The structure of research work. Requirements for the introduction, abstract, main part and conclusion. Structure and structural components of research work Structure of research work

Traditionally, a certain compositional structure of research has developed, the main elements of which, in the order of their location, are the following: 1. Title page 2. Table of contents 3. Introduction 4. Chapters of the main part 5. Conclusion 6. Bibliographic list 7. Applications Title page is the first page of the research work and is filled out according to strictly defined rules. After the title page is placed table of contents, which lists all R&D titles and the pages they start on. Table of contents headings should exactly repeat the headings in the text. Introduction. Here, the scientific novelty and relevance of the chosen topic, the purpose and content of the tasks set are usually substantiated, the object and subject of research are formulated, the chosen method (or methods) of research is indicated, the theoretical significance and applied value of the results obtained are reported. The scientific novelty of R&D gives the author the right to use the term "For the first time" when describing the results obtained, which means the absence of similar results before their publication. Scientific novelty is manifested in the presence of theoretical provisions that are first formulated and substantiated guidelines which are introduced into practice and have a significant impact on the development of science in general and its individual areas. The relevance of the topic is assessed from the point of view of modernity and social significance, a problematic situation is created, the way out of which you propose. In order to inform the R&D reader about the state of development of the chosen topic, a short review literature, which should ultimately lead to the conclusion that this topic not yet disclosed (or disclosed only partially or in the wrong aspect and therefore needs further development). A review of the literature on the topic should show a thorough acquaintance with the specialized literature, the ability to systematize sources, examine them critically, highlight the essential, evaluate what was previously done by other researchers, determine the main thing in state of the art study of the topic. All publications of any value that are directly and immediately related to the research topic should be named and critically evaluated. From wording scientific problem and evidence that that part of this problem, which is the subject of research, has not yet received its development and coverage in the specialized literature, it is logical to proceed to the formulation objectives of the research being undertaken, and also indicate the specific tasks to be solved in accordance with this goal. This is usually done in the form of an enumeration (explore…, describe…, establish…, identify…, derive a formula, etc.). The formulation of these tasks must be done as carefully as possible, since the description of their solution should form the content of the R&D chapters. This is also important because the headings of such chapters are “born” precisely from the formulation of the objectives of the research being undertaken. An obligatory element of the introduction is the wording object and subject of research. An object is a process or phenomenon that generates problem situation and favorites for study. A subject is something that is within the boundaries of an object. The object and subject of research as categories of the scientific process are related to each other as general and particular. In the object, that part of it is singled out, which serves as the subject of research. It is on him that the main attention is directed, it is the subject of research that determines the topic of research, which is indicated on the title page as its title. An obligatory element of the introduction is also an indication of research methods, which serve as a tool in obtaining factual material, being a necessary condition for achieving the goal set in such work. The introduction describes other elements of the scientific process. These include, in particular, an indication on which specific material the work itself was made. It also gives a description of the main sources of information (official, scientific, literary, bibliographic), and also indicates methodological foundations conducted research. in chapters the main part of research the methodology and technique of the study are considered in detail and the results are summarized. All materials that are not essential to understanding the solution scientific task, are taken out in applications. The content of the chapters of the main part must exactly correspond to the research topic and fully disclose it. These chapters should show the ability to present the material concisely, logically and with arguments. R&D ends the final part, which It's called "conclusion". Like any conclusion, this part of the R&D plays the role of an ending, determined by the logic of the research, which is in the form of a synthesis of the information accumulated in the main part. scientific information. This synthesis is a consistent, logically coherent presentation of the results obtained and their relationship with common goal and specific tasks set and formulated in the introduction. It is here that the so-called "inferential" knowledge is contained, which is new in relation to the original knowledge. This inferential knowledge should not be replaced by a mechanical summation of conclusions at the end of chapters that present a brief summary, but should contain something new, essential, which constitutes final results studies, which are often organized into a number of numbered paragraphs. Their sequence is determined by the logic of the study design. At the same time, not only its scientific novelty and theoretical significance, but also practical value, arising from the final results, is indicated. After the conclusion, it is customary to place bibliographic list of used literature. This list is one of the essential parts of R&D and reflects an independent creative work. Each literary source included in such a list should be reflected in the text. If the author makes a reference to any borrowed facts or cites the works of other authors, then he must indicate in the subscript where the cited materials come from. You should not include in the bibliographic list those works that are not referenced in the text and that have not actually been used. It is not recommended to include encyclopedias, reference books, popular science books, newspapers in this list. If there is a need to use such publications, then they should be given in subscripts. Auxiliary or Additional materials, which clutter up the text of the main body, are placed in application. The content of the application is very diverse. For example, these can be copies of original documents, excerpts from reporting materials, production plans and protocols, certain provisions from instructions and rules, previously unpublished texts, correspondence, etc. In form, they can be text, tables, graphs, maps. Applications cannot include a bibliographic list of references, auxiliary indexes of all kinds, reference comments and notes, which are not applications to the main text, but elements of the reference apparatus that help to use its main text. Each application must begin on a new sheet (page) with indicated in the upper right corner of the word "Application" and have a thematic heading. If there is more than one annex, they are numbered with Arabic numerals (without the number sign), for example: "Annex I", "Annex 2", etc. The numbering of the pages on which the appendices are given should be continuous and continue the general numbering of the pages of the main text. The connection of the main text with the applications is carried out through links that are used with the word "see"; it is usually abbreviated and enclosed with the cipher in parentheses in the form: (see appendix 5).

