Dolphins are truly amazing creatures; scientists have racked their brains over their way of life more than once. We managed to figure out how these mammals breathe underwater quite quickly: dolphins come up to the surface to take a sip of air, and this supply of oxygen is enough for them for 10-15 minutes. But the question of how dolphins sleep has puzzled researchers for a long time.
Dolphins are mammals that breathe oxygen but live in water. Their skin is very delicate to be on the surface for a long time without water. This means that dolphins cannot sleep while swimming near the surface of the water. But they also cannot sleep under water, they need to rise to the surface to take a breath of air .. So how do they sleep then?
For some time it was believed that dolphins do not need sleep at all, although this seemed absurd - rest is necessary for every living creature. Then there was a theory that they sleep with their eyes open, but it was not confirmed either. The scientists then speculated that dolphins might sleep in fits and starts between sips of oxygen, but this theory turned out to be wrong, although it is closer to a clue.
Related materials:
Interesting facts about dolphins
And only recent studies have confirmed that dolphins, like all mammals, still sleep. But their rest is not quite ordinary. Indeed, for a good sleep, it is necessary to remain in a state of immobility, that is, not to control your body. And for mobile dolphins, such rest is impossible, since they are forced to regularly rise to the surface for oxygen.
Nature arranged everything in such a way that the dolphins rested without freezing in immobility. How then do they sleep? Scientists managed to find the answer to this question by studying the brain of dolphins using biocurrents. And then the mystery cleared up. We all know that during sleep, both in humans and animals, both hemispheres “turn off”. But not with dolphins. As it turned out, in dolphins, the left and right hemispheres sleep in turns, and while one is resting, the other is awake. After an hour and a half, they replace each other: the hemisphere that was resting becomes active, and the hemisphere that was awake falls asleep. This is how the dolphin sleeps, and when it wakes up, both hemispheres are already in active mode. It also became clear why dolphins sometimes have one eye closed - they just see sweet dreams.
They are a set of measures and activities that are aimed at reducing and eliminating negative impact human life on surrounding nature. The main directions of these complexes are the protection of atmospheric air, purification and neutralization Wastewater resources, protection measures soil cover, as well as the protection of forest areas.
All environmental protection measures can be divided into several categories:
1. Economic.
2. Natural sciences.
3. Administrative and legal.
4. Technical and production.
Depending on the area of impact, environmental protection measures can be classified as regional, national and international. Such complexes allow various organizations to monitor nature, make appropriate decisions and effectively implement them. The result of these measures is the reduction of the danger of the extinction of life on Earth, the legal regulation of expedient and effective use various natural resources, protection of rare representatives of flora and fauna.
List of environmental protection measures aimed at protecting atmospheric air:
1. Use of fuels, materials and raw materials to reduce emissions harmful substances, development of methods for the application of environmentally friendly renewable energy sources.
2. Acquisition of new equipment that meets the specified standards. Implementation of technologies for more efficient processing and use of extracted materials, substances and fuel resources.
3. Implementation of installations for the recirculation of exhaust and flue gases, both industrial and individual.
4. Development of cleaning and neutralization systems, as well as systems for measuring and controlling the content of harmful substances in them.
5. Improving the conditions for dispersion of emissions, removal of fugitive and reduction of organized sources of emissions.
Environmental protection measures aimed at protecting the planet's water resources:
1. Construction of new and modernization of old complexes for the collection, treatment, transportation and release of wastewater.
2. Development of water supply wells.
3. Creation and maintenance of the required maintenance regime, as well as ensuring proper sanitary standards at water intake points.
4. Elimination of pollution of underground and surface waters by sewage and waste products of animals and humans.
5. Cleaning, neutralization of sewage.
Environmental protection measures aimed at preventing and reducing the harmful effects of waste:
1. Development and implementation innovative technologies, the purpose of which is the neutralization of waste products.
2. Construction and modernization of facilities intended for the storage and neutralization of waste, as well as the selection of special zones for their disposal.
