One of the most remarkable pages in the history of Russia is the development of Siberia. Today, the Siberian expanses make up most of the Russian territory. And at the beginning of the 15th century, Siberia was a real “blank spot”. For our country, the feat of Yermak, who conquered Siberia for Russia, became one of the most epoch-making events in the formation of the Russian state.
In the 15th century, between the lands of the Golden Horde (meaning the Astrakhan, Crimean and Kazan khanates) and the Moscow state, there were huge expanses of "no man's" land. Despite the fact that the territories were very attractive for development, the Russians looked with longing and pity at the fertile, fatty steppe lands that they did not dare to develop.
Only the brave Cossacks were not afraid to set up their settlements in the zone of "no man's" steppe. The most desperate people flocked to these villages, looking for a free life, ready to fight and not afraid of military campaigns.
In response to the raids of the steppes, the Cossacks made trips to the Nogai, Crimean and Kazan lands. Often the Cossacks took booty from the Tatar hordes returning from the robbery of Russian lands and freed the captives. Thus the Cossacks accepted the most Active participation in the war with the enemies of Rus'.
The most famous Cossack who fought for Rus' was Ermak Timofeevich (Ermak is his nickname, and his real name was Yerema). Even before the famous Siberian campaign, he honed his skills and gained experience, being the chieftain of the Cossack detachment on the border of the steppes. Little information has been preserved about Yermak's personality: it is known that he was strong, eloquent and "black with hair."
According to one of the legends, Yermak's grandfather, Afanasy Alenin, helped the Murom robbers. Yermak himself worked for some time on plows that traveled along the Volga and Kama. But soon he took up robbery.
There were many rumors about Yermak's robbery past. For example, the English traveler John Perry in his notes claimed that Yermak was a noble robber: he did not kill anyone, robbed only the rich and shared the proceeds with the poor. However, historians doubt the reliability of this information. Thus, they reject the widespread legend that Yermak, together with the Volga Cossacks, robbed the Persian ambassadors. However, based on information from the Land Book embassy order”, it follows that the ambassadors were robbed a few years after the death of Yermak. Thus, we can conclude that information about Yermak's robbery past may be incorrect - and this is the first mystery.
The second historical mystery is that it is not known in what year Yermak Timofeevich went with his comrades on a Siberian campaign. According to various sources, this could have happened in the period 1579-1582. And it happened like this.
Having beaten off another attack by the soldiers of the Horde prince Ali, the Cossacks began to gather in long hike. The rich merchant clan of the Stroganovs provided them with everything they needed, including ammunition and a large supply of bread. All stocks should have been enough for two years. About a thousand Cossacks went on a campaign.
Why did Yermak and his army move precisely towards Siberia?
At that time, the Siberian Khanate was part of the previously disintegrated Golden Horde. For a long time it lived peacefully with neighboring Russia. However, when Khan Kuchum took power in the khanate, numerous detachments of Tatars began to attack the Russian lands located in the Western Urals. In one of these raids, the horde of Tsarevich Ali, who lost the battle to the Cossacks near Nizhny Chusovsky, did not return to their Siberian estates, but retreated to Cherdyn. The Yermakovites did not catch up with him, they decided to take advantage of the unique moment when the Siberian expanses were left without the protection of the horde in order to conquer Siberia and, at the same time, end this endless war. The Cossacks understood that the defeat of Ali's hordes was not enough for a complete victory, and the whole force of the numerous khan's detachments settled in the Siberian region would come out against them.
Before the campaign, the priests in the churches of Chusovskie Gorodoki served a prayer service and blessed the soldiers on their hard journey, the bells rang, the Cossacks marched under the banner with the face of Jesus Christ. The chronicles say that during all Siberian campaign Cossacks observed all Orthodox fasts and participated in prayers before battles. In the meantime, the Cossacks on three dozen plows set off along the river. At that time, the safest way to travel across the southern Russian steppes was to move along the river on plows, since in this way it was easiest to get away from the fast Tatar horses. Each plow was about ten meters long, 18 rowers were placed at the sides. The Cossacks rowed alternately, and when the enemy appeared, they took up arms. Plows had to be dragged by hand in case of crossing the watershed.
It is not known exactly who became the instigator of the Siberian campaign of the Cossacks. But it has been established for certain that the performances were financed by the merchants Stroganovs. The merchants hoped that the military campaign would stop the Tatar raids and serve to protect their property. It is possible that Ivan the Terrible instructed the Stroganovs to organize and pay for a trip to the unexplored Siberian lands. There is a version that the tsar, having learned about the impending campaign of the Cossacks in Siberia, wrote a letter to the Stroganovs, demanding that the Cossacks be sent to defend the towns that were attacked by the detachments of Khan Kuchum and his eldest son Alei.
Yermak's campaign developed successfully, in several battles the army of the Cossack chieftain defeated the Tatar detachments. With fighting, the Cossacks led by Yermak reached the Irtysh River and captured the capital of the Siberian Khanate - now the city of Kashlyk. Yermak received numerous delegations of the indigenous peoples of Siberia, took an oath on behalf of Ivan the Terrible and forced them to pay tribute in favor of the Russian state.
Ermak did not stop at the capture of the main city of the Siberian Khanate: his detachment went further along the Irtysh and the Ob. The Cossacks captured one ulus after another and took the oath to the Russian Tsar. For several years, until 1585, Yermak's squad fought with the soldiers of Khan Kuchum in the expanses of Siberia.
After Yermak considered his duty to annex Siberia under the hand of the Russian Tsar fulfilled, he sent an ambassador to Ivan the Terrible with a victorious report. Ivan IV was very pleased and hastened to thank not only the ambassador for the good news, but also all the Cossacks participating in the campaign. For Yermak himself, the ambassador took two chain mail pieces of excellent workmanship. According to the chronicles, one of them, earlier, belonged to the famous voivode Shuisky. The chain mail weighed about 12 kg, it was made in the form of a shirt, it consisted of 16 thousand rings, on the right side a copper plate with the image of a double-headed eagle was attached to the chain mail.
On August 6, 1585, a detachment of Cossacks numbering up to 50 people, together with ataman Ermak Timofeevich, stopped for the night on the Irtysh, not far from the mouth of the Vagai River. Several detachments of Khan Kuchum unexpectedly attacked the Cossacks, killing all the fighters of Yermak. The ataman himself tried to swim to the plows. He was wearing two, donated by the king, chain mail. They became the cause of the death of Yermak, he drowned in the water of the Irtysh.
However, there is circumstantial evidence that this story had a sequel. Popular rumor says that a day later (according to some sources, after eight days), Yermak's body fell into the fishing nets of a Tatar fisherman, who hastened to report his find to Khan Kuchum himself. In order to ascertain the death of the famous Russian ataman, the entire Tatar nobility gathered. The joy was so great that the Tatars continued to celebrate the death of Yermak for several days. Having fun, the Tatars, for a week, shot Yermak's body with bows. They took his chain mail with them. The remote ataman was buried secretly and the exact place of his grave is still unknown.
The further fate of Khan Kuchum also did not work out. After the annexation of the Siberian lands to Russia, he wandered for a long time near Tobolsk, but did not enter into battle with the Russians, ruining only the settlements of his former subjects. All his sons were gradually taken prisoner and taken to Moscow. He was repeatedly offered to go to the service of the Russian Tsar, but the aged Kuchum answered that he was a free man and wanted to die free too. He failed to regain the throne of Siberia.
It so happened that the death of two opponents - Kuchum and Yermak remained secrets. Both of them have unknown graves, legends live about them among the Tatar people.
In history, Ermak looks like a hero, and Khan Kuchum got the fate of a villain, although, in fairness, he should be recognized for his desire for independence and love of freedom, which means it is worth looking at his personality from the other side.
It so happened that Ermak Timofeevich became not only historical figure, but also a key figure in Russian national folklore. There are many tales, legends and songs about him. In them, the dashing ataman Ermak Timofeevich is described as a person of exceptional courage and courage. Although it must be admitted that there is very little real data on the conqueror of Siberia, and the available information is rather contradictory. It is this circumstance that makes many researchers look again and again for new information about the national hero of Rus', and now Russia.
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The conquest of Siberia is one of the most important processes in the formation of Russian statehood. The development of the eastern lands took more than 400 years. Throughout this period, there were many battles, foreign expansions, conspiracies, intrigues.
The annexation of Siberia is still the focus of attention of historians and causes a lot of controversy, including among members of the public.