General requirements:

The work must be neatly framed in compliance with the following requirements:

- paper sheet size A4;

- font: Times New Roman, size 14 (in large tables, size 12 can be used);

- text must be aligned in width pages;

- page margins: top - 2 cm, bottom - 2 cm, left - 3 cm, right - 1.5 cm;

- line spacing: one and a half ;

Pages must be numbered (the number is placed in the lower margin in the center).

Volume work is determined by the Competition Regulations:

All-Russian competition for the best scientific work of students in the natural, technical and humanities - 35-45 pages;

- Regional competition for the best scientific and creative work of students - up to 35 pages;

Regional competition for the best scientific and creative work of graduate students and applicants - up to 50 pages.

At the same time, applications are not included in the scope of work, which allows the researcher to keep within the established framework.

Structure and content of research work

Any research work must contain the following sections in the specified sequence:

title page;

introduction;

main part;

conclusion;

list of used literature;

applications (if necessary).

Title page

Page numbering starts with it, but the number on the title page is not put.

A sample of the design of the title page of the work sent to the All-Russian competition for the best scientific work in the natural, technical and humanities is given in Appendix 1, for the regional competition - in Appendix 2. No abbreviations or transfers in the title of the work are allowed. There is no dot at the end of the title of the work.

Chapters, paragraphs and subparagraphs are numbered with Arabic numerals. After the number, as a rule, a period is not put. The first chapter is numbered 1. The paragraphs are numbered within the chapter; the paragraph number consists of the chapter number and the paragraph number separated by a dot (for example: 1.2). The subparagraph number consists of the number of chapter, paragraph and subparagraph separated by dots (for example: 2.3.1).

INTRODUCTION…..

Chapter 1. Title of the chapter .... (Theoretical part of the work)

1.1 Title of the first paragraph ….

1.2 Title of the second paragraph ….

Chapter 2. Title of the chapter .... (practical part of the work)

2.1 Title of the first paragraph….

CONCLUSION ….

CONCLUSIONS AND OFFERS….

List of used literature

Application….

Introduction

The introduction should contain an assessment of the current state of the scientific and practical problem being solved, the basis and initial data for the development of the topic. The introduction involves a description of the situation that prompted the student to start researching this topic. It contains a clear and concise substantiation of the research topic, its relevance and novelty, the degree of development of the research problem at the present stage, the object and subject of research, goals and objectives are formulated, hypotheses are built (main and partial, working).

Introduction begins with rationale relevance research. Relevance research shows the importance of the topic of work for the development of any theoretical problem or the solution of practical problems. Relevance can also be determined by the high prevalence of the phenomenon under study. Here a brief description of the state of the research area of interest is given (what has already been done in science in this direction and what has remained undisclosed) with the subsequent formulation of the problem in the form of an explicit contradictions between the needs of science and practice and the lack of existing knowledge.

This is followed by the definition an object And item research . An object - this is that part of practical activity or scientific knowledge with which the researcher deals. Definition object research allows answering the question: what is being considered? Item shows some aspect of the consideration, gives an idea of how the object is considered , what new relationships, properties, aspects and functions of the object reviews this study.

On the basis of the formulated problem, the definition of the object and subject of research, the target . Target - this is an idea of the result, about what should be achieved in the course of work.