3. Wide distribution of containers and containers for collecting specialized types of waste and waste products.
The environmental legislation of the Russian Federation obliges all legal and individuals whose activities are related to nature management, the formation and use of hazardous waste, the emission of harmful substances, to carry out measures to protect and restore the natural environment.
Thus, environmental activities are carried out in the following areas:
- air space and ozone layer protection;
- protection of water resources;
- protection of land resources and subsoil;
- protection of forest plantations;
- production and labor protection;
- protection of water supply for the population;
- contact with harmful and hazardous waste;
- protection of wildlife and ethnic ecomassifs.
The provisions of legislative acts, first of all, are aimed at motivating entrepreneurs to green their production activities: rational use of natural materials; the use of resource-saving, low-waste and non-waste technologies, environmentally friendly raw materials, reducing the harmful impact on the environment, restoring the natural balance.
List of environmental protection measures for the enterprise
For each business entity, the list of measures to protect the natural environment will be individual, which is due to the characteristics of the technological process and the type of polluting effect on the environment, the quality of the fixed assets used, the location of production facilities and a number of other factors.
To reduce the harmful impact on the environment, business entities can apply administrative, economic, production, scientific methods, which allows you to choose the most convenient and profitable way for the enterprise to protect the environment.
We offer an approximate list of environmental protection measures that an enterprise can include in its environmental documentation, depending on the type of activity and financial capabilities (differentiation in key areas of environmental protection):
- Protection of atmospheric air and the ozone layer may include such activities: transition to the use of eco-fuels and environmentally friendly raw materials; implementation of a smoke and gas recirculation system; modernization of installations for gas purification; the use of aggregates for the disposal of substances that destroy the ozone layer; automation of control of emissions of harmful substances; equipment for unorganized emission sites; acquisition of measuring equipment for monitoring the level of toxins and smoke in exhaust gases, creating conditions for dispersing emissions, etc.;
- Water resources protection may consist in such activities: updating equipment for household water supply; introduction of hydraulic sludge removal units; accumulation of substances that pollute ground and surface waters; purchase of devices for collecting pollutants contained in wastewater; well construction; reconstruction and overhaul of networks for the intake, transportation, storage of water resources, etc.;
- Waste material handling involves the following greening measures: the introduction of programs for the transfer of waste into product categories; neutralization and storage of toxic waste; acquisition and use of containers for storage of secondary raw materials and waste; modernization and re-equipment of waste material storage facilities; introduction of non-waste production systems; arrangement of sites for temporary storage of waste, etc.;
- Occupational and production safety may include such activities: replacement of old production equipment with new ones, monitoring compliance with the work and rest regime, installation of fire protection systems; acquisition of construction equipment with lower vibration and noise characteristics; installation of exhaust gas cleaning systems, etc.
Environmental protection measures at the enterprise also include: maintaining environmental documentation, conducting environmental monitoring, developing programs to reduce noise levels, treat wastewater, near-earth space, etc.
Based on the compiled list of environmental measures, an official document is created - the List. All measures for the preservation of the natural environment, which the enterprise reflects in the relevant documents, are mandatory. Therefore, when drawing up an environmental action plan, one should start from the current production and financial capabilities of the enterprise in order to avoid conflict situations and litigation.
Assistance from Eco-Safety Specialists
A specialized specialist, an ecologist, should develop a list of environmental measures and draw it up accordingly at the enterprise. It is this official who is responsible for the implementation of environmental protection measures and the reduction of environmental payments and compensations of the enterprise.
The outsourcing company "Ekobezopasnost" offers environmental support services for enterprises on the most favorable terms. We employ highly qualified environmentalists with extensive experience in compiling environmental reports and interacting with state control bodies.
Our professionals will develop an effective and realistic plan of environmental protection measures in a short time, taking into account all the features and nuances of your enterprise, help reduce environmental payments and create a good reputation as a modern environmentally friendly manufacturer.
