What flies in space 100 to 1. Virtual tour “Spacecraft. Stuck at sub-light speeds

Guys, we put our soul into the site. Thanks for that
for discovering this beauty. Thanks for the inspiration and goosebumps.
Join us at Facebook And In contact with

Surely every person, at least once looking into the starry sky, dreamed of flying into space and seeing all this beauty closer. Perhaps the most persistent of us will even be able to make this dream come true.

Well, we are in website interested in what changes can happen to the body if you dare to fly into space. There is a nice bonus waiting for you at the end.

9. Your body will have to adapt

Approximately half of the people who have flown into space have experienced space sickness. In outer space, Earth's gravity does not affect a person, which means there is no pressure on the body. Because of this astronauts experience nausea, headache, disorientation, discomfort, dizziness, and sometimes vomiting. This syndrome, as a rule, is observed only for a couple of days, then the body adapts.

8. You will smell strange smells in space.

There is no air in space, and it would seem that it should not smell at all. However, according to people who have flown, when they are aboard the spacecraft, its space smells like grilled steak. Others compare its scent to metal, gunpowder or ... burnt garbage.

Experts say that these smells originate inside the closed space of the ship. They can be caused by human sweat and skin, upholstery, appliances, waste products. Smells can also be brought from outer space. For example, if the astronaut had to work next to the ship's engine and the remnants of the exhaust got on the spacesuit.

7. You risk losing your nails.

Too bulky spacesuit gloves interfere with normal blood flow in the fingers. Most often this leads to peeling of the nails. But it is not uncommon for situations where Astronauts' nails fall off due to the pressure exerted on the nails.

Therefore, it is not surprising that there were more than once cases when astronauts specially removed their nails in advance, if the plan included an exit to outer space.

6. Stop snoring

In space, reduced gravity also affects our respiratory system- there is no significant pressure on the tongue and palate, so there is no involuntary vibration. Because of this many of the problems associated with sleep simply disappear in space. For example, if you snored before the flight, you will stop in space.

5. Vision problems will begin

Extended stay in space is also a risk that your vision is more likely to become blurry. Being in a state of weightlessness causes bodily fluids to begin to flow into the upper body. Because of this rises intracranial pressure and begins to act on the optic nerves. A short stay in this state is not dangerous, but a long stay causes significant damage to the eyes.

4. Bones will become more fragile and muscles will become very weak.

Hovering is the only way to travel aboard a spacecraft and in outer space. People do not need a foothold for movement, as a result, the bones of the lower extremities become brittle and there is a risk of muscle atrophy.

It is likely that changes will affect your heart as well - it may decrease, since the load on it when you are in microgravity will decrease significantly.

3. You will become a couple of centimeters taller

When you are in space, your height will increase by 3-5 cm. This is because due to microgravity, very low pressure acts on the spine. From this, he begins to stretch, and you get taller. After returning to Earth, everything will fall into place.

2. Without a space suit in outer space, you will surely die.

The permissible annual dose for an employee of a nuclear power plant is 20 millisieverts - 20 times more than an ordinary person receives.

For comparison, an astronaut who spends a year on the ISS receives 200 millisieverts. For 5 years of being in space, a person receives a radiation dose comparable to that which is usually received throughout a lifetime. All this can provoke the development of radiation sickness. Increased risk of damage nervous system- possible violations of cognitive and motor functions, negative changes in behavior.

Bonus

But despite all the disadvantages associated with a space odyssey, there is something that pulls you into space like a magnet. Some astronauts say that during their space flights they experienced the so-called feeling of illumination, euphoria, insight.

Astronaut Russell Schweikart described our Earth this way: “This tiny amazing Earth. A planet that allows us to live, giving us everything we have: the food we eat, the water we drink, the air we breathe, the beauty of all this nature. Everything is so perfectly balanced and organized in it so that we can live here. How wonderful she is."

Astronaut is too honorable a profession to remain anonymous. The pilot-cosmonaut of the Cosmonaut Training Center named after V.I. Yu. A. Gagarin, Air Force Colonel Valery Tokarev.
About fear.
I wouldn't say it's scary. You are a professional and adapt to work, so you have no time to think about fear. I was not afraid either at the start or on the descent - in our country, both the pulse and pressure are constantly recorded. At the station, in general, after a while you feel at home. But there is a delicate moment when you need to go into outer space. I really don't want to go out there.

It's like the first parachute jump. Here in front of you opened door and a height of 800 meters. As long as you're sitting on the plane and there's some sort of firmament under you, it's not scary. And then you have to step into the void. Defeat human nature, the instinct of self-preservation. It's the same feeling, only much stronger, when you go into outer space.

Before leaving, you put on a spacesuit, relieve pressure in the airlock, but you are still inside the station, which flies at a speed of 28 thousand kilometers per hour in orbit, but this is your home. And then you open the hatch - you open it manually - and there is darkness, an abyss.

When you're on the shadow side, you can't see anything underneath you. And you understand that there are hundreds of kilometers of abyss, gloom, darkness below, and you have to go from the illuminated inhabited station to where there is nothing.

At the same time, you are in a spacesuit, and this is not a business suit, it is uncomfortable in it. He is tough, and this toughness must be overcome physically. You move only on your hands, your legs hang like ballast. In addition, the review is deteriorating. And you need to move along the station. And you understand that if you unhooked, then death is inevitable. It is enough to miss two centimeters, one millimeter may not be enough for you - and you will forever drift near the station, but there is nothing to push off from, and no one will help you.

But even you get used to it. When you swim out to the sunny side, you can see the planets, the native blue Earth, it becomes calmer, even if it is thousands of kilometers away from you.