Conquest of Siberia by Yermak
The history of the conquest of Siberia begins with the famous campaign of Yermak. This is one of the chieftains of the Cossacks. There is no exact data on his birth and ancestors. However, the memory of his exploits has come down to us through the centuries. In 1580, the wealthy merchants Stroganovs invited the Cossacks to help protect their possessions from constant raids from the Ugric peoples. The Cossacks settled down in a small town and lived relatively peacefully. The bulk of the Volga Cossacks. There were just over eight hundred of them. In 1581, a campaign was organized with the money of merchants. Despite the historical significance (in fact, the campaign marked the beginning of the era of the conquest of Siberia), this campaign did not attract the attention of Moscow. In the Kremlin, the detachment was called simple "bandits." In the autumn of 1581, Yermak's group boarded small ships and began to sail up the Chusovaya River, to the very mountains. Upon landing, the Cossacks had to clear their way by cutting down trees. The beach was completely uninhabited. The constant rise and mountainous terrain created extremely difficult conditions for the transition. Ships (plows) were literally carried by hand, because due to continuous vegetation it was not possible to install rollers. With the approach of cold weather, the Cossacks set up camp on the pass, where they spent the whole winter. After that, rafting along the Tagil River began. The conquest of Western Siberia
After a series of quick and successful victories, Yermak began to move further east. In the spring, several Tatar princes united to repulse the Cossacks, but were quickly defeated and recognized Russian power. In the middle of summer, the first major battle took place in the modern Yarkovsky region. Mametkul's cavalry launched an attack on the positions of the Cossacks. They sought to quickly get close and crush the enemy, taking advantage of the horseman in close combat. Yermak personally stood in the trench, where the guns were located, and began to fire on the Tatars. Already after several volleys, Mametkul fled with the whole army, which opened the way for the Cossacks to Karachi. Further conquest of Siberia: briefly
The exact burial place of the ataman is unknown. After the death of Yermak, the conquest of Siberia continued with renewed vigor. Year after year, more and more new territories were subordinated. If the initial campaign was not coordinated with the Kremlin and was chaotic, then subsequent actions became more centralized. The king personally took control of this issue. Well-equipped expeditions were regularly sent out. The city of Tyumen was built, which became the first Russian settlement in these parts. Since then, the systematic conquest continued with the use of the Cossacks. Year after year they conquered more and more new territories. In the cities taken, the Russian administration was set up. sent from the capital educated people to do business.
In the middle of the 17th century there was a wave of active colonization. Many cities and settlements are founded. Peasants arrive from other parts of Russia. Settlement is gaining momentum. In 1733 the famous Northern Expedition was organized. In addition to conquest, the task of exploring and discovering new lands was also set. The data obtained after were used by geographers from around the world. The end of the annexation of Siberia can be considered the entry of the Uryakhansk region into the Russian Empire.
Accession of Siberia to Russia
“And when a completely ready, populated and enlightened land, once dark, unknown, appears before the astonished humanity, demanding a name and rights for itself, then let the story of those who erected this building be interrogated, and they will also not try, just as they did not try, who set up pyramids in the desert... And creating Siberia is not as easy as creating something under the blessed sky...» Goncharov I.A.
History assigned the role of a pioneer to the Russian people. For many hundreds of years, the Russians discovered new lands, settled them and transformed them with their labor, defended with weapons in their hands in the fight against numerous enemies. As a result, vast areas were settled and developed by Russian people, and the once empty and wild lands became not only an integral part of our country, but also its most important industrial and agricultural regions.
Adygea, Crimea. Mountains, waterfalls, herbs of alpine meadows, healing mountain air, absolute silence, snowfields in the middle of summer, the murmur of mountain streams and rivers, stunning landscapes, songs around the fires, the spirit of romance and adventure, the wind of freedom are waiting for you! And at the end of the route, the gentle waves of the Black Sea.
The process of incorporating vast territories of Siberia and Far East into the Russian state took several centuries. The most significant events that determined the future fate of the region took place in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In our article, we will briefly describe how the development of Siberia took place in the 17th century, but we will state all the available facts. This era of geographical discoveries was marked by the founding of Tyumen and Yakutsk, as well as the discovery of the Bering Strait, Kamchatka, Chukotka, which significantly expanded the boundaries of the Russian state and consolidated its economic and strategic positions.
Stages of development of Siberia by Russians
In the Soviet and Russian historiography It is accepted to divide the process of development of the northern lands and their inclusion in the state into five stages:
- 11th-15th centuries.
- Late 15th-16th centuries
- Late 16th-early 17th centuries
- Mid 17th-18th centuries
- 19th-20th centuries.
The goals of the development of Siberia and the Far East
The peculiarity of the accession of the Siberian lands to the Russian state is that the development was carried out spontaneously. The pioneers were peasants (they fled from the landowners in order to work quietly on free land in the southern part of Siberia), merchants and industrialists (they were looking for material gain, for example, it was possible to exchange fur very valuable at that time from the local population for mere knick-knacks worth a penny). Some went to Siberia in search of glory and made geographical discoveries in order to remain in the memory of the people.
The development of Siberia and the Far East in the 17th century, as in all subsequent ones, was carried out with the aim of expanding the territory of the state and increasing the population. Free lands beyond the Ural Mountains attracted with high economic potential: furs, valuable metals. Later, these territories really became the locomotive of the country's industrial development, and even now Siberia has sufficient potential and is a strategic region of Russia.
Features of the development of the Siberian lands
The process of colonization of free lands beyond the Ural Range included the gradual advance of the discoverers to the East to the very Pacific coast and consolidation on the Kamchatka Peninsula. In the folklore of the peoples who inhabited the northern and eastern lands, the word "Cossack" is most often used to refer to Russians.
At the beginning of the development of Siberia by the Russians (16-17 centuries), the pioneers moved mainly along the rivers. By land, they walked only in places of the watershed. Upon arrival in a new area, the pioneers began peaceful negotiations with the local population, offering to join the king and pay yasak - a tax in kind, usually in furs. Negotiations did not always end successfully. Then the matter was decided by military means. On the lands of the local population, prisons or simply winter quarters were arranged. A part of the Cossacks remained there to maintain the obedience of the tribes and collect yasak. The Cossacks were followed by peasants, clergy, merchants and industrialists. The greatest resistance was offered by the Khanty and other large tribal unions, as well as the Siberian Khanate. In addition, there have been several conflicts with China.
Novgorod campaigns to the "iron gates"
The Novgorodians reached the Ural Mountains (“iron gates”) back in the eleventh century, but were defeated by the Yugras. Yugra was then called the lands of the Northern Urals and the coast of the Arctic Ocean, where local tribes lived. From the middle of the thirteenth century, Ugra had already been mastered by the Novgorodians, but this dependence was not strong. After the fall of Novgorod, the task of developing Siberia passed to Moscow.
Free lands beyond the Ural ridge
Traditionally, the first stage (11-15 centuries) is not yet considered the conquest of Siberia. Officially, it was started by Yermak's campaign in 1580, but even then the Russians knew that there were vast territories beyond the Ural Mountains that remained practically unmanaged after the collapse of the Horde. Local peoples were few and poorly developed, the only exception was the Siberian Khanate, founded by the Siberian Tatars. But wars were constantly boiling in it and internecine strife did not stop. This led to its weakening and to the fact that it soon became part of the Russian Tsardom.
The history of the development of Siberia in the 16-17 centuries
The first campaign was undertaken under Ivan III. Prior to this, domestic political problems did not allow Russian rulers to turn their eyes to the east. Only Ivan IV took seriously free lands, and even then in last years of his reign. The Siberian Khanate formally became part of the Russian state back in 1555, but later Khan Kuchum declared his people free from tribute to the tsar.
The answer was given by sending Yermak's detachment there. Cossack hundreds, led by five atamans, captured the capital of the Tatars and founded several settlements. In 1586, the first Russian city, Tyumen, was founded in Siberia, in 1587, the Cossacks founded Tobolsk, in 1593, Surgut, and in 1594, Tara.
In short, the development of Siberia in the 16-17 centuries is associated with the following names:
- Semyon Kurbsky and Peter Ushaty (campaign to the Nenets and Mansi lands in 1499-1500).
- Cossack Ermak (campaign of 1851-1585, development of Tyumen and Tobolsk).
- Vasily Sukin (was not a pioneer, but laid the foundation for the settlement of the Russian people in Siberia).
- Cossack Pyanda (in 1623, a Cossack began a campaign through wild places, discovered the Lena River, reached the place where Yakutsk was later founded).
- Vasily Bugor (in 1630 he founded the city of Kirensk on the Lena).
- Pyotr Beketov (founded Yakutsk, which became the base for the further development of Siberia in the 17th century).
- Ivan Moskvitin (in 1632 he became the first European who, together with his detachment, went to the Sea of Okhotsk).
