. Ideal gas model. Limits of applicability of the model. The basic equation of the molecular-kinetic theory of gas.
Temperature. Energy of thermal motion of molecules. Thermal balance. Temperature determination. absolute temperature. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules. Measuring the speed of movement of gas molecules.
The equation of state for an ideal gas. The Mendeleev-Clapeyron equation. gas laws.
Thermodynamics. Internal energy. Work in thermodynamics. Quantity of heat. Heat capacity. First law of thermodynamics. Isoprocesses. Van der Waals isotherms. adiabatic process. The second law of thermodynamics: a statistical interpretation of the irreversibility of processes in nature. Order and chaos. Thermal engines: internal combustion engine, diesel. Refrigerator: device and principle of operation. engine efficiency. Problems of energy and environmental protection.
Mutual transformation of liquids and gases. Solids.Model of the structure of liquids. Evaporation and boiling. Saturated steam. Air humidity. Crystalline and amorphous bodies. Models of the structure of solid bodies. Melting and solidification. Heat balance equation.
Frontal laboratory work
3. Experimental verification of Gay-Lussac's law.
4. Experimental verification of the Boyle-Mariotte law.
5. Measurement of the elastic modulus of rubber.

The register of exemplary programs is a state information system that is maintained on electronic media and operates in accordance with uniform organizational, methodological, software and hardware principles that ensure its compatibility and interaction with other state information systems and information and telecommunication networks. (Part 10 of Article 12 of the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ “On Education in the Russian Federation” (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2012, No. 53, Art. 7598; 2013, No. 19, Art. 2326).

According to Part 10 of Article 12 of the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ "On Education in the Russian Federation", Exemplary basic educational programs are included in the register of exemplary basic educational programs.

On this moment in the register there is an Approximate basic educational program of basic general education.

Planned results of mastering by students of the basic educational program of basic general education in the subject "Physics" - p. 120;

POOP LLC

SUBJECT RESULTS

1.2.5.10. Physics

The graduate will learn:

observe the rules of safety and labor protection when working with educational and laboratory equipment;
understand the meaning of basic physical terms: the physical body, physical phenomenon, physical quantity, units of measurement;
recognize problems that can be solved using physical methods; analyze individual stages of research and interpret the results of observations and experiments;
to set up experiments on the study of physical phenomena or the physical properties of bodies without the use of direct measurements; at the same time, formulate the problem/task of the educational experiment; assemble the installation from the proposed equipment; conduct experiments and formulate conclusions;

Note. When conducting a study of physical phenomena, measuring instruments are used only as sensors for measuring physical quantities. Recording direct measurement readings in this case is not required.

understand the role of experiment in obtaining scientific information;
carry out direct measurements of physical quantities: time, distance, body weight, volume, force, temperature, atmospheric pressure, air humidity, voltage, current strength, background radiation (using a dosimeter); at the same time, choose the optimal measurement method and use the simplest methods for estimating measurement errors;

Note. Any curriculum should provide mastery of direct measurements of all listed physical quantities.

conduct a study of the dependences of physical quantities using direct measurements: at the same time design an installation, record the results of the obtained dependence of physical quantities in the form of tables and graphs, draw conclusions based on the results of the study;
conduct indirect measurements physical quantities: when performing measurements, assemble an experimental setup, following the proposed instructions, calculate the value of the quantity and analyze the results obtained, taking into account the specified measurement accuracy;
analyze situations of a practice-oriented nature, recognize in them the manifestation of the studied physical phenomena or patterns and apply the available knowledge to explain them;
understand the principles of operation of machines, instruments and technical devices, the conditions for their safe use in everyday life;
use when doing learning objectives popular scientific literature about physical phenomena, reference materials, Internet resources.

be aware of the value of scientific research, the role of physics in expanding understanding of the world around us and its contribution to improving the quality of life;
compare the measurement accuracy of physical quantities in terms of their relative error in direct measurements;
independently carry out indirect measurements and studies of physical quantities using various methods of measuring physical quantities, choose measuring instruments taking into account the required measurement accuracy, justify the choice of a measurement method that is adequate to the task, assess the reliability of the results obtained;
perceive information of physical content in popular science literature and the media, critically evaluate the information received, analyzing its content and data about the source of information;
create their own written and oral reports about physical phenomena based on several sources of information, accompany the presentation with a presentation, taking into account the characteristics of the peer audience.

mechanical phenomena

The graduate will learn:

recognize mechanical phenomena and explain, on the basis of existing knowledge, the main properties or conditions for the occurrence of these phenomena: uniform and uneven motion, uniform and uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion, relativity of mechanical motion, free fall of bodies, uniform motion in a circle, inertia, interaction of bodies, jet motion, transmission pressure by solids, liquids and gases, atmospheric pressure, swimming of bodies, equilibrium of solid bodies with a fixed axis of rotation, oscillatory motion, resonance, wave motion (sound);
describe the studied properties of bodies and mechanical phenomena using physical quantities: path, displacement, speed, acceleration, period of revolution, body mass, substance density, force (gravity, elasticity, friction), pressure, body momentum, kinetic energy, potential energy, mechanical work, mechanical power, efficiency when doing work using a simple mechanism, friction force, amplitude, period and frequency of oscillations, wavelength and speed of its propagation; correctly interpret when describing physical meaning quantities used, their designations and units of measurement, find formulas that connect a given physical quantity with other quantities, calculate the value of a physical quantity;
analyze the properties of bodies, mechanical phenomena and processes using physical laws: the law of conservation of energy, the law of universal gravitation, the principle of superposition of forces (finding the resultant force), Newton's I, II and III laws, the law of conservation of momentum, Hooke's law, Pascal's law, Archimedes' law ; at the same time, to distinguish between the verbal formulation of the law and its mathematical expression;
distinguish the main features of the studied physical models: material point, inertial frame of reference;
solve problems using physical laws (the law of conservation of energy, the law of universal gravitation, the principle of superposition of forces, Newton's I, II and III laws, the law of conservation of momentum, Hooke's law, Pascal's law, Archimedes' law) and formulas relating physical quantities (path, speed , acceleration, body mass, matter density, force, pressure, body momentum, kinetic energy, potential energy, mechanical work, mechanical power, efficiency of a simple mechanism, sliding friction force, coefficient of friction, amplitude, period and frequency of oscillations, wavelength and speed its distribution): based on the analysis of the condition of the problem, write down a brief condition, highlight the physical quantities, laws and formulas necessary for its solution, carry out calculations and evaluate the reality of the obtained value of the physical quantity.

The graduate will have the opportunity to learn:

to use knowledge about mechanical phenomena in everyday life to ensure safety when handling instruments and technical devices, to maintain health and comply with the norms of environmental behavior in the environment; give examples of the practical use of physical knowledge about mechanical phenomena and physical laws; examples of the use of renewable energy sources; environmental impacts of space exploration;
distinguish between the limits of applicability of physical laws, understand the universal nature of fundamental laws (the law of conservation of mechanical energy, the law of conservation of momentum, the law of universal gravitation) and the limited use of particular laws (the law of Hooke, Archimedes, etc.);
find a physical model adequate to the proposed problem, solve the problem both on the basis of existing knowledge of mechanics using the mathematical apparatus, and with the help of evaluation methods.

thermal phenomena

The graduate will learn:

recognize thermal phenomena and explain, on the basis of existing knowledge, the main properties or conditions for the occurrence of these phenomena: diffusion, changes in the volume of bodies during heating (cooling), high compressibility of gases, low compressibility of liquids and solids; thermal equilibrium, evaporation, condensation, melting, crystallization, boiling, air humidity, various methods of heat transfer (thermal conduction, convection, radiation), aggregate states of matter, energy absorption during liquid evaporation and its release during vapor condensation, dependence of boiling point on pressure;
describe the studied properties of bodies and thermal phenomena using physical quantities: the amount of heat, internal energy, temperature, specific heat of a substance, specific heat of fusion, specific heat of vaporization, specific heat of combustion of fuel, efficiency of a heat engine; when describing, correctly interpret the physical meaning of the quantities used, their designations and units of measurement, find formulas that connect a given physical quantity with other quantities, calculate the value of a physical quantity;
analyze the properties of bodies, thermal phenomena and processes, using the basic provisions of the atomic and molecular theory of the structure of matter and the law of conservation of energy;
distinguish the main features of the studied physical models of the structure of gases, liquids and solids;
give examples of the practical use of physical knowledge about thermal phenomena;
solve problems using the law of conservation of energy in thermal processes and formulas relating physical quantities (amount of heat, temperature, specific heat of a substance, specific heat of fusion, specific heat of vaporization, specific heat of combustion of fuel, efficiency of a heat engine): based on the analysis of the condition the task of writing down a brief condition, highlighting the physical quantities, laws and formulas necessary for its solution, performing calculations and evaluating the reality of the obtained value of the physical quantity.

The graduate will have the opportunity to learn:

to use knowledge about thermal phenomena in everyday life to ensure safety when handling instruments and technical devices, to maintain health and comply with the norms of environmental behavior in the environment; give examples of the environmental consequences of the operation of internal combustion engines, thermal and hydroelectric power plants;
distinguish between the limits of applicability of physical laws, understand the universal nature of fundamental physical laws (the law of conservation of energy in thermal processes) and the limited use of particular laws;
find a physical model adequate to the proposed problem, solve the problem both on the basis of existing knowledge about thermal phenomena using a mathematical apparatus, and with the help of evaluation methods.