About what they take as astronauts
Any Russian citizen who meets certain requirements can become an astronaut. This is only the first, Gagarin, recruitment was from military pilots, then they began to take more and engineers, and representatives of other specialties. Now you can apply for astronauts with any higher education, at least philological. And then people are selected according to the standard: they check their health, carry out psychological tests... In the last set, for example, there is only one pilot.

But in the end, far from everyone flies into space, according to statistics, about 40-50% of those who have been trained. The candidate is constantly being prepared, but it is not a fact that the flight will take place in the end.

The minimum training time is five years: a year and a half of general space training, then a year and a half of training in a group - this is not yet a crew, another year and a half of training in the crew with which you will fly. But on average, much more time passes before the first flight - for someone ten years, and for someone even longer. Therefore, there are practically no young and unmarried astronauts. People usually come to the training center already at the age of about 30, as a rule, married.

The astronaut must study the International Space Station, the ship, flight dynamics, flight theory, ballistics... Our tasks in orbit also include filming, editing and sending stories to Earth from the station. Therefore, cosmonauts also master operator work. And, of course, the requirements for maintaining physical fitness are constant, like those of athletes.

About health
We joke: cosmonauts are selected according to their health, and then they ask them as if they were smart. The problem of health is not even in surviving overloads, it is not as difficult as it is commonly believed, now even unprepared people fly into space as tourists.

But tourists still fly for a week, and a professional astronaut spends many months in orbit. And we work there. He fastened the tourist to the seat on takeoff - and that's it, his task is to survive. And the astronaut must work, regardless of the overload: both maintain contact with the Earth, and be ready to take control in case of failures - in general, he must control everything.

Medical selection for astronauts is now, as before, very difficult. We passed it in the Seventh Scientific Testing Hospital of the Air Force in Sokolniki and called this place the "Gestapo". Because there they scan you through and through, they will force you to drink something, they will inject something, they will vomit something.

Then it was fashionable to remove tonsils, say. They didn’t hurt me at all, but they told me that I had to cut them out. And when you pass the selection, contradicting the doctors is more expensive for yourself.

Although some were much worse. Many pilots were simply afraid to become astronauts, because many of them were written off from flight work after a medical examination. That is, you do not fly into space, and you are forbidden to fly on an airplane.

About the first flight
You have been preparing for it for a long time, you are a professional, you can do everything, but you have never really experienced the feeling of weightlessness.

Everything happens very quickly: pre-flight excitement, then strong vibration, acceleration, overloads and then - once! You are in space. Engines turn off - and complete silence. And at the same time, the entire crew floats up, that is, you are fastened with seat belts, but the body is already weightless. That's when the feeling of euphoria sets in. Outside the window - the brightest colors. There are no halftones in space, everything is saturated, very contrasting.

You immediately want to feel everything, spin in the air, succumb to a feeling of joy, but when you are a member of the crew, first of all you have to work. A lot of things happen at the same time: you need to monitor how the antennas open, check the tightness, and so on. And only after you are convinced that everything is in order, you can take off the spacesuit and really enjoy weightlessness - somersault.

Again, tumbling is dangerous. I remember that experienced astronauts began to move very smoothly, and we, the beginners, were spinning and spinning. And then the vestibular apparatus goes crazy. And you understand that you need to be careful with him, because bouts of nausea may begin.

About smells
It was you on Earth who ran to the toilet, and even if you didn’t run, it’s okay. And there, if you miss, all this will fly inside in the atmosphere. And it will be necessary to collect with a special vacuum cleaner. But you can't pick up odors with a vacuum cleaner. And the atmosphere is one, and it deteriorates.

Smells at the station are constantly accumulating, so when you first arrive there, you don't feel very comfortable. We also do sports there, but you can’t open the window, you can’t ventilate it.

But people get used to smells very quickly. So it cannot be said that you feel discomfort all the time in orbit. Only the first time, when you open the hatch of the ship and swim into the station. Although a few months ago, the time from launch to docking was 34 hours, so the atmosphere on the ship itself had time to be filled with different smells and there was not much difference. It's only a six-hour flight now, so there's more or less fresh air in the ship.

About weightlessness
The first days it is difficult to sleep: the head does not feel any support, it is very unusual. Some people tie their heads to a sleeping bag. No things can be left unsecured: they will fly away. But after a week, you completely get used to weightlessness and live in a regular mode, a daily routine is developed: how much to sleep, when to eat.

You don't use your legs in weightlessness at all, some muscles atrophy, despite the fact that every day you train on special simulators. Therefore, it is much more difficult to return to Earth than to fly away, the overload is more difficult to endure.

And then, for the first time on Earth, you still can’t get used to the fact that you have to carry the weight of your body. In the same place, he pushed off with his finger - flew. It is not necessary to transfer objects to a friend, he threw an object - he flew. What did some sin after they spent half a year in space? A feast, someone asks to pass something, a glass, for example. Well, the astronaut throws a glass across the table.

About the International Space Station
The station, like the spacecraft, consists of modules. These are compartments four meters in diameter and no more than 15 meters in length. Each cosmonaut has his own corner: you come at night, tie a sleeping bag, and swim there yourself. A laptop, a radio usually floats nearby, so that you can, if anything, be quickly picked up.

Image copyright Thinkstock

The current speed record in space has been held for 46 years. The correspondent wondered when he would be beaten.

We humans are obsessed with speed. So, only in the last few months it became known that students in Germany set a speed record for an electric car, and the US Air Force plans to improve hypersonic aircraft in such a way that they develop speeds five times the speed of sound, i.e. over 6100 km/h.

Such planes will not have a crew, but not because people cannot move at such a high speed. In fact, people have already moved at speeds that are several times faster than the speed of sound.

However, is there a limit beyond which our rapidly rushing bodies will no longer be able to withstand overloads?

