The structure of research work in elementary school. Methodological recommendations "rules for writing research papers". Abstract template

Structure of the research work

The structure of the work: title page, content, introduction, theoretical and practical chapters, conclusions and conclusions, literature and resources, applications. General requirements:

• printed version of the work, sheets format A 4;
• size 12, line spacing 1.5;
• numbering is indicated at the bottom, centered;
• the volume of work should preferably not exceed 10 pages, plus up to 10 pages at the end of the work are placed "Appendices" (diagrams, tables, diagrams, questions from questionnaires or interviews, photos, illustrations, etc.).

Note! Each Regulation on a research conference, competition may have its own requirements for the design of student work.

Registration of research work

Presentation of research results is a laborious stage of work. There are several basic forms of presenting the results of scientific work: the text of a scientific essay; article, theses; report, message; report, etc.

Basic requirements for their design:

The article is an independent scientific text, where the researcher expresses his own thoughts on the problem. The structure of the article is similar to the structure of the text of the study, but presents it as if in miniature. At the beginning of the article, its main thesis is put forward, which is then subjected to a reasoned proof in the main part. At the end of the article, conclusions are placed that confirm or refute all of the above.

Both forms - both the article and the theses - are created on the basis of the text of one's own research, where the entire course of the research is considered in detail and its results are described.

Registration begins study results from the layout of the prepared texts into chapters in accordance with the approximate structure of the work. After the chapters are formed, they should be carefully read and edited both in terms of spelling and syntax, and in terms of content (check numbers and facts, footnotes, quotations, etc.).

Immediately after reading each chapter and making changes, they begin to write conclusions for the corresponding chapter. The conclusion of the chapter usually contains a statement of the essence of the issue discussed in it, and a summary of the results of the analysis done.

Title page is the first page of a scientific work and is filled out according to certain rules. On title page are indicated:

• the full name of the educational institution at the top of the sheet in the center;
• the name of the research topic in a larger font in the center of the sheet (without the word “topic”);
• surname, name and patronymic of the author of the study, an indication of what grade he is a student of - at the bottom of the title page on the right (without the word "author", it is not required to indicate here educational institution);
• surname, name, patronymic, position, science degree and the title of supervisor - lower than the previous entry (without the word "supervisor", it is not required to indicate the educational institution here);
• year and city - at the bottom of the page, in the center.

Title option: list of sections of the work, indicating the page numbers on which each section begins:

Introduction……………………………………………………………………….….2

Chapter I (chapter title)………………………………………………………….4

Chapter II (chapter title)………………………………………………………….7

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….10

References…………………………………………………………….12

Applications (questionnaires, tables, charts, diagrams, etc……….…….13

The headings should follow the logic of the research. The artistic title does not fit the headings of chapters and paragraphs. Must not be interrogative form heading sentences. Review the following table of contents. Without a research topic, it is impossible to determine the subject of research here. The research topic is indicated below the table of contents (font size 6).

1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………p. 3

2. Good-natured giants ……………………………………………. page 4

2.1. Terrible appearance and good disposition ……………………………….p. 4

2.2. Habitat …………………………………………….p. 6

2.3. Family …………………………………………………………p. 7

3. On the verge of extinction ……………………………………………….p. 8

3.1. Destruction of the natural habitat …………….p. 8

3.2. Killing for food ………………………………………….page 9

3.3. Unhealthy souvenirs ………………………………………p. 10

3.4. Diseases ………………………………………………………p. eleven

4. Help people ……………………………………………………. page 12

4.1. The fight against poaching ………………………………….p. 12

4.2. Nurseries ………………………………………………….p. 13

5. Conclusion ………………………………………………………..p. 14

6. References ………………………………………………..p. 15

7. Appendix ………………………………………………………. page 16

Rescue of rare animal species. Gorillas

Introduction is the most important part of scientific work, as it contains in a concise form all the main, fundamental provisions, the justification and verification of which the study is devoted to. The introduction should include: the relevance of the study; research problem; the wording of the topic; object, subject; goal, hypothesis; tasks; research methods; study structure; its practical significance and scientific novelty of the research; brief analysis literature. The volume of the introduction is usually 2-3 pages.

Main (content) part The work may contain 2-3 chapters. Chapter 1 usually contains the results of the analysis of special literature, the theoretical substantiation of the research topic; 2-3 chapters describe the practical stages of work, interpretation of data, identification of certain patterns in the phenomena under study during the experiment. Each chapter ends with conclusions.