Call us right now and experienced employees will provide you with detailed information about the services of our company, consult and give recommendations on each specific case, answer all your questions. Experts will help you find a compromise between the requirements of environmental legislation and the interests of your business!
Environmental protection is one of those global problems, the solution of which requires a comprehensive and universal solution, the introduction of a set of effective measures to restore natural resources, prevent pollution of the world's oceans and atmosphere, etc. For more than one century, people thoughtlessly spent natural resources, and today the time has come when we realize that the planet's reserves are not endless and require not only rational use, but also restoration.
The main factors that ecologists pay attention to are the provoking thinning of the ozone layer of the atmosphere and leading to the "greenhouse effect", the discharge of harmful substances into the world's oceans, which causes the death of its inhabitants, and an increase in the volume of production waste that does not decompose. The BP oilfield incident that led to the present one showed how much more extensive protection is needed in the oil and gas complex. After all, it is in this sector of industry that any accident leads to horrific consequences, from which nature cannot recover for years.
Today, environmental protection is one of the critical issues, which are decided by the governments and most countries of the world. Scientists are looking for more gentle technologies for the production and processing of raw materials, developing complexes for its subsequent disposal or reuse, exploring the possibilities of reducing the amount and concentration of harmful emissions into the atmosphere, trying to use safe energy sources and more environmentally friendly fuels.
It is the unfavorable ecological situation affects not only natural
resources, but also on human health: the average life expectancy of people is decreasing, the number of babies born with developmental pathologies or congenital diseases is increasing, the number of infertile couples and cancer patients is growing. It was such disappointing statistics that became the reason for the development of a set of measures aimed at changing the current situation.
Protection in Russia in last years became one of priority areas domestic policy states. It involves the development and implementation of new, safe production technologies, measures to restore natural resources (new forest plantations and limitation of clearings, restoration of the population of water bodies, rational use of subsoil resources, reuse of various raw materials, etc.). Along with these measures, the number of protected areas, national parks and reserves is increasing.
To regulate and control the use of resources State Committee for the protection of nature. His direct responsibility is the development of regulations, requirements and rules. Only in our country the norms of environmental law are included in the main law of the state - the Constitution. In addition, in order to properly use resources in various industries, the Subsoil Law, as well as the Water, Forest and Land Codes have been developed. Despite enough a large number of environmental departments, environmental protection in our country is still underdeveloped. And this is not so much a flaw in the state power as the own attitude of each person to the world in which he lives.
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Russian State University physical culture,
sports, youth and tourism
Department "Tourism"
Referat
discipline: "Environmental Protection"
on the topic of: " environmental protection"
Completed by: Ivakhnenko Ya.E.
Lecturer: Tseryabina V.V.
Moscow 2014
1. Essence and directions of environmental protection
2. Objects and principles of environmental protection
3. Regulatory framework for environmental protection
Literature
1. Essence and directions of environmental protection
Types of environmental pollution and directions of its protection.
A variety of human intervention in natural processes in the biosphere can be grouped into the following types of pollution, understanding them as any anthropogenic changes undesirable for ecosystems:
Ingredient (ingredient - an integral part of a complex compound or mixture) pollution as a set of substances quantitatively or qualitatively alien to natural biogeocenoses;
Parametric pollution (an environmental parameter is one of its properties, for example, the level of noise, illumination, radiation, etc.) associated with a change in the qualitative parameters of the environment;
Biocenotic pollution, which consists in the impact on the composition and structure of the population of living organisms;
Stationary-destructive pollution (station - the habitat of the population, destruction - destruction), which is a change in landscapes and ecological systems in the process of nature management.