The current speed record is equally held by three astronauts who participated in the Apollo 10 space mission - Tom Stafford, John Young and Eugene Cernan.

In 1969, when the astronauts flew around the moon and returned back, the capsule they were in reached a speed that on Earth would be equal to 39.897 km / h.

"I think that a hundred years ago we could hardly have imagined that a person could travel in space at a speed of almost 40 thousand kilometers per hour," says Jim Bray of the aerospace concern Lockheed Martin.

Bray is the director of the habitable module project for the promising Orion spacecraft, which is being developed by the US Space Agency NASA.

As conceived by the developers, the Orion spacecraft - multi-purpose and partially reusable - should take astronauts into low Earth orbit. It may well be that with its help it will be possible to break the speed record set for a person 46 years ago.

The new super-heavy rocket, part of the Space Launch System, is scheduled to make its first manned flight in 2021. This will be a flyby of an asteroid in lunar orbit.

The average person can handle about five G's before passing out.

Then months-long expeditions to Mars should follow. Now, according to the designers, the usual maximum speed of the Orion should be approximately 32,000 km/h. However, the speed that Apollo 10 has developed can be surpassed even if the basic configuration of the Orion spacecraft is maintained.

"The Orion is designed to fly to a variety of targets throughout its lifetime," says Bray. "It could be much faster than what we currently plan."

But even "Orion" will not represent the peak of human speed potential. "Basically, there is no other limit to the speed at which we can travel other than the speed of light," says Bray.

The speed of light is one billion km/h. Is there any hope that we will be able to bridge the gap between 40,000 km/h and these values?

Surprisingly, speed as a vector quantity denoting the speed of movement and the direction of movement is not a problem for people in physical sense as long as it is relatively constant and directed in one direction.

Therefore, people - theoretically - can move in space only slightly slower than the "velocity limit of the universe", i.e. the speed of light.

But even assuming we overcome the significant technological hurdles associated with building high-speed spacecraft, our fragile, mostly water bodies will face new dangers from the effects of high speed.

There could be, for now, only imaginary dangers if humans could travel faster than the speed of light through exploiting loopholes in modern physics or through discoveries that break the pattern.

How to withstand overload

However, if we intend to travel at speeds in excess of 40,000 km/h, we will have to reach it and then slow down, slowly and with patience.

Rapid acceleration and equally rapid deceleration are fraught with mortal danger to the human body. This is evidenced by the severity of bodily injuries resulting from car accidents, in which the speed drops from several tens of kilometers per hour to zero.

What is the reason for this? In that property of the Universe, which is called inertia or the ability of a physical body with mass to resist a change in its state of rest or motion in the absence or compensation of external influences.

This idea is formulated in Newton's first law, which states: "Every body continues to be held in its state of rest or uniform and rectilinear motion until and insofar as it is compelled by applied forces to change that state."

We humans are able to endure huge G-forces without serious injury, however, only for a few moments.

"The state of rest and movement at a constant speed is normal for the human body, - explains Bray. - We should rather worry about the state of the person at the time of acceleration."

About a century ago, the development of durable aircraft that could maneuver at speed led pilots to report strange symptoms caused by changes in speed and direction of flight. These symptoms included temporary loss of vision and a feeling of either heaviness or weightlessness.

The reason is the g-forces, measured in units of G, which is the ratio of linear acceleration to acceleration free fall on the Earth's surface under the influence of attraction or gravity. These units reflect the effect of free fall acceleration on the mass of, for example, the human body.

An overload of 1 G is equal to the weight of a body that is in the Earth's gravity field and is attracted to the center of the planet at a speed of 9.8 m/sec (at sea level).

G-forces that a person experiences vertically from head to toe or vice versa are truly bad news for pilots and passengers.

With negative overloads, i.e. slowing down, blood rushes from the toes to the head, there is a feeling of oversaturation, as in a handstand.

"Red veil" (the feeling that a person experiences when blood rushes to the head) occurs when the blood-swollen, translucent lower eyelids rise and close the pupils of the eyes.

Conversely, during acceleration or positive g-forces, blood drains from the head to the legs, the eyes and brain begin to experience a lack of oxygen, as blood accumulates in the lower extremities.

At first, vision becomes cloudy, i.e. there is a loss of color vision and rolls, as they say, a "gray veil", then a complete loss of vision or a "black veil" occurs, but the person remains conscious.

Excessive overloads lead to complete loss of consciousness. This condition is called congestion-induced syncope. Many pilots died due to the fact that a "black veil" fell over their eyes - and they crashed.

The average person can handle about five G's before passing out.

Pilots, dressed in special anti-G overalls and trained in a special way to tense and relax the muscles of the torso so that the blood does not drain from the head, are able to fly the plane with overloads of about nine Gs.

Upon reaching a steady cruising speed of 26,000 km/h in orbit, astronauts experience no more speed than commercial airline passengers.

“For short periods of time, the human body can withstand much higher g-forces than nine Gs,” says Jeff Sventek, executive director of the Aerospace Medicine Association, located in Alexandria, Va. few".

We humans are able to endure enormous G-forces without serious injury, but only for a few moments.

The short-term endurance record was set by US Air Force Captain Eli Bieding Jr. at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico. In 1958, when braking on a special rocket-powered sled, after accelerating to 55 km / h in 0.1 second, he experienced an overload of 82.3 G.

This result was recorded by an accelerometer attached to his chest. Beeding's eyes were also covered with a "black veil", but he escaped with only bruises during this outstanding demonstration of the endurance of the human body. True, after the arrival, he spent three days in the hospital.

And now to space

Astronauts, depending on the vehicle, also experienced fairly high g-forces - from three to five Gs - during takeoffs and during re-entry into the atmosphere, respectively.