It is important to define novelty research, which is determined by the absence of similar studies, novelty of the topic, methodological solution, originality of the problem statement, goal, hypothesis

One of the most important points in the study is the construction hypotheses . Hypothesis - this is a scientific assumption, a preliminary explanation of any fact or phenomenon. Hypothesis requires a proof and therefore cannot be trivial. Hypothesis substantiated in the course of theoretical analysis and formulates in a concise form the expected results of the study.

The formulated goal and hypothesis of the study determine its tasks that need to be solved in order to achieve the set goals . In scientific research, tasks are usually formulated as relatively independent and complete stages of research.

The volume of the introduction usually does not exceed 2 pages.

Structure research work

The structure of the work: title page, content, introduction, theoretical and practical chapters, conclusions and conclusions, literature and resources, applications. General requirements:

printed version of the work, sheets format A 4;
size 12, line spacing 1.5;
numbering is indicated at the bottom, centered;
the volume of work should preferably not exceed 10 pages, plus up to 10 pages at the end of the work are placed "Appendices" (diagrams, tables, diagrams, questions from questionnaires or interviews, photos, illustrations, etc.).

Note! Each Regulation on a research conference, competition may have its own requirements for the design of student work.

Registration of research work

Presentation of research results is a laborious stage of work. There are several main forms of presenting results. scientific work: the text of a scientific essay; article, theses; report, message; report, etc.

Basic requirements for their design:

The article is an independent scientific text, where the researcher expresses his own thoughts on the problem. The structure of the article is similar to the structure of the text of the study, but presents it as if in miniature. At the beginning of the article, its main thesis is put forward, which is then subjected to a reasoned proof in the main part. At the end of the article, conclusions are placed that confirm or refute all of the above.

Both forms - both the article and the theses - are created on the basis of the text of one's own research, where the entire course of the research is considered in detail and its results are described.

Registration begins study results from the layout of the prepared texts into chapters in accordance with the approximate structure of the work. After the chapters are formed, they should be carefully read and edited both in terms of spelling and syntax, and in terms of content (check numbers and facts, footnotes, quotations, etc.).

Immediately after reading each chapter and making changes, they begin to write conclusions for the corresponding chapter. The conclusion of the chapter usually contains a statement of the essence of the issue discussed in it, and a summary of the results of the analysis done.

Title page is the first page of a scientific work and is filled out according to certain rules. The title page states:

the full name of the educational institution at the top of the sheet in the center;
the name of the research topic in a larger font in the center of the sheet (without the word “topic”);
surname, name and patronymic of the author of the study, an indication of what grade he is a student of - at the bottom of the title page on the right (without the word "author", it is not required to indicate here educational institution);
surname, name, patronymic, position, science degree and the title of supervisor - lower than the previous entry (without the word "supervisor", it is not required to indicate the educational institution here);
year and city - at the bottom of the page, in the center.

Title option: list of sections of the work, indicating the page numbers on which each section begins:

Introduction……………………………………………………………………….….2

Chapter I (chapter title)………………………………………………………….4

Chapter II (chapter title)………………………………………………………….7

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….10

References…………………………………………………………….12

Applications (questionnaires, tables, charts, diagrams, etc……….…….13

The headings should follow the logic of the research. The artistic title does not fit the headings of chapters and paragraphs. Must not be interrogative form heading sentences. Review the following table of contents. Without a research topic, it is impossible to determine the subject of research here. The research topic is indicated below the table of contents (font size 6).

1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………p. 3

2. Good-natured giants ……………………………………………. page 4

2.1. Terrible appearance and good disposition ……………………………….p. 4

2.2. Habitat …………………………………………….p. 6

2.3. Family …………………………………………………………p. 7

3. On the verge of extinction ……………………………………………….p. 8

3.1. Destruction of the natural habitat …………….p. 8

3.2. Killing for food ………………………………………….page 9

3.3. Unhealthy souvenirs ………………………………………p. 10

3.4. Diseases ………………………………………………………p. eleven

4. Help people ……………………………………………………. page 12

4.1. The fight against poaching ………………………………….p. 12

4.2. Nurseries ………………………………………………….p. 13

5. Conclusion ………………………………………………………..p. 14

6. References ………………………………………………..p. 15

7. Appendix ………………………………………………………. page 16

Rescue of rare animal species. Gorillas

Introduction is the most important part of scientific work, as it contains in a concise form all the main, fundamental provisions, the justification and verification of which the study is devoted to. The introduction should include: the relevance of the study; research problem; the wording of the topic; object, subject; goal, hypothesis; tasks; research methods; study structure; its practical significance and scientific novelty of the research; brief analysis literature. The volume of the introduction is usually 2-3 pages.

