- As the existence and development of a separate living organism
ONTOGENESIS
- As a historical (evolutionary) development of living organisms on Earth
- PHYLOGENESIS
RELATED???
Topic: Biogenetic law.
Lesson objectives:
- to form the concept of the essence of the biogenetic law, the law of germinal similarity and embryonic divergence.
- to continue the formation of ideas about the material unity of living nature.
- contribute to the creation of a system of scientific outlook of the student;
Ontogeny (individual development) - the entire period of the life of an individual from the moment of the fusion of the spermatozoon with the egg and the formation of a zygote until the death of the organism. Phylogeny (historical, evolutionary development) -
The law of germline similarity: already from the earliest stages, embryos reveal a certain general similarity in the aisles of the type (K. Baer) embryonic divergence - a divergence of signs of embryos in the process of development.
individual development and the historical development of organisms are interconnected
Karl Maksimovich Baer
(1792-1876)
Biogenetic law: ontogenesis (individual development) is a short and quick repetition of phylogenesis ( historical development) the species to which this individual belongs (F. Müller and E. Haeckel).
Fritz Müller
(1822-1897)
Ernest Haeckel
(1834-1919)
Embryogenetic rule: In ontogenesis, the signs are repeated not of adult individuals of the ancestors, but of their embryos (A. Severtsev)
Alexey Nikolaevich Severtsev
(1866-1936)
alcohol
ACTIVE FACTORS
Physical exercise
embryo
Narcotic and toxic substances
Daily regime
Medications
Environment state
heredity
- - Contribute to the preservation of a normal ecological situation;
- - Do not drink alcoholic beverages;
- -No smoking;
- - Do not take drugs;
- - Eat well;
- -Exercise.
Your health and the health of future generations is in your hands!
Card #3
Card #2
Card #1
Correct answer
Correct answer
Correct answer
the entire period of an individual's life from the moment of fusion of the spermatozoon with the egg and the formation of a zygote until the death of the organism
the process of development of the organic world as a whole or its individual forms from the moment of the emergence of life.
the process of development of the organic world as a whole or its individual forms from the moment of the emergence of life.
self-esteem
Lesson grade
Test results
No more than 1 mistake
Made 2-3 mistakes
Not exact, but reflecting the essence of the wording of the answer to questions with a free form of the answer is acceptable
4-5 mistakes were made in questions for choosing one correct answer or free answer
Not exact, but reflecting the essence of the wording of the answer to questions with a free form of the answer is acceptable
More than 5 mistakes made
Not exact, but reflecting the essence of the wording of the answer to questions with a free form of the answer is acceptable
There is no one right answer
Homework.
- 1. Paragraph 34, pp. 166-169 – binding on all
- 2. Make up 5 test items on the topic "Individual and historical development of organisms".
- 3. Optional: Draw a comic (a series of drawings with explanations) on the topic “Frog Ontogeny”
reflection
- *In today's lesson, I understood, I learned, I understood...
- *I would commend myself for...
- *I especially liked...
- *I managed...
- *It was interesting that...
- *It was difficult...
- *I learned...
- *I was surprised...
Individual development organisms
(ontogenesis).
The study of issues related to the individual development of organisms embryology
(from Greek e mbryon - embryo).
Carl Ernest von Baer (1792 - 1876)
founder of modern
embryology is considered an academician Russian Academy K.M. Baer.
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845 - 1916)
A remarkable Russian scientist who, together with A.O. Kovalevsky, studied evolutionary embryology .
Thanks to the works of I.I. Mechnikov and
A.O. Kovalevsky, the principles of development of invertebrates and vertebrates are established.
Fritz Müller (1822 - 1897)
German scientist, together
with his compatriot E. Haeckel created biogenetic law, Whereby ontogenesis , there is a short repetition phylogenesis
Ernst Heinrich Haeckel (1834 - 1919)
German scientist together
with his compatriot F. Muller created
biogenetic law, Whereby ontogenesis , there is a short repetition
phylogenesis - the historical development of the species.