These g-forces are relatively easy to bear, thanks to the clever idea of ​​strapping space travelers into seats in a prone position facing the direction of flight.

Once they reach a steady cruising speed of 26,000 km/h in orbit, astronauts experience no more speed than passengers on commercial flights.

If overloads will not be a problem for long-term expeditions on the Orion spacecraft, then with small space rocks - micrometeorites - everything is more difficult.

These particles the size of a grain of rice can reach impressive yet destructive speeds of up to 300,000 km/h. To ensure the integrity of the ship and the safety of its crew, Orion is equipped with an external protective layer, the thickness of which varies from 18 to 30 cm.

In addition, additional shielding shields are provided, as well as ingenious placement of equipment inside the ship.

"In order not to lose the flight systems that are vital to the entire spacecraft, we must accurately calculate the angles of approach of micrometeorites," says Jim Bray.

Rest assured, micrometeorites are not the only hindrance to space missions, during which high human flight speeds in vacuum will play an increasingly important role.

During the expedition to Mars, other practical tasks will also have to be solved, for example, to supply the crew with food and counteract the increased risk of cancer due to the effects of cosmic radiation on the human body.

Reducing travel time will lessen the severity of such problems, so that speed of travel will become increasingly desirable.

Next generation spaceflight

This need for speed will put new obstacles in the way of space travelers.

New NASA spacecraft that threaten to break Apollo 10's speed record will still rely on time-tested chemical systems rocket engines used since the first space flights. But these systems have severe speed limits due to the release of small amounts of energy per unit of fuel.

The most preferred, albeit elusive, source of energy for a fast spacecraft is antimatter, a twin and antipode of ordinary matter.

Therefore, in order to significantly increase the speed of flight for people going to Mars and beyond, scientists recognize that completely new approaches are needed.

"The systems that we have today are quite capable of getting us there," says Bray, "but we all would like to witness a revolution in engines."

Eric Davis, lead research physicist at the Institute for Advanced Study in Austin, Texas, and member of NASA's Motion Physics Breakthrough Program, six-year-old research project, which ended in 2002, identified the three most promising tools, from the point of view of traditional physics, that can help humanity achieve speeds that are reasonably sufficient for interplanetary travel.

In short, we are talking about the phenomena of energy release during the splitting of matter, thermonuclear fusion and annihilation of antimatter.

The first method is atomic fission and is used in commercial nuclear reactors.

The second, thermonuclear fusion, is the creation of heavier atoms from simpler atoms, the kind of reactions that power the sun. This is a technology that fascinates, but is not given to the hands; until it is "always 50 years away" - and always will be, as the old motto of this industry says.

"These are very advanced technologies," says Davis, "but they are based on traditional physics and have been firmly established since the dawn of the Atomic Age." According to optimistic estimates, propulsion systems based on the concepts of atomic fission and thermonuclear fusion, in theory, are capable of accelerating a ship to 10% of the speed of light, i.e. up to a very worthy 100 million km / h.

The most preferred, albeit elusive, source of energy for a fast spacecraft is antimatter, the twin and antipode of ordinary matter.

When two kinds of matter come into contact, they annihilate each other, resulting in the release of pure energy.

The technologies to produce and store - so far extremely small - amounts of antimatter already exist today.

At the same time, the production of antimatter in useful quantities will require new next-generation special capacities, and engineering will have to enter into a competitive race to create an appropriate spacecraft.

But, Davies says, a lot of great ideas are already on the drawing boards.

Spaceships propelled by antimatter energy will be able to accelerate for months and even years and reach greater percentages of the speed of light.

At the same time, overloads on board will remain acceptable for the inhabitants of the ships.

At the same time, such fantastic new speeds will be fraught with other dangers for the human body.

energy hail

At speeds of several hundred million kilometers per hour, any speck of dust in space, from dispersed hydrogen atoms to micrometeorites, inevitably becomes a high-energy bullet capable of piercing a ship's hull through and through.

"When you are moving at a very high speed, it means that the particles flying towards you are moving at the same speeds," says Arthur Edelstein.

Together with his late father, William Edelstein, professor of radiology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, he worked on scientific work, which examined the effects (on humans and machinery) of cosmic hydrogen atoms during ultrafast space travel in space.

The hydrogen will begin to decompose into subatomic particles, which will penetrate the interior of the ship and expose both crew and equipment to radiation.

The Alcubierre engine will carry you like a surfer on a wave crest Eric Davies, research physicist

At 95% the speed of light, exposure to such radiation would mean almost instantaneous death.

The starship will be heated to melting temperatures that no conceivable material can withstand, and the water contained in the bodies of the crew members will immediately boil.

"These are all extremely nasty problems," remarks Edelstein with grim humor.

He and his father roughly calculated that in order to create some hypothetical magnetic shielding system capable of shielding the ship and its people from a deadly hydrogen rain, a starship could travel at no more than half the speed of light. Then the people on board have a chance to survive.

Mark Millis, translational physicist and former leader NASA's Breakthrough Motion Physics Program warns that this potential speed limit for spaceflight remains a problem for the distant future.

“Based on the physical knowledge accumulated to date, we can say that it will be extremely difficult to develop a speed above 10% of the speed of light,” says Millis. “We are not in danger yet. A simple analogy: why worry that we can drown if We haven't even entered the water yet."

Faster than light?

If we assume that we, so to speak, have learned to swim, will we then be able to master gliding through space time - if we develop this analogy further - and fly at superluminal speed?

The hypothesis of an innate ability to survive in a superluminal environment, although doubtful, is not without certain glimpses of educated enlightenment in pitch darkness.