Main (content) part The work may contain 2-3 chapters. Chapter 1 usually contains the results of the analysis of special literature, the theoretical substantiation of the research topic; 2-3 chapters describe the practical stages of work, interpretation of data, identification of certain patterns in the phenomena under study during the experiment. Each chapter ends with conclusions.

Conclusion usually no more than 1-2 pages. The main requirement for the conclusion: it should not verbatim repeat the conclusions of the chapters. In conclusion, the most general conclusions Based on the results of the study, recommendations are made. It is necessary to note the degree of achievement of the goal, the results of testing the conditions of the hypothesis, and outline the prospects for further research.

conclusions should contain something new and significant that constitutes the scientific and practical results of the research.

Drafting bibliographic list requires special precision.

Rules for registration in the list of references various options publications. Options for building bibliography:

alphabetical;
systematic;
in the order of the first mention of works in the text;
chapters of scientific work.

Alphabetical arrangement. Example:

1. Avanesov, G.A. Criminology / G.A. Avanesov. - M., 1984.- ... p.;

2. Barsukov V.S. Providing information. security / V.S. Barsukov. - M., 1996. - ... p.;

3. Contract law. World practice. - M., 1992. - ... p.;

4. Shavaev, A.G. Security of banking structures / A.G. Shavaev // Economy and life. - 1994.- N16.- p.;

5. Gippius, Z. N. Works: in 2 volumes / Zinaida Gippius. - M.: Lakom-book: Gabestro, 2001.- (Golden prose silver age) Vol. 1: Novels. - 367 p.;

6. Kalenchuk, M. L. On the extension of the concept of position / M. L. Kalenchuk // Fortunatov collection: scientific materials. conf., dedicated 100th anniversary of Moscow. linguist. schools, 1897 - 1997 / Ros. acad. Sciences, Institute of Rus. lang. - M., 2000. - S. 26-32

Magazine article

Andreeva, O. Middle Ages: the cult of the Beautiful Lady / O. Andreeva // Science and Life. - 2005. - N 1. - S. 118 - 125.

Newspaper article

Karelian hut: [about the project to create a tourist. center in the village Shuya] // Prionezhie. - 2006. - 1 Sept. (No. 32).

Legislative materials.Entry titled:

Russian Federation. Constitution (1993). Constitution Russian Federation: official text. - M.: Marketing, 2001. - 39 p.

Electronic resources

Internet step by step [Electronic resource]: [interactive. textbook]. - Electron. Dan. and progr. - St. Petersburg: PiterKom, 1997. - 1 electron. opt. disc (CD-ROM) + adj. (127 p.). - System. requirements: PC from 486 DX 66 MHz; RAM 16 Mb.; Windows 95; sound pay. - Zagl. from the screen;

Russian State Library [Electronic resource] / Center Inform. RSL technologies; ed. T.V. Vlasenko; Web - master N.V. Kozlov. - Electron. Dan. - M.: RSL, 1997. - Access mode: http//www.rsl.ru, free. - Zagl. from the screen;

The Russian audience of the Internet has overcome the threshold of 5 million people [Electronic resource] // Guild of Periodical Press Publishers: . - Access Mode: http:///print.php?id=511. - Description based on version dated Feb. 10, 2005.

according to the composition of the elements, the link can be full or short;
according to the location, intra-text, subscript, extra-text links are distinguished;
when repeating references to the same object, primary and secondary references are distinguished;
if there are several reference objects, they are combined into one complex reference.

Applications. The main requirements for the design of applications can be formulated as follows:

placed after the bibliographic list;
in the table of contents, the appendix is drawn up as an independent heading, with continuous pagination of the entire text;
each application is issued on separate sheet and should have a title in the top right corner.