Conclusion usually no more than 1-2 pages. The main requirement for the conclusion: it should not verbatim repeat the conclusions of the chapters. In conclusion, the most general conclusions Based on the results of the study, recommendations are made. It is necessary to note the degree of achievement of the goal, the results of testing the conditions of the hypothesis, and outline the prospects for further research.

conclusions should contain something new and significant that constitutes the scientific and practical results of the research.

Drafting bibliographic list requires special precision.

Rules for registration in the list of references of various versions of publications. Options for building bibliography:

• alphabetical;
• systematic;
• in the order of the first mention of works in the text;
• chapters of scientific work.

Alphabetical arrangement. Example:

1. Avanesov, G.A. Criminology / G.A. Avanesov. - M., 1984.- ... p.;

2. Barsukov V.S. Providing information. security / V.S. Barsukov. - M., 1996. - ... p.;

3. Contract law. World practice. - M., 1992. - ... p.;

4. Shavaev, A.G. Security of banking structures / A.G. Shavaev // Economy and life. - 1994.- N16.- p.;

5. Gippius, Z. N. Works: in 2 volumes / Zinaida Gippius. - M.: Lakom-book: Gabestro, 2001.- (Golden prose silver age) Vol. 1: Novels. - 367 p.;

6. Kalenchuk, M. L. On the extension of the concept of position / M. L. Kalenchuk // Fortunatov collection: scientific materials. conf., dedicated 100th anniversary of Moscow. linguist. schools, 1897 - 1997 / Ros. acad. Sciences, Institute of Rus. lang. - M., 2000. - S. 26-32

Magazine article

Andreeva, O. Middle Ages: the cult of the Beautiful Lady / O. Andreeva // Science and Life. - 2005. - N 1. - S. 118 - 125.

Newspaper article

Karelian hut: [about the project to create a tourist. center in the village Shuya] // Prionezhie. - 2006. - 1 Sept. (No. 32).

Legislative materials.Entry titled:

Russian Federation. Constitution (1993). Constitution Russian Federation: official text. - M.: Marketing, 2001. - 39 p.

Electronic resources

Internet step by step [Electronic resource]: [interactive. textbook]. - Electron. Dan. and progr. - St. Petersburg: PiterKom, 1997. - 1 electron. opt. disc (CD-ROM) + adj. (127 p.). - System. requirements: PC from 486 DX 66 MHz; RAM 16 Mb.; Windows 95; sound pay. - Zagl. from the screen;

Russian State Library [Electronic resource] / Center Inform. RSL technologies; ed. T.V. Vlasenko; Web - master N.V. Kozlov. - Electron. Dan. - M.: RSL, 1997. - Access mode: http//www.rsl.ru, free. - Zagl. from the screen;

The Russian audience of the Internet has overcome the threshold of 5 million people [Electronic resource] // Guild of Periodical Press Publishers: . - Access Mode: http:///print.php?id=511. - Description based on version dated Feb. 10, 2005.

• according to the composition of the elements, the link can be full or short;
• according to the location, intra-text, subscript, extra-text links are distinguished;
• when repeating references to the same object, primary and secondary references are distinguished;
• if there are several reference objects, they are combined into one complex reference.

Applications. The main requirements for the design of applications can be formulated as follows:

• placed after the bibliographic list;
• in the table of contents, the appendix is ​​drawn up as an independent heading, with continuous pagination of the entire text;
• each application is drawn up on a separate sheet and should have a heading in the upper right corner.

Illustrations to the research work are placed in order to give the material presented clarity, concreteness, figurativeness. Drawings it is better to place immediately after the first mention of them in the context of the work. If, after mentioning the figure, the remaining space on the page does not allow it to be placed, then the picture can be placed on the next page. tables, as well as figures, are located after the first mention of them in the text of the work. If the tables are not directly related to the text, then they can be placed in the application. All tables should have headings that briefly describe the content of the tabular data. Quotes in the text of the work are enclosed in quotation marks. Each quotation should be cited as the source. After bringing the parts of the work into a single whole, it is recommended to carry out continuous numbering of footnotes. When presenting the concept of any author, you can do without citations. In this case, the main thoughts of the author are described in strict accordance with the original in meaning. But in this case, it is necessary to make a footnote to the source. Quotes can also be used to illustrate your own judgments. However, the researcher must be extremely careful in quoting and carefully monitor its correctness. Incomplete, deliberately distorted and tailored to the purpose of the researcher, the quotation does not decorate his work and does not add to its significance.