One of these intriguing modes of travel is based on technologies similar to those used in the "warp drive" or "warp drive" from Star Trek.

Known as the "Alcubierre Engine"* (named after the Mexican theoretical physicist Miguel Alcubierre), this propulsion system works by allowing the ship to compress normal space-time described by Albert Einstein in front of it and expand it behind myself.

In essence, the ship moves in a certain volume of space-time, a kind of "curvature bubble", which moves faster than the speed of light.

Thus, the ship remains stationary in normal space-time in this "bubble" without being deformed and avoiding violations of the universal speed limit of light.

"Instead of floating in the water column of normal space-time," says Davis, "the Alcubierre engine will carry you like a surfer on a board on the crest of a wave."

There is also a certain trick here. To implement this idea, an exotic form of matter is needed, which has a negative mass in order to compress and expand space-time.

"Physics does not contain any contraindications regarding negative mass," says Davis, "but there are no examples of it, and we have never seen it in nature."

There is another trick. In a paper published in 2012, researchers at the University of Sydney speculated that the "warp bubble" would accumulate high-energy cosmic particles as it inevitably began to interact with the contents of the universe.

Some of the particles will get inside the bubble itself and pump the ship with radiation.

Stuck at sub-light speeds?

Are we really doomed to get stuck at the stage of sub-light speeds because of our delicate biology?!

It's not so much about setting a new world (galactic?) speed record for a person, but about the prospect of turning humanity into an interstellar society.

At half the speed of light - which is the limit that Edelstein's research suggests our bodies can withstand - a round-trip journey to the nearest star would take more than 16 years.

(The effects of time dilation, which would cause the crew of a starship to pass less time in its frame of reference than to humans remaining on Earth in their frame of reference, would not have dramatic consequences at half the speed of light.)

Mark Millis is full of hope. Considering that humanity has developed anti-g suits and protection against micrometeorites, allowing people to safely travel in the great blue distance and the star-studded blackness of space, he is confident that we can find ways to survive, no matter how fast we reach in the future.

"The same technologies that can help us achieve incredible new travel speeds," Millis muses, "will provide us with new, as yet unknown, capabilities to protect crews."

Translator's notes:

*Miguel Alcubierre came up with the idea of ​​his "bubble" in 1994. And in 1995, Russian theoretical physicist Sergei Krasnikov proposed the concept of a device for space travel faster than the speed of light. The idea was called "Krasnikov's pipes".

This is an artificial curvature of space-time according to the principle of the so-called wormhole. Hypothetically, the ship will move in a straight line from the Earth to a given star through curved space-time, passing through other dimensions.

According to Krasnikov's theory, the space traveler will return back at the same time that he set off.

Dear members of the expedition! We begin with you the Third flight under the Star Trek Masters program. The crew is prepared. We have already learned a lot about the starry sky. And now - the most important thing. How will we explore outer space? Ask your friends: what do they fly in space? Many, for sure, will answer - on a rocket! And here is not true. Let's deal with this issue.

What is a rocket?

This is a firecracker, and a type of military weapon, and, of course, an apparatus that flies into space. Only in astronautics it is called booster . (Incorrectly sometimes called launch vehicle, because they are not carrying a rocket, but the rocket itself puts space devices into orbit).

launch vehicle- a device operating on the principle of jet propulsion and designed to launch spacecraft, satellites, orbital stations and other payloads into outer space. To date, this is the only vehicle known to science capable of launching a spacecraft into orbit.

This is the most powerful Russian Proton-M launch vehicle.

In order to enter Earth orbit, it is necessary to overcome the force of gravity, that is, the Earth's gravity. It is very large, so the rocket must move at a very high speed. The rocket needs a lot of fuel. You can see several first stage fuel tanks below. When they run out of fuel, the first stage separates and falls (into the ocean), thus it is no longer ballast for the rocket. It also happens with the second, third stage. As a result, only the spacecraft itself, located in the nose of the rocket, is launched into orbit.

Space vehicles.

So, we already know that in order to overcome the earth's gravity and put a spacecraft into orbit, we need a launch vehicle. And what are spacecraft?

artificial earth satellite (satellite) is a spacecraft orbiting the Earth. Used for research, experiments, communications, telecommunications and other purposes.

Here it is, the world's first artificial Earth satellite, launched in the Soviet Union in 1957. Quite small, right?

Currently, more than 40 countries are launching their satellites.

It is the first French satellite launched in 1965. They named him Asterix.

Spaceships- are used to deliver goods and people to the Earth's orbit and their return. There are automatic and manned.

This is our latest generation Russian manned spacecraft Soyuz TMA-M. Now he is in space. It was launched into orbit by a Soyuz-FG launch vehicle.

American scientists have developed another system for launching people and cargo into space.

Space transport system , better known as space shuttle(from English. Spaceshuttle - space shuttle listen)) is an American reusable transport spacecraft. The shuttle is launched into space using launch vehicles, maneuvers in orbit like a spacecraft, and returns to Earth like an airplane. The shuttle Discovery made the most flights.

And this is the launch of the shuttle Endeavor. The Endeavor made its first flight in 1992. The Endeavor Shuttle is scheduled to complete the Space Shuttle program. The launch of his last mission is scheduled for February 2011.

The third country that has managed to go into space is China.

Chinese spacecraft Shenzhou ("Magic Boat"). By design and appearance resembles the Soyuz and was developed with the help of Russia, but is not an exact copy of the Russian Soyuz.

Where are they heading spaceships? To the stars? Not yet. They can fly around the Earth, they can get to the Moon, or they can dock with a space station.

International space station (ISS) - manned orbital station, space research complex. The ISS is a joint international project involving sixteen countries (in alphabetical order): Belgium, Brazil, Great Britain, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Italy, Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia, USA, France, Switzerland, Sweden, Japan.