Alexey Nikolaevich Severtsov (1866 - 1936)
Academician, leading evolutionary morphologist.
In the first half of the 20th century, he studied the relationship ontogeny And phylogenesis.
What is ontogeny?
Ontogeny , or individual development, called the entire period of life from the moment of fusion of germ cells and the formation of a zygote until the death of the organism.
Ontogenesis
Embryonic –
from education
zygotes to
birth.
Post -
embryonic
- from birth
to death.
Embryonic period of development
There are three main stages in this period:
1. crushing;
2. gastrulation;
3. primary organogenesis;
I. Crushing
The development of the organism begins with a unicellular stage, which occurs from the moment of the fusion of the sperm and egg.
Occurs during fertilization
the nucleus, usually after a few minutes, begins to divide, and the cytoplasm divides with it.
The resulting cells, which are still very different from the cells of an adult organism, are called blastomeres
(from the Greek blastos - embryo,
meros - part).
When dividing blastomeres, their size does not increase, so the division process is called crushing.
Cleavage ends with the formation of a single-layer multicellular embryo - blastula .
During cell division in all animals, the total volume of blastomeres at the blastula stage does not exceed the volume of the zygote.
II. gastrulation
The set of processes that lead to the formation of gastrula is called gastrulation .
gastrula(from the Greek Gaster - stomach) - an embryo consisting of two germ layers:
ectoderm(from the Greek ectos - located outside);
endoderm(from the Greek. entos - located inside);
In multicellular animals, except for coelenterates, in parallel with gastrulation, a third germ layer appears - mesoderm (from the Greek. mesos - located in the middle).
1 - ectoderm;
2 - endoderm;
3 - mesoderm;
4 - neural plate;
5 - chord;
The essence of the process of gastrulation is the movement of cell masses. At this stage, the use of the genetic information of the cells of the embryo begins, the first signs appear differentiation.
III Organogenesis
ectoderm
Neural tube (spinal cord and brain), sensory organs, skin epithelium, tooth enamel;
Endoderm
Midgut epithelium, digestive glands (liver and pancreas), gill and lung epithelium;
mesoderm
Muscle tissue, connective tissue (cartilaginous and bone skeleton), circulatory system, kidneys, gonads, etc.
Postembryonic period of development.
Postembryonic development can be:
Direct - when a creature similar to an adult appears from an egg or mother's body;
indirect - when the formed larva is simpler than the adult organism, and differs in the way of feeding, movement, etc.
- growth;
- puberty;
- reproductions;
biogenetic law
Carl Baer formulated law of germinal resemblance : "Within the same type, embryos, from the earliest stages, show a certain general resemblance."
However the thought of germline similarity was formulated by F. Müller and E. Haeckel in biogenetic law :
individual development of an individual ontogenesis) to a certain extent repeats the historical development of the species ( phylogenesis) to which this individual belongs.
A person begins his embryonic development from one cell - a zygote, i.e. as if going through the stage of protozoa, the blastula is similar to colonial animals, similar to the volvox, the gastrula is an analogue of two-layered coelenterates.
In the first weeks of embryogenesis, the future person has a notochord, gill slits and a tail, i.e. it resembles the oldest chordates, similar in structure to the current lancelet.
The structure of the heart of the human fetus early period formation resembles the structure of this organ in fish: it has one atrium and one ventricle.
BIOLOGY LESSON In the 9th grade.
Subject: “General patterns of development. Biogenetic Law.
Target: generalize and systematize knowledge about the individual development of living organisms and identify the general patterns of their development.
Tasks.
Educational: to consolidate students' knowledge about ontogenesis and its stages; apply this knowledge to identify the general laws of development; to determine the level of assimilation by schoolchildren of the basic concepts of this topic.
Developing: create conditions for the development of speech activity, creativity, independence, attention and memory; continue the formation of general educational skills; develop the ability of students to work in a group and objectively evaluate knowledge.
Educational: to cultivate a culture of communication and mental work, a sense of responsibility for the results of one's work, to improve the reflective qualities of the individual and group work skills; a sense of pride for Russian scientists who have made a huge contribution to the development of biology.