Traditionally, a certain compositional structure of R&D has developed, the main elements of which, in the order of their arrangement, are the following: 1. Title page 2. Table of contents 3. Introduction 4. Chapters of the main part 5. Conclusion 6. Bibliographic list 7. Applications The title page is the first page of the R&D and is filled out according to strictly defined rules. After the title page, a table of contents is placed, which lists all the R&D titles and indicates the pages from which they begin. Table of contents headings should exactly repeat the headings in the text. Introduction. Here, the scientific novelty and relevance of the chosen topic, the purpose and content of the tasks set are usually substantiated, the object and subject of research are formulated, the chosen method (or methods) of research is indicated, the theoretical significance and applied value of the results obtained are reported. The scientific novelty of R&D gives the author the right to use the term "For the first time" when describing the results obtained, which means the absence of similar results before their publication. Scientific novelty is manifested in the presence of theoretical provisions that were first formulated and substantiated in their content, methodological recommendations that are put into practice and have a significant impact on the development of science in general and its individual areas. The relevance of the topic is assessed from the point of view of modernity and social significance, a problematic situation is created, the way out of which you propose. In order to inform the R&D reader about the state of development of the chosen topic, a short review literature, which should eventually lead to the conclusion that it is this topic not yet disclosed (or disclosed only partially or in the wrong aspect and therefore needs further development). A review of the literature on the topic should show a thorough acquaintance with the specialized literature, the ability to systematize sources, examine them critically, highlight the essential, evaluate what was previously done by other researchers, determine the main thing in state of the art study of the topic. All publications of any value that are directly and immediately related to the research topic should be named and critically evaluated. From wording scientific problem and evidence that that part of this problem, which is the subject of research, has not yet received its development and coverage in the specialized literature, it is logical to move on to formulating the goal of the research being undertaken, and also point out the specific tasks to be solved in accordance with this goal. This is usually done in the form of an enumeration (explore…, describe…, establish…, identify…, derive a formula, etc.). The formulation of these tasks must be done as carefully as possible, since the description of their solution should form the content of the R&D chapters. This is also important because the headings of such chapters are “born” precisely from the formulation of the objectives of the research being undertaken. A mandatory element of the introduction is the formulation of the object and subject of research. An object is a process or phenomenon that generates problem situation and favorites for study. A subject is something that is within the boundaries of an object. The object and subject of research as categories of the scientific process are related to each other as general and particular. In the object, that part of it is singled out, which serves as the subject of research. It is on him that the main attention is directed, it is the subject of research that determines the topic of research, which is indicated on the title page as its title. An obligatory element of the introduction is also an indication of research methods that serve as a tool in obtaining factual material, being a necessary condition for achieving the goal set in such a work. The introduction describes other elements of the scientific process. These include, in particular, an indication on which specific material the work itself was made. It also gives a description of the main sources of information (official, scientific, literary, bibliographic), and also indicates methodological foundations conducted research. In the chapters of the main part of the research, the research methodology and technique are discussed in detail and the results are summarized. All materials that are not essential to understanding the solution scientific task, are taken out in applications. The content of the chapters of the main part must exactly correspond to the research topic and fully disclose it. These chapters should show the ability to present the material concisely, logically and with arguments. The research ends with the final part, which is called the "conclusion". Like any conclusion, this part of the R&D plays the role of an ending, determined by the logic of the research, which is in the form of a synthesis of the information accumulated in the main part. scientific information. This synthesis is a consistent, logically coherent presentation of the results obtained and their relationship with the general goal and specific tasks set and formulated in the introduction. It is here that the so-called "inferential" knowledge is contained, which is new in relation to the original knowledge. This inferential knowledge should not be replaced by a mechanical summation of conclusions at the end of chapters that present a brief summary, but should contain something new, essential, which constitutes final results studies, which are often organized into a number of numbered paragraphs. Their sequence is determined by the logic of the study design. At the same time, not only its scientific novelty and theoretical significance, but also practical value, arising from the final results, is indicated. After the conclusion, it is customary to place a bibliographic list of used literature. This list is one of the essential parts of R&D and reflects an independent creative work. Each literary source included in such a list should be reflected in the text. If the author makes a reference to any borrowed facts or cites the works of other authors, then he must indicate in the subscript where the cited materials come from. You should not include in the bibliographic list those works that are not referenced in the text and that have not actually been used. It is not recommended to include encyclopedias, reference books, popular science books, newspapers in this list. If there is a need to use such publications, then they should be given in subscripts. Auxiliary or Additional materials, which clutter up the body text, are placed in the appendix. The content of the application is very diverse. For example, these can be copies of original documents, excerpts from reporting materials, production plans and protocols, certain provisions from instructions and rules, previously unpublished texts, correspondence, etc. In form, they can be text, tables, graphs, maps. Applications cannot include a bibliographic list of references, auxiliary indexes of all kinds, reference comments and notes, which are not applications to the main text, but elements of the reference apparatus that help to use its main text. Each application must begin on a new sheet (page) with indicated in the upper right corner of the word "Application" and have a thematic heading. If there is more than one annex, they are numbered with Arabic numerals (without the number sign), for example: "Annex I", "Annex 2", etc. The numbering of the pages on which the appendices are given should be continuous and continue the general numbering of the pages of the main text. The connection of the main text with the applications is carried out through links that are used with the word "see"; it is usually abbreviated and enclosed with the cipher in parentheses in the form: (see appendix 5).