The station is assembled from modules directly in orbit. Modules are separate parts, gradually delivered by transport ships. It receives power from solar panels.

But it is important not only to escape from the earth's gravity and end up in space. The astronaut still needs to safely return to Earth. For this, descent vehicles are used.

Landing vehicles- are used to deliver people and materials from an orbit around a planet or an interplanetary trajectory to the planet's surface.

Descent of the descent vehicle on a parachute - The final stage space travel when returning to Earth. The parachute is used to soften the landing and braking artificial satellites and crewed spacecraft.

This is the descent vehicle of Yuri Gagarin, the first man to fly into space on April 12, 1961. In honor of the 50th anniversary of this event, 2011 was named the Year of Cosmonautics.

Can a person fly to another planet? Not yet. The only celestial body where people managed to land is the Earth's satellite, the Moon.

In 1969, American astronauts landed on the moon. The manned spacecraft Apollo 11 helped them fly. In orbit around the moon, the lunar module undocked from the spacecraft and landed on the surface of the moon. After spending 21 hours on the surface, the astronauts went back on the takeoff module. And on the surface of the moon remained the landing part. Outside, a plate with a map of the hemispheres of the Earth was strengthened on it and the words “Here, people from planet Earth first set foot on the moon. July 1969 new era. We come in peace on behalf of all Humanity." What good words!

But what about the exploration of other planets? Is it possible? Yes. That's what planet rovers are for.

rovers- automatic laboratory complexes or vehicles for moving on the surface of the planet and other celestial body.

The world's first planetary rover "Luna-1" was launched on the surface of the Moon on November 17, 1970 by the Soviet interplanetary station "Luna-17" and worked on its surface until September 29, 1971 (on this day the last successful communication session with the device was carried out) .

Lunokhod "Luna-1". He worked on the Moon for almost a year, after which he remained on the surface of the Moon. BUT ... In 2007, scientists who conducted laser sounding of the Moon HAVE NOT DETECTED it there! What happened to him? Did a meteorite hit? Or?...

How many more mysteries does space hold? How much is connected with the planet closest to us - Mars! And so American scientists managed to send two rovers to this red planet.

There were many problems with the launch of the rovers. Until they thought to give them proper names. In 2003, the United States held a real competition for names for new rovers. The winner was a 9-year-old girl, an orphan from Siberia, who was adopted by an American family. She suggested calling them Spirit (“Spirit”) and Opportunity (“Opportunity”). These names were chosen from 10,000 others.

January 3, 2011 marks seven years since the Spirit rover (pictured above) began operations on the surface of Mars. Spirit got stuck in the sands in April 2009 and hasn't been in contact with Earth since March 2010. It is not currently known if this rover is still alive.

Meanwhile, its twin named "Opportunity" is currently exploring the 90m diameter crater.

And this rover is just getting ready to launch.

It's a whole martian scientific laboratory, which is preparing to be sent to Mars in 2011. It will be several times larger and heavier than the existing twin rovers.

And finally, let's talk about starships. Do they exist in reality or is it just fantasy? Exist!

starship- a spacecraft (spaceship) capable of moving between star systems or even galaxies.

In order for a spacecraft to become a starship, it is enough for it to score the third cosmic speed. At present, spacecraft of this type are the Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2 spacecraft that left the solar system.

This " Pioneer-10» (USA) - an unmanned spacecraft designed mainly to study Jupiter. It was the first spacecraft to fly past Jupiter and photograph it from space. The twin apparatus Pioneer 11 also explored Saturn.

It was launched on March 2, 1972. In 1983, he passed the orbit of Pluto and became the first device launched from Earth to leave the limits solar system.

However, outside the solar system with "Pioneer-10" began to happen mysterious phenomena. A force of unknown origin began to slow him down. The last signal from Pioneer 10 was received on January 23, 2003. It was reported that he was heading towards Aldebaran. If nothing happens to it along the way, it will reach the vicinity of the star in 2 million years. Such a long flight... A gold plate is fixed on board the device, where the location of the Earth is indicated for aliens, as well as a number of images and sounds are recorded.

space tourism

Of course, many people want to go to space, see the Earth from above, starry sky much closer... Can only astronauts go there? Not only. Space tourism has been successfully developing for several years now.

Currently, the only used destination for space tourism is the International Space Station (ISS). Flights are carried out with the help of Russian Soyuz spacecraft. Already 7 space tourists have successfully completed their voyage, having spent several days in space. The last one was Guy Laliberte- founder and head of the company Cirque du Soleil (Circus of the Sun). True, a ticket to space is very expensive, from 20 to 40 million dollars.

There is another option. More precisely, it will be soon.

The manned ship SpaceShipTwo (he is in the middle) is lifted by a special White Knight catamaran aircraft to a height of 14 km, where they are undocked from the aircraft. After undocking, its own solid-fuel engine should turn on, and SpaceShipTwo will rise to a height of 50 km. Here, the engines will be turned off, and the device will rise to a height of 100 km by inertia. Then it turns around and begins to fall to Earth, at an altitude of 20 km, the wings of the device are in position for glide, and SpaceShipTwo lands.

Only 6 minutes it will be in outer space, and its passengers (6 people) will be able to experience all the delights of weightlessness and admire the view from the windows.

True, these 6 minutes will also cost a lot - 200 thousand dollars. But the test pilot says they are worth it. Tickets are already on sale!

In the fantasy world

So, we very briefly got acquainted with the main spacecraft that exist today. In conclusion, let's talk about those devices, the existence of which science has not yet confirmed. Newspapers, television, and the Internet often receive such photographs of flying objects visiting our Earth.