Electrical and magnetic phenomena

The graduate will learn:

recognize electromagnetic phenomena and explain, on the basis of existing knowledge, the main properties or conditions for the occurrence of these phenomena: electrization of bodies, interaction of charges, electric current and its effects (thermal, chemical, magnetic), interaction of magnets, electromagnetic induction, the effect of a magnetic field on a conductor with current and on a moving charged particle, action electric field on a charged particle, electromagnetic waves, rectilinear propagation of light, reflection and refraction of light, dispersion of light;
draw up electrical circuit diagrams with series and parallel connection of elements, distinguishing between conventions elements of electrical circuits (current source, key, resistor, rheostat, light bulb, ammeter, voltmeter);
use optical schemes to build images in a flat mirror and a converging lens;
describe the studied properties of bodies and electromagnetic phenomena using physical quantities: electric charge, current strength, electric voltage, electrical resistance, resistivity of a substance, electric field work, current power, focal length and optical power of a lens, electromagnetic wave speed, wavelength and frequency Sveta; when describing, it is correct to interpret the physical meaning of the quantities used, their designations and units of measurement; find formulas that connect a given physical quantity with other quantities;
analyze the properties of bodies, electromagnetic phenomena and processes using physical laws: the law of conservation of electric charge, Ohm's law for a circuit section, the Joule-Lenz law, the law of rectilinear propagation of light, the law of light reflection, the law of light refraction; while distinguishing between the verbal formulation of the law and its mathematical expression.
give examples of the practical use of physical knowledge about electromagnetic phenomena;
solve problems using physical laws (Ohm's law for a section of a circuit, the Joule-Lenz law, the law of rectilinear propagation of light, the law of reflection of light, the law of refraction of light) and formulas relating physical quantities (current strength, electrical voltage, electrical resistance, resistivity of a substance , work of the electric field, current power, focal length and optical power of the lens, speed of electromagnetic waves, wavelength and frequency of light, formulas for calculating the electrical resistance for series and parallel connection of conductors): based on the analysis of the condition of the problem, write down a brief condition, highlight physical quantities, laws and formulas necessary to solve it, carry out calculations and evaluate the reality of the obtained value of a physical quantity.

The graduate will have the opportunity to learn:

use knowledge about electromagnetic phenomena in everyday life to ensure safety when handling instruments and technical devices, to maintain health and comply with the norms of environmental behavior in the environment; give examples of the influence of electromagnetic radiation on living organisms;
to distinguish between the limits of applicability of physical laws, to understand the universal nature of fundamental laws (the law of conservation of electric charge) and the limited use of particular laws (Ohm's law for a circuit section, the Joule-Lenz law, etc.);
use techniques for building physical models, searching for and formulating evidence for hypotheses and theoretical conclusions based on empirically established facts;
to find a physical model adequate to the proposed task, to solve the problem both on the basis of existing knowledge about electromagnetic phenomena using the mathematical apparatus, and with the help of evaluation methods.

quantum phenomena

The graduate will learn:

recognize quantum phenomena and explain, on the basis of existing knowledge, the main properties or conditions for the occurrence of these phenomena: natural and artificial radioactivity, α-, β- and γ-radiation, the appearance of a line emission spectrum of an atom;
describe the studied quantum phenomena using physical quantities: mass number, charge number, half-life, photon energy; when describing, correctly interpret the physical meaning of the quantities used, their designations and units of measurement; find formulas that connect a given physical quantity with other quantities, calculate the value of a physical quantity;
analyze quantum phenomena using physical laws and postulates: the law of conservation of energy, the law of conservation of electric charge, the law of conservation of mass number, the laws of radiation and absorption of light by an atom, while distinguishing between the verbal formulation of the law and its mathematical expression;
distinguish the main features of the planetary model of the atom, the nucleon model of the atomic nucleus;
give examples of the manifestation in nature and the practical use of radioactivity, nuclear and thermonuclear reactions, spectral analysis.

The graduate will have the opportunity to learn:

use the acquired knowledge in everyday life when handling instruments and technical devices (ionizing particle counter, dosimeter), to maintain health and comply with environmental standards;
correlate the bond energy atomic nuclei with a mass defect;
give examples of influence radioactive emissions on living organisms; understand the principle of operation of the dosimeter and distinguish between the conditions for its use;
understand the environmental problems arising from the use of nuclear power plants, and ways to solve these problems, the prospects for the use of controlled thermonuclear fusion.

Elements of astronomy

The graduate will learn:

name the planets solar system; distinguish the main features daily rotation the starry sky, the movements of the Moon, the Sun and the planets relative to the stars;
understand the differences between the heliocentric and geocentric systems of the world.

The graduate will have the opportunity to learn:

indicate general properties and differences of the planets terrestrial group and giant planets small bodies of the solar system and large planets; use a star chart when observing the starry sky;
to distinguish the main characteristics of stars (size, color, temperature); to correlate the color of a star with its temperature;
to distinguish hypotheses about the origin of the solar system.

2.2.2.10. Physics

Physical education in the basic school should ensure the formation of students' ideas about the scientific picture of the world - an important resource for scientific and technological progress, familiarization of students with physical and astronomical phenomena, the basic principles of the operation of mechanisms, high-tech devices and devices, the development of competencies in solving engineering, technical and scientific - research tasks.

Mastering the subject "Physics" is aimed at developing students' ideas about the structure, properties, laws of existence and movement of matter, at mastering by students the general laws and patterns of natural phenomena, creating conditions for the formation of intellectual, creative, civil, communication, information competencies. Students will master scientific methods for solving various theoretical and practical problems, the ability to formulate hypotheses, design, conduct experiments, evaluate and analyze the results, compare them with the objective realities of life.

The subject "Physics" contributes to the formation of students' skills to safely use laboratory equipment, conduct natural science research and experiments, analyze the results obtained, present and scientifically argue the findings.

The study of the subject "Physics" in terms of the formation of a scientific worldview among students, the development of general scientific methods (observation, measurement, experiment, modeling), development practical application scientific knowledge of physics in life is based on interdisciplinary connections with subjects: "Mathematics", "Informatics", "Chemistry", "Biology", "Geography", "Ecology", "Basics of Life Safety", "History", "Literature" and others

Physics and physical methods of studying nature

Physics is the science of nature. Physical bodies and phenomena. Observation and description of physical phenomena. Physical experiment. Modeling of phenomena and objects of nature. Physical quantities and their measurement. Accuracy and error of measurements. International system units. Physical laws and patterns. Physics and technology. Scientific method of knowledge. The role of physics in the formation of natural science literacy.

mechanical phenomena

mechanical movement. Material point as a model of a physical body. Relativity of mechanical motion. Reference system. Physical quantities necessary to describe the movement and the relationship between them (path, movement, speed, acceleration, time of movement). Uniform and uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion. Uniform circular motion. Newton's first law and inertia. Body mass. The density of matter. Force. Units of power. Newton's second law. Newton's third law. Free fall of bodies. Gravity. The law of universal gravitation. Elastic force. Hooke's law. Body weight. Weightlessness. Relationship between gravity and body mass. Dynamometer. Balanced force. Friction force. Sliding friction. Friction of rest. Friction in nature and technology.

Pulse. Law of conservation of momentum. Jet propulsion. Mechanical work. Power. Energy. Potential and kinetic energy. The transformation of one type of mechanical energy into another. Law of conservation of total mechanical energy.

simple mechanisms. Equilibrium conditions for a rigid body with a fixed axis of motion. Moment of power. The center of gravity of the body. Lever arm. The balance of forces on the lever. Levers in technology, everyday life and nature. Movable and fixed blocks. Equality of work when using simple mechanisms (" Golden Rule mechanics"). The efficiency of the mechanism.

Pressure of solids. Pressure units. Ways to change pressure. Pressure of liquids and gases Pascal's law. The pressure of a liquid on the bottom and walls of a vessel. Communicating vessels. Air weight. Atmosphere pressure. Measurement atmospheric pressure. The Torricelli experience. Aneroid barometer. Atmospheric pressure at various altitudes. Hydraulic mechanisms (press, pump). The pressure of a liquid or gas on a body immersed in them. Archimedean strength. Swimming bodies and ships Aeronautics.

Mechanical vibrations. Period, frequency, amplitude of oscillations. Resonance. Mechanical waves in homogeneous media. Wavelength. Sound is like a mechanical wave. Loudness and pitch of the sound.

thermal phenomena

The structure of matter. Atoms and molecules. Thermal motion of atoms and molecules. Diffusion in gases, liquids and solids. Brownian motion. Interaction (attraction and repulsion) of molecules. Aggregate states of matter. The difference in the structure of solids, liquids and gases.