To better reflect the logic of scientific research in scientific papers, text rubrication, i.e. division of the manuscript into separate logically subordinate parts. The simplest section is paragraph(indent to the right at the beginning of the first line of each piece of text).

Paragraphs are designed to emphasize the thoughts of the author, as well as to make their presentation more complete. Proper breakdown of the text into paragraphs helps in the process of reading and understanding what is read.

Very often the chapters of the main part are divided into several paragraphs. Such a division should be made taking into account the logical rules for dividing the concept. These rules are as follows:

1. List all types of a divisible concept, i.e. the chapter in its semantic content must exactly correspond to the total semantic content of all paragraphs related to it.

2. The chosen sign of division must remain unchanged throughout the division, i.e. it is unacceptable to replace one sign of division with another, which may lead to incomplete division and/or partial coincidence of the content of various paragraphs in one chapter.

3. Members of the division must be semantically mutually exclusive, and not related to each other as a part and a whole.

4. Continuity of the fission process, i.e. when dividing, you should go to the nearest species without jumping over them.

For example:

What other requirements apply to the headings of chapters and paragraphs? They should briefly and accurately reflect the content of the text relating to them, neither reducing nor expanding the amount of semantic information contained in them. You should not use highly specialized or local terms in headings, it is unacceptable to include abbreviations, abbreviations, and various formulas in the heading.

The following heading numbering systems are possible:

Use of signs different types- Roman and Arabic numerals, uppercase and lowercase letters, combined with paragraph indents;

The use of only Arabic numerals located in certain combinations.

In modern scientific and technical texts, mainly a purely digital numbering system is used, in which the numbers of the largest parts of a scientific work (the first stage of division) consist of one digit, the number constituent parts(second stage of division) - from two digits, the third stage of division - from three digits, etc.

There are three main methods of presenting scientific materials: strictly sequential, holistic (with subsequent processing of each chapter) and selective (when chapters are written separately in any order).

With a strictly consistent presentation of the research material, the author does not proceed to a new section until the previous one has been completely completed. This leads to the fact that the work can take a very long time, since while one section is being processed, the rest of the material, even if it almost does not need to be processed, will lie without movement.

When using a holistic approach, the time spent is reduced by about half due to the fact that the entire work is first written in draft form, and then it is processed in parts and details, with additions and corrections.

The final choice of this or that technique is purely individual and depends only on you.

The language and style of written scientific work has its own characteristics, based on the traditions of communication between scientists developed over the years.

Basically, a scientific presentation consists of reasoning, the purpose of which is to prove the truths revealed as a result of the study of the facts of reality.

characteristic feature the language of written scientific speech is a formal-logical way of presenting the material. The means of expressing logical connections are special functional-syntactic means of communication, which indicate:

The sequence of development of thought (at first, first of all, then, firstly, secondly, then, so, etc.),

Contradictory relations (however, meanwhile, while, nevertheless),

causal relationship (therefore, therefore, due to this, in accordance with this, due to this, in addition, to the same),

The transition from one thought to another (before moving on to ..., let's turn to ..., consider, stop at ..., having considered, move on to ..., it is necessary to stop at ..., it is necessary to consider),

The result, the conclusion (so, thus, therefore, in conclusion, we note that everything that has been said allows us to draw a conclusion, summing up, it should be said ...).