Until the 60s of our century, nature protection was understood mainly as the protection of its animal and flora from extermination. Accordingly, the forms of this protection were mainly the creation of specially protected areas, the adoption of legal acts restricting the hunting of individual animals, etc. Scientists and the public were primarily concerned about biocenotic and partially stationary-destructive effects on the biosphere. Ingredient and parametric pollution, of course, also existed, especially since there was no talk of installing treatment facilities at enterprises. But it was not as diverse and massive as it is now. So, in rivers with undisturbed biocenosis and normal flow rate, not slowed down by hydraulic structures, under the influence of mixing, oxidation, sedimentation, absorption and decomposition by decomposers, disinfection by solar radiation, etc., polluted water completely restored its properties over a distance of 30 km from pollution sources . However, by the middle of the XX century. the rates of ingredient and parametric pollution have increased, and their qualitative composition has changed so dramatically that in large areas the ability of nature to self-purify, i.e., the natural destruction of the pollutant as a result of natural physical, chemical and biological processes, has been lost.
At present, even such full-flowing and long rivers as the Ob, Yenisei, Lena and Amur are not self-purifying. What can we say about the Volga, the natural flow rate of which is several times reduced by hydraulic structures, or the Tom River ( Western Siberia), all the water of which industrial enterprises manage to take away for their needs and drain it back contaminated at least 3-4 times before it gets from the source to the mouth.
The ability of the soil to self-cleanse is undermined by a sharp decrease in the number of decomposers in it, which occurs under the influence of the immoderate use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers, the cultivation of monocultures, the complete harvesting of all parts of grown plants from the fields, etc.
Characteristics of sources of pollution of water bodies
Despite the steady increase in water consumption due to the rapid increase in population, main problem It was not the shortage of drinking water in most countries of the world, but the progressive pollution of rivers, lakes and groundwater. Significant industrial growth has led to a sharp increase in the volume of technical waste discharged in the form of untreated or insufficiently treated wastewater into water bodies.
The main sources of water pollution are:
1. atmospheric precipitation containing pollutants of industrial origin, which are washed out of the atmosphere;
2. urban wastewater (domestic, sewerage containing unhealthy synthetic detergents and etc.);
3. industrial waste water;
4. agricultural wastewater (waste from livestock complexes, washout from fertilizer and pesticide fields by rain and spring meltwater, etc.).
The most significant share of water pollution is industrial wastewater, half of which (according to the data of domestic environmental services) is discharged into water bodies without treatment, and most of the second half - in an insufficiently purified form. Therefore, almost all rivers are polluted with oil products, heavy metals, organic and mineral compounds. Agricultural wastewater carries huge quantities of fertilizers and pesticides into rivers and lakes. The discharge of wastewater into water bodies is accompanied by the accumulation of pollutants in the bottom sediments in high concentrations, which can lead to a sharp increase in the level of pollution in flood waters and to secondary pollution associated with the formation of new (often more harmful than the original) chemical compounds. biosphere natural animal
Natural resources and their classification
Natural resources (natural resources) - elements of nature, part of the totality natural conditions and the most important components of the natural environment that are used (or can be used) at a given level of development of the productive forces to meet the various needs of society and social production. Classification:
1. Natural (genetic) classification - classification of natural resources by natural groups: mineral (minerals), water, land (including soil), vegetable (including forest), wildlife, climatic, resources energy natural processes(solar radiation, internal heat of the Earth, wind energy, etc.). Often the resources of flora and fauna are combined into the concept of biological resources.
2. The ecological classification of natural resources is based on the signs of exhaustibility and renewability of resource reserves. The concept of exhaustibility is used when taking into account the reserves of natural resources and the volume of their possible economic withdrawal.
Resources are allocated on this basis:
Inexhaustible - the use of which by a person does not lead to a visible depletion of their reserves now or in the foreseeable future ( solar energy, intraterrestrial heat, energy of water, air);
Drawn non-renewable - the continuous use of which can reduce them to a level at which further exploitation becomes economically unfeasible, while they are incapable of self-recovery in terms commensurate with the terms of consumption (for example, mineral resources);
Drawn renewable - resources that are characterized by the ability to restore (through reproduction or other natural cycles), for example, flora, fauna, water resources. In this subgroup, resources with an extremely slow rate of renewal are distinguished (fertile lands, forest resources with high quality wood).