Thermal balance. Temperature. Connection of temperature with the speed of chaotic motion of particles. Internal energy. Work and heat transfer as ways of changing the internal energy of the body. Thermal conductivity. Convection. Radiation. Examples of heat transfer in nature and technology. Quantity of heat. Specific heat. Specific heat of combustion of fuel. The law of conservation and transformation of energy in mechanical and thermal processes. Melting and solidification crystalline bodies. Specific heat of fusion. Evaporation and condensation. The absorption of energy during the evaporation of a liquid and its release during the condensation of vapor. Boiling. The dependence of the boiling point on pressure. Specific heat of vaporization and condensation. Air humidity. The work of a gas during expansion. Energy conversions in heat engines (steam turbine, internal combustion engine, jet engine). heat engine efficiency. Ecological problems use of heat engines.

Electromagnetic Phenomena

Electrification of physical bodies. Interaction of charged bodies. Two kinds electric charges. Divisibility of electric charge. elementary electric charge. The law of conservation of electric charge. Conductors, semiconductors and insulators of electricity. Electroscope. Electric field as a special kind of matter. Electric field strength. The action of an electric field on electric charges. Capacitor. The energy of the electric field of the capacitor.

Electricity. Sources of electric current. Electrical circuit and its components. Direction and action of electric current. Carriers of electric charges in metals. Current strength. electrical voltage. Electrical resistance of conductors. units of resistance.

The dependence of the current on the voltage. Ohm's law for a circuit section. Resistivity. Rheostats. Serial connection of conductors. Parallel connection of conductors.

The work of the electric field on the movement of electric charges. Electric current power. Heating conductors with electric current. Joule-Lenz law. Electrical heating and lighting devices. Short circuit.

A magnetic field. Magnetic field induction. The magnetic field of the current. Oersted's experience. The magnetic field of permanent magnets. Earth's magnetic field. Electromagnet. The magnetic field of a coil with current. The use of electromagnets. The action of a magnetic field on a current-carrying conductor and a moving charged particle. Ampere force and Lorentz force. Electric motor. The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. Faraday's experiments.

Electromagnetic vibrations. Oscillatory circuit. Electric generator. Alternating current. Transformer. Broadcast electrical energy to a distance. Electromagnetic waves and their properties. Principles of radio communication and television. Effect of electromagnetic radiation on living organisms.

Light is electromagnetic waves

The speed of light. Sources of light. The law of rectilinear propagation of light. The law of reflection of light. Flat mirror. The law of refraction of light. Lenses. Focal length and optical power of the lens. The image of an object in a mirror and a lens. Optical devices. The eye as an optical system. dispersion of light. Interference and diffraction of light.

quantum phenomena

The structure of atoms. Planetary model of the atom. Quantum character of absorption and emission of light by atoms. Line spectra.

Rutherford's experiments.

The composition of the atomic nucleus. Proton, neutron and electron. Einstein's law of proportionality between mass and energy. Mass defect and binding energy of atomic nuclei. Radioactivity. Half life. Alpha radiation. Beta radiation. Gamma radiation. Nuclear reactions. Energy sources of the sun and stars. Nuclear energy. Environmental problems of nuclear power plants. Dosimetry. Effect of radioactive radiation on living organisms.

The structure and evolution of the universe

Geocentric and heliocentric system peace. The physical nature of the celestial bodies of the solar system. Origin of the solar system. Physical nature of the Sun and stars. The structure of the universe. Evolution of the Universe. The Big Bang Hypothesis.

Approximate topics of laboratory and practical work

Laboratory works(regardless of thematic affiliation) are divided into the following types:

Carrying out direct measurements of physical quantities.
Calculation based on the obtained results of direct measurements of a parameter dependent on them (indirect measurements).
Observation of phenomena and setting up experiments (at a qualitative level) to identify factors that affect the course of these phenomena.
Verification of given assumptions (direct measurements of physical quantities and comparison of given relationships between them).
Familiarity with technical devices and their design.

Any work program should include the performance of laboratory work of all these types. The choice of topics and the number of works of each type depends on the characteristics of the work program and teaching materials.

Carrying out direct measurements of physical quantities

Measuring the dimensions of bodies.
Measurement of the sizes of small bodies.
Measurement of body weight.
Measurement of body volume.
Strength measurement.
Measurement of process time, oscillation period.
Temperature measurement.
Measurement of air pressure in the cylinder under the piston.
Measurement of current strength and its regulation.
Voltage measurement.
Measurement of angles of incidence and refraction.
Measuring the focal length of a lens.
Measurement of radioactive background.

Calculation based on the results of direct measurements of a parameter dependent on them (indirect measurements)

Density measurement of solid matter.
Determination of the coefficient of sliding friction.
Determining the stiffness of a spring.
Determination of the buoyant force acting on a body immersed in a liquid.
Determination of the moment of force.
Speed measurement uniform motion.
Measuring the average speed of movement.
Acceleration measurement uniformly accelerated motion.
Definition of work and power.
Determination of the vibration frequency of the load on the spring and thread.
Determination of relative humidity.
Determination of the amount of heat.
Determination of specific heat capacity.
Measurement of work and power of electric current.
Resistance measurement.
Determination of the optical power of a lens.
Investigation of the dependence of the buoyancy force on the volume of the immersed part on the density of the liquid, its independence of the density and mass of the body.
Investigation of the dependence of the friction force on the nature of the surface, its independence from the area.

Observation of phenomena and setting up experiments (at a qualitative level) to identify factors that affect the course of these phenomena

Observation of the dependence of the period of oscillation of the load on the thread on the length and independence of the mass.
Observation of the dependence of the period of oscillation of the load on the spring on the mass and stiffness.
Observation of the dependence of gas pressure on volume and temperature.
Observation of the dependence of the temperature of the cooling water on time.
Investigation of the phenomenon of interaction between a coil with current and a magnet.
Study of the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.
Observation of the phenomenon of reflection and refraction of light.
Observation of the phenomenon of dispersion.
Detection of the dependence of the resistance of a conductor on its parameters and substance.
Investigation of the dependence of body weight in a liquid on the volume of the immersed part.
The study of the dependence of one physical quantity on another with the presentation of the results in the form of a graph or table.
Investigation of the dependence of mass on volume.
Investigation of the dependence of the path on time for uniformly accelerated motion without initial speed.
Investigation of the dependence of speed on time and path in uniformly accelerated motion.
Investigation of the dependence of the friction force on the pressure force.
Investigation of the dependence of spring deformation on force.
Investigation of the dependence of the period of oscillation of the load on the thread on the length.
Investigation of the dependence of the period of oscillation of the load on the spring on the stiffness and mass.
Investigation of the dependence of the current through the conductor on voltage.
The study of the dependence of the current through the light bulb on the voltage.
Investigation of the dependence of the angle of refraction on the angle of incidence.

Verification of given assumptions (direct measurements of physical quantities and comparison of given relationships between them). Hypothesis testing

Testing the hypothesis about the linear dependence of the length of the liquid column in the tube on temperature.
Verification of the hypothesis about the direct proportionality of the speed with uniformly accelerated movement to the distance traveled.
Hypothesis testing: when a light bulb and a conductor or two conductors are connected in series, voltages cannot be added (it is possible).
Checking the rule for adding currents to two resistors connected in parallel.

Acquaintance with technical devices and their design

1. Design inclined plane with a given value of efficiency.

2. Designing a hydrometer and testing its operation.

3. Assembling an electrical circuit and measuring the current strength in its various sections.

4. Assembling the electromagnet and testing its operation.

5. Study of the electric motor direct current(on the model).

6. Design of the electric motor.

7. Construction of the telescope model.

8. Designing a boat model with a given carrying capacity.

9. Evaluation of your vision and selection of glasses.

10. Designing a simple generator.

11. Study of image properties in lenses.

About teaching physics in 2008-09 academic year. year (with appendices) page 4 of 21

Annex 1

Sample Programs in Physics

EXAMPLE PROGRAM OF BASIC GENERAL EDUCATION in physics

VII- IXclasses

Explanatory note

Document status

An exemplary program in physics is based on the federal component state standard basic general education.

An exemplary program specifies the content of the subject topics of the educational standard, gives an approximate distribution of teaching hours by sections of the course and the recommended sequence for studying sections of physics, taking into account inter-subject and intra-subject connections, the logic of the educational process, the age characteristics of students, determines the minimum set of experiments demonstrated by the teacher in the classroom, laboratory and practical work performed by students.

Sample program is a guideline for the preparation of author's curricula and textbooks, and can also be used in the thematic planning of the course by the teacher.

They can reveal in more detail the content of the material being studied, as well as ways to form a system of knowledge, skills and methods of activity, development and socialization of students.

Thus, an exemplary program contributes to the preservation of a single educational space without constraining the creative initiative of teachers, provides ample opportunities for implementing various approaches to building training course.

Document structure

An exemplary program in physics includes three sections: an explanatory note; the main content with an approximate distribution of teaching hours by sections of the course, the recommended sequence for studying topics and sections;

Physics as a science of the most general laws of nature, acting as a school subject, makes a significant contribution to the system of knowledge about the world around us. It reveals the role of science in the economic and cultural development of society, contributes to the formation of a modern scientific worldview. To solve the problems of forming the foundations of a scientific worldview, developing the intellectual abilities and cognitive interests of schoolchildren in the process of studying physics, the main attention should be paid not to transferring the amount of ready-made knowledge, but to getting acquainted with the methods of scientific knowledge of the world around us, posing problems that require students to work independently to resolve them. We emphasize that it is planned to familiarize schoolchildren with the methods of scientific knowledge when studying all sections of the physics course, and not only when studying the special section "Physics and physical methods for studying nature."

scientific method of knowledge , .