Lesson type: lesson of generalization and systematization of knowledge and methods of activity.
Forms of organization of cognitive activity: frontal, group, steam room.
Explanatory note: this lesson is the final one in the topic "Individual development of organisms (ontogenesis)", has an important worldview and scientific significance. The contribution of Russian biologists to the development of embryology was enormous, to which special emphasis was placed. Lesson held on technology development critical thinking using ICT methods, as well as group and frontal work of students. The result of the lesson was the protection by schoolchildren of their creative works(clusters, syncwines). All diagrams and illustrations are projected onto the screen and interactive whiteboard.
During the classes.
If you do something -Do it well. L.N. Tolstoy.
These words of the great Russian writer aim students at serious mental and creative work in the classroom, increase their motivation and responsibility for the results of their work.
Organizing time. Students work in groups in order to work more effectively and fruitfully. The theme of the lesson is voiced, goals and objectives are determined; explains the rules for working on the score sheet.
The result of the lesson is the protection by a group of their creative works (clusters and syncwines) as a means of generalizing and systematizing the knowledge and skills of students on the topic "Individual development of organisms (ontogeny)".
Updating of basic knowledge.
So, guys, we will now recall the basic concepts on the topic covered in order to generalize and systematize educational material on the whole topic "Individual development of organisms (ontogeny)".
Remind me, please, what is it - the individual development of organisms? -listen to student responses. Okay, well done. The first task for you: on the interactive whiteboard, you need to draw up a basic ontogenesis diagram using the basic concepts
this process. We work in a chain, i.e. one person from each group (work on the interactive whiteboard). In parallel with this, in each group we are working on our own cluster, making it in color. Verbally you need to give definitions of the concepts that you mark on the board. Don't forget to mark the students' answers at the blackboard with pluses on the assessment sheets.
Zygote Cleavage Gastrulation Primary organogenesis
EMBRYO PERIOD
ONTOGENESIS
POST-EMBRYONAL PERIOD
Direct development Indirect development
Development with transformation
With full transformation with incomplete transformation
reptile insects orthopteran insects
Amphibious birds
mammals
So, let's once again carefully go through the whole scheme, and I will name the basic concepts that we repeated with you.
Check of knowledge.
And now it is time to test the assimilation of these concepts. Second task - biological dictation(on the board a slide with the text of the dictation).
BIOLOGICAL DICTATION.
1 - ONTOGENESIS.
2 - EMBRYOLOGY.
3 - CRUSHING.
4 - GASTRULATION.
5 - METAMORPHOSIS.
6 - DIRECT DEVELOPMENT.
7 - INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT.
(The teacher voices the definitions of concepts, the children write in the record books the numbers corresponding to the correct answer).
Branch of biology that studies the embryonic period of development of organisms.
A deep transformation of the structure of the body, during which the larva turns into an adult.
Individual development of an individual from birth to the end of life.
This development is expressed in the fact that an organism comes out of the body of the mother or egg, in which all the main organs characteristic of an adult animal are laid.
At this stage of embryonic development, the zygote divides many times, but the cells decrease in size and their number increases.
This development is accompanied by the destruction of the larval organs and their replacement by organs characteristic of adult animals.
The embryo at this stage of development consists of distinct layers of cells - germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.
Correct answers: 2,5,1,6,3,7,4.
Peer review of work in pairs. Marks are put on the evaluation sheets.
This completes the first part of the lesson.
Primary assimilation of educational material.
In the second half of the lesson, we will talk about how the individual development of an individual organism and the historical development of the entire living world are interconnected.
« General biological patterns "- This is exactly what our lesson is about. And now on the screen you are presented with the first regularity - the relationship between the individual and historical development of living organisms.
ONTOGENESIS PHYLOGENESIS
individual development historical development
individuals from the birth of the world of living organisms
until the end of life. both in general and individual
systematic groups
Ontogeny and phylogenesis are interconnected, and the proof of this is, for example, the germline similarity in vertebrates and humans (see Fig. 94, p. 167 of the textbook). Please note that in the early stages of development, vertebrate embryos are very similar.
