Helen Czerski
Physicist, oceanographer, presenter of popular science programs on the BBC.
When it comes to physics, we present some formulas, something strange and incomprehensible, unnecessary ordinary person. We may have heard something about quantum mechanics and cosmology. But between these two poles lies precisely everything that makes up our everyday life: planets and sandwiches, clouds and volcanoes, bubbles and musical instruments. And they are all governed by a relatively small number of physical laws.
We can constantly observe these laws in action. Take, for example, two eggs - raw and boiled - and spin them, and then stop. The boiled egg will remain motionless, the raw one will begin to rotate again. This is because you only stopped the shell, and the liquid inside continues to rotate.
This is a clear demonstration of the law of conservation of angular momentum. Simplified, it can be formulated as follows: starting to rotate around a constant axis, the system will continue to rotate until something stops it. This is one of the fundamental laws of the universe.
It comes in handy not only when you need to distinguish a boiled egg from a raw one. It can also be used to explain how the Hubble Space Telescope, being without any support in space, aims the lens at a certain part of the sky. It just has spinning gyroscopes inside, which essentially behave the same as a raw egg. The telescope itself rotates around them and thus changes its position. It turns out that the law, which we can test in our kitchen, also explains the device of one of the most outstanding technologies of mankind.
Knowing the basic laws governing our daily life, we stop feeling helpless.
To understand how the world around us works, we must first understand its basics -. We have to understand that physics is not just weird scientists in laboratories or complicated formulas. It is right in front of us, available to everyone.
Where to start, you might think. Surely you noticed something strange or incomprehensible, but instead of thinking about it, you told yourself that you are an adult and you do not have time for this. Chersky advises not to dismiss such things, but to start with them.
If you don't want to wait for something interesting to happen, put raisins in your soda and see what happens. Watch spilled coffee dry up. Tap the spoon on the edge of the cup and listen for the sound. Finally, try dropping the sandwich so that it doesn't fall butter-side down.
Second law of thermodynamics
According to this law, the process, the only result of which is the transfer of energy in the form of heat from a colder body to a hotter one, is impossible without changes in the system itself and the environment. The second law of thermodynamics expresses the tendency of a system consisting of a large number randomly moving particles, to a spontaneous transition from less probable states to more probable states. Prohibits the creation of a perpetual motion machine of the second kind.
Avogardo's Law
Equal volumes of ideal gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules. The law was discovered in 1811 by the Italian physicist A. Avogadro (1776–1856).
Ampère's law
The law of interaction of two currents flowing in conductors located at a small distance from each other says: parallel conductors with currents in one direction attract, and with currents in the opposite direction they repel. The law was discovered in 1820 by A. M. Ampère.
Law of Archimedes
The law of hydro- and aerostatics: on a body immersed in a liquid or gas, a buoyant force acts vertically upwards, equal to the weight of the liquid or gas displaced by the body, and applied at the center of gravity of the immersed part of the body. FA = gV, where g is the density of the liquid or gas, V is the volume of the submerged part of the body. Otherwise, the law can be formulated as follows: a body immersed in a liquid or gas loses as much in its weight as the liquid (or gas) displaced by it weighs. Then P = mg - FA. The law was discovered by the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes in 212 BC. e. It is the basis of the theory of floating bodies.
Law gravity
The law of universal gravitation, or Newton's law of gravity: all bodies are attracted to each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of the masses of these bodies and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Boyle's Law - Mariotte
One of the laws of an ideal gas: at a constant temperature, the product of the gas pressure and its volume is a constant value. Formula: pV = const. Describes an isothermal process.
Hooke's law
According to this law, the elastic deformations of a solid body are directly proportional to the external influences causing them.
Dalton's law
One of the main gas laws: the pressure of a mixture of chemically non-interacting ideal gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of these gases. Opened in 1801 by J. Dalton.
Joule–Lenz law
Describes the thermal action electric current: the amount of heat released in the conductor when passing through it direct current, is directly proportional to the square of the current, the resistance of the conductor and the time of passage. Discovered by Joule and Lenz independently in the 19th century.
Coulomb's law
The basic law of electrostatics, which expresses the dependence of the interaction force of two fixed point charges on the distance between them: two fixed point charges interact with a force that is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them and the permittivity of the medium in which the charges are located. The value is numerically equal to the force acting between two fixed point charges of 1 C each located in vacuum at a distance of 1 m from each other. Coulomb's law is one of the experimental substantiations of electrodynamics. Opened in 1785.