The course of physics in the exemplary program of basic general education is structured on the basis of consideration of various forms of motion of matter in the order of their complication: mechanical phenomena, thermal phenomena, electromagnetic phenomena, quantum phenomena. Physics in the basic school is studied at the level of consideration of natural phenomena, acquaintance with the basic laws of physics and the application of these laws in technology and everyday life.

The goals of studying physics

The study of physics in educational institutions of basic general education is aimed at achieving the following goals:

learning about mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic and quantum phenomena; quantities characterizing these phenomena; the laws to which they are subject; methods of scientific knowledge of nature and the formation on this basis of ideas about the physical picture of the world;

mastery of skills conduct observations of natural phenomena, describe and generalize the results of observations, use simple measuring instruments to study physical phenomena; present the results of observations or measurements using tables, graphs and identify empirical dependencies on this basis; apply the acquired knowledge to explain various natural phenomena and processes, the principles of operation of the most important technical devices, to solve physical problems;

development cognitive interests, intellectual and creativity, independence in acquiring new knowledge in solving physical problems and performing experimental research using information technology;

upbringing conviction in the possibility of knowing nature, in the need for a reasonable use of the achievements of science and technology for further development human society respect for the creators of science and technology; attitudes towards physics as an element of human culture;

application of acquired knowledge and skills to solve practical problems of everyday life, to ensure the safety of one's life, rational use of natural resources and environmental protection.

210 hours for compulsory study of physics at the level of basic general education. Including in grades VII, VIII and IX 70 study hours at the rate of 2 study hours per week. The exemplary program provides for a reserve of free study time in the amount of 21 hours (10%) for the implementation of original approaches, the use of various forms of organizing the educational process, the introduction of modern teaching methods and pedagogical technologies, and taking into account local conditions.

Cognitive activity:

Reflective activity:

Learning Outcomes

The heading "Know/Understand" includes the requirements for educational material that is learned and reproduced by students. Graduates should understand the meaning of the studied physical concepts and laws.

The “To be able” heading includes requirements based on more complex types of activity, including creative ones: to explain physical phenomena, to present measurement results using tables, graphs and to identify empirical dependencies on this basis, to solve problems on the application of the studied physical laws, to give examples of practical use the acquired knowledge, to carry out an independent search for educational information.

Main content (210 hours)

Physics and physical methods of studying nature (6 hours)

Physics is the science of nature. Observation and description of physical phenomena. physical devices. Physical quantities and their measurement. Measurement errors. International system of units. Physical experiment and physical theory. Physical Models. The role of mathematics in the development of physics. Physics and technology. Physics and the development of ideas about the material world.

Demonstrations

Examples of mechanical, thermal, electrical, magnetic and light phenomena.

physical devices.

Laboratory work and experiments

Determination of the division value of the scale of the measuring instrument. 1

Length measurement.

Volume measurement of liquids and solids.

Temperature measurement.

Mechanical phenomena (57 hours)

mechanical movement. Relativity of motion. Reference system. Trajectory. Path. Rectilinear uniform motion. The speed of uniform rectilinear motion. Methods for measuring distance, time and speed.

Uneven movement. Instant Speed. Acceleration. Uniform movement. Free fall of bodies. Plots of distance and speed versus time.

Uniform movement around the circumference. Period and frequency of circulation.

The phenomenon of inertia. Newton's first law. Body mass. The density of matter. Methods for measuring mass and density.

Phone interaction. Force. The rule of addition of forces.

Elastic force. Force measurement methods.

Newton's second law. Newton's third law.

Gravity. The law of universal gravitation. artificial satellites Earth. Body weight. Weightlessness. Geocentric and heliocentric systems of the world.

Friction force.

Moment of power. Lever equilibrium conditions . The center of gravity of the body. Conditions for the equilibrium of bodies.

Pulse. Law of conservation of momentum . Jet propulsion.

Job. Power. Kinetic energy. Potential energy of interacting bodies. Law of conservation of mechanical energy . simple mechanisms. Efficiency. Methods for measuring energy, work and power.

Pressure. Atmosphere pressure. Methods for measuring pressure. Pascal's law . hydraulic machines. Law of Archimedes. Sailing condition tel.

Mechanical vibrations. Period, frequency and amplitude of oscillations. The period of oscillation of the mathematical and spring pendulums.

mechanical waves. Wavelength. Sound.

Demonstrations

Uniform rectilinear motion.

Relativity of motion.

Uniform movement.

Free fall of bodies in Newton's tube.

Direction of velocity for uniform circular motion.

The phenomenon of inertia.

Phone interaction.

The dependence of the elastic force on the deformation of the spring.

Composition of forces.

Friction force.

Newton's second law.

Newton's third law.

Weightlessness.

Law of conservation of momentum.

Jet propulsion.

The change in the energy of the body when doing work.

The transformation of mechanical energy from one form to another.

Dependence of the pressure of a solid body on a support on the acting force and the area of support.

Atmospheric pressure detection.

Measurement of atmospheric pressure with an aneroid barometer.

Pascal's law.

Hydraulic Press.

Law of Archimedes.

simple mechanisms.

Mechanical vibrations.

mechanical waves.

Sound vibrations.

Sound propagation conditions.

Laboratory work and experiments

Measuring the speed of uniform motion.

The study of the dependence of the path on time for uniform and uniformly accelerated motion

Measurement of acceleration of rectilinear uniformly accelerated motion.

Mass measurement.

Measurement of the density of a solid body.

Liquid density measurement.

Measuring force with a dynamometer.

Addition of forces directed along one straight line.

Addition of forces directed at an angle.

Study of the dependence of gravity on body mass.

Investigation of the dependence of the elastic force on the elongation of the spring. Spring stiffness measurement.

Study of sliding friction force. Measurement of the coefficient of sliding friction.

Investigation of the equilibrium conditions of the lever.

Finding the center of gravity of a flat body.

Calculation of the efficiency of an inclined plane.

Measurement of the kinetic energy of a body.

Measurement of changes in the potential energy of a body.

Power measurement.

Measurement of the Archimedean force.

The study of the conditions of navigation tel.

Study of the dependence of the period of oscillation of the pendulum on the length of the thread.

Measurement of free fall acceleration with a pendulum.

Study of the dependence of the period of oscillation of the load on the spring on the mass of the load.

Thermal phenomena (33 hours)

The structure of matter. Thermal motion of atoms and molecules. Brownian motion. Diffusion. Interaction of particles of matter. Models of the structure of gases, liquids and solids and an explanation of the properties of matter based on these models.

Thermal movement. Thermal balance. Temperature and its measurement. Relationship between temperature and average speed thermal chaotic motion of particles.

Internal energy. Work and heat transfer as ways of changing the internal energy of the body. Types of heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation. Quantity of heat. Specific heat. The law of conservation of energy in thermal processes. Irreversibility of heat transfer processes.

Evaporation and condensation. Saturated steam. Air humidity. Boiling . The dependence of the boiling point on pressure. melting and crystallization. Specific heat of fusion and vaporization. Specific heat of combustion. Calculation of the amount of heat during heat transfer.

Principles of operation of heat engines. Steam turbine. Internal combustion engine. Jet engine. heat engine efficiency. Explanation of the device and principle of operation of the refrigerator.

Energy conversions in heat engines. Ecological problems of the use of thermal machines.

Demonstrations

Compressibility of gases.

Diffusion in gases and liquids.

Model of chaotic motion of molecules.

Brownian motion model.

Preservation of the volume of the liquid when changing the shape of the vessel.

Lead cylinder clutch.

The principle of operation of the thermometer.

The change in the internal energy of a body during work and heat transfer.

Thermal conductivity of various materials.

Convection in liquids and gases.

Heat transfer by radiation.

Comparison of specific heat capacities of various substances.

The phenomenon of evaporation.

Boiling water.

Constancy of the boiling point of a liquid.

Phenomena of melting and crystallization.

Measurement of air humidity with a psychrometer or hygrometer.

The device of a four-stroke internal combustion engine.

Steam turbine device

Laboratory work and experiments

Investigation of the change in the temperature of cooling water over time.

Study of the phenomenon of heat transfer.

Measurement of the specific heat capacity of a substance.

Measurement of air humidity.

Investigation of the dependence of gas volume on pressure at constant temperature.

Electric and magnetic phenomena (30 hours)

Electrification of tel. Electric charge. Two types of electric charges. Interaction of charges. The law of conservation of electric charge .

Electric field. The action of an electric field on electric charges . Conductors, dielectrics and semiconductors. Capacitor. The energy of the electric field of the capacitor.

Constant electric current. DC sources. Actions of electric current. Current strength. Voltage. Electrical resistance . Electrical circuit. Ohm's law for a section of an electrical circuit. Series and parallel connection of conductors. Work and power of electric current. Joule-Lenz law. Carriers of electric charges in metals, semiconductors, electrolytes and gases. Semiconductor devices.

Oersted's experience. The magnetic field of the current. Interaction of permanent magnets. Earth's magnetic field. Electromagnet. Amp power . electric motor. Electromagnetic relay.