- Ivan Stadukhin (discovered the Kolyma River, explored Chukotka and was the first to enter Kamchatka).
- Semyon Dezhnev (participated in the discovery of Kolyma, in 1648 he completely passed the Bering Strait and discovered Alaska).
- Vasily Poyarkov (made the first trip to the Amur).
- Erofey Khabarov (secured the Amur region to the Russian state).
- Vladimir Atlasov (in 1697 annexed Kamchatka).
Thus, in short, the development of Siberia in the 17th century was marked by the founding of the main Russian cities and the opening of ways, thanks to which the region later began to play a great national economic and defense value.
Siberian campaign of Yermak (1581-1585)
The development of Siberia by the Cossacks in the 16-17th centuries was started by Yermak's campaign against the Siberian Khanate. A detachment of 840 people was formed and equipped with everything necessary by the merchants Stroganovs. The campaign took place without the knowledge of the king. The backbone of the detachment was the chieftains of the Volga Cossacks: Yermak Timofeevich, Matvey Meshcheryak, Nikita Pan, Ivan Koltso and Yakov Mikhailov.
In September 1581, the detachment climbed along the tributaries of the Kama to the Tagil Pass. The Cossacks cleared their way by hand, at times they even dragged ships on themselves, like barge haulers. They erected an earthen fortification on the pass, where they remained until the ice melted in the spring. According to Tagil, the detachment rafted to Tura.
The first skirmish between the Cossacks and the Siberian Tatars took place in the modern Sverdlovsk region. Yermak's detachment defeated the cavalry of Prince Epanchi, and then occupied the town of Chingi-tura without a fight. In the spring and summer of 1852, the Cossacks, led by Yermak, fought several times with the Tatar princelings, and by the autumn they occupied the then capital of the Siberian Khanate. A few days later, Tatars from all over the Khanate began to bring gifts to the conquerors: fish and other food, furs. Yermak allowed them to return to their villages and promised to protect them from enemies. All who came to him, he overlaid with tribute.
At the end of 1582, Yermak sent his assistant Ivan Koltso to Moscow to inform the tsar about the defeat of Kuchum, the Siberian khan. Ivan IV generously endowed the envoy and sent him back. By decree of the tsar, Prince Semyon Bolkhovskoy equipped another detachment, the Stroganovs allocated forty more volunteers from among their people. The detachment arrived at Yermak only in the winter of 1584.
Completion of the campaign and the foundation of Tyumen
Ermak at that time successfully conquered the Tatar towns along the Ob and the Irtysh, without encountering violent resistance. But ahead was Cold winter, which not only Semyon Bolkhovskoy, who was appointed governor of Siberia, but also most of the detachment could not survive. The temperature dropped to -47 degrees Celsius, and there were not enough supplies.
In the spring of 1585, Murza Karacha rebelled, destroying the detachments of Yakov Mikhailov and Ivan Koltso. Yermak was surrounded in the capital of the former Siberian Khanate, but one of the atamans made a sortie and was able to drive the attackers away from the city. The detachment suffered significant losses. Less than half of those who were equipped by the Stroganovs in 1581 survived. Three out of five Cossack atamans died.
In August 1985, Yermak died at the mouth of the Vagai. The Cossacks, who remained in the Tatar capital, decided to spend the winter in Siberia. In September, another hundred Cossacks under the command of Ivan Mansurov went to their aid, but the servicemen did not find anyone in Kishlyk. The next expedition (spring 1956) was much better prepared. Under the leadership of the governor Vasily Sukin, the first Siberian city of Tyumen was founded.
Foundation of Chita, Yakutsk, Nerchinsk
First significant event in the development of Siberia in the 17th century was the campaign of Peter Beketov along the Angara and the tributaries of the Lena. In 1627, he was sent as a governor to the Yenisei prison, and the next year - to pacify the Tungus who attacked Maxim Perfilyev's detachment. In 1631, Peter Beketov became the head of a detachment of thirty Cossacks, who were to pass along the Lena River and gain a foothold on its banks. By the spring of 1631, he had cut down a prison, which was later named Yakutsk. The city has become one of the centers of development Eastern Siberia in the 17th century and later.
Campaign of Ivan Moskvitin (1639-1640)
Ivan Moskvitin participated in Kopylov's campaign in 1635-1638 to the Aldan River. The leader of the detachment later sent a part of the soldiers (39 people) under the command of Moskvitin to the Sea of Okhotsk. In 1638, Ivan Moskvitin went to the shores of the sea, made trips to the Uda and Taui rivers, and received the first data about the Uda region. As a result of his campaigns, the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk was explored for 1300 kilometers, and the Uda Bay, Amur Estuary, Sakhalin Island, Sakhalin Bay, and the mouth of the Amur were discovered. In addition, Ivan Moskvitin brought good booty to Yakutsk - a lot of fur yasak.
Discovery of Kolyma and Chukotka expedition
The development of Siberia in the 17th century continued with the campaigns of Semyon Dezhnev. He ended up in the Yakut jail, presumably in 1638, proved himself by pacifying several Yakut princes, together with Mikhail Stadukhin made a trip to Oymyakon to collect yasak.
In 1643, Semyon Dezhnev, as part of the detachment of Mikhail Stadukhin, arrived in Kolyma. The Cossacks founded the Kolyma winter hut, which later became a large prison, which was called Srednekolymsk. The town became a stronghold for the development of Siberia in the second half of the 17th century. Dezhnev served in Kolyma until 1647, but when he set out on the return voyage, strong ice blocked the way, so it was decided to stay in Srednekolymsk and wait for a more favorable time.
A significant event in the development of Siberia in the 17th century took place in the summer of 1648, when S. Dezhnev went to Arctic Ocean and passed the Bering Strait eighty years before Vitus Bering. It is noteworthy that even Bering did not manage to pass the strait completely, limiting himself only to its southern part.
Securing the Amur region by Yerofei Khabarov
The development of Eastern Siberia in the 17th century was continued by the Russian industrialist Yerofey Khabarov. He made his first campaign in 1625. Khabarov was engaged in buying furs, discovered salt springs on the Kut River and contributed to the development of agriculture on these lands. In 1649, Erofey Khabarov went up the Lena and Amur to the town of Albazino. Returning to Yakutsk with a report and for help, he assembled a new expedition and continued his work. Khabarov treated harshly not only the population of Manchuria and Dauria, but also his own Cossacks. For this, he was transferred to Moscow, where the trial began. The rebels, who refused to continue the campaign with Yerofey Khabarov, were acquitted, he himself was deprived of his salary and rank. After Khabarov filed a petition to the Russian Emperor. The tsar did not restore the monetary allowance, but gave Khabarov the title of son of a boyar and sent him to manage one of the volosts.
Explorer of Kamchatka - Vladimir Atlasov
For Atlasov, Kamchatka has always been the main goal. Before the start of the expedition to Kamchatka in 1697, the Russians already knew about the existence of the peninsula, but its territory had not yet been explored. Atlasov was not a pioneer, but he was the first to pass almost the entire peninsula from west to east. Vladimir Vasilyevich described his journey in detail and compiled a map. He managed to persuade most of the local tribes to go over to the side of the Russian Tsar. Later, Vladimir Atlasov was appointed clerk to Kamchatka.
Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Kursk State Technical University
Department of History
Abstract on the topic:
"Conquest of Siberia"
Completed by: st-t group ES-61
Zatey N.O.
Checked by: K.I.N., Associate Professor of the Department of History
Goryushkina N.E.
K U R S K 2 0 0 6
1. Introduction............................................... ................................................. .3
2. The conquest of Siberia............................................... .....................................4
2.1 Yermak's campaign and its historical significance .............................................. 4
2.2 Accession of Siberia to the Russian state.......................................10
2.3 Accession of Eastern Siberia…………………………………….20
Conclusion................................................. ...................................................28
List of used literature
Introduction
Relevance of the topic: The conquest and annexation of new territories strengthen the state with the influx of a new mass of taxes, minerals, as well as the influx of new knowledge received from the conquered peoples. New lands provide new prospects for the development of the country, in particular: new outlets to the seas and oceans, borders with new states, making it possible to increase the volume of trade.
Goal of the work: Study in depth the conquest and annexation of Siberia to the Russian state.
Tasks:
Study Yermak's campaign;
To study the accession of Siberia to the Russian state;
Find out what nationalities were conquered;
Overview of historiography: The free Russian colonists were pioneers in the development of new lands. Ahead of the government, they settled in the "wild field" in the Lower Volga region, on the Terek, on the Yalik and the Don. The campaign of Yermak's Cossacks in Siberia was a direct continuation of this popular movement.