Pronouns, adjectives and participles (data, this, such, named, indicated, etc.) can be used as means of communication.

The scientific text includes only accurate information and facts obtained as a result of long-term observations and scientific experiments, therefore, for their exact verbal expression, special terminology. This makes it possible to give detailed definitions and characteristics in a concise and economical form. scientific facts, concepts, processes, phenomena.

It is very important not to mix different terminology in one text, since each science has its own terminological system. Also, you can not use instead of the terms accepted in this science. professional words and expressions common among narrow specialists.

Due to the specifics scientific knowledge which seeks to establish scientific truth, the main stylistic feature of scientific speech is the objectivity of presentation. Therefore, the text of scientific papers often uses introductory words and phrases indicating the degree of reliability of the message. For example, with the help of such introductory words, a fact can be represented:

As quite reliable (of course, of course, really);

As supposed (apparently, it must be assumed);

As possible (possibly, probably).

In order to maintain the objectivity of the presentation of the material, it is imperative to indicate the source of the message, who expressed this or that thought, who specifically owns this or that expression. For this purpose, special introductory words and phrases are used in the text (according to the message, according to the information, according to the opinion, according to the data, in our opinion, etc.).

As a rule, in a scientific work, the presentation is conducted in the third person (“he”, “she”, “it”, “they”), since attention is focused on the content and logical sequence of the message, and not on the subject. The second person form of pronouns is not used singular("You"). Relatively rarely, first-person pronouns are used, moreover, usually the author speaks in plural and uses “we” instead of “I”, which allows you to reflect your opinion as the opinion of a certain group of people, a scientific school or a scientific direction.

At the same time, excessive use of the pronoun "we" in the text also makes a bad impression, so the authors of scientific works try to use constructions that exclude the use of this pronoun. These designs include:

Indefinitely personal proposals (for example, “At the beginning, they formulate the goals of the examination, and then select and form a group of experts”);

Third person statement (for example, "the author believes ...");

Sentences with passive verbs (for example, "An economic and mathematical model has been developed ...").

One of the most important conditions that ensure the scientific and practical value of information contained in a written scientific work is semantic accuracy. An incorrectly chosen word can significantly distort the meaning of what is written, giving the possibility of a double interpretation and giving the whole text an undesirable tone.

Do not abuse pseudo-scientific terminology and foreign words, especially if you yourself do not know the exact meaning of these words and expressions.

The necessary quality of scientific speech is its clarity, i.e. Ability to write in an accessible and understandable way.

Unnecessary verbosity should be avoided. A necessary and obligatory quality of competent scientific speech, which determines its culture, is brevity. It is important to be able to avoid unnecessary repetition, excessive detail and verbal garbage. The goal in this case can be formulated as follows: “how can you not only more accurately, but also briefly convey the essence of the matter.

Quotations can be used in the text of a scientific work to confirm one's own arguments by referring to an authoritative source or to illustrate one's criticism of certain provisions expressed by the cited author.

The text of a quotation can be of two types: direct, when the text of the quotation is enclosed in quotation marks and given with the preservation of the author's spelling, or indirect, when by retelling the thoughts of other authors in your own words, it is possible to achieve significant savings in the text.

In any case, it is necessary to reproduce the quoted text exactly, since any reduction can distort the meaning that was invested by the author of the quoted excerpt, and also do not forget to indicate the source of the quote.

In order to make digital material, as well as evidence and justification for the proposed provisions, conclusions and recommendations more visual special forms of reporting should be used, such as diagrams, tables, graphs, diagrams and so on.

Depending on the content of the table, there are two types:

1. Analytical, which are the result of processing and analysis of indicators. Usually after them a generalization is made as new knowledge (conclusion).

2. Non-analytical, which usually contain raw data that serves only for information or ascertainment.

If the text contains more than one table, then all of them must be numbered in Arabic numerals (the “Table ...” is written above the upper left corner, indicating the serial number of the table).