This fact confirms the validity of the law of germline similarity (on the screen, a slide with a portrait of K. M. Baer).
BER KARL MAKSIMOVICH (1792-1876)
In the first half of the 19th century, the theory of "germ similarity" was being developed in biology. In 1828, the classic work of Karl Maksimovich Baer (the future Petersburg academician) "The History of the Development of Animals" appeared. In it, he writes for the first time that in the early stages of embryonic development, a great similarity is found between various types within the type.
"Embryos show, already from the earliest stages, a certain general resemblance within the phylum."
It was this work that marked the beginning of modern embryology, which reached its peak after the advent of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
And in fact, it was embryology, studying the embryos of different animals, that proved that this similarity testifies to the common origin of organisms belonging to different systematic groups.
At the same time, it is clearly seen that in the process of further development there is a divergence of the signs of the embryos, which is called embryonic divergence. It is she who reflects the evolution of a particular systematic group or species as a whole.
Thus, the examples given point to a deep connection between the individual development of organisms and their historical development. Quite a lot has been done in this direction. scientific research and several more biological laws were formulated (slide with F. Muller and E. Haeckel).
HACKEL ERNST (1834-1919)
Further development of Charles Darwin's teachings was reflected in the works of two German biologists Fritz Müller (1821 - 1897) and Ernst Haeckel (1834 - 1919), who at the end of the 19th century formulated their famous biogenetic law. It follows from this law that the similarity of embryos in
representatives of different classes and different types indicates the common origin of these animals.
"The ontogenesis (individual development) of each individual is a brief and quick repetition of the phylogeny (historical development) of the species to which this individual belongs."
Our domestic scientists played a significant role in the further development of embryology (slide with A.O. Kovalevsky, A.N. Severtsov, I.I. Shmalgauzen).
Kovalevsky A.O. Severtsov A.N. Shmalgauzen I.I.
(1840-1901) (1866-1936) (1884-1963)
At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, in the works of Russian scientists Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky (1840 - 1901), Alexei Nikolaevich Severtsov (1866 - 1930), Ivan Ivanovich Shmalgauzen (1884 - 1963), embryology was further developed . They made additions and clarifications to the biogenetic law, the meaning of which is that in individual development, signs are repeated not of adult ancestors, but of their embryos.
Understanding the studied material.
And now name the main biological laws of development: a \ law of germinal similarity; b\ biogenetic law. Please mark these laws in your clusters with the names of the scientists who formulated these laws.
Protection of creative works.
Now let's move on to our final and most important part of the lesson - the protection of creative works. You are given a few minutes to prepare, and then we listen to one person from each group. In addition to the cluster, you can voice your syncwines, as well as name questions that may have remained unclear, and you need additional time to consult on this issue.
Reflection.
What have we learned today? What did we do in class today? What is the result of our activity? How many of you are satisfied with the results of your work?
The teacher concludes the lesson.
This concludes our lesson. Thanks to all. Goodbye.
Literature:
Toolkit"Biology. General patterns. Grade 9"
Moscow, Bustard, 2006
"Formation of sex cells" - "Reproduction and individual development of organisms." Halving the number of chromosomes. (Anaphase I) 2. Spiralization of chromosomes. Determine if the following statements are correct. Halving the number of chromosomes. (Prophase I) 2. Spiralization of chromosomes. phases of mitosis. The process of development of female germ cells. Finding a sequence relation.
"Individual development of the organism" - Embryonic and postembryonic development of organisms. Double fertilization. § 3.4., formulate and write down conclusions on the topic "Ontogeny" in a notebook. External fertilization. Introduction to the new. . . Internal fertilization. Press conference. Some of the students were given a task ahead of the curve. Postembryonic development is mainly reduced to the growth and puberty of animals:
"Postembryonic period of development" - Develop the ability to work with different sources of information. Equipment: Lesson objectives: Basic concepts and terms of the lesson: Consolidate knowledge about the embryonic development of the body. Postembryonic period of development Egg membranes Metamorphoses. Topic: Postembryonic period of development. The personal significance of what is being studied for the student:
"Embryonic development of organisms" - Individual development of an organism - ontogenesis. Why do scientists need to know the patterns of ontogeny? Proponents of epigenesis believed that each organism is formed anew. What period of ontogeny is called embryonic? Deformities. Anomalies. Embryogenesis stages. Neither preformism nor epigenesis provide a correct understanding of the processes of embryonic development.