Lenz's Law
According to this law, the induction current always has such a direction that its own magnetic flux compensates for changes in the external magnetic flux that caused this current. Lenz's law is a consequence of the law of conservation of energy. Established in 1833 by E. H. Lenz.
Ohm's law
One of the basic laws of electric current: the strength of a direct electric current in a circuit section is directly proportional to the voltage at the ends of this section and inversely proportional to its resistance. Valid for metallic conductors and electrolytes, the temperature of which is maintained constant. In the case of a complete circuit, it is formulated as follows: the strength of the direct electric current in the circuit is directly proportional to source emf current and is inversely proportional to the impedance of the electrical circuit. Opened in 1826 by G. S. Ohm.
Wave reflection law
The incident beam, the reflected beam and the perpendicular raised to the point of incidence of the beam lie in the same plane, and the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of refraction. The law is valid for mirror reflection.
Pascal's Law
The basic law of hydrostatics: the pressure produced by external forces on the surface of a liquid or gas is transmitted equally in all directions.
Law of refraction of light
The incident beam, the refracted beam and the perpendicular raised to the point of incidence of the beam lie in the same plane, and for these two media the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant value, called the relative refractive index of the second medium relative to the first.
The law of rectilinear propagation of light
Law geometric optics which means that light travels in a straight line in a homogeneous medium. Explains, for example, the formation of shade and penumbra.
Law of conservation of charge
One of the fundamental laws of nature: algebraic sum electric charges of any electrically isolated system remains unchanged. In an electrically isolated system, the law of conservation of charge allows the appearance of new charged particles, but the total electric charge of the particles that have appeared must always be equal to zero.
Law of conservation of momentum
One of the basic laws of mechanics: the momentum of any closed system for all processes occurring in the system remains constant (conserved) and can only be redistributed between parts of the system as a result of their interaction.
Charles' law
One of the basic gas laws: the pressure of a given mass of ideal gas at constant volume is directly proportional to temperature.
Law of electromagnetic induction
Describes the occurrence electric field when changing the magnetic (the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction): the electromotive force of induction is directly proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux. The coefficient of proportionality is determined by the system of units, the sign is determined by the Lenz rule. The law was discovered by M. Faraday.
The law of conservation and transformation of energy
The general law of nature: the energy of any closed system for all processes occurring in the system remains constant (conserved). Energy can only be converted from one form to another and redistributed between parts of the system. For an open system, an increase (decrease) in its energy is equal to a decrease (increase) in the energy of the bodies and physical fields interacting with it.
Newton's laws
At the core classical mechanics are Newton's 3 laws. Newton's first law (law of inertia): a material point is in a state of rectilinear and uniform motion or rest, if no other bodies act on it or the action of these bodies is compensated. Newton's second law (basic law of dynamics): the acceleration received by a body is directly proportional to the resultant of all forces acting on the body, and inversely proportional to the mass of the body. Newton's third law: the actions of two bodies are always equal in magnitude and directed in opposite directions.
Faraday's laws
Faraday's first law: the mass of the substance released on the electrode during the passage of an electric current is directly proportional to the amount of electricity (charge) that has passed through the electrolyte (m = kq = kIt). Faraday's second law: the ratio of the masses of various substances undergoing chemical transformations on the electrodes when the same electric charges pass through the electrolyte is equal to the ratio of chemical equivalents. The laws were established in 1833–1834 by M. Faraday.
First law of thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy for a thermodynamic system: the amount of heat Q communicated to the system is spent on changing the internal energy of the system U and performing work A against external forces by the system. The formula Q \u003d U + A underlies the operation of heat engines.
Bohr's postulates
Bohr's first postulate: an atomic system is stable only in stationary states, which correspond to a discrete sequence of atomic energy values. Each change in this energy is associated with a complete transition of the atom from one stationary state to another. Bohr's second postulate: the absorption and emission of energy by an atom occurs according to the law according to which the radiation associated with the transition is monochromatic and has a frequency: h = Ei – Ek, where h is Planck's constant, and Ei and Ek are the energies of the atom in stationary states.
left hand rule
Determines the direction of the force that acts on a conductor with current in a magnetic field (or a moving charged particle). The rule says: if left hand arrange so that the outstretched fingers show the direction of the current (velocity of the particle), and the lines of force magnetic field(lines of magnetic induction) entered the palm, then the thumb set aside will indicate the direction of the force acting on the conductor (positive particle; in the case of a negative particle, the direction of the force is opposite).