What is this? Flying saucer alien origin, wonders of computer graphics and something else? We don't know yet. But you will know for sure!

Flights to the stars have always attracted the attention of science fiction writers, directors, screenwriters.

This is how the Pepelats spacecraft looks like in G. Danelia's film "Kin-dza-dza".

In the slang of specialists in rocket and space technology the word "pepelats" has come to mean with humor a single-stage vertical launch and landing launch vehicle, as well as ridiculous and exotic designs of spacecraft and launch vehicles.

However, what seems like science fiction today may soon become reality. We still laugh at our favorite movie, and an American private company decided to implement these ideas.

This "pepelats" appeared ten years after the film, and he really flew, though under the name "Roton".

One of the most famous foreign science fiction films is Star Trek, a multi-part epic film created by Jim Roddenberry. There, a team of space explorers is sent to fly between galaxies on the starship Enterprise.

Some real-life spaceships have been named after the legendary Enterprise.

Starship Voyager. More perfect, continuing the research mission of the Enterprise.

Material from Wikipedia, www.cosmoworld.ru, from news feeds.

As you can see, reality and fiction are not so far apart. In this flight you have to create your own spacecraft. You can choose any kind of existing devices: launch vehicle, satellite, spacecraft, space station, planetary rover, etc. Or you can depict a starship from the fantasy world.

Other topics in this flight:

• Virtual tour "Spacecraft"
• Topic 1. We design spacecraft
• Topic 2. Depicting spacecraft

Hello everyone, I am uploading files on the topic “100 to 1 answers that flies in space”, who needs to take:

Your file has been found, please wait.

What flies in space? Reply to this topic Create newest theme. Game 100 to 1 Answers. Answer: vacuum galaxy stars aliens spaceships comets. Now animals fly into space and work there on a par with people. Gagarin did not fly into space. What flies in space? Answers to questions for the game 100 to 1 (one hundred to one). Asked on Dec 21, 2012. Gerhard Wisniewski, a well-known conspiracy theorist in Germany, has published a book called Lies in Space. As professionals say, not only a mass of satellites and a space station fly in orbit around the Earth, but also an impressive amount of space debris. To consolidate the information, I suggest that you play the currently fashionable game “I spy” with Katya and find answers to my questions hidden in the pictures below.

How to remove the instrument panel vaz 2107 Gleb Ignatiev Hello everyone! Guys, such a problem, the stove heater lever does not open the damper for the flow of hot air into the cabin. Perhaps when you forced it in, it bent somewhere at the base.
How to determine the cross section by diameter Instruction 1 To calculate the cross section of the wire, that is, its area, it is enough elementary knowledge from school course mathematics. Total, 0.5 × 0.5 × 3.14 = 0.785. 2 In practice, the correct measurement of the wire diameter is important.
How to highlight cells in excel. Conditional formatting in Excel can highlight cells by comparing them to specific data or by a specific condition. How to highlight Saturdays, Sundays or other days in a table, read the article "Select a number by day of the week in Excel".
How to Find Opportunity Costs Even if the analysis showed that this work will only bring loss to the enterprise, do not rush to abandon its implementation. Analyze the obtained values, which will show whether it is profitable for the company to agree to the execution of this order.
Scientists promise to test the theory that we live in a computer simulation According to their estimates, the current supercomputers are able to simulate only a tiny part of the universe, a little more than the nucleus of an atom. Physicists at the University of Washington say it can be tested.
The order can be sued.
Some manipulations are possible at the stage of preparing the tender documentation, when it is selected for a specific contractor.
Why are the roads bad in Russia? VRFtritragedies are fools, roads, and when one trouble drives around another.
The VRF has two tragedies, and if one of them can be dealt with with the help of rollers and pavers, then with the roads everything is much more difficult.
10 reasons why Russia has bad roads Spam Twitter
Classmates
_
The blog is updated very often, so missing something interesting is not so difficult. Especially for such cases, I have an email newsletter. This is a beautifully designed compilation of the most sedate posts from the past week for those who rarely come here.
Dawn: Part 1
Original title: The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 1
Year of departure: 2011
Genre: fantasy, grief, melodrama
Director: Bill Condon
Cast: Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, Taylor Lautner, Billy Burke, Peter Facinelli, Elizabeth Reaser, Kellan Lutz, Nikki Reed, Jackson Rathbone, Ashley Greene
Experts estimate that the main reason for such a rare use of materials that are relevant today is a terribly outdated regulatory framework. In fact, we continue to build roads on the technologies of the previous century. Who produces geosynthetic materials in Russia?
Why are the roads bad in Russia? natural background
The climatic conditions of the Russian Federation are quite difficult. Hot Summer, Cold winter and nakedness and barefoot. ant. the abundance of rains leads to severe wear of the roads.
Why are the roads bad in Russia? We answer on the example of Togliatti Last year, Togliatti allocated 258.3 million rubles for roads. from the city and 198.1 million rubles. from the regional budgets - enough to repair about half a million square meters. meters of the road. And this, by the way, is a record figure for Togliatti, usually they repair 2-3 times less per year. Half a million sq. meters, a large number of is it too little?
Videos / total 38976 From the stories of special correspondents you will learn about more interesting events in the field of culture: exhibitions and concerts, performances and vernissages, world film premieres, melodic news and tours of stars.
Why there are bad roads in the Russian Federation: natural and human factors Part of the answer to this question lies in the physical geography of the country:
There are so-called natural reasons why roads in the Russian Federation are bad.
The police, in turn, are very fond of protecting violators in these zones, bearing in mind that there are a lot of foreigners in the United States!
BY THE TECHNOLOGY OF ANCIENT ROMANS
It is interesting that valuable in the United States are built according to the technology of ancient Rome.
In the 4th part of Bella Swan, as it turned out, she faced a difficult choice - to save the life of herself or her child (half vampire, half human). She decides to leave the baby, but Edward and other members of the Cullen family are categorically against it.
What surprises foreigners in Russia? The list is eloquent, which most of all amaze foreigners who came to Russia. This question is seeded in the 100 to 1 game.
The most famous answer is 100 to 1
Roads: in some places they simply do not exist
They respond just as well
People: they are very welcoming and friendly
It is especially difficult to build roads because of this on the permanent permafrost. In the summer, the road turns into a mess, like, for example, the federal road of Yakutia, which we wrote about in the hormone about the harsh Magadan roads.
Search