Demonstrations

Electrification of tel.

Two kinds of electric charges.

The device and operation of the electroscope.

conductors and insulators.

Electrification through influence

Transfer of electric charge from one body to another

The law of conservation of electric charge.

Capacitor device.

DC sources.

Drawing up an electrical circuit.

Electric current in electrolytes. Electrolysis.

Electric current in semiconductors. Electrical properties of semiconductors.

Electric discharge in gases.

Measurement of current strength with an ammeter.

Observation of the constancy of the current strength in different parts of an unbranched electrical circuit.

Measurement of current strength in a branched electrical circuit.

Voltage measurement with a voltmeter.

Rheostat and resistance box.

Measurement of voltages in a serial electrical circuit.

The dependence of the current strength on the voltage in the section of the electrical circuit.

Oersted's experience.

The magnetic field of the current.

The action of a magnetic field on a current-carrying conductor.

Electric motor device.

Laboratory work and experiments

Observation of the electrical interaction of bodies

Assembling an electrical circuit and measuring current and voltage.

Investigation of the dependence of the current strength in the conductor on the voltage at its ends at constant resistance.

Investigation of the dependence of the current strength in an electrical circuit on resistance at a constant voltage.

Studying the series connection of conductors

Studying the parallel connection of conductors

Measuring resistance with an ammeter and voltmeter.

Study of the dependence of the electrical resistance of a conductor on its length, cross-sectional area and material. Resistivity.

Measurement of work and power of electric current.

The study of the electrical properties of liquids.

Production of a galvanic cell.

Study of the interaction of permanent magnets.

Investigation of the magnetic field of a straight conductor and a current-carrying coil.

Investigation of the phenomenon of iron magnetization.

Studying the principle of operation of an electromagnetic relay.

Study of the action of a magnetic field on a conductor with current.

The study of the principle of operation of the electric motor.

Electromagnetic oscillations and waves (40 hours)

Electromagnetic induction. Faraday's experiments . Lenz's rule. Self-induction. Electric generator.

Alternating current . Transformer. Transmission of electrical energy over a distance.

Oscillatory circuit. Electromagnetic vibrations. Electromagnetic waves and their properties. Velocity of propagation of electromagnetic waves.

Light is an electromagnetic wave. dispersion of light. Effect of electromagnetic radiation on living organisms.

Rectilinear propagation of light. Reflection and refraction of light. The law of reflection of light. Flat mirror. Lens. Focal length of the lens. lens formula. The optical power of the lens. The eye as an optical system. Optical devices .

Demonstrations

Electromagnetic induction.

Lenz's rule.

Self-induction.

Obtaining alternating current by rotating a coil in a magnetic field.

DC generator device.

Alternator device.

Transformer device.

Transmission of electrical energy.

Electromagnetic vibrations.

Properties of electromagnetic waves.

The principle of operation of the microphone and loudspeaker.

Principles of radio communication.

Sources of light.

Rectilinear propagation of light.

The law of reflection of light.

Image in a flat mirror.

Light refraction.

Ray path in a converging lens.

Ray path in a diverging lens.

Taking pictures with lenses.

The principle of operation of the projection apparatus and the camera.

eye model.

dispersion of white light.

Obtaining white light by adding light of different colors.

Laboratory work and experiments

Study of the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.

Studying the principle of operation of the transformer.

Study of the phenomenon of light propagation.

Investigation of the dependence of the angle of reflection on the angle of incidence of light.

Study of the properties of an image in a flat mirror.

Investigation of the dependence of the angle of refraction on the angle of incidence of light.

Measuring the focal length of a converging lens.

Obtaining images using a converging lens.

Observation of the phenomenon of light dispersion.

Quantum phenomena (23 hours)

Rutherford's experiments. Planetary model of the atom. Line optical spectra. Absorption and emission of light by atoms.

The composition of the atomic nucleus. Charge and mass numbers.

Nuclear forces.Binding energy of atomic nuclei. Radioactivity. Alpha, beta and gamma radiation . Half life. Methods for registration of nuclear radiation.

Nuclear reactions . Fission and fusion of nuclei.Energy sources of the sun and stars. Nuclear energy.

Dosimetry. Effect of radioactive radiation on living organisms. Environmental problems of nuclear power plants.

Demonstrations

Rutherford's experience model.

Observation of particle tracks in a cloud chamber.

The device and operation of the counter of ionizing particles.

Laboratory work and experiments

Observation of line emission spectra.

Measurement of natural radioactive background with a dosimeter.

Free study time reserve (21 hours)

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LEVEL OF TRAINING OF GRADUATES OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF BASIC GENERAL EDUCATION IN PHYSICS

As a result of studying physics, the student should

know/understand

meaning of concepts: physical phenomenon, physical law, substance, interaction, electric field, magnetic field, wave, atom, atomic nucleus, ionizing radiation;

meaning of physical quantities: path, speed, acceleration, mass, density, force, pressure, momentum, work, power, kinetic energy, potential energy, efficiency, internal energy, temperature, amount of heat, specific heat, air humidity, electric charge, electric current , electrical voltage, electrical resistance, work and power of electric current, focal length of the lens;

meaning of physical laws: Pascal, Archimedes, Newton, universal gravitation, conservation of momentum and mechanical energy, conservation of energy in thermal processes, conservation of electric charge, Ohm for a section of an electrical circuit, Joule-Lenz, rectilinear propagation of light, reflection of light;

be able to

describe and explain physical phenomena: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion, transfer of pressure by liquids and gases, swimming of bodies, mechanical vibrations and waves, diffusion, thermal conductivity, convection, radiation, evaporation, condensation, boiling, melting, crystallization, electrization of bodies, interaction of electric charges, interaction of magnets, the effect of a magnetic field on a conductor with current, the thermal effect of current, electromagnetic induction, reflection, refraction and dispersion of light;

use physical instruments and measuring instruments to measure physical quantities: distance, time interval, mass, force, pressure, temperature, air humidity, current strength, voltage, electrical resistance, work and power of electric current;

present measurement results using tables, graphs and identify empirical dependencies on this basis: path from time, elastic force from the elongation of the spring, friction force from the force of normal pressure, period of oscillation of the pendulum from the length of the thread, period of oscillation of the load on the spring from the mass of the load and from the stiffness of the spring, temperature of the cooling body from time, current strength from voltage in the circuit section , the angle of reflection from the angle of incidence of light, the angle of refraction from the angle of incidence of light;

express the results of measurements and calculations in units of the International System;

give examples of the practical use of physical knowledge about mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic and quantum phenomena;

solve problems on the application of the studied physical laws ;

search for information on your own mation natural science content using various sources ( educational texts reference and popular science publications, computer databases, Internet resources), its processing and presentation in various forms (verbally, with the help of graphs, mathematical symbols, drawings and block diagrams);

ensure safety during use Vehicle, household appliances, electronic equipment;

monitoring the health of electrical wiring, plumbing, plumbing and gas appliances in the apartment;

rational use of simple mechanisms;

radiation background safety assessments.

Department Letter public policy in education

Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated 07.07.2005 No. 03-1263

EXAMPLE PROGRAM OF SECONDARY (FULL) GENERAL EDUCATION IN PHYSICS

A BASIC LEVEL OF

X- XIclasses

Explanatory note

Document status

An exemplary program in physics is based on the federal component of the state standard for secondary (complete) general education.

Sample program

specifies the content of the subject topics of the educational standard at the basic level;

gives an approximate distribution of teaching hours by sections of the course and the recommended sequence for studying sections of physics, taking into account inter-subject and intra-subject communications, the logic of the educational process, and the age characteristics of students;

determines the minimum set of experiences demonstrated by the teacher in the classroom,

laboratory and practical work performed by students.

Sample program is a guideline for the preparation of author's curricula and textbooks, as well as be used in the thematic planning of the course by the teacher.

sequence of topics,

a list of demonstration experiments and

frontal laboratory work.

Document structure

An exemplary program in physics includes three sections:

requirements for the level of training of graduates.

general characteristics subject

the foundations of the scientific worldview, the development of intellectual abilities and cognitive interests of schoolchildren in the process of studying physics, the main attention should be paid not to transferring the amount of ready-made knowledge, but to getting acquainted with the methods of scientific knowledge of the world around us, posing problems that require students to work independently to resolve them. We emphasize that it is planned to familiarize schoolchildren with the methods of scientific knowledge when studying all sections of the physics course, and not only when studying the special section "Physics and methods of scientific knowledge"

The humanitarian significance of physics as an integral part of general education lies in the fact that it equips the student scientific method of knowledge , allowing to obtain objective knowledge about the world around .

Knowledge of physical laws is necessary for the study of chemistry, biology, physical geography, technology, life safety.

The course of physics in the approximate program of secondary (complete) general education is structured on the basis of physical theories: mechanics, molecular physics, electrodynamics, electromagnetic oscillations and waves, quantum physics.

A feature of the subject of physics in the curriculum of an educational school is the fact that mastering the basic physical concepts and laws at a basic level has become necessary for almost every person in modern life.