Right hand rule
Determines the direction of the induction current in a conductor moving in a magnetic field: if the palm of the right hand is positioned so that it includes the lines of magnetic induction, and the bent thumb is directed along the movement of the conductor, then four outstretched fingers will show the direction of the induction current.
Huygens principle
Allows you to determine the position of the wave front at any time. According to the Huygens principle, all points through which the wave front passes at time t are sources of secondary spherical waves, and the desired position of the wave front at time t coincides with the surface that envelops all secondary waves. Huygens' principle explains the laws of reflection and refraction of light.
Huygens–Fresnel principle
According to this principle, at any point outside an arbitrary closed surface enclosing a point source of light, the light wave excited by this source can be represented as the result of interference of secondary waves emitted by all points of the specified closed surface. The principle allows solving the simplest problems of light diffraction.
The principle of relativity
In any inertial frame of reference, all physical (mechanical, electromagnetic, etc.) phenomena proceed in the same way under the same conditions. It is a generalization of Galileo's principle of relativity.
Galileo's principle of relativity
The mechanical principle of relativity, or the principle of classical mechanics: in any inertial frame of reference, all mechanical phenomena proceed in the same way under the same conditions.
Sound
Sound is an elastic wave that propagates through liquids, gases and solids and perceived by the ear of man and animals. A person has the ability to hear sounds with frequencies in the range of 16-20 kHz. Sound with frequencies up to 16 Hz is called infrasound; with frequencies of 2 104-109 Hz - ultrasound, and with frequencies of 109-1013 Hz - hypersound. The science that studies sounds is called acoustics.
Light
Light in the narrow sense of the term is called electromagnetic waves in the range of frequencies perceived by the human eye: 7.5 '1014–4.3 '1014 Hz. The wavelength varies from 760 nm (red light) to 380 nm (violet light).
1. "only physics, only hardcore! Attic", Pobedinsky D
.
Do you know what time is? How did you come up with string theory? Which chemical element is the largest in the world? And here is Dmitry Pobedinsky, physicist, popular video blogger and regular author of "Attic", knows - and can tell! Do parallel universes exist? Is it possible to create a real lightsaber? What will artificial intelligence feel at the first kiss? How is a black hole arranged? Dmitry answers these and other questions that can confuse any of us - easily and accessible for each of us. Attic: science, technology, future" - scientific - educational project largest Russian news agency Tass. For 100,000 of their readers, they write every day about science - Russian and not only - and also talk about interesting popular science lectures, exhibitions, books and films, show experiments and answer scientific (and not so) questions about the surrounding reality.
2. "Short story time. From the Big Bang to Black Holes, Hawking p.
Entertaining and accessible. The famous English physicist Stephen Hawking tells us about the nature of space and time, about the origin of the universe and its possible fate.
3. "Of course you're joking, Mr. Feynman!", Feynman R.
He was known for his passion for jokes and pranks, painted amazing portraits, played exotic musical instruments. A great speaker, he turned every lecture into an exciting one. intellectual game. Not only students and colleagues rushed to his speeches, but also people who were simply passionate about physics. The autobiography of a great scientist captures more than an adventure novel. This is one of the few books that remain forever in the memory of everyone who reads them.
4. "Physics of the Impossible", kaku M.
Renowned physicist Michio Kaku explores technologies, phenomena or devices that seem improbable today from the point of view of the possibility of their implementation in the future. Talking about our near future, the scientist speaks in an accessible language about how the universe works. What's happened big Bang and black holes, phasers and antimatter. From the book "Physics of the Impossible" you will learn that already in the 21st century, during our lifetime, force fields, invisibility, mind reading, communication with extraterrestrial civilizations, and even teleportation and interstellar travel will probably be realized.
Why is the book worth reading? Until quite recently, it was difficult for us to even imagine today's world of familiar things. Mobile phone and internet seemed impossible. You will find out what bold predictions of science fiction writers and authors of films about the future have a chance to come true before our eyes. From the book by Michio Kaku, an American physicist and popularizer of science, you will learn about the most complex phenomena and the latest achievements. modern science and technology. You will see not only the future of mankind, but also understand the basic laws of the universe. You will see that nothing is impossible in this world!