2. Objects and principles of environmental protection
Environmental protection is understood as a set of international, state and regional legal acts, instructions and standards that bring general legal requirements to each specific polluter and ensure its interest in meeting these requirements, specific environmental measures to implement these requirements.
Environmental protection consists of:
Legal protection, formulating scientific environmental principles in the form of legal laws that are binding;
Material incentives for environmental activities, seeking to make it economically beneficial for enterprises;
Engineering protection, developing environmental and resource-saving technology and equipment.
According to the law Russian Federation"On the Protection of the Environment" the following objects are subject to protection:
1. Natural ecological systems, the ozone layer of the atmosphere;
2. Earth, its subsoil, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, forests and other vegetation, fauna, microorganisms, genetic fund, natural landscapes.
Special protection is given to state nature reserves, nature reserves, national natural parks, natural monuments, rare or endangered species of plants and animals and their habitats.
There are more than 100 reserves in the Russian Federation, of which 18 are biospheric and 70 are located in the subject of the federation. The largest are Altai, Barguzinsky, Caucasian, Yugansky. On the territory of state natural reserves, specially protected natural complexes and objects of environmental, scientific, ecological and educational significance are completely withdrawn from economic use, as examples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places of conservation of the gene pool of flora and fauna.
State natural reserves are a territory or water area of particular importance for preserving the restoration of natural resources and complexes, as well as maintaining the ecological balance. State nature reserves may have the status of federal or regional significance. State nature reserves may have a different profile, including:
1. Complex (landscape) - designed to preserve and restore natural complexes or natural landscapes
2. Biological (botanical and zoological) are created to protect rare endangered species of animals and plants.
3. Paleontological, intended for the conservation of fossil objects
4. Hydrological designed to preserve and restore valuable objects and ecological systems
5. Geological, for the conservation of valuable objects and complexes of inanimate nature
Natural monuments are unique, irreplaceable ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin.
The main principles of environmental protection should be:
Priority to ensure favorable environmental conditions for life, work and recreation of the population;
Scientifically substantiated combination of environmental and economic interests of society;
Taking into account the laws of nature and the possibilities of self-healing and self-purification of its resources;
Prevention of irreversible consequences for the protection of the natural environment and human health;
The right of the population and public organizations to timely and reliable information about the state of the environment and the negative impact on it and on people's health of various production facilities;
The inevitability of liability for violation of the requirements of environmental legislation.
Engineering protection of the environment
Environmental activities of enterprises
Nature protection is any activity aimed at maintaining the quality of the environment at a level that ensures the sustainability of the biosphere. It includes as a large-scale, carried out at the national level, activities to preserve reference samples of untouched nature and preserve the diversity of species on Earth, organizations scientific research, the training of environmental specialists and the education of the population, as well as the activities of individual enterprises for the purification of wastewater and exhaust gases from harmful substances, the reduction of the norms for the use of natural resources, etc. Such activities are carried out mainly by engineering methods.
There are two main areas of environmental protection activities of enterprises. The first is the cleaning of harmful emissions. This path "in its pure form" is ineffective, since it does not always succeed in completely stopping the flow of harmful substances into the biosphere. In addition, reducing the level of pollution of one component of the environment leads to increased pollution of another.
And, for example, the installation of wet filters during gas cleaning reduces air pollution, but leads to even more water pollution. Substances captured from waste gases and drain waters often poison large areas of land.
The use of treatment facilities, even the most efficient ones, drastically reduces the level of environmental pollution, but does not completely solve this problem, since the operation of these plants also produces waste, although in a smaller volume, but, as a rule, with an increased concentration of harmful substances. Finally, the operation of most of the treatment facilities requires significant energy costs, which, in turn, is also unsafe for the environment.
To achieve high environmental and economic results, it is necessary to combine the process of cleaning harmful emissions with the process of recycling trapped substances, which will make it possible to combine the first direction with the second.