The goals of studying physics

The study of physics in secondary (complete) educational institutions at the basic level is aimed at achieving the following goals:

learning O fundamental physical laws and principles underlying the modern physical picture of the world; most important discoveries in the field of physics, which had a decisive influence on the development of engineering and technology; methods of scientific knowledge of nature;

mastery of skills conduct observations, plan and perform experiments, put forward hypotheses and build models, apply the knowledge gained in physics to explain a variety of physical phenomena and properties of substances; practical use of physical knowledge; evaluate the reliability of natural science information;

development cognitive interests, intellectual and creative abilities in the process of acquiring knowledge and skills in physics using various sources of information and modern information technologies;

upbringing belief in the possibility of knowing the laws of nature; using the achievements of physics for the benefit of the development of human civilization; the need for cooperation in the process of joint implementation of tasks, respect for the opinion of the opponent when discussing problems of natural science content; readiness for a moral and ethical assessment of the use of scientific achievements, a sense of responsibility for protecting the environment;

for solving practical problems of everyday life, ensuring the safety of one's own life, rational use of natural resources and environmental protection.

The place of the subject in the curriculum

The federal basic curriculum for educational institutions of the Russian Federation 140 hours for the compulsory study of physics at the basic level of the stage of secondary (complete) general education. including in XAndXIclasses for 70 teaching hours at the rate of 2 teaching hours per week.

The exemplary programs provide for a reserve of free study time in the amount of 14 hours for the implementation of original approaches, the use of various forms of organizing the educational process, the introduction of modern teaching methods and pedagogical technologies, and taking into account local conditions.

General educational skills, skills and methods of activity

The exemplary program provides for the formation of schoolchildren's general educational skills, universal methods of activity and key competencies. The priorities for the school physics course at the stage of basic general education are:

Cognitive activity:

the use of various natural scientific methods for understanding the world around us: observation, measurement, experiment, modeling;

the formation of skills to distinguish between facts, hypotheses, causes, consequences, evidence, laws, theories;

mastering adequate methods for solving theoretical and experimental problems;

acquiring the experience of putting forward hypotheses to explain known facts and experimental verification put forward hypotheses.

Information and communication activities:

possession of monologue and dialogic speech. The ability to understand the point of view of the interlocutor and recognize the right to a different opinion;

use of various sources of information for solving cognitive and communicative problems.

Reflective activity:

possession of the skills of monitoring and evaluating one's activities, the ability to foresee the possible results of one's actions:

organization of educational activities: setting goals, planning, determining the optimal ratio of goals and means.

Learning Outcomes

The obligatory results of studying the course "Physics" are given in the section "Requirements for the level of graduates' training", which fully complies with the standard. The requirements are aimed at the implementation of activity and personality-oriented approaches; development by students of intellectual and practical activities; mastering the knowledge and skills necessary in everyday life, allowing you to navigate in the world around you, significant for preserving the environment and your own health.

The “To be able” section includes requirements based on more complex activities, including creative ones: describe and explain physical phenomena and properties of bodies, distinguish hypotheses from scientific theories, draw conclusions based on experimental data, give examples of the practical use of acquired knowledge, perceive and independently evaluate the information contained in the media, the Internet, popular science articles.

The section “Use the acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life” presents requirements that go beyond the educational process and are aimed at solving various life problems.

Main content (140 hours)

Physics and methods of scientific knowledge (4 hours)

Physics is the science of nature. Scientific methods of cognition of the surrounding world and their differences from other methods of cognition. The role of experiment and theory in the process of cognition of nature. Modeling of physical phenomena and processes. scientific hypotheses. Physical laws. Physical theories. Limits of applicability of physical laws and theories. Conformity principle. The main elements of the physical picture of the world.

Mechanics (32 hours)

Demonstrations

Dependence of the trajectory on the choice of reference system.

The phenomenon of inertia.

Newton's second law.

Measurement of forces.

Composition of forces.

Forces of friction.

Conditions for the equilibrium of bodies.

Jet propulsion.

Laboratory works

Molecular Physics (27 hours)

The laws of thermodynamics. Order and chaos. Irreversibility of thermal processes. Thermal engines and environmental protection.

Demonstrations

The device of the psychrometer and hygrometer.

Models of heat engines.

Laboratory works

Measurement of air humidity.

Measurement of the surface tension of a liquid.

Electrodynamics (35 hours)

Electromagnetic waves. Wave properties of light. Various types of electromagnetic radiation and their practical applications.

Laws of propagation of light. Optical devices.

Demonstrations

Electrometer.

The energy of a charged capacitor.

Electrical measuring instruments.

Magnetic recording of sound.

Free electromagnetic oscillations.

Alternator.

Light interference.

Diffraction of light.

polarization of light.

Rectilinear propagation, reflection and refraction of light.

Optical devices

Laboratory works

Measurement of the elementary charge.

Measurement of magnetic induction.

Determination of the spectral limits of the sensitivity of the human eye.

Quantum physics and elements of astrophysics (28 hours)

Planck's hypothesis about quanta. Photoelectric effect. Photon. De Broglie's hypothesis about the wave properties of particles. Corpuscular-wave dualism.

Planetary model of the atom. Bohr's quantum postulates. Lasers.

The structure of the atomic nucleus. Nuclear forces. Mass defect and nuclear binding energy. Nuclear energy. Effect of ionizing radiation on living organisms. dose of radiation. Law of radioactive decay. Elementary particles. Fundamental interactions.

Solar system. Stars and sources of their energy. Galaxy . Spatial scales of the observed Universe. Modern ideas about the origin and evolution of the Sun and stars. Structure and evolution of the Universe.

Demonstrations

Photoelectric effect.

Line emission spectra.

Counter of ionizing particles.

Laboratory works

Observation of line spectra.

Free study time reserve (14 hours)

LEVEL REQUIREMENTS
GRADUATE TRAINING

As a result of studying physics at a basic level, the student should

know/understand

meaning of concepts: physical phenomenon, hypothesis, law, theory, substance, interaction, electromagnetic field, wave, photon, atom, atomic nucleus, ionizing radiation, planet, star, galaxy, Universe;

meaning of physical quantities: speed, acceleration, mass, force, momentum, work, mechanical energy, internal energy, absolute temperature, average kinetic energy of matter particles, amount of heat, elementary electric charge;

meaning of physical laws classical mechanics, gravity, conservation of energy, momentum and electric charge, thermodynamics, electromagnetic induction, photoelectric effect;

be able to

describe and explain physical phenomena and properties of bodies: movement of celestial bodies and artificial earth satellites; properties of gases, liquids and solids; electromagnetic induction, propagation of electromagnetic waves; wave properties of light; emission and absorption of light by an atom; photoelectric effect;

differ hypotheses from scientific theories; draw conclusions based on experimental data; give examples showing that: observations and experiment are the basis for putting forward hypotheses and theories, allow you to check the truth of theoretical conclusions; physical theory makes it possible to explain known phenomena of nature and scientific facts, to predict still unknown phenomena;

give examples of the practical use of physical knowledge: laws of mechanics, thermodynamics and electrodynamics in power engineering; various types of electromagnetic radiation for the development of radio and telecommunications, quantum physics in the creation of nuclear power, lasers;

information contained in media reports, the Internet, popular science articles;

use the acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life for:

ensuring life safety in the process of using vehicles, household electrical appliances, radio and telecommunications communications;

assessment of the impact on the human body and other organisms of environmental pollution;

rational nature management and environmental protection.

Letter from the Department of State Policy in Education

Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated 07.07.2005 No. 03-1263

EXAMPLE PROGRAM OF SECONDARY (COMPLETE) GENERAL EDUCATION IN PHYSICS

PROFILE LEVEL

X- XIclasses

Explanatory note

Document status

Approximate program in physics at profile level compiled on the basis of the federal component of the state standard of secondary (complete) general education.

An exemplary program specifies the content of the subject topics of the educational standard at the profile level, gives an approximate distribution of teaching hours by sections of the course and the recommended sequence for studying sections of physics, taking into account inter-subject and intra-subject connections, the logic of the educational process, age characteristics of students, determines the minimum set of experiences demonstrated by the teacher in the classroom , laboratory and practical work performed by students.

An example program is a guideline for the preparation of author's curricula and textbooks, and can be used in the thematic planning of the course by the teacher.

the sequence of studying topics,

a list of demonstration experiments and

frontal laboratory work.

They can reveal in more detail the content of the material being studied, as well as ways to form a system of knowledge, skills and methods of activity, development and socialization of students. Thus, an exemplary program contributes to the preservation of a single educational space, without restricting the creative initiative of teachers, and provides ample opportunities for implementing various approaches to building a curriculum.

Document structure

Sample program in physics includes three sections:

explanatory note;

requirements for the level of training of graduates.

Physics as a science of the most general laws of nature, acting as a school subject, makes a significant contribution to the system of knowledge about the world around us. It reveals the role of science in the economic and cultural development of society, contributes to the formation of a modern scientific worldview. To solve the problems of forming the foundations of a scientific worldview, developing the intellectual abilities and cognitive interests of schoolchildren in the process of studying physics, the main attention should be paid not to transferring the amount of ready-made knowledge, but to getting acquainted with the methods of scientific knowledge of the world around us, posing problems that require students to work independently to resolve them. We emphasize that it is planned to familiarize schoolchildren with the methods of scientific knowledge when studying all sections of the physics course, and not only when studying the special section “Physics as a science. Methods of scientific knowledge of nature.