"Reproduction is asexual and sexual" - Fill in the blanks. Generalization. Sexual and asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction Division Budding Fragmentation Sporulation Vegetative reproduction Polyembryony Cloning. Answer: 1-d, 2-b, 3-d, 4-c, 5-a. List the species: Find the ratio. Sosnikhina N.N., teacher of biology and ecology, secondary school №6, Pavlovo.
Municipal budgetary educational institution"Mikhnevskaya middle comprehensive school with in-depth study of individual subjects "Stupinsky municipal district
General patterns
development.
biogenetic law.
Work completed:
9th "B" class student
Andreeva Alexandra.
Biogenetic law - One of the proofs of evolution.
The law of germline similarity (K. Baer XIX century)
Any living organismwhich breeds
begins sexually
development from the zygote stage.
Law of germinal similarity
- representatives of different groups
organisms in the early stages
embryogenesis is usually more
similar to each other than
adults.
Biogenetic law -
ontogenesis of any organism
there is a brief repetition of it
phylogenesis. stages
embryonic development
vertebrates. Recapitulation - (from lat.
recapitulatio repetition) concept,
used in biology for
repetition notation in
individual development of traits,
characteristic of an earlier stage
evolutionary development.
The principle of recapitulation
Modern interpretation of the biogeneticlaw is the principle of recapitulation: repetition
embryos of some of the embryonic stages
ancestors. In the development of highly organized
organisms are not always observed strictly
repetition of stages of historical development. Only
early stages of development retain the greatest
conservatism and therefore recapitulate
most complete. This is due to the fact that one of
the most important mechanisms for integrating early
stages of embryogenesis is embryonic induction.
In addition, the structures of the embryo formed in
first of all (chord, neural tube, somites,
intestine, pharynx), are
organizational centers of the embryo, from which
the whole course of development depends. The genetic basis of recapitulation lies in the unity
mechanisms of genetic control of development, persisting
on the basis of common genes regulating ontogeny, which are inherited
related groups of organisms from common ancestors.
The principle of recapitulation is a universal principle, it manifests itself
on different levels organizations. From a moss spore grows
green thread - protonema, it is very similar to green
filamentous algae (organism level). shin at
terrestrial vertebrates are laid in the form of two bones, as in
frog and stegocephalic embryos (organ level).
Protective immune reactions developed in the process
long evolution. New defense mechanism
(formation of antibodies) - relatively late acquisition
animal world. Lampreys developed a primitive thymus and
antibodies - class M immunoglobulins. In amphibians and reptiles
already have immunoglobulins of classes M and G. In birds
the third class of immunoglobulin appears - A, and in
mammals - E. Humans have immunoglobulins of the class
E. In the human fetus, immunoglobulins M first appear,
after birth -G and A, in the second year of life, synthesis begins
immunoglobulins E and D. A child who cannot
enjoys talking
the language of facial expressions and gestures
and baby monkey
In all vertebrates, on a certain
stages of development there is a chord.
Many insects have a larval stage
(caterpillar - larva) resembles
worms. Generalized data
let the German
scientists F. Müller and
E. Haeckel
formulate
biogenetic
law: ontogeny
(individual
development) there is a short
and condensed repetition
phylogenesis
(historical
species development).
Ernst Heinrich Haeckel
Friedrich Max Müller Biogenetic
law has been developed
clarified by Russian
scientists A.N.
Severtsov,
showing that in
ontogeny
stages are repeated
adult ancestors, and their
embryonic
stages. Phylogeny -
this is a historical line
selected during
natural selection
ontogenesis.
Alexey Nikolaevich Severtsov