Yermak's Cossacks took the first step. Behind them, peasants, industrialists, hunters, and service people moved to the East. In the struggle against the harsh nature, they conquered land from the taiga, founded settlements and laid the foundations of agricultural culture.
Tsarism brought oppression to the indigenous population of Siberia. His oppression was equally experienced by both local tribes and Russian settlers. The rapprochement of the Russian working people and the Siberian tribes favored the development of productive forces and overcoming the age-old disunity of the Siberian peoples, embodying the future of Siberia.
2. The conquest of Siberia
2.1 Yermak's campaign and its historical significance
Long before the beginning of the Russian development of Siberia, its population had ties with the Russian people. The Novgorodians were the first to start their acquaintance with the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia, who, already in the 11th century, tried to master the Pechora way beyond the Stone (Urals). The Russian people were attracted to Siberia by the rich fur and sea crafts, and the possibility of barter with the locals. Following the sailors and explorers in the northwestern limits of Siberia, Novgorod squads began to periodically appear, collecting tribute from the local population. The Novgorod nobility has long officially included the Yugra land in the Trans-Urals into the possessions of Veliky Novgorod24. In the XIII century. the princes of Rostov stood in the way of the Novgorodians, who founded in 1218 at the mouth of the river. Yugra is the city of Ustyug, and then the development initiative passed to the Moscow principality.
Taking over the "volosts" of Veliky Novgorod, the government of Ivan III sent detachments of military men beyond the Urals three times. In 1465, voivode Vasily Skryaba went to Ugra and collected tribute in favor of the Grand Duke of Moscow. In 1483, governors Fyodor Kurbsky and Ivan Travnin with military people "went up the tributary of the Kama River Vishera, crossed the Ural Mountains, dispersed the detachments of the Pelym prince Yumshan and moved "down the Tavda river past Tyumen to the Siberian land"25. possession of the Tyumen Khan Ibak, the detachment moved from Tavda to Tobol, Irtysh and Ob. There, Russian warriors "fought" Yugra, capturing several Ugric princes.
This campaign, which lasted several months, had important consequences. In the spring of the following year, an embassy "from all the land of Kodsky and Yugra" arrived in Moscow, delivered gifts to Ivan III and a request to release the prisoners. The ambassadors recognized themselves as vassals of the Russian sovereign and pledged to annually deliver tribute to his treasury from the population of the areas subject to them.
However, the established tributary relations of a number of Ugric lands with Russia proved to be fragile. At the end of the XV century. the government of Ivan III undertook a new campaign to the east. More than 4 thousand warriors under the leadership of the Moscow governor Semyon Kurbsky, Peter Ushaty and Vasily Zabolotsky spoke in the winter of 1499. Until March 1500, 40 towns were occupied and 58 princelings were taken prisoner. As a result, the Yugra land was subjugated, and the collection of tribute began to be carried out systematically. The delivery of furs was charged to the duty of the "princes" of the Ugric and Samoyedic associations. From the middle of the XVI century. In the 18th century, the sending of special government collectors of "tributors" to the Yugra land began, which delivered the tribute collected by the local nobility to Moscow.
At the same time, the commercial development of Western Siberia by the Russians was going on. This was facilitated by the peasant colonization of the northern regions of Russia, the basins of the Pechora, Vychegda, and the Urals. From the 16th century Russian trade relations with the inhabitants of the Trans-Urals are also developing more intensively. Russian fishers and merchants are increasingly appearing beyond the Urals, using the fishing villages of the North-East Pomerania as transshipment bases (Pustozersky prison, Ust-Tsilemskaya Sloboda, Horn town, etc.). There are villages of industrial people in the Trans-Urals. These were temporary fishing winter huts, on the site of which the Russian prisons of Berezovsky, Obdorsky, etc. later appeared.
Close contact with the inhabitants of North-Western Siberia led to the fact that Russian hunters borrowed from them the methods of hunting and fishing, began to use deer and dogs for riding. Many of them, having lived in Siberia for a long time, were able to speak Ugric and Samoyedic languages. The Siberian population, in turn, using the iron products (knives, axes, arrowheads, etc.) brought by the Russians, improved the methods of hunting, fishing and sea fishing.
In the XVI century. Yugra's southern neighbor was the Siberian Khanate, which arose on the ruins of the Tyumen "kingdom". After the capture of Kazan by the troops of Ivan IV in 1552 and the annexation of the peoples of the Volga and Ural regions to Russia, favorable conditions developed for establishing permanent ties with the Siberian Khanate. The Taibugins (representatives of a new local dynasty), the brothers Yediger and Bekbulat, who ruled it, frightened by the events in Kazan and pressed from the south by Genghisid Kuchum, the son of the Bukhara ruler Murtaza, who claimed the Siberian throne, decided to establish diplomatic relations with the Russian government. In January 1555, their ambassadors arrived in Moscow and asked Ivan IV to “take all the Siberian land in his name, and intercede from all sides, and put his tribute on them, and sent his man (“road”) for her collection
From now on, Ivan IV added to his titles the title of “ruler of all Siberian land. The ambassadors of Yediger and Bekbulat, while in Moscow, promised to pay “to the sovereign from every black man for sable, and for the sovereign’s road for a squirrel from a man to Siberian. Later, the amount of tribute was finally determined at 1,000 sables.
The royal envoy, the son of the boyar Dmitry Nepeitsin, went to the capital of the Siberian Khanate, located on the Irtysh near modern Tobolsk, where he swore allegiance to the Russian Tsar of the Siberian rulers, but could neither rewrite the "black" population of the kingdom, nor collect a full tribute. Vassal relations between the Siberian Khanate and Russia proved to be fragile. In the context of constantly growing strife between the Tatar uluses and the growing discontent of the "black people" and the subjugated Ugric and Bashkir tribes, the position of the Siberian rulers was unstable. Kuchum took advantage of this, who in 1563 defeated their troops, seized power in the Siberian Khanate and ordered the death of Ediger and Bekbulat, who were captured.
In relation to Russia, Kuchum was hostile from the very beginning. But the change of dynasty in the Siberian "kingdom" was accompanied by turmoil. For several years, Kuchum had to fight with the recalcitrant nobility and tribal princelings, seeking obedience from them. Under these conditions, he did not dare to break diplomatic relations with the Moscow government. In 1571, in order to lull the vigilance of the Russian Tsar, he even sent his ambassador to Moscow and a tribute of 10,000 sables.
The arrival of Kuchum's ambassadors came at a difficult time for Moscow. In 1571, it was attacked and burned by detachments of the Crimean Khan Devletgirey. Among the inhabitants of the capital, rumors began to spread about Russia's failures in the Livonian War. When the ambassadors reported to Kuchum about their observations made in Moscow, he openly decided to do away with Russian influence in the Trans-Urals. In 1573, the tsarist ambassador Tretyak Chubukov and all the service Tatars accompanying him were killed at his headquarters, and in the summer of the same year, Kuchum's armed detachments, led by his nephew Mametkul, crossed the Kamen to the river. Chusovaya and devastated the district. Since that time, raids into the Kama region began to be carried out systematically, and the Russian settlements in it were thoroughly devastated. Kuchum also did not spare any of those who were guided by an alliance with Russia: he killed, took prisoner, imposed a heavy tribute on the peoples of all the vast possessions of the Khanty and Mansi of the Ob and the Urals subject to him, the Bashkir tribes, the Tatar tribes of the Trans-Urals and the Baraba steppe.
In such a situation, the government of Ivan IV took some retaliatory measures. In 1574, it sent a letter of commendation to the large Stroganovs, who were developing the Perm Territory, which assigned them lands on eastern slopes Ural along the river. Tobol and its tributaries. The Stroganovs were allowed to hire a thousand Cossacks with squeakers and build fortresses in the Trans-Urals on the Tobol, Irtysh and Ob.
The Stroganovs, using the right given to them by the government, formed a mercenary detachment, commanded by ataman Yermak Timofeevich. Information about who Ermak was by origin is scarce and contradictory. Some sources call him a Don Cossack, who came with his detachment to the Urals from the Volga. Others are a native inhabitant of the Urals, a townsman Vasily Timofeevich Olenin. Still others consider him a native of the northern volosts of the Vologda district. All this information, which is based on oral folk tradition, reflected the desire of the inhabitants of various Russian lands to consider Ermak folk hero his fellow countryman. Only the fact that Yermak served in the Cossack villages in the “wild field” for 20 years, guarding the borders of Russia, is reliable.