The second direction is the elimination of the very causes of pollution, which requires the development of low-waste, and in the future, waste-free production technologies that would allow the integrated use of raw materials and utilize the maximum of substances harmful to the biosphere.
However, not all industries have found acceptable technical and economic solutions for a sharp reduction in the amount of waste generated and their disposal, therefore, at present, it is necessary to work in both of these areas.
Types and principles of operation of treatment equipment and facilities
Many modern technological processes are associated with crushing and grinding of substances, transportation of bulk materials. In this case, part of the material passes into dust, which is harmful to health and causes significant material damage. national economy due to the loss of valuable products.
For cleaning, various designs of apparatuses are used. According to the method of dust capture, they are divided into mechanical (dry and wet) and electrical gas cleaning devices. Dry apparatuses (cyclones, filters) use gravitational settling under the action of gravity, settling under the action of centrifugal force, inertial settling, and filtration. In wet apparatuses (scrubbers), this is achieved by washing the dusty gas with a liquid. In electrostatic precipitators, deposition on the electrodes occurs as a result of the electrical charge being imparted to the dust particles.
To purify gases from harmful gaseous impurities, two groups of methods are used - non-catalytic and catalytic. Methods of the first group are based on the removal of impurities from a gaseous mixture using liquid (absorbers) and solid (adsorbers) absorbers. Methods of the second group consist in the fact that harmful impurities enter into a chemical reaction and turn into harmless substances on the surface of the catalysts.
Waste water is water used by industrial and municipal enterprises and the population and subject to purification from various impurities. Depending on the conditions of formation, wastewater is divided into domestic, atmospheric and industrial. All of them contain mineral and organic substances in varying proportions.
Wastewater is purified from impurities by mechanical, chemical, physicochemical, biological and thermal methods, which, in turn, are divided into recuperative and destructive. Recovery methods provide for the extraction from wastewater and further processing of valuable substances. In destructive methods, water pollutants are destroyed by oxidation or reduction. Destruction products are removed from the water in the form of gases or precipitation.
Mechanical cleaning is used to remove solid insoluble impurities, using the methods of settling and filtering using gratings, sand traps, settling tanks. Chemical cleaning methods are used to remove soluble impurities using various reagents that enter into chemical reactions with harmful impurities, resulting in the formation of low-toxic substances. Physical and chemical methods include flotation, ion exchange, adsorption, crystallization, deodorization, etc. Biological methods are considered the main methods for neutralizing wastewater from organic impurities that are oxidized by microorganisms, which implies a sufficient amount of oxygen in the water.
Industrial wastewater that cannot be treated by the above methods is subjected to thermal neutralization, i.e. burning, or pumping into deep wells (resulting in a risk of groundwater pollution). These methods are carried out in local (workshop), plant-wide, district or city cleaning systems.
One of the most important problems of environmental protection is the problem of collection, removal and disposal or disposal of solid industrial waste "and household waste, which accounts for from 300 to 500 kg per capita per year. It is solved by organizing landfills, recycling waste into composts with subsequent use as organic fertilizers or into biological fuel (biogas), as well as burning in special plants.Specially equipped landfills, the total number of which in the world reaches several million, are called landfills and are quite complex engineering structures, especially when it comes to storing toxic or radioactive waste.
3. Regulatory framework for environmental protection
System of standards and regulations
One of the most important constituent parts environmental legislation is a system of environmental standards. Its timely scientifically substantiated development is a necessary condition for the practical implementation of the adopted laws, since it is these standards that polluting enterprises should be guided by in their environmental activities. Failure to comply with the standards entails legal liability.
Standardization is understood as the establishment of a single and mandatory for all objects of a given level of a management system of norms and requirements. Standards can be state (GOST), industry (OST) and factory. The system of standards for nature protection has been assigned the general number 17, which includes several groups in accordance with protected objects. For example, 17.1 means "Nature Protection. Hydrosphere", and group 17.2 - "Nature Protection. Atmosphere", etc. This standard regulates various aspects of the activities of enterprises for the protection of water and air resources, up to the requirements for equipment for monitoring air quality and water.