Knowledge of physical laws is necessary for the study of chemistry, biology, physical geography, technology, life safety.

The course of physics in the approximate program of secondary (complete) general education is structured on the basis of physical theories:

Mechanics,

Molecular physics,

electrodynamics,

electromagnetic vibrations and waves,

the quantum physics.

The study of physics in educational institutions of secondary (complete) general education is aimed at achieving the following goals:

learning about methods of scientific knowledge of nature; modern physical picture of the world: properties of matter and field, spatio-temporal regularities, dynamic and statistical laws of nature, elementary particles and fundamental interactions, structure and evolution of the Universe; acquaintance with the basics of fundamental physical theories: classical mechanics, molecular kinetic theory, thermodynamics, classical electrodynamics, special relativity, quantum theory;

mastery of skills conduct observations, plan and execute experiments, process measurement results, put forward hypotheses and build models, set the boundaries of their applicability;

application of knowledge in physics to explain natural phenomena, the properties of matter, the principles of operation of technical devices, solve physical problems, independently acquire and evaluate the reliability of new information of physical content, use modern information technologies to search, process and present educational and popular science information in physics;

development of cognitive interests, intellectual and creative abilities in the process of solving physical problems and independently acquiring new knowledge, performing experimental research, preparing reports, abstracts and other creative works;

upbringing spirit of cooperation in the process of joint performance of tasks, respect for the opinion of the opponent, the validity of the expressed position, readiness for a moral and ethical assessment of the use of scientific achievements, respect for the creators of science and technology , providing the leading role of physics in the creation modern world technology;

use of acquired knowledge and skills for solving practical, vital problems, rational nature management and environmental protection, ensuring the safety of human life and society.

The place of the subject in the curriculum

The federal basic curriculum for educational institutions of the Russian Federation 350 hours for compulsory study of physics at the profile level of the stage of secondary (complete) general education. Including VXAndXIclasses for 175 teaching hours at the rate of 5 teaching hours per week.

The exemplary program provides for a reserve of free study time in the amount of 35 hours for the implementation of original approaches, the use of various forms of organizing the educational process, the introduction of modern teaching methods and pedagogical technologies, and taking into account local conditions.

General educational skills, skills and methods of activity

The exemplary program provides for the formation of schoolchildren's general educational skills, universal methods of activity and key competencies. In this direction, the priorities for the school physics course at the stage of basic general education are:

Cognitive activity:

the use of various natural scientific methods for understanding the world around us: observation, measurement, experiment, modeling;

the formation of skills to distinguish between facts, hypotheses, causes, consequences, evidence, laws, theories;

mastering adequate methods for solving theoretical and experimental problems;

acquisition of experience in hypotheses to explain known facts and experimental verification of hypotheses.

Information and communication activities:

possession of monologue and dialogic speech, development of the ability to understand the point of view of the interlocutor and recognize the right to a different opinion;

use of various sources of information for solving cognitive and communicative problems.

Reflective activity:

possession of the skills of monitoring and evaluating one's activities, the ability to foresee the possible results of one's actions:

organization of educational activities: setting goals, planning, determining the optimal ratio of goals and means.

Learning Outcomes

The heading "Know/Understand" includes the requirements for educational material that is learned and reproduced by students. Graduates must understand the meaning of the studied physical concepts, physical quantities and laws, principles and postulates.

The “To Be Able” section includes requirements based on more complex activities, including creative ones: to explain the results of observations and experiments, to describe fundamental experiments that have had a significant impact on the development of physics, to present measurement results using tables, graphs and, on this basis, to identify empirical dependencies, apply the acquired knowledge to solve physical problems, give examples of the practical use of knowledge, perceive and independently evaluate information.

Main content (350 h)

(5 hours per week)

Physics as a science. Methods of scientific knowledge of nature. (6h)

Physics - fundamental science about nature. Scientific methods of cognition of the surrounding world. The role of experiment and theory in the process of cognition of nature. Modeling of phenomena and objects of nature. scientific hypotheses. The role of mathematics in physics. Physical laws and theories, limits of their applicability. The principle of conformity. Physical picture of the world .

Mechanics (60 h)

Mechanical motion and its relativity. Ways to describe mechanical motion. Material point as an example of a physical model. Movement, speed, acceleration.

Equations of rectilinear uniform and uniformly accelerated motion. Movement along a circle with a constant modulo speed. centripetal acceleration.

The principle of superposition of forces. Newton's laws of dynamics and the limits of their applicability . Inertial reference systems. Galileo's principle of relativity. Space and time in classical mechanics.

Forces of gravity, elasticity, friction. Law of gravity . Kepler's laws. Weight and weightlessness. Laws of conservation of momentum and mechanical energy. Using the laws of mechanics to explain the motion of celestial bodies and to advance space research. Moment of power. Equilibrium conditions for a rigid body.

Mechanical vibrations. Amplitude, period, frequency, phase of oscillations. The equation of harmonic oscillations. Free and forced vibrations. Resonance . Self-oscillations. mechanical waves. Transverse and longitudinal waves. Wavelength. Harmonic wave equation. Properties of mechanical waves: reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction. Sound waves.

Demonstrations

Dependence of the body's trajectory on the choice of reference system.

Falling bodies in air and in vacuum.

The phenomenon of inertia.

Tel inertia.

Comparison of masses of interacting bodies.

Newton's second law.

Measurement of forces.

Composition of forces.

Phone interaction.

Weightlessness and overload.

Dependence of the elastic force on the deformation.

Forces of friction.

Types of body balance.

Conditions for the equilibrium of bodies.

Jet propulsion.

Change in the energy of bodies when doing work.

Conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy and vice versa.

Free vibrations of a load on a thread and on a spring.

Recording of oscillatory motion.

Forced vibrations.

Resonance.

Self-oscillations.

Transverse and longitudinal waves.

Reflection and refraction of waves.

Diffraction and interference of waves.

Oscillation frequency and pitch of sound.

Laboratory works

Measurement of free fall acceleration.

The study of the motion of a body under the action of a constant force.

The study of the motion of bodies in a circle under the action of gravity and elasticity.

Study of elastic and inelastic collisions of bodies.

Conservation of mechanical energy when a body moves under the action of gravity and elasticity.

Comparison of the work of a force with a change in the kinetic energy of the body.

Physical workshop (8 hours)

Molecular Physics (34h)

Atomistic hypothesis of the structure of matter and its experimental evidence. Ideal gas model. absolute temperature. Temperature as a measure of the average kinetic energy of the thermal motion of particles. Relationship between the pressure of an ideal gas and the average kinetic energy of the thermal motion of its molecules.

The equation of state for an ideal gas. Isoprocesses. Limits of applicability of the ideal gas model.

Model of the structure of liquids . Surface tension. Saturated and unsaturated pairs. Air humidity.

Model of the structure of solid bodies. Mechanical properties of solids.Defects in the crystal lattice. Changes in the aggregate states of matter.

Internal energy and ways to change it. First law of thermodynamics. Calculation of the amount of heat when the state of aggregation of a substance changes. adiabatic process. Second law of thermodynamics and its statistical interpretation. Principles of operation of thermal machines. heat engine efficiency. Problems of energy and environmental protection.

Demonstrations

mechanical model Brownian motion.

Stern's model of experience.

Change in gas pressure with temperature change at constant volume.

Change in the volume of a gas with a change in temperature at constant pressure.

Change in the volume of a gas with a change in pressure at a constant temperature.

Boiling water at reduced pressure.

Psychrometer and hygrometer.

The phenomenon of surface tension of a liquid.

Crystalline and amorphous bodies.

Volumetric models of the structure of crystals.

Models of defects in crystal lattices.

Air temperature change during adiabatic compression and expansion.

Models of heat engines.

Laboratory works

Investigation of the dependence of gas volume on temperature at constant pressure.

Observation of crystal growth from solution.

Measurement of surface tension.

Measurement of the specific heat of melting of ice.

Physical workshop (6 hours)

Electrostatics. DC (38 h)

elementary electric charge. The law of conservation of electric charge . Coulomb's law. Electric field strength. The principle of superposition of electric fields. Electric field potential. Potentiality of the electrostatic field. Potential difference. Voltage. Relationship between voltage and electric field strength.

conductors in an electric field. electrical capacitance. Capacitor. Dielectrics in an electric field. Electric field energy.

Electricity. Series and parallel connection of conductors. Electromotive force (EMF). Ohm's law for a complete electrical circuit. Electric current in metals, electrolytes, gases and vacuum. The law of electrolysis. Plasma. Semiconductors. Intrinsic and impurity conductivity of semiconductors. semiconductor diode. Semiconductor devices.

Demonstrations

Electrometer.

conductors in an electric field.

Dielectrics in an electric field.

Capacitors.

The energy of a charged capacitor.

Electrical measuring instruments.

The dependence of the resistivity of metals on temperature.

The dependence of the resistivity of semiconductors on temperature and illumination.

Intrinsic and impurity conductivity of semiconductors.

semiconductor diode.

Transistor.

Thermionic emission.

Cathode-ray tube.

The phenomenon of electrolysis.

Electrical discharge in a gas.