On September 1, 1581, 31 Yermak's squad of 540 Volga Cossacks set out on a campaign and, having climbed the river. Chusovoi and passing the Ural Range, began its advance to the east. They sailed on light plows along the Siberian rivers Tagil, Tura, Tobol in the direction of the capital of the Siberian Khanate, Kashlyk. Siberian chronicles note several major battles with the detachments of Kuchum, which were received by Yermak's squad on the way. Among them is the battle on the banks of the Tobol near the yurts of Babasan (30 versts below the mouth of the Tavda), where one of the experienced military leaders Kuchuma Mametkul tried to detain the squad. Not far from the mouth of the Tavda, the squad had to fight with the detachments of Murza Karachi.
Having fortified himself in the town of Karachi, Yermak sent a group of Cossacks led by Ivan Koltso to the Stroganovs for ammunition, food and servicemen. In winter, on sleds and skis, the Cossacks reached the estates of Maxim Stroganov, and in the summer. 1582 returned back with reinforcements of 300 servicemen. In September of this year, the replenished squad of Yermak moved into the depths of Siberia. Having reached the confluence of the Tobol with the Irtysh, the detachment began to climb up the Irtysh.
The decisive battle took place on the 20th of October on the outskirts of the capital near the so-called Chuvash cape. Kuchum hoped to stop the Cossacks by arranging a fence of fallen trees on the cape, which was supposed to protect his soldiers from Russian bullets. Sources also report that 1 or 2 cannons were installed on the cape, brought to Kashlyk from the Kazan Khanate (before it was occupied by the Russians).
But long-term wars with the Tatars and Turks, which hardened the Cossacks, taught them to unravel the tactics of the enemy and use the full advantages of their weapons. In this battle, Mametkul was wounded and narrowly escaped capture. The servants managed to transport him to the other side of the Irtysh. Panic broke out in Kuchum's army. According to legend, the vassal Khanty and Mansi princelings left their positions after the very first volleys and thus made it easier for the Cossacks to win.
Kuchum watched the battle from the mountain. As soon as the Russians began to overcome, he, with his family and murzas, seized the most valuable property and cattle, fled to the steppe, leaving his bet to the mercy of fate.
The local tribes, conquered by Kuchum, treated the Cossacks very peacefully. The princes and murzas hastened to come to Yermak with gifts and declared their desire to accept Russian citizenship. In Kashlyk, the Cossacks found rich booty, especially furs collected in the khan's treasury over many years. Ermak, following the laws of the free Cossacks, ordered to divide the booty equally among all.
In December 1582, Yermak sent messengers to Rus', led by Ivan Koltso, with a report about the capture of the Siberian Khanate. He himself, having settled down for the winter in Kashlyk, continued to repel the raids of Kuchum's detachments. In the spring of 1583, Mametku-la's headquarters on the banks of the Vagai was destroyed. Mametkul himself was taken prisoner. This noticeably weakened Kuchum's forces. In addition, from the south, from Bukhara, a descendant of the Taibugins, the son of Bekbulat-ta Sepdyak (Seid Khan), returned, who at one time managed to escape reprisal, and began to threaten Kuchum. Anticipating new strife, the nobility began to hastily leave the Khanek yard. Even one of his most loyal associates, Murza Karami, "departed" from Kuchum. Capturing camps along the river. Omi, he entered into single combat with Yermak, seeking the return of the ulus near Kashlyk.
In March 1584, Karachi lured a detachment of Cossacks from Kashlyk, led by Yermak's faithful companion Ivan Koltso, who had returned from Moscow, and destroyed it. Until the summer, the Tatars, besieging Kashlyk, kept Yermak's detachment in the ring, depriving him of the opportunity to replenish the meager food supplies. But Yermak, after waiting for the moment, organized a sortie from the besieged town one night and defeated the Karachi headquarters with a sudden blow. In the battle, 2 of his sons were killed, but he himself managed to escape with a small detachment.
The power of Kuchum ceased to be recognized by some local tribes and their princelings. Back in the spring of 1583, Yermak sent 50 Cossacks along the Irtysh to the Ob, led by Bogdan Bryazga, and overlaid with yasak a number of Tatar and Khanty volosts.
The forces of Yermak's squad were reinforced in the summer of 1584. The government of Ivan IV, having received a report about the capture of Kashlyk, sent a detachment of 300 servicemen to Siberia, headed by the governor S. D. Bolkhovsky. This detachment in the winter of 1584/85. was in a difficult position. Lack of housing and food, severe Siberian frosts caused severe famine. Many archers died, and the voivode Semyon Bolkhovsky also died.
Kuchum, who wandered with his ulus in the steppes, gathered forces, threatening and flattering, demanding help from the Tatar murzas in the fight against the Russians. In an effort to lure Yermak out of Qashlyk, he spread a rumor about the delay of the Bukharian trade caravan heading to Qashlyk. Yermak decided to take another campaign against Kuchum. This was Yermak's last campaign. With a detachment of 150 people, Yermak left on plows in July
1585 from Kashlyk and moved up the Irtysh. During an overnight stay on the island of the Irtysh, not far from the mouth of the river. Vagai, the detachment was subjected to an unexpected attack by Kuchum. Many Cossacks were killed, and Yermak, wounded in hand-to-hand combat with the Tatars, while covering the withdrawal of the detachment, managed to break through to the shore. But the plow, on the edge of which he unsuccessfully jumped, turned over, and, dressed in heavy armor, Yermak drowned. It happened on the night of August 5-6, 1585.
Having learned about the death of their leader, the archers, led by Ivan Glukhov, left Kashlyk for the European part of the country by the Pechora route - through the Irtysh, Ob, Northern Urals. Part of the Cossacks with Matvey Meshcheryak, together with a small detachment of I. Mansurov sent from Moscow, remained in Siberia and laid at the mouth of the river. The first Russian fortification on the Irtysh was the town of Ob.
Following Yermak's Cossacks, peasants, industrialists, hunters, and service people moved to Siberia, and intensive commercial and agricultural development of the region began.
The tsarist government used Yermak's campaign to extend its power to Siberia. "The last Mongol king Kuchum, according to K-Marx, was defeated by Yermak" and this "laid the foundation of Asiatic Russia." Tsarism brought oppression to the indigenous population of Siberia. His oppression was equally experienced by the Russian settlers. But the rapprochement of the working Russian people and local tribes favored the development of productive forces, overcoming the age-old disunity of the Siberian peoples, embodying the future of Siberia.
The people glorified Yermak in their songs and legends, paying tribute to his courage, devotion to his comrades, and military prowess. For more than three years, his squad did not know defeat; neither hunger nor severe frosts broke the will of the Cossacks. It was Yermak's campaign that prepared the annexation of Siberia to Russia.
Archive of Marx and Engels. 1946, vol. VIII, p. 166.
2.2 Accession of Siberia to the Russian state
The question of the nature of the inclusion of Siberia into the Russian state and the significance of this process for the local and Russian population has long attracted the attention of researchers. Back in the middle of the 18th century, the historian-academician Russian Academy Sci. Gerard Friedrich Miller, one of the participants of a ten-year scientific expedition in the Siberian region, having become acquainted with the archives of many Siberian cities, suggested that Siberia was conquered by Russian weapons.
The position put forward by G. F. Miller about the aggressive nature of the inclusion of the region into Russia was quite firmly entrenched in the noble and bourgeois historical science. They argued only about who was the initiator of this conquest. Some researchers assigned an active role to the activities of the government, others argued that the conquest was carried out by private entrepreneurs, the Stroganovs, and others believed that Siberia was conquered by the free Cossack squad of Yermak. There were supporters and various combinations of the above options.
Miller's interpretation of the nature of the inclusion of Siberia into Russia also passed into the works of Soviet historians in the 1920s and 1930s. our century.
Research by Soviet historians, a careful reading of published documents and the identification of new archival sources made it possible to establish that, along with military expeditions and the deployment of small military detachments in Russian towns founded in the region, there were numerous facts of the peaceful advancement of Russian explorers-fishers and the development of large areas of Siberia. A number of ethnic groups and nationalities (Ugrians-Khanty of the Lower Ob region, Tomsk Tatars, chat groups of the Middle Ob region, etc.) voluntarily became part of the Russian state.
Thus, it turned out that the term "conquest" does not reflect the whole essence of the phenomena that took place in the region in this initial period. Historians (primarily V.I. Shunkov) have proposed a new term “annexation”, which includes the facts of the conquest of certain regions, and the peaceful development by Russian settlers of the sparsely populated valleys of the Siberian taiga rivers, and the facts of voluntary acceptance by some ethnic groups of Russian citizenship.