5. "the beauty of physics. Comprehending the structure of nature", Vilchek F.
Is it true that beauty rules the world? This question has been asked by thinkers, artists, and scientists throughout the history of mankind. On the pages of a magnificently illustrated book, with his reflections on the beauty of the universe and scientific ideas is divided Nobel laureate Frank Wilczek. Step by step, starting with the ideas of the Greek philosophers and ending with the modern main theory combination of interactions and directions of its probable development, the author shows the underlying physical concepts ideas of beauty and symmetry. The heroes of his research are Pythagoras, and Plato, and Newton, and Maxwell, and Einstein. Finally, this is Emmy Noether, who derived conservation laws from symmetries, and the great galaxy of physicists of the 20th century.
Unlike many popularizers, Frank Wilczek is not afraid of formulas and knows how to show the most complex things "on the fingers", infecting us with humor and a sense of wonder.
6. "Why E=mc2? And Why Should We Care", Cox B., Forshaw D.
This book will help you understand the theory of relativity and penetrate the meaning of the most famous equation in the world. With his theory of space and time, Einstein laid the foundation upon which all modern physics rests. Trying to comprehend nature, physicists today create theories that sometimes radically change our lives. How they do it is described in this book.
The book will be useful to anyone who is interested in the structure of the world.
7. "Quantum Universe", cox b., forshaw j.
How is it that we cannot see.
In this book, renowned scholars Brian Cox and Jeff Forshaw introduce readers to quantum mechanics- a fundamental model of the structure of the world. They tell what observations led physicists to the quantum theory, how it was developed, and why scientists, despite all its strangeness, are so confident in it.
The book is for everyone who is interested the quantum physics and the structure of the universe.
8. "Physics. Natural science in comics", Gonik L., Huffman A.
Before you start speaking the language of formulas like Feynman and Landau, you need to learn the basics. This book introduces the basic physical phenomena and laws in a fascinating way. Aristotle and Galileo, Newton and Maxwell, Einstein and Feynman are recognized geniuses of mankind who have made a huge contribution to the development of physics, and this unique manual explains what it consists of. It covers a wide range of topics: mechanics, electricity, relativity theory, quantum electrodynamics. Accessibility, combined with a high scientific level of presentation, guarantees success in studying one of the most interesting disciplines, closely related to other areas, and above all to technology.
9. "String Theory and the Hidden Dimensions of the Universe", Yau Sh., nadis p.
Revolutionary string theory claims that we live in a ten-dimensional universe, but only four of these dimensions are accessible to human perception. If modern scientists are to be believed, the remaining six dimensions are folded into an amazing structure known as the Calabi-Yau manifold.
How many laws of physics. BASIC LAWS OF PHYSICS.
The law of conservation of energy states that the energy of the body never disappears and does not reappear, it can only turn from one form to another. This law is universal. It has its own formulation in various branches of physics. Classical mechanics considers the law of conservation of mechanical energy.
The total mechanical energy of a closed system of physical bodies, between which conservative forces act, is a constant value. This is how the law of conservation of energy in Newtonian mechanics is formulated.
Closed, or isolated, is considered to be physical system, which is not affected external forces. It does not exchange energy with the surrounding space, and its own energy, which it possesses, remains unchanged, that is, it is preserved. In such a system, only internal forces act, and the bodies interact with each other. Only transformations can take place in it. potential energy to kinetic and vice versa.
The simplest example of a closed system is a sniper rifle and a bullet.
Laws of PHYSICS that everyone should know. BASIC LAWS OF PHYSICS (school course).
ENERGY CONSERVATION AND TRANSFORMATION LAW - common law nature: the energy of any closed system for all processes occurring in the system remains constant (conserved). Energy can only be converted from one form to another and redistributed between parts of the system. For an open system, an increase (decrease) in its energy is equal to a decrease (increase) in the energy of the bodies and physical fields interacting with it.
ARCHIMEDES LAW - the law of hydro- and aerostatics: a body immersed in a liquid or gas is subjected to a buoyant force directed vertically upwards, numerically equal to the weight of the liquid or gas displaced by the body, and applied at the center of gravity of the immersed part of the body. FA= gV, where r is the density of the liquid or gas, V is the volume of the submerged part of the body. Otherwise, it can be formulated as follows: a body immersed in a liquid or gas loses as much in its weight as the liquid (or gas) displaced by it weighs. Then P= mg - FA scientist Archimedes in 212. BC. It is the basis of the theory of swimming bodies.
UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION LAW - Newton's law of gravitation: all bodies are attracted to each other with a force directly proportional to the product of the masses of these bodies and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them:, where M and m are the masses of the interacting bodies, R is the distance between these bodies, G is the gravitational constant (in SI G=6.67.10-11N.m2/kg2.
GALILEO PRINCIPLE OF RELATIVITY, the mechanical principle of relativity - the principle of classical mechanics: in any inertial frame of reference, all mechanical phenomena proceed in the same way under the same conditions. Wed relativity principle.
HOOK'S LAW - the law according to which elastic deformations are directly proportional to the external influences causing them.
MOMENTUM CONSERVATION LAW - the law of mechanics: the momentum of any closed system in all processes occurring in the system remains constant (conserved) and can only be redistributed between parts of the system as a result of their interaction.
NEWTON'S LAWS - three laws underlying Newtonian classical mechanics. 1st law (law of inertia): a material point is in a state of rectilinear and uniform motion or rest if no other bodies act on it or the action of these bodies is compensated. 2nd law (basic law of dynamics): the acceleration received by the body is directly proportional to the resultant of all forces acting on the body, and inversely proportional to the mass of the body (). 3rd law: two material points interact with each other by forces of the same nature equal in magnitude and opposite in direction along the straight line connecting these points ().
RELATIVITY PRINCIPLE - one of the postulates of the theory of relativity, stating that in any inertial reference frames all physical (mechanical, electromagnetic, etc.) phenomena under the same conditions proceed in the same way. Is Galileo's generalization of the principle of relativity to everything physical phenomena(except gravity).
The law of the constancy of the composition of matter.
The law of composition constancy (J. L. Proust, 1801 - 1808) - any specific chemically pure compound, regardless of the method of its preparation, consists of the same chemical elements, and the ratios of their masses are constant, and the relative numbers of their atoms are expressed as integers. This is one of the basic laws of chemistry.
The law of composition constancy does not hold for berthollides (compounds of variable composition). However, conventionally, for simplicity, the composition of many berthollides is recorded as constant. For example, the composition of iron(II) oxide is written as FeO (instead of the more precise formula Fe
The law of universal gravitation. Description of the law of gravity
The coefficient is the gravitational constant. In the SI system, the gravitational constant has the value:
This constant, as can be seen, is very small, so the gravitational forces between bodies with small masses are also small and practically not felt. However, the motion of cosmic bodies is completely determined by gravity. The presence of universal gravitation or, in other words, gravitational interaction explains what the Earth and planets “hold” on, and why they move around the Sun along certain trajectories, and do not fly away from it. The law of universal gravitation allows you to determine many characteristics celestial bodies are the masses of planets, stars, galaxies and even black holes. This law allows you to calculate the orbits of the planets with great accuracy and create mathematical model Universe.
With the help of the law of universal gravitation, it is also possible to calculate cosmic velocities. For example, the minimum speed at which a body moving horizontally above the Earth's surface will not fall on it, but will move in a circular orbit is 7.9 km / s (the first cosmic velocity). In order to leave the Earth, i.e. to overcome its gravitational attraction, the body must have a speed of 11.2 km / s, (the second cosmic velocity).
Gravity is one of the most amazing natural phenomena. In the absence of gravitational forces, the existence of the Universe would be impossible, the Universe could not even arise. Gravity is responsible for many processes in the Universe - its birth, the existence of order instead of chaos. The nature of gravity is still not fully understood. To date, no one has been able to develop a worthy mechanism and model of gravitational interaction.
Law (Force) of Archimedes - A buoyant force equal to the weight of the liquid or gas displaced by this body acts on a body immersed in a liquid or gas.
In integral form
The Archimedean force is always directed opposite to gravity, so the weight of a body in a liquid or gas is always less than the weight of this body in a vacuum.
If the body floats on the surface or moves uniformly up or down, then the buoyant force (also called the Archimedean force) is equal in absolute value (and opposite in direction) to the force of gravity acting on the volume of liquid (gas) displaced by the body, and is applied to the center of gravity of this volume .