The title of the table, if any, should reflect its content, be precise and concise. The title should be placed above the table.

When transferring part of the table to the same or other pages, the title is placed only above the first part of the table.

It should also be remembered to indicate the sources of all data given in the tables.

Very often, to present statistical data illustrating a particular conclusion or pattern, it is better to use graphs or charts. The following requirements are imposed on the design of illustrations in scientific work:

1. The illustration must be embedded in the text and associated with it, i.e. it should organically complement what has been said.

2. All illustrations must be consecutively numbered (except for the case when there is only one illustration in the entire text).

3. Links to illustrations are placed in the text in the place where it refers to the topic associated with the illustration. The link can be issued either in the form of an expression enclosed in parentheses, or using a special turnover, for example: “(Fig. 2)”, or “As can be seen from Fig. 2 ...”, or “... as can be seen in Fig. 2 ". You should not format the link as an independent phrase.

4. Each illustration must be provided with a caption, which must correspond to the main text and content of the illustration.

The following basic requirements are imposed on the design of the manuscript of a scientific work:

1. All texts are printed on standard A4 paper (210x297 mm).

2. The number of characters per line is 60-65 (including spaces), the number of lines per full page – 28-30.

3. Margin sizes: top - 20 mm, bottom - 20 mm, right - 10 mm , left - 20-30 mm. The paragraph indent size is 5 characters (10 mm).

Topic 9.

"CREATIVITY DEVELOPMENT CENTER"

RESEARCH WORK.

STRUCTURE. RULES OF WRITING AND DESIGN.

Methodist for organizational and mass work

natural sciences

first qualification category

SOUTH. Sapozhnikova

Toguchin, 2017

MUNICIPAL BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

ADDITIONAL EDUCATION OF THE TOGUCHINSKY DISTRICT

"CREATIVITY DEVELOPMENT CENTER"

IN this collection the structure and rules of registration are presented research work, with the help of which a young researcher will be able to competently design and present to the public, the result of his research.

CONTENT

1. Research Logic …………………………………………………4

   The structure of the research work……………………………………………..5

   1. Rules for the design of the title page ………………………...…………7

      Rules for the design of tables and illustrations …………………..…………7

      Rules for the presentation of formulas, writing symbols …………………... 8

      Rules for the design of quotations and references ………………………………………...9

      Rules for the design of applications and notes ……………………….10

      Rules for the design of a bibliographic list ……………………... 10

The procedure for defending a research paper ……………………………………………………………………11

Application………………………………………………………………..…………………..…..12

FOR WRITING A RESEARCH WORK

1.1. LOGIC OF RESEARCH WORK

Research work, like any creativity, is possible and effective only on a voluntary basis. Educational research can unfold outside the classroom and the usual academic work as an additional, extracurricular, extracurricular activity.

The main stages of the research work are the following provisions:

Find a problem - what needs to be studied.

The topic is what to call it.

Relevance - why this problem needs to be studied.

The purpose of the study is what result is expected to be obtained.

A hypothesis is what is not obvious in an object.

Novelty – what is new during the research.

Research objectives - what to do - theoretically and experimentally.

Literature review - what is already known on this issue.

Research methodology - how and what was researched.

The results of the study are our own data.

Conclusions - brief answers to the tasks.

Significance - how the results affect practice.

Let's consider the above steps in more detail.

The structure of the research work is standard, and standards cannot be derogated from. In the development with which the study begins, there are two main parts: methodological and procedural.

First, it is necessary to highlight what needs to be studied - the problem.

Problem should be feasible, its solution should bring real benefit to the participants in the study.

Subject should be relevant, specific, implemented in the existing conditions. The wording of the topic may contain a controversial point or clarifications of an ecological, local history nature.

It is necessary to decide why this particular problem needs to be studied at the present time - it isrelevance . You can justify the relevance in terms of scientific, social or personal significance.

The research work should formulatetarget - this is the expected result formulated in a general form, which will be obtained in the course of the study.

After defining the goal, formulatetasks research. Objectives and goals are not the same thing. There is one goal of research work, but there are several tasks. Tasks show what you are going to do, that is, these are the steps that need to be taken to achieve the goal. The formulation of the tasks is closely related to the structure of the study.