The question of what the accession to the Russian state brought to the peoples of Siberia was solved in different ways. Noble historiography, with its inherent apologetics of tsarism, sought to embellish government activities. G.F. Miller argued that the tsarist government in the administration of the annexed territory practiced "quietness", "affectionate persuasion", "friendly treats and gifts", and showed "strictness" and "cruelty" only in those cases when "affection" didn't work. Such a “gentle” administration, according to G.F. Miller, allowed the Russian government in Siberia to “do a lot of good things” with “a considerable benefit to the country there.” This statement by Miller with various variants was firmly held for a long time in the pre-revolutionary historiography of Siberia and even among individual historians of the Soviet period.
The noble revolutionary considered the question of the significance of the inclusion of Siberia into Russia for the indigenous Siberian population in a different way. late XVIII V. A. N. Radishchev. He gave a sharply negative characterization of the actions of tsarist officials, merchants, usurers and Orthodox clergy in Siberia, stressed that they were all “greedy”, “self-serving”, shamelessly robbing the local working population, taking away their furs, bringing them to impoverishment.
Radishchev's assessment found support and further development in the writings of the AP. Shchapova and S. S. Shashkov. A.P. Shchapov in his writings spoke with a passionate denunciation of government policy towards Siberia in general and its peoples in particular, while he emphasized the positive impact of economic and cultural communication between Russian peasants and artisans and Siberian peoples.
A negative assessment of the results of the activities of the tsarist administration in Siberia, put forward by A. N. Radishchev, was shared by Shchapov's contemporary SS. Shashkov. Using specific materials of Siberian life, showing the oppressed position of the working non-Russian population of the region in order to denounce contemporary social reality, the democrat and educator S. S. Shashkov in his publicistic articles came to the conclusion about the negative value in general of the inclusion of Siberia into the Russian state. Unlike Shchapov, S. S. Shashkov did not consider the issue of the activities of the working Russian population in developing the productive forces of the region and the impact of this activity on the economy and social development local Siberian residents.
This one-sidedness of S. S. Shashkov in resolving the issue of the significance of the region's entry into Russia was adopted and developed further by representatives of the Siberian regionalism with their opposition of Siberia and the Siberian population of Russia to the entire Russian population of the country.
The negative assessment of S. S. Shashkov was also perceived by the bourgeois-Nashch-Yunalist-minded part of the intelligentsia of the Siberian peoples, who opposed the interests of the local indigenous population to the interests of the Russian inhabitants of the region and condemned the very fact of joining Siberia to Russia.
Soviet researchers, who had mastered the Marxist-Leninist materialist understanding of the history of society, had to, relying on the source base, decide the question of the nature of the inclusion of Siberia in the
Russian state and determine the significance of this process both for the non-Russian population of the region and its Russian settlers, and for the development of the country as a whole.
intensive research in the post-war period (second half of the 40s-early 60s) ended with the creation of a collective monograph "History of Siberia", five volumes of which were published in 1968. The authors of the second volume of the "History of Siberia" summed up the results of the previous study of the issue of annexing Siberia to the Russian state, showed the role of the masses in the development of the productive forces of the region, revealed “the significance of Russian colonization in general and agriculture in particular as the leading form of economy, which later had a decisive influence on the economy and lifestyle of local indigenous peoples. This confirmed the thesis about the fruitful and mostly peaceful nature of the Russian annexation and development of Siberia, about the progressiveness of its further development, due to the joint life of the Russian and aboriginal peoples.
The annexation of the vast territory of the Siberian Territory to Russia was not a one-time act, but a long process, the beginning of which dates back to the end of the 16th century, when, after the defeat of the last Chinggisid Kuchum on the Irtysh by the Cossack squad Yermak, Russian resettlement in the Trans-Urals and development by newcomers-peasants, fishermen, artisans, first in the forest belt of Western Siberia, then in Eastern Siberia, and with the onset of the 18th century, in Southern Siberia. The completion of this process occurred in the second half of the 18th century.
The accession of Siberia to Russia was the result of the implementation of the policy of the tsarist government and the ruling class of feudal lords, aimed at seizing new territories and expanding the scope of feudal robbery. It also met the interests of the merchant class. Cheap Siberian furs, valued on the Russian and international (European) markets, became a source of enrichment for him.
However, the leading role in the process of joining and developing the region was played by Russian migrants, representatives of the working strata of the population, who came to the far eastern region for crafts and settled in the Siberian taiga as farmers and artisans. The availability of free land suitable for agriculture stimulated the process of their subsidence.
Economic, domestic and cultural contacts were established between the newcomers and local residents. The indigenous population of the Siberian taiga and forest-steppe for the most part had a positive attitude towards joining the Russian state.
The desire to get rid of the devastating raids of stronger southern nomad neighbors, the desire to avoid constant intertribal clashes and strife that damaged the economy of fishermen, hunters and pastoralists, as well as a perceived need for economic ties encouraged local residents to unite with the Russian people as part of one state.
After the defeat of Kuchum by Yermak's retinue, government detachments arrived in Siberia (in 1585 under the command of Ivan Mansurov, in 1586 led by governors V. Sukin and I. Myasny), the construction of the Ob city on the banks of the Ob began, in the lower reaches of the Tura the Russian fortress of Tyumen, in 1587 on the banks of the Irtysh against the mouth of the Tobol-Tobolsk, on the waterway along the Vishera (a tributary of the Kama) to Lozva and Tlvda-Lozvinsky (1590) and Pelymsky (1593) towns. At the end of the XVI century. in the Lower Ob region, the city of Berezov was built (1593), which became the Russian administrative center on Yugra land.
In February 1594, a small group of service people was sent from Moscow with the governors F. Baryatinsky and Vl. Anichkov. Arriving by sleigh in Lozva, the detachment moved in the spring by water to the town of Ob. From Berezov, Berezovsky servicemen and the Khanty codecke with their prince Igichey Alachev were sent to connect with the arriving detachment. The detachment moved up the Ob to the borders of the Bardakov "principality". The Khanty prince Bardak voluntarily accepted Russian citizenship, assisted in the construction of a Russian fortress erected in the center of the territory subject to him on the right bank of the Ob at the confluence of the Surgutka river. The new city began to be called Surgut. All the villages of the Khanty, subject to Bardak, became part of the Surgut district. Surgut has become a stronghold royal power in this region of the Middle Ob region, a springboard for an attack on the Selkup tribal union, known as the Piebald Horde. The need to bring the Piebald Horde under Russian citizenship was dictated not only by the desire of the tsarist government to expand the number of yasak payers in the Ob region. Representatives of the Selkup nobility, headed by the military leader Vonya, at that time had close contacts with the Chin-Gisnd Kuchum, who was expelled from Kashlyk, who in 1596 "roamed" to the Pegoy Horde and was going to raid the Surgut district in 1597.
To strengthen the Surgut garrison, the service people of the Obsk town were included in its composition, which, as a fortified village, ceased to exist. The negotiations undertaken with Vonya did not lead to positive results for the royal governors. In order to prevent the military performance of Vonya on the side of Kuchum, the Surgut service people, on the instructions of the governor, built a Russian fortification in the center of the Pegoy Horde - the Narym prison (1597 or 1593).
Then began moving to the east along the right tributary of the Ob river. Keti, where the Surgut service people set up the Ket prison (presumably in 1602). On the portage from Keti to the Yenisei basin in 1618, a small Makovsky prison was built.
Within the southern part of the taiga and in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia in the 90s. 16th century the struggle continued with the remnants of the Kuchum horde. Expelled by Yermak's Cossacks from Kashlyk, Kuchum and his supporters roamed between the Ishim and Irtysh rivers, raiding Tatar and Bashkir uluses that recognized the authority of the Russian Tsar, invaded the Tyumen and Tobolsk districts.
To prevent the devastating invasions of Kuchum and his supporters, it was decided to build a new Russian fortress on the banks of the Irtysh. A significant number of local residents were attracted to this construction: Tatars, Bashkirs, Khanty. Andrei Yeletsky headed the construction work. In the summer of 1594, on the banks of the Irtysh near the confluence of the river. Tara, the city of Tara appeared, under the protection of which the inhabitants of the Irtysh region got the opportunity to get rid of the domination of the descendants of the Chinggisids of Kuchum. The servicemen of Tara performed military guard service in the border area with the steppe, struck back at Kuchum and his supporters, the Nogai Murzas and Kalmyk taishas, expanding the territory subject to the Russian Tsar.
Fulfilling the instructions of the government, the Tara governors tried to start negotiations with Kuchum. In 1597, he was sent a royal letter calling for an end to the struggle with Russia and acceptance of Russian citizenship. The tsar promised to secure for Kuchum nomad camps along the Irtysh. But it soon became known that Kuchum was preparing for an attack on the Tara district, was negotiating military assistance with the Nogai Horde and the Bukhara Khanate.