Illustrations to the research work are placed in order to give the material presented clarity, concreteness, figurativeness. Drawings it is better to place immediately after the first mention of them in the context of the work. If, after mentioning the figure, the remaining space on the page does not allow it to be placed, then the picture can be placed on the next page. tables, as well as figures, are located after the first mention of them in the text of the work. If the tables are not directly related to the text, then they can be placed in the application. All tables should have headings that briefly describe the content of the tabular data. Quotes in the text of the work are enclosed in quotation marks. Each quotation should be cited as the source. After bringing the parts of the work into a single whole, it is recommended to carry out continuous numbering of footnotes. When presenting the concept of any author, you can do without citations. In this case, the main thoughts of the author are described in strict accordance with the original in meaning. But in this case, it is necessary to make a footnote to the source. Quotes can also be used to illustrate your own judgments. However, the researcher must be extremely careful in quoting and carefully monitor its correctness. Incomplete, deliberately distorted and tailored to the purpose of the researcher, the quotation does not decorate his work and does not add to its significance.

in such a work of purpose. The introduction describes other elements of the scientific process. These include, in particular, an indication on which specific material the work itself was made. It also gives a description of the main sources of information (official, scientific, literary, bibliographic), as well as the methodological foundations of the study. in chapters the main part of research the methodology and technique of the study are considered in detail and the results are summarized. All materials that are not essential for understanding the solution of a scientific problem are included in appendices. The content of the chapters of the main part must exactly correspond to the research topic and fully disclose it. These chapters should show the ability to present the material concisely, logically and with arguments. R&D ends the final part, which It's called "conclusion". Like any conclusion, this part of the R&D serves as an ending, determined by the logic of the research, which is in the form of a synthesis of the scientific information accumulated in the main part. This synthesis is a consistent, logically coherent presentation of the results obtained and their relationship with the general goal and specific tasks set and formulated in the introduction. It is here that the so-called "inferential" knowledge is contained, which is new in relation to the original knowledge. This inferential knowledge should not be replaced by a mechanical summary of the conclusions at the end of the chapters that present a brief summary, but should contain that new, essential that constitutes the final results of the study, which are often presented in the form of a number of numbered paragraphs. Their sequence is determined by the logic of the study design. At the same time, not only its scientific novelty and theoretical significance, but also practical value, arising from the final results, is indicated. After the conclusion, it is customary to place bibliographic list of used literature. This list is one of the essential parts of R&D and reflects independent creative work. Each literary source included in such a list should be reflected in the text. If the author makes a reference to any borrowed facts or cites the works of other authors, then he must indicate in the subscript where the cited materials come from. You should not include in the bibliographic list those works that are not referenced in the text and that have not actually been used. It is not recommended to include encyclopedias, reference books, popular science books, newspapers in this list. If there is a need to use such publications, then they should be given in subscripts. Auxiliary or additional materials that clutter up the text of the main part are placed in application. The content of the application is very diverse. For example, these can be copies of original documents, excerpts from reporting materials, production plans and protocols, certain provisions from instructions and rules, previously unpublished texts, correspondence, etc. In form, they can be text, tables, graphs, maps. Applications cannot include a bibliographic list of references, auxiliary indexes of all kinds, reference comments and notes, which are not applications to the main text, but elements of the reference apparatus that help to use its main text. Each application must begin on a new sheet (page) with indicated in the upper right corner of the word "Application" and have a thematic heading. If there is more than one annex, they are numbered with Arabic numerals (without the number sign), for example: "Annex I", "Annex 2", etc. The numbering of the pages on which the appendices are given should be continuous and continue the general numbering of the pages of the main text. The connection of the main text with the applications is carried out through links that are used with the word "see"; it is usually abbreviated and enclosed with the cipher in parentheses in the form: (see appendix 5).