Calendar
" August 2013 "
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
100 to 1. What is there in space?
-stars, their uncommon set in the sky;
- planets known and probably not yet explored, on which there may be life;
-weightlessness, and also scribble that vacuum;
Infotainment Internet project Stevsky.ru - serious analytical materials and frivolous mobile games For example, most people, guessing the country with the letter "A", call America. Naturally, this option will be in 1st place in popularity. It will bring you the most points. This is followed by the options "Austria", "Australia", and then "Argentina" and "Armenia".
What flies in space (from the TV show "100 to 1")? Something I did not comprehend the course of your thoughts. Showed an empty hall or an EMPTY HALL? And what do the stars and TV shows have to do with it? Are you currently talking about cinema or television? For a TV show, viewers in the studio are not required at all. Well, except if they are not directly involved in it, like, ENTER, in "Wait for me" or "Live great."
100 to 1 answers what is worn in space Salute to all, I sip files on the topic “100 to 1 answers that are worn in space”, who needs to take:
Your file has been found, please wait..
Sat
Sun
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
How long does it take for designers to be trained to design correctly? Hard to tell. This process will not be fast, but in 5-10 years positively prepared designers will emerge. And for another ten years, these young guys will explain what innovative methods should be used in the construction of roads.
Details about the movie "Twilight. Saga. Dawn: Part 1 "(135 swords) The best thing about our profession is that video filming is like a summer camp for adults. You are rapidly tying a strong agreement with people who will be with you until the end of your days.
Why are the roads bad in Russia? 3 reasons. Asphalt are valuable in the Russian Federation, in comparison with Western European ones, they are of the opposite quality. There are explanations for this, and, first of all, a set of circumstances is significant here. And the Trans-Stroy company - t-stroi.ru produces high-quality road construction, asphalting of roads and the rest.
Twilight. Saga. Dawn: Part 1 Incorrect login
The user with the established login is already registered
This login is prohibited according to forum rules, choose another
Incorrect data in the "E-mail" field or such an e-mail is already registered
Hellenistic length must be at least 6 characters
Why do we have bad roads? Universities need to explore their own potential labor market. In addition, in peripheral universities sometimes come across very fascinating nuggets-teachers. But someday the job market of a small town will be saturated, and it will be difficult for university graduates in this city to find work.
Samara Review. Experts compared the places with geological tankers and came to the conclusion that the areas of value, where pipes burst and cars fell through, almost coincided with the zone of change in the speeds of lowering the earth's chromosphere.
Why is it better to live not in the Russian Federation. Part 1 In the summer you can walk as you like, and in the winter you have to wrap yourself in a huge number of layers and feel yourself wrapped in a carpet, like the hooligan Fedya from Shurik's Adventures.
The national cuisine is insanely dependent on the climate.
Why are the roads bad in Russia? The phrase is considered fictional.
Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol wrote a lot about the road: How incredible and alluring, and bearing, and charming in the word "road", and how wonderful it is, this road!
In the United States, the picture is similar. In Germany, in fact, almost 100% of roads are built using geotextiles and at least 80% of roads with additional geogrid reinforcement.
Fools and roads, or Has anything changed in Russia in 200 years?.. In the first line of the rating was the only state highway connecting the Russian capital and Yakutsk and bearing the proud name "Lena". Traffic on, to put it mildly, unpaved road in some sections is paralyzed every time after torrential downpours.
The road mafia is invincible, or why are there bad roads in Russia? The exponential winding on it clearly shows that a small (5–7%) addition of soil density gives an increase in strength by 2.5 times.
Kill the inventor
OUR 25-ton rollers cannot conceive the problem of soil compaction.
All kinds of roads are dear to us (why in the Russian Federation expensive roads) And we can change road bitumen with Russian-made thermoplastic elastomers, and the cost of building a road increases by only 1%. And even GOST R 52056-2003 was accepted in this regard.
Infotainment Internet project Stevsky.ru - serious analytical materials and frivolous mobile games Do not think that the ranking of methods occurs involuntarily, it is based on statistics. In other words, in order to beat 100 to 1, you would need to think carefully about the most popular answer.
The battle with a competitor takes place in three rounds.
What is racing in space (from the TV show "100 to 1")? Something I did not comprehend the course of your thoughts. Showed an empty hall or an EMPTY HALL? And what do the stars and TV shows have to do with it? Are you talking about cinema right now, or about television? For a TV show, viewers in the studio are not required at all. Well, except that if they do not directly participate in it, as, for example, in "Wait for me" or "Live great."
100 to 1 answers what flies in space Now creatures fly into the world and work there on a par with people. Gagarin did not fly into the world. What flies in space? Answers to questions for the game100k 1 (one hundred to one). Asked on Dec 21, 2012. Gerhard Wisniewski, a well-known conspiracy theorist in Germany, released the book Lies in Space.
100 to 1. What is there in space? The correct answers to this question in the game "100 to 1" were the following answers:
-stars, their colossal multitude in the sky;
- planets, known and most likely still unknown, on which there may be life;
-weightlessness, and also invent that vacuum;