The most important environmental standards are environmental quality standards - maximum allowable concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in natural environments.
On the basis of MPC, scientific and technical standards are developed for limiting allowable emissions(MPE) of harmful substances into the atmosphere and discharges (MPD) into the water basin. These standards are set individually for each source of pollution in such a way that the cumulative environmental impact of all sources in a given area does not lead to an excess of the MPC.
In addition to a clean environment, a person for normal life you need to eat, dress, listen to a tape recorder and watch movies and TV shows, for which the production of films and electricity is very "dirty". Finally, you need to have a job in your specialty near your home. It is best to reconstruct ecologically backward enterprises so that they no longer harm the environment, but not every enterprise can immediately allocate funds for this in full, since environmental protection equipment, and the reconstruction process itself, are very expensive.
Therefore, temporary standards can be set for such enterprises, the so-called TSV (temporarily agreed emissions), which allow for increased environmental pollution in excess of the norm for a strictly defined period, sufficient to carry out the environmental measures necessary to reduce emissions.
The amount and sources of payment for environmental pollution depend on whether or not an enterprise complies with the standards established for it and in which ones - MPE, MPD or only in the ESS.
Law for nature
It has already been noted earlier that the state ensures the rationalization of nature management, including the protection of the natural environment, by creating environmental legislation and monitoring its observance.
Environmental legislation is a system of laws and other legal acts (decrees, decrees, instructions) that regulates environmental relations in order to preserve and reproduce natural resources, rationalize nature management, and preserve public health.
In our country, for the first time in world practice, the requirement for the protection and rational use of natural resources is included in the Constitution. There are about two hundred legal documents related to nature management. One of the most important is the comprehensive law "On the Protection of the Environment", adopted in 1991.
It states that every citizen has the right to protect health from the adverse effects of a polluted natural environment, to participate in environmental associations and social movements, and to receive timely information about the state of the natural environment and measures to protect it.
At the same time, every citizen is obliged to take part in the protection of the natural environment, to raise the level of their knowledge of nature, ecological culture, to comply with the requirements of environmental legislation and the established standards for the quality of the natural environment. If they are violated, then the perpetrator bears responsibility, which is divided into criminal, administrative, disciplinary and material.
In addition to the declaration of the rights and obligations of citizens and the establishment of responsibility for environmental offenses, the above law formulates environmental requirements for the construction and operation of various facilities, shows the economic mechanism for environmental protection, proclaims the principles of international cooperation in this area, etc.
It should be noted that the Environmental Legislation, although it is quite extensive and versatile, in practice is still not effective enough. There are many reasons for this, but one of the most important is the discrepancy between the severity of the punishment and the severity of the crime, in particular, the low rates of fines levied.
Criminal liability and compensation for damages are applied much less frequently than they should. And it is impossible to fully compensate for it, since it often reaches many millions of rubles or cannot be measured in money at all.
Other reasons for the weak regulatory effect of environmental legislation are the insufficient provision of enterprises technical means for effective treatment of wastewater and polluted gases, and inspection organizations - devices for monitoring environmental pollution.
Finally, great importance has a low ecological culture of the population, their ignorance of the basic environmental requirements, their condescending attitude towards the destroyers of nature, as well as the lack of knowledge and skills necessary to effectively defend their right to a healthy environment, proclaimed in the law. Now it is necessary to develop a legal mechanism for the protection of environmental human rights, i.e., by-laws specifying this part of the law, and turn the flow of complaints to the press and higher administrative authorities into a flow of lawsuits to the judiciary. When every resident whose health has been affected by harmful emissions from an enterprise files a claim demanding financial compensation for the damage caused, valuing their health at a fairly large amount, the enterprise will simply be economically forced to urgently take measures to reduce pollution.
Literature
1. Demina T.A. Ecology, nature management, environmental protection: A manual for high school students of educational institutions
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