In the study, it is important to highlighthypothesis. A hypothesis is a prediction of events, it is a probable knowledge that has not yet been proven. Initially, the hypothesis is neither true nor false - it is simply not proven. The hypothesis must be substantiated, i.e. supported by literary data and logical considerations, must be real, consistent.

The work should contain a literature review, i.e. a brief description of what is known about the phenomenon under study, in what direction are the studies of other authors. In the review, you must show that you are familiar with the field of research from several sources, that you are setting a new task, and not doing something that has already been done before you a long time ago.

Then it is describedmethodology research. Her detailed description must be included in the text. This is a description of what and how the author of the study did to prove the validity of the hypothesis put forward.Research methods are prescribed.

The following areresults research.Own data obtained as a result of research activities. The data obtained must be compared with the data of scientific sources from a review of the literature on the problem and the patterns discovered in the course of the study should be established.

It should be notednovelty results, what is done from what others have not noticed, what results are obtained for the first time. What shortcomings in practice can be corrected with the help of the results obtained during the study.

It is necessary to clearly understand the difference between the working data and the data presented in the text of the work. In the process of research, a large array of numbers is often obtained, which do not need to be presented in the text. Therefore, only the most necessary data is processed and presented. However, it must be remembered that someone may want to get acquainted with the primary material of the study. In order not to overload the main part of the work, the primary material can be moved toapplication.

The most advantageous form of data presentation is graphical, which makes it as easy as possible for the reader to perceive the text.

And the work endsconclusions Vwhich thesis, in the order of the tasks, the results of the study are presented. Conclusions are short answers to the question - how the research tasks were solved.

The goal can be achieved even if the initial hypothesis fails.

1.2.STRUCTURE OF RESEARCH WORK

The structure of the research work is the sequence of the location of its main parts, which include the main text (i.e. chapters and paragraphs), as well as all parts of the reference and accompanying apparatus (tables, graphs, programs).

Traditionally, a certain compositional structure has developed, the main components of which, in the order of their location, are the following:

1. Title page

2. Table of contents

3. Introduction

3.1. Literature review

4. Technology of cultivation

4.1.

4.2.

4.3. ………

5. Conditions, methodology and scheme of the experiment

5.1. Characteristics of the study site

6. Research methodology

6.1. Objects of study

6.1.1. Characteristics of varieties

6.2. Research methods

7. Research results

8. Conclusion (conclusions)

9. List of used literature

10. Applications

Title page is the first page of the work and is filled out according to strictly defined rules.

After the title page is placedtable of contents , which lists all the titles of the research paper and indicates the pages from which they begin. Headings in the table of contents should exactly repeat the headings in the text. Headings may not be abbreviated or given in a different wording or sequence.

Introduction . In this part of the work, the relevance of the chosen topic, goals and objectives are briefly formulated. They formulate the object and subject of research, indicate research methods, the theoretical and practical value of the results obtained, the possibility of their use (where, when, by whom).

The introduction is a very important part of the work, it guides the reader in the disclosure of the topic, and also contains important qualifying characteristics.

in chaptersthe main part of the research work an analysis of the theoretical material obtained from the literature on this issue is given, the methods and techniques of the study are considered in detail, the practical part is highlighted, and the results are summarized. All materials that are not essential for understanding the scientific problem, auxiliary and additional materials that clutter up the text of the main part, are taken out inapplications and notes . The content of the chapters of the main part should fully correspond to the topic and fully disclose it. These chapters should show the researcher's ability to present the material concisely, logically and with arguments.

The conclusion is not just a list of the results obtained, but a synthesis of the information accumulated in the main part. Here it is important to consistently, logically coherently present the results obtained and their relationship with the goal and objectives set in the introductory part of the work. The conclusion assumes the presence of a generalized assessment of the work done. At the same time, it is important to indicate what its main meaning is, what important side scientific results have been obtained, what new tasks arise. In some cases, it becomes necessary to indicate the ways of further research, as well as specific tasks that will have to be solved in the first place. Practical suggestions greatly increase the value of theoretical material.

After the conclusion, it is customary to place a bibliographic list of used literature. Each literary source included in such a list should be reflected in the work. If the author makes a reference to any facts or cites the works of other authors, then he must indicate in the subscript where the materials are taken from. A link to the source, indicating pages, can be inserted in the main text in square brackets. Works that have not actually been used should not be included in the list. It is not recommended to place reference books, encyclopedias, popular scientific publications in the list. If there is a need to use such publications, then they should be given in subscripts in the text of the research paper.