As for bodies that are in a gas, for example, in air, to find the lifting force (Archimedes Force), you need to replace the density of the liquid with the density of the gas. For example, a balloon with helium flies upwards due to the fact that the density of helium is less than the density of air.
In the absence of a gravitational field (Gravity), that is, in a state of weightlessness, Archimedes' law does not work. Astronauts are familiar with this phenomenon quite well. In particular, in weightlessness there is no convection phenomenon (the natural movement of air in space), therefore, for example, air cooling and ventilation of residential compartments spacecraft produced forcibly, by fans
The current standard model of particle physics is a rigid mechanism, consisting of a meager set of ingredients. But, despite the seeming uniqueness, our Universe is only one of countless possible worlds. We do not have the slightest idea why this particular configuration of particles and the forces acting on them underlies our world order.
Why are there six "flavors" of quarks, three "generations" of neutrinos, and one Higgs particle? In addition, in the package standard model includes nineteen fundamental physical constants (for example, the mass and charge of an electron). The values of these "free parameters", it would seem, do not carry any deep meaning. On the one hand, particle physics is an example of elegance. On the other hand, it's just a beautiful theory.
If our world is just one of many, then what do we do with alternative worlds? The current point of view is the absolute opposite of Einstein's idea of a unique universe. Modern physicists cover a huge probabilistic space and try to understand the logic of its interrelations. From gold diggers they have become geographers and geologists, mapping the landscape and studying in detail the forces that shaped it.
A milestone in this process was the birth of string theory. On this moment it is the only candidate for the title of "the theory of everything". The good news is that there are no free parameters in string theory. There is no question which string theory describes our universe, because it is unique. The absence of any additional functions leads to radical consequences. All numbers in nature must be determined by physics itself. These are not "constants of nature", but simply variables obtained from equations (sometimes, however, incredibly complex ones).
Bad news, gentlemen. The solution space of string theory is vast and complex. For physics, this is normal. Traditionally, fundamental laws are distinguished, based on mathematical equations and on the solutions of these equations. Usually, there are several laws and an infinite number of solutions. Take Newton's laws. They are clear and elegant, but describe an incredibly wide range of phenomena: from a falling apple to a lunar orbit. Knowing the initial state of the system, these laws can be used to describe its state at the next moment. We do not expect or demand a universal solution that would describe everything.
No sphere human activity can't do without exact sciences. And no matter how complex human relationships are, they also come down to these laws. offers to remember the laws of physics that a person encounters and experiences every day of his life.
The simplest but most important law is The law of conservation and transformation of energy.
The energy of any closed system remains constant for all processes occurring in the system. And we are in such a closed system and we are. Those. how much we give, so much we get. If we want to get something, we must give the same amount before that. And nothing else!
And we, of course, want to get a big salary, but not go to work. Sometimes an illusion is created that “fools are lucky” and happiness falls on their heads for many. Read any fairy tale. Heroes constantly have to overcome huge difficulties! Then swim in the cold water, then in boiling water.
Men attract the attention of women with courtship. The women, in turn, take care of these men and the children. And so on. So, if you want to get something, take the trouble to give first.
The force of action is equal to the force of reaction.
This law of physics reflects the previous one, in principle. If a person has committed a negative act - conscious or not - and then received a response, i.e. opposition. Sometimes cause and effect are separated in time, and you can not immediately understand where the wind is blowing from. We must, most importantly, remember that nothing just happens.
The Law of the Lever.
Archimedes exclaimed: Give me a foothold and I will move the Earth!". Any weight can be carried if you choose the right lever. You should always estimate how long a lever will be needed to achieve a particular goal and draw a conclusion for yourself, set priorities: do you need to spend so much effort to create the right lever and move this weight, or is it easier to leave it alone and do other activities.
The gimlet rule.
The rule is that indicates the direction of the magnetic field. This rule is in response to eternal question: who is guilty? And he points out that we ourselves are to blame for everything that happens to us. No matter how insulting it is, no matter how difficult it is, no matter how unfair it may seem at first glance, we must always be aware that we ourselves were the cause from the very beginning.
law of the nail.
When a person wants to hammer in a nail, he does not knock somewhere near the nail, he knocks exactly on the head of the nail. But the nails themselves do not climb into the walls. You must always choose the right hammer so as not to break the nail with a sledgehammer. And when scoring, you need to calculate the blow so that the hat does not bend. Keep it simple, take care of each other. Learn to think about your neighbor.