By order from Moscow, preparations began for a military campaign. The detachment assembled in Tara by Andrey Voeikov consisted of Russian service people and Tatars of Tobolsk, Tyumen and Tara. In August 1598, after a series of small battles with Kuchum’s supporters and people dependent on him in the Baraba region, A. Voeikov’s detachment suddenly attacked the main camp of the Kuchum Tatars, located in a meadow near the mouth of the Irmeni River, the left tributary of the Ob. The Chat Tatars and White Kalmyks (Teleuts) who lived in the neighborhood in the Ob region did not have time to help Kuchum. His headquarters was destroyed, members of the khan's family were taken prisoner. In the battle, many representatives of the nobility, relatives of the khan, over 150 ordinary Tatar soldiers were killed, they managed to escape along Kuchum itself with a small group of his supporters. Soon Kuchum died in the southern steppes.
The defeat of Kuchum on the Ob was of great political importance. The inhabitants of the forest-steppe belt of Western Siberia saw in the Russian state a force capable of protecting them from the devastating invasions of the nomads of Southern Siberia, from the raids of the Kalmyk, Uzbek, Nogai, Kazakh military leaders. The Chat Tatars were in a hurry to declare their desire to accept Russian citizenship and explained that they could not do this before, because they were afraid of Kuchum. The Baraba and Tereninsky Tatars, who had previously paid tribute to Kuchum, accepted Russian citizenship. As part of the Tatar district, the Tatar uluses of Baraba and the basin of the river were fixed. Omn.
At the beginning of the XVII century. Prince of the Tomsk Tatars (Eushtin-tsev) Toyan came to Moscow with a request to the government of Boris Godunov to take under the protection of the Russian state the villages of the Tomsk Tatars and "put" a Russian city on their land. Toyan pledged to help the tsarist administration of the new city in imposing yasak on the Turkic-speaking groups adjacent to the Tomsk Tatars. In January 1604, a decision was made in Moscow to build a fortification on the land of the Tomsk Tatars. Toyan sent from Moscow arrived in Surgut. The Surgut governors, after taking Toyan to the oath (sherti), sent with him as an escort several people from the service people to the Tomsk land to select the site for the construction of the future city. In March, a detachment of builders was recruited in Surgut under the command of the assistant of the Surgut governor G. I. Pisemsky and the Tobolsk son of the boyar V. F. Tyrkov. In addition to Surgut service people and carpenters, it included service people who arrived from Tyumen and Tobolsk, Pelymsky archers, Tobolsk and Tyumen Tatars and Kodsky Khanty. In the spring of 1604, after the ice drift, the detachment set off from Surgut in boats and planks up the Obn to the mouth of the Tom and further up the Tom to the lands of the Tomsk Tatars. During the summer of 1604 a Russian city on the right bank of the Tom was built. At the beginning of the XVII century. Tomsk city was the easternmost city in Russia. The area adjacent to it, the lower reaches of the Tom, the Middle Ob and Prnchulymya became part of the Tomsk district.
Collecting yasak from the Turkic-speaking population of the Tomsk region, Tomsk service people in 1618 founded a new Russian settlement in the upper reaches of the Tom, the Kuznetsk prison, which became in the 20s. 17th century the administrative center of the Kuznetsk district. In the basin of the right tributary of the Obi-Chulym, at the same time, small prisons - Melessky and Achinsky were set up. In them, there were Cossacks and archers from Tomsk, performing military guard duty and protecting the yurts of local residents from incursions by detachments of Kyrgyz princes and Mongolian Altyn Khans.
Growing contacts of the annexed part of the Ob region with the center and north of the country already at the end of the 16th century. sharply raised the question of improving the means of communication. The official way to Siberia from the Kama region through the Lozvinsky town was long and difficult. In the second half of the 90s. 16th century Solvychegodsky townsman Artemy Sofinov-Babinov took a contract from the government to build a road from Solikamsk to Tyumen. From Solikamsk it went through mountain passes to the upper reaches of the river. Tours. In 1598, the Verkhotursky town was set up here, in the construction of which carpenters, peasants, and archers transferred here from Lozva participated.
Verkhoturye on the Babinovskaya road during the entire 17th century. played the role of the “main gate to Siberia”, through which all communications between Moscow and the Trans-Urals were carried out, customs duties were levied on the transported goods. From Verkhoturye the road went along the river. Tours to Tyumen. In 1600, on the half way between Verkhoturye and Tyumen, the Turinsky prison arose, where coachmen and peasants transferred from the European part of the state were settled, serving the needs of the Babinovskaya road.
By the beginning of the XVII century. almost the entire territory of Western Siberia from the Gulf of Ob in the north to Tara and Tomsk in the south became an integral part of Russia.
2.3 Annexation of Eastern Siberia
Russian fishermen back in the 16th century. hunted fur-bearing animals in the right bank of the lower reaches of the Ob, in the basins of the Taz and Turukhan rivers, gradually moved east to the Yenisei. They founded winter huts (which grew from temporary into permanent ones), entered into exchange, production, household and even family relations with local residents.
The political inclusion of this tundra region into Russia began later than the settlement of Russian fishermen here, at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries. with the construction in 1601 on the banks of the river. Taza of the Mangazeya town, which became the administrative center of the Mangazeya district and the most important trading and transshipment point in northern Asia, a place where hunters flocked to prepare for the next hunting season. Until 1625, there was no permanent detachment of service people in Mangazeya. The military guard service was performed by a small group of "year-olds" (30 people), sent from Tobolsk and Berezov. After the creation of a permanent garrison (100 people), the Mangazeya governors created several yasak winter quarters, began to send fur collectors to the treasury on the banks of the lower Yenisei, on its right-bank tributaries, the Podkamennaya Tunguska and the Lower Tunguska, and further to the Pyasina and Khatanga basins.
As already noted, the penetration of Russians into the middle Yenisei went along the right tributary of the Ob - Keti, which in the 17th century. became the main road from the Ob basin to the east. In 1619, the first Russian administrative center, the Yenisei prison, was built on the banks of the Yenisei, which quickly grew into a significant transit point for fishermen and merchants. The first Russian farmers appeared in the area adjacent to Yeniseisk.
The second fortified town on the Yenisei was the Krasnoyarsk prison founded in 1628, which became the main stronghold of the defense of the borders in the south of the Yenisei Territory. Throughout the 17th century south of Krasnoyarsk there was a fierce struggle against the nomads, caused by the aggression of the Kyrgyz princes of the upper Yenisei, who relied in the first half of the century on the strong state of the Altyn Khans (established in Western Mongolia), and in the "second half" on the Dzungarian rulers, whose vassals they became. the princelings considered their kishtyms (dependent people, tributaries) to be the local Turkic-speaking groups of the upper Yenisei: Tubn, Yarin, Motor, Kamasin, etc.
Almost every year, the rulers of the Kirghiz uluses besieged the Krasnoyarsk fortress, exterminated and drove into captivity the indigenous and Russian population, captured cattle and horses, destroyed crops. Documents tell about multiple military campaigns against the steppe nomads of detachments of Krasnoyarsk, Yenisei, Tomsk and Kuznetsk service people.
The situation has only changed in early XVIII century, when, by order of the Dzungarian kontaishi Tsevan-Raptan, the forcible resettlement of the Kyrgyz uluses and kishtyms of the nobility began to the main camps of the Dzungars in Semirechye. The military leaders failed to fully transfer ordinary residents of the Kirghiz uluses to new places. Local residents took refuge in the forests, some of the hijacked fled when crossing the Sayan Mountains. For the most part, the population dependent on the Kirghiz princelings remained in their former habitats and was then included in Russia. The consolidation of the territory of the upper Yenisei ended with the construction of the Abakan (1707) and Sayan (1709) prisons.
From Russian fishermen, the Mangazeya and Yenisei governors learned about the rich furs of the Lena Land. They began to send service people to the middle Lena, where the Yakuts lived, for yasak. Already in 1632, on the banks of the Lena, a small group of Yenisei Cossacks, headed by P. Beketov, set up the Yakut prison, the first Russian village, which later became the center of the Yakut (Lena) voivodeship.
Some Yakut toyons and princelings of individual associations tried to fight the yasak collectors, defending their right to exploit their relatives, but not all groups of Yakuts took part in this "struggle. Intertribal strife, as well as the desire of some representatives of the Yakut nobility to take advantage of the help of service people , who were on Leia, weakened the resistance of the Yakut groups to political subordination to the tsarist government.In addition, most of the Yakut population was convinced of the disadvantage of breaking peaceful ties with Russian fishers and merchants.For all the "untruths" perpetrated by fishermen to local residents in the fields, the predatory nature of the exchange the activity of commercial colonization was the main stimulus for the inclusion of the main part of Yakutia into Russia.