Fluorescent Lamp.

Laboratory works

Measurement of electrical resistance with an ohmmeter.

Measurement of EMF and internal resistance of the current source.

Measurement of elementary electric charge.

Measuring the temperature of the filament of an incandescent lamp.

Physical workshop (6 hours)

Magnetic field (20 h)

Magnetic field induction. The principle of superposition of magnetic fields. Ampere power. Lorentz force. Electrical measuring instruments. Magnetic properties of matter.

magnetic flux. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. Vortex electric field. Lenz's rule . Self-induction. Inductance. The energy of the magnetic field.

Demonstrations

Magnetic interaction of currents.

Deflection of an electron beam by a magnetic field.

Magnetic properties of matter.

Magnetic recording of sound.

Dependence of the EMF of induction on the rate of change of the magnetic flux.

Dependence of the EMF of self-induction on the rate of change of the current strength and the inductance of the conductor.

Laboratory works

Measurement of magnetic induction.

Measuring the inductance of a coil.

Physical workshop (6 hours)

Electromagnetic oscillations and waves (55 h)

Oscillatory circuit. Free electromagnetic oscillations. Forced electromagnetic oscillations. Alternating current. Effective values of current and voltage. Capacitor and coil in an alternating current circuit. active resistance. electrical resonance. Transformer. Production, transmission and consumption of electrical energy.

Electromagnetic field . Vortex electric field. Velocity of electromagnetic waves. Properties of electromagnetic waves. Principles of radio communication and television.

Light is like an electromagnetic wave. The speed of light. Light interference. coherence. Diffraction of light. Diffraction grating. Light polarization. Laws of reflection and refraction of light. total internal reflection. dispersion of light. Various types of electromagnetic radiation, their properties and practical applications. Thin lens formula. Optical devices . Resolution of optical instruments.

Einstein's postulates of special relativity . Space and time in the special theory of relativity. Full energy. Peace energy. relativistic momentum. Relationship of total energy with momentum and body mass. Mass defect and binding energy.

Demonstrations

Free electromagnetic oscillations.

AC waveform.

Capacitor in AC circuit.

Coil in an alternating current circuit.

Resonance in a series AC circuit.

Addition of harmonic vibrations.

Alternator.

Transformer.

Radiation and reception of electromagnetic waves.

Reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves.

Interference and diffraction of electromagnetic waves.

Polarization of electromagnetic waves.

Modulation and detection of high-frequency electromagnetic oscillations.

Detector radio.

Light interference.

Diffraction of light.

Total internal reflection of light.

Obtaining a spectrum using a prism.

Obtaining a spectrum using a diffraction grating.

polarization of light.

Spectroscope.

Camera.

projection device.

Microscope.

Telescope

Laboratory works

Study of the dependence of the current strength on the capacitance of a capacitor in an alternating current circuit.

Estimation of the length of a light wave from the observation of diffraction by a slit.

Determination of the spectral sensitivity limits of the human eye using a diffraction grating.

Measurement of the refractive index of glass.

Calculation and obtaining enlarged and reduced images using a converging lens.

Physical workshop (8 hours)

Quantum Physics (34 hours)

M.Planck's hypothesis about quants. Photoelectric effect. Experiments of A.G. Stoletov. A. Einstein's equation for the photoelectric effect. Photon. Experiments by P.N. Lebedev and S.I. Vavilov.

Planetary model of the atom. Bohr quantum postulates and line spectra. De Broglie's hypothesis about the wave properties of particles. Electron diffraction . The Heisenberg uncertainty relation. Spontaneous and forced emission of light. Lasers.

Models of the structure of the atomic nucleus. Nuclear forces. Nucleon model of the nucleus. The binding energy of the nucleus. Nuclear spectra. Nuclear reactions. Chain reaction nuclear fission . Nuclear energy. Thermonuclear fusion. Radioactivity. Dosimetry. Law of radioactive decay. Statistical nature of processes in the microworld.Elementary particles.Fundamental interactions. Laws of conservation in the microcosm.

Demonstrations

Photoelectric effect.

Line emission spectra.

Counter of ionizing particles.
Wilson chamber.
Photographs of tracks of charged particles.

Laboratory works

Observation of line spectra

Physical workshop (6 hours)

Structure of the Universe (8 hours)

Solar system. Stars and sources of their energy. Modern ideas about the origin and evolution of the Sun and stars. Our galaxy. other galaxies. Spatial scales of the observable Universe. The applicability of the laws of physics to explain the nature of space objects. "Redshift" in the spectra of galaxies. Modern views on the structure and evolution of the Universe.

Demonstrations

1. Photographs of the Sun with spots and prominences.

2. Photographs of star clusters and gas and dust nebulae.

3. Photographs of galaxies.

Observations

1. Observation sunspots.

2. Detection of the rotation of the Sun.

3. Observations of star clusters, nebulae and galaxies.

4. Computer modelling movements of celestial bodies.

Excursions (8 hours)(out of hours)

General review (20 hours)

Free study time reserve (35 hours)

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LEVEL OF GRADUATE TRAINING

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE SECONDARY (FULL) GENERAL

EDUCATION

As a result of studying physics at the profile level, the student must

know/understand

meaning of concepts: physical phenomenon, physical quantity, model, hypothesis, principle, postulate, theory, space, time, inertial reference frame, material point, substance, interaction, ideal gas, resonance, electromagnetic oscillations, electromagnetic field, electromagnetic wave, atom, quantum, photon , atomic nucleus, mass defect, binding energy, radioactivity, ionizing radiation, planet, star, galaxy, Universe;

meaning of physical quantities: displacement, speed, acceleration, mass, force, pressure, momentum, work, power, mechanical energy, moment of force, period, frequency, oscillation amplitude, wavelength, internal energy, average kinetic energy of particles of matter, absolute temperature, amount of heat, specific heat capacity, specific heat of vaporization, specific heat of fusion, specific heat of combustion, elementary electric charge, electric field strength, potential difference, electric capacity, electric field energy, electric current strength, electric voltage, electric resistance, electromotive force, magnetic flux, magnetic field induction , inductance, magnetic field energy, refractive index, optical power of the lens;

meaning of physical laws, principles and postulates (formulation, limits of applicability): Newton's laws of dynamics, the principles of superposition and relativity, Pascal's law, Archimedes' law, Hooke's law, the law of universal gravitation, the laws of conservation of energy, momentum and electric charge, the basic equation of the kinetic theory of gases, the equation of state of an ideal gas, laws thermodynamics, Coulomb's law, Ohm's law for a complete circuit, the Joule-Lenz law, the law of electromagnetic induction, the laws of reflection and refraction of light, the postulates of the special theory of relativity, the law of mass and energy connection, the laws of the photoelectric effect, Bohr's postulates, the law of radioactive decay;

contribution of Russian and foreign scientists , which had the greatest influence on the development of physics;

be able to

describe and explain the results of observations and experiments: independence of free fall acceleration from the mass of the falling body; heating the gas during its rapid compression and cooling during its rapid expansion; increasing the pressure of a gas when it is heated in a closed vessel; Brownian motion; electrification of bodies upon their contact; interaction of conductors with current; the effect of a magnetic field on a current-carrying conductor; dependence of semiconductor resistance on temperature and illumination; electromagnetic induction; propagation of electromagnetic waves; dispersion, interference and diffraction of light; emission and absorption of light by atoms, line spectra; photoelectric effect; radioactivity;

give examples of experiments illustrating that: observations and experiment serve as the basis for hypotheses and the construction of scientific theories; experiment allows you to check the truth of theoretical conclusions; physical theory makes it possible to explain natural phenomena and scientific facts; physical theory makes it possible to predict still unknown phenomena and their features; when explaining natural phenomena, physical models are used; the same natural object or phenomenon can be investigated using different models; the laws of physics and physical theories have their own definite limits of applicability;

describe fundamental experiments that have had a significant impact on the development of physics ;

apply the acquired knowledge to solve physical problems;

determine: the nature of the physical process according to the schedule, table, formula; products of nuclear reactions based on the laws of conservation of electric charge and mass number;

to measure: speed, acceleration of free fall; body mass, substance density, force, work, power, energy, coefficient of sliding friction, air humidity, specific heat capacity of a substance, specific heat of ice melting, electrical resistance, EMF and internal resistance of a current source, refractive index of a substance, optical power of a lens, light length waves; present measurement results taking into account their errors;

give examples of the practical application of physical knowledge: laws of mechanics, thermodynamics and electrodynamics in power engineering; various types of electromagnetic radiation for the development of radio and telecommunications; quantum physics in the creation of nuclear energy, lasers;

perceive and, on the basis of the acquired knowledge, independently evaluate information contained in media reports, popular science articles; use new information technologies for searching, processing and presenting information on physics in computer databases and networks (the Internet);

use the acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life for:

ensuring life safety in the process of using vehicles, household electrical appliances, radio and telecommunications communications;

analysis and assessment of the impact on the human body and other organisms of environmental pollution;

rational nature management and environmental protection;

determining one's own position in relation to environmental problems and behavior in the natural environment.

1 The duration of the laboratory work can vary from 10 to 45 minutes

Download exemplary programs of physics fgos. Exemplary program of basic general education in physics. Basic general education

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