And finally, the law of entropy.
Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system. In other words, the more chaos in the system, the greater the entropy. A more precise formulation: in spontaneous processes occurring in systems, entropy always increases. As a rule, all spontaneous processes are irreversible. They lead to real changes in the system, and it is impossible to return it to its original state without expending energy. At the same time, it is impossible to repeat exactly (100%) its initial state.
To better understand what kind of order and disorder we are talking about, let's set up an experiment. Pour black and white pellets into a glass jar. Let's put in the blacks first, then the whites. The pellets will be arranged in two layers: black on the bottom, white on top - everything is in order. Then shake the jar several times. The pellets will mix evenly. And no matter how much we then shake this jar, we are unlikely to be able to achieve that the pellets are again arranged in two layers. Here it is, entropy in action!
The state when the pellets were arranged in two layers is considered ordered. The state when the pellets are evenly mixed is considered disordered. It takes almost a miracle to return to an ordered state! Or repeated painstaking work with pellets. And it takes almost no effort to wreak havoc in a bank.
Car wheel. When it is inflated, it has an excess of free energy. The wheel can move, which means it works. This is the order. What if you puncture a wheel? The pressure in it will drop, the free energy will "leave" in environment(dissipates), and such a wheel will no longer be able to work. This is chaos. To return the system to its original state, i.e. to put things in order, you need to do a lot of work: glue the camera, mount the wheel, pump it up, etc., after which this is again a necessary thing that can be useful.
Heat is transferred from a hot body to a cold one, and not vice versa. reverse process theoretically possible, but practically no one will undertake to do this, since it will require enormous efforts, special installations and equipment.
Also in society. People are getting old. Houses are crumbling. Rocks sink into the sea. The galaxies are scattered. Any reality surrounding us spontaneously tends to disorder.
However, people often talk about disorder as freedom: No, we do not want order! Give us such freedom that everyone can do what they want!» But when everyone does what they want, this is not freedom - this is chaos. In our time, many praise disorder, promote anarchy - in a word, everything that destroys and divides. But freedom is not in chaos, freedom is precisely in order.
Organizing his life, a person creates a reserve of free energy, which he then uses to implement his plans: work, study, recreation, creativity, sports, etc. In other words, it opposes entropy. Otherwise, how could we have accumulated so many material values over the past 250 years?!
Entropy is a measure of disorder, a measure of the irreversible dissipation of energy. The more entropy, the more disorder. A house where no one lives is falling into disrepair. Iron rusts over time, the car gets old. Relationships that no one cares about will break down. So is everything else in our life, absolutely everything!
The natural state of nature is not equilibrium, but an increase in entropy. This law works inexorably in the life of one person. He does not need to do anything to increase his entropy, this happens spontaneously, according to the law of nature. In order to reduce entropy (disorder), you need to make a lot of effort. This is a kind of slap in the face to stupidly positive people (under a lying stone and water does not flow), of which there are quite a lot!
Maintaining success requires constant effort. If we do not develop, then we degrade. And to keep what we had before, we must do more today than we did yesterday. Things can be kept in order and even improved: if the paint on a house has faded, it can be repainted, and even more beautiful than before.
People should try to "pacify" the arbitrary destructive behavior that prevails in modern world everywhere, to try to reduce the state of chaos, which we also dispersed to grandiose limits. And this is a physical law, and not just a chatter about depression and negative thinking. Everything either develops or degrades.
A living organism is born, develops and dies, and no one has ever observed that after death it revives, becomes younger and returns to the seed or womb. When they say that the past never returns, then, of course, they mean, first of all, these vital phenomena. The development of organisms sets the positive direction of the arrow of time, and the change from one state of the system to another always occurs in the same direction for all processes without exception.
Valerian Chupin
Source of information: Tchaikovsky.News
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Wealth modern society grows, and will grow to an ever greater extent, primarily by universal labor. Industrial capital was the first historical form of social production, when universal labor began to be intensively exploited. And first, the one that he got for free. Science, as Marx observed, cost nothing to capital. Indeed, not a single capitalist paid a reward to either Archimedes, or Cardano, or Galileo, or Huygens, or Newton for the practical use of their ideas. But it is precisely industrial capital that, on a mass scale, begins to exploit mechanical technology, and thus the general labor embodied in it. Marx K, Engels F. Soch., vol. 25, part 1, p. 116.