Traditionally, a certain compositional structure of research has developed, the main elements of which, in the order of their location, are the following: 1. Title page 2. Table of contents 3. Introduction 4. Chapters of the main part 5. Conclusion 6. Bibliographic list 7. Applications Title page is the first page of the research work and is filled out according to strictly defined rules. After the title page is placed table of contents, which lists all R&D titles and the pages they start on. Table of contents headings should exactly repeat the headings in the text. Introduction. Here, the scientific novelty and relevance of the chosen topic, the purpose and content of the tasks set are usually substantiated, the object and subject of research are formulated, the chosen method (or methods) of research is indicated, the theoretical significance and applied value of the results obtained are reported. The scientific novelty of R&D gives the author the right to use the term "For the first time" when describing the results obtained, which means the absence of similar results before their publication. Scientific novelty is manifested in the presence of theoretical provisions that were first formulated and substantiated in their content, methodological recommendations that are put into practice and have a significant impact on the development of science in general and its individual areas. The relevance of the topic is assessed from the point of view of modernity and social significance, a problem situation is created, a way out of which you propose. In order to inform the R&D reader about the state of development of the chosen topic, a a brief review of the literature, which in the end should lead to the conclusion that this particular topic has not yet been disclosed (or has been disclosed only partially or in the wrong aspect and therefore needs further development). A review of the literature on the topic should show a thorough acquaintance with the specialized literature, the ability to systematize sources, critically examine them, highlight the essential, evaluate what was previously done by other researchers, and determine the main thing in the current state of study of the topic. All publications of any value that are directly and immediately related to the research topic should be named and critically evaluated. From the formulation of the scientific problem and the proof that that part of this problem, which is the subject of research, has not yet been developed and covered in the specialized literature, it is logical to move on to the formulation objectives of the research being undertaken, and also indicate the specific tasks to be solved in accordance with this goal. This is usually done in the form of an enumeration (explore…, describe…, establish…, identify…, derive a formula, etc.). The formulation of these tasks must be done as carefully as possible, since the description of their solution should form the content of the R&D chapters. This is also important because the headings of such chapters are “born” precisely from the formulation of the objectives of the research being undertaken. An obligatory element of the introduction is the wording object and subject of research. An object is a process or phenomenon that generates a problem situation and is chosen for study. A subject is something that is within the boundaries of an object. The object and subject of research as categories of the scientific process are related to each other as general and particular. In the object, that part of it is singled out, which serves as the subject of research. It is on him that the main attention is directed, it is the subject of research that determines the topic of research, which is indicated on the title page as its title. An obligatory element of the introduction is also an indication of research methods, which serve as a tool in obtaining factual material, being a necessary condition for achieving the goal set in such work. The introduction describes other elements of the scientific process. These include, in particular, an indication on which specific material the work itself was made. It also gives a description of the main sources of information (official, scientific, literary, bibliographic), as well as the methodological foundations of the study. in chapters the main part of research the methodology and technique of the study are considered in detail and the results are summarized. All materials that are not essential for understanding the solution of a scientific problem are included in appendices. The content of the chapters of the main part must exactly correspond to the research topic and fully disclose it. These chapters should show the ability to present the material concisely, logically and with arguments. R&D ends the final part, which It's called "conclusion". Like any conclusion, this part of the R&D serves as an ending, determined by the logic of the research, which is in the form of a synthesis of the scientific information accumulated in the main part. This synthesis is a consistent, logically coherent presentation of the results obtained and their relationship with the general goal and specific tasks set and formulated in the introduction. It is here that the so-called "inferential" knowledge is contained, which is new in relation to the original knowledge. This inferential knowledge should not be replaced by a mechanical summary of the conclusions at the end of the chapters that present a brief summary, but should contain that new, essential that constitutes the final results of the study, which are often presented in the form of a number of numbered paragraphs. Their sequence is determined by the logic of the study design. At the same time, not only its scientific novelty and theoretical significance, but also practical value, arising from the final results, is indicated. After the conclusion, it is customary to place bibliographic list of used literature. This list is one of the essential parts of R&D and reflects independent creative work. Each literary source included in such a list should be reflected in the text. If the author makes a reference to any borrowed facts or cites the works of other authors, then he must indicate in the subscript where the cited materials come from. You should not include in the bibliographic list those works that are not referenced in the text and that have not actually been used. It is not recommended to include encyclopedias, reference books, popular science books, newspapers in this list. If there is a need to use such publications, then they should be given in subscripts. Auxiliary or additional materials that clutter up the text of the main part are placed in application. The content of the application is very diverse. For example, these can be copies of original documents, excerpts from reporting materials, production plans and protocols, certain provisions from instructions and rules, previously unpublished texts, correspondence, etc. In form, they can be text, tables, graphs, maps. Applications cannot include a bibliographic list of references, auxiliary indexes of all kinds, reference comments and notes, which are not applications to the main text, but elements of the reference apparatus that help to use its main text. Each application must begin on a new sheet (page) with indicated in the upper right corner of the word "Application" and have a thematic heading. If there is more than one annex, they are numbered with Arabic numerals (without the number sign), for example: "Annex I", "Annex 2", etc. The numbering of the pages on which the appendices are given should be continuous and continue the general numbering of the pages of the main text. The connection of the main text with the applications is carried out through links that are used with the word "see"; it is usually abbreviated and enclosed with the cipher in parentheses in the form: (see appendix 5).