Soviet researchers found that the Russian fishermen were the first to penetrate the Lena, and later on, within Eastern Siberia, as a rule, they outnumbered the detachments of service people in quantitative terms. The inclusion of the Evenks, Evens, and Yukaghirs in Russia, the taxation of them with yasak fees in the royal treasury dragged on until the middle of the 17th century. Some geographical discoveries of Russian explorers date back to this time. So, the Cossacks led by I. Rebrov and I. Perfilyev in 1633 went along the Lena to the Arctic Ocean. On the boats built in Yakutsk, by sea, they reached the mouth of the river. Yana, and then the mouth of the Indigirka. Almost simultaneously, another group of Cossacks, led by S. Kharitonov and P. Ivanov, set off from Yakutsk and opened a land road to the upper reaches of the Yana and Indigirka. The commercial development of this area began, Russian winter huts appeared (Verkhoyanskoye, Nizhneyanskoye, Podshi-verskoye, Olyubenskoye, Uyandinskoye).
Especially great importance in the geographical discoveries of the north-eastern part of Asia, he had a sea voyage, which began in 1648 under the leadership of S. Dezhnev and F. Popov, in which up to 90 people of merchants and fishermen participated. From Yakutsk, the expedition reached the mouth of the Lena, went out to sea and set off to the east. For the first time seafarers of Russian sailors rounded the northeastern tip of the mainland, opened the strait between the continents Asia and America, passed through this strait from the Arctic to Pacific Ocean and reached the mouth of the river. Anadyr. In 1650 on the river. Anadyr overland from the banks of the river. Kolyma was passed by a group of Cossacks with Stadukhin and Motora.
The advance from the Lena to the east towards the coast of Okhotsk began in the 1930s. XVII century, when the Tomsk Cossacks with D. Kopylov founded the Butal winter hut on Aldan. A group of Cossacks sent from Butalsky winter quarters headed by I. Moskvitin, following the rivers Aldan, Maya and Yudoma, reached the mountain range, crossed the mountains and along the river. Hive went to the coast, where in the early 40s. Oblique Ostrozhek was built (which served as the beginning of the future Okhotsk).
Due to the natural and climatic conditions, the Russian development of Eastern Siberia was predominantly commercial in nature. At the same time, Russian settlers identified areas where arable farming is possible. In the 40s. 17th century in the mouths of the Olekma and Vitim rivers and in the middle reaches of the Amga, the first arable land appeared.
The accession of the lands of the Buryat tribes was complicated by external circumstances. The Buryat nobility made certain groups of Evenks and the Turkic-speaking population of the right bank of the Yenisei dependent on themselves, levied tribute from them, and therefore opposed their inclusion in the yasak payers of Russia. At the same time, the Buryats themselves were subjected to frequent raids by the Mongol (especially Oi-rat) feudal lords, they were interested in using Russian military detachments to protect themselves from the devastating invasions of their southern neighbors. The interest of the Buryat population in trade relations also pushed for good neighborly relations with the Russians.
The first Russian settlements in this region appeared in the early 1930s. - Ilimsk and Bratsk prisons. Under the protection of the Ilim prison in the middle of the 17th century. more than 120 families of Russian farmers lived. In the 40s. yasak collectors began to appear among the Buryats living near Lake Baikal. At the confluence of the Irkut with the Angara on about. In 1652, the Irkutsk yasak winter hut arose, and in 1661, against this winter hut, the Irkutsk prison was built on the banks of the Angara, which became the administrative center Irkutsk district and an important trading post in Eastern Siberia.
In the middle of the XVIII century. in Transbaikalia, the first fortified winter quarters appeared, founded by Russian fishing bands. Some of them later became prisons and administrative centers (Nerchinsky, Udn-sky, Selenginsky, etc.). Gradually, a network of fortified villages developed, which ensured the safety of Transbaikalia from external invasions and contributed to the economic development of this region by Russian settlers (including farmers).
The first information about the Amur region came to Yakutsk in the early 1940s. 17th century from the Russian fisherman S. Averkiev Kosoy, who reached the mouth of the Argun. In 1643, an expedition of V. Poyarkov was formed in Yakutsk, the participants of which for three years traveled along the rivers Aldan, Uchur, Gonom, dragged the transition to the Amur water system, went down the river. Bryande and Zeya to the Amur, then on ships moved down the Amur to its mouth. Having gone out to sea, the expedition of V. Poyarkov moved north along the coast and reached the mouth of the river. Hives. From here, along the path laid earlier by a group of Cossacks I. Moskvitina, she returned to Yakutsk. This campaign of V. Poyarkov, unparalleled in difficulty and range of the unknown path, gave a lot of information about the Amur, about the inhabitants who inhabited its shores, their jams, but it has not yet entailed the annexation of the Amur region.
More successful in this regard was the campaign organized in 1649 by a merchant from Ustyuzhan E. P. Khabarov-Svyatitsky. Khabarov's campaign was supported by the Yakut governor Frantsbekov. Participants of the campaign (over 70 people) joined Khabarov at will. The leader of the campaign received an official "mandate" from the Yakut governor, that is, he could act as a representative of government authorities. From Yakutsk, the expedition set off along the river. Lena to its tributary Olekma, then up the Olekma to portages to the Amur basin. During the years 1650-1653. the participants of the campaign were on the Amur. The Tungus-speaking Evenks and Duchers and Mongol-speaking Daurs lived on the middle Amur. The Evenks were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding and fishing, while the Daurs and Duchers were familiar with arable farming. The process of formation of a class society began among the Daurs and the neighboring Duchers, there were fortified towns ruled by their "princes".
The natural wealth of the Amur Territory (fur animals, fish), a climate favorable for arable farming attracted immigrants from the Yenisei, Krasnoyarsk, Ilimsk and Yakutsk districts. According to V.A. Alexandrov, during the 50s. 17th century “At least one and a half thousand people went to the Amur. Many “free willing people” took part in the very campaign of E. Khabarov”4. Fearing the depopulation of the areas from where the settlers (fishers and peasants) left, the Siberian administration arranged at the mouth of the river. Olekma outpost. Unable to prevent the process of spontaneous settlement of the Amur region, the tsarist government decided to establish its own administration here, appointing Nerchpnsky Ostrog (founded in 1652) as the administrative center from 1658.
Ruled in the 17th century in China, the Manchu Qing dynasty from time to time subjected the settlements of Daurs and Duchers on the Amur to predatory raids, although the territory they occupied lay outside the empire. In annexing the Amur region to Russia, the Qing dynasty saw a threat of drawing closer the borders of Manchuria with Russia and therefore decided to prevent the Russian development of this region. In 1652, the Manchu troops invaded the Amur and for almost six years conducted military operations against the small Russian detachments. At the end of the 50s. the Manchus began to forcibly resettle the Daurs and Duchers in the Sungari basin, destroying their towns and agriculture. By the beginning of the 60s. Manchurian troops went into the empire.
The Russian population resumed the development of the deserted Amur lands from Nerchinsk to the mouth of the river. Zei. The center of Russian settlements on the Amur was the Albazinsky prison, built in 1665 on the site of the former town of the Daurian prince Albaza. The population of Albazin - Cossacks and peasants - was formed from free settlers. The exiles were an extremely small part. The first inhabitants and builders of the Russian Albazin were fugitives from the Ilimsk district, participants in the popular unrest against the governor, who came to the Amur with N. Chernigovsky. Here the newcomers declared themselves Albazin servants, established an elected government, elected N. Chernigovsky as Albazin's clerk, began collecting tribute payments from the local population, sending furs through Nerchinsk to the royal treasury in Moscow.
Since the late 70s and especially in the 80s. the position of the Russians in Transbaikalia and the Amur region again became more complicated. The Manchurian Qing dynasty provoked the speeches of the Mongol feudal lords and Tungus princelings against Russia. Intense hostilities unfolded near Albazin and Selenginsky prison. The Treaty of Nerchinsk, signed in 1689, marked the beginning of the establishment of a border line between the two states.
The Buryat and Tungus population acted together with the Russians in defense of their lands against the Manchu troops. Separate groups of Mongols, together with the Taishi, recognized Russian citizenship and migrated to Russia.
Conclusion
Ermak's campaign played a big role in the development and conquest of Siberia. This was the first significant step to start the development of new lands.
The conquest of Siberia important step in the development of the Russian state, which brought an increase in territory by more than two times. Siberia, with its fish and fur trades, as well as gold and silver reserves, significantly enriched the treasury of the state.
List of used literature
1. G.F. Miller "History of Siberia"
2. M.V. Shunkov "History of Siberia" in 5 volumes. Tomsk, TSU 1987