1.2.1. RULES OF DESIGN OF THE TITLE PAGE

The title page is printed on A4 format according to the following rules:

The top field of the title page indicates the name of the governing organization (full name of educational institution, scientific organization where the work was performed or the name of the competition where the work is submitted). The top field with the specified text is separated from the rest of the title page by a solid line.

In the middle of the title page, the phrase "Research work" is written, under it, in large print without quotes, the name of the work. Under the title of the work, the surname and first name of the author in the nominative case are indicated in full. Below indicate the school and class of the performer of the work. The surname, initials, the title of the supervisor are indicated closer to the right edge of the sheet. In the lower field of the sheet indicate the city and year of writing the work.

Attention! Some moments in the design of the title page may vary depending on the requirements of the competition for which the work is submitted.

1.2.2. RULES FOR FORMING TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS

When there is a lot of digital reference material or there is a need to compare it, draw up tables. If there is only one table, then neither the title nor the word table is needed. In this case, the word "table" in the text must be written without abbreviation, for example:

As you can see from the table...

According to the results of the analysis (see table), it can be seen that ...

If there are two or more tables in the work, then they must be numbered, and each must be referenced in the text. For example:

Analysis data (Table 5) show that…

When transferring the table to the next page, the headings of the vertical chapters should be repeated and the words “continuation of table 5” should be placed above it. If the column headings are cumbersome, it is allowed not to repeat them. In this case, the columns are numbered and their numbering is repeated on the next page. The heading of the table is not repeated.

The main types of illustrative material in research papers are: drawing, technical drawing, diagram, photograph, diagram and graph.

Drawing - the main type of illustrations in technical papers. It is used when it is necessary to accurately depict the design of a machine, mechanism, equipment or part thereof.

Photo - a particularly convincing and reliable means of visual transmission of reality. It is used when it is necessary to depict an object or phenomenon with all its individual features with documentary accuracy. A photograph is not only an illustration, but also a scientific document (an image of a landscape, a type of plant or animal, the location of an object of observation, etc.).

Scheme - this is an image that conveys with the help of symbols and without respecting the scale the main idea of ​​​​a device, object, process and shows the relationship of the main elements.

Diagram - a way of displaying the relationship between quantities. Diagrams are used for visualization of the image and analysis of mass data.

The results of numerical data can also be represented in the formcharts . Graphs are used both for analysis and to increase the clarity of the illustrated material. Both on the graph and on the diagram, units of measurement, numerical data that supplement or clarify the value of indicators, and verbal explanations of conventional signs should be clearly marked. Verbose inscriptions are replaced by numbers, and the decoding is carried out in the caption. If the curve shown on the graph occupies a small space, then to save space, numerical divisions on the coordinate axes can be started not from zero, but limited to the values ​​within which the dependence is considered.

Illustrative materials should be made on standard sheets of paper of the same dimensions or pasted onto standard sheets of paper. Signatures and explanations for photographs and drawings must be on the front side.

1.2.3. RULES FOR PRESENTING FORMULA, WRITING SYMBOLS

Formula is a combination of mathematical or chemical signs expressing a sentence.

Formulas usually have separate lines in the middle of the sheet and inside text lines. Inside the lines, it is recommended to place short formulas that do not have independent meaning and are not numbered.

The most important formulas, as well as long and cumbersome ones containing summation, product, differentiation, and integration signs, are placed on separate lines. The same goes for chemical equations.

Only the most significant formulas that are referenced in the text should be numbered. Ordinal numbers of formulas are usually denoted by Arabic numerals in parentheses and placed at the right edge of the page. If the number does not fit after the formula, it is also placed on the right, but on the line below. The place of the formula number in the frame is outside the frame against the main formula line on the right edge. The place of the number of the formula - fractions is located in the middle of the main horizontal line of the formula.

The formula is included in the sentence as a full-fledged element, therefore, at the end of the formulas and in the text before them, punctuation marks are placed in accordance with the rules of punctuation.

Symbol - This symbol mathematical and physical quantities, units of measurement, mathematical signs. The letters of the Russian, Latin, Greek and Gothic alphabets are used as symbols. To avoid the coincidence of symbols of different values, applyindices .

The index can be lowercase letters of Russian, Latin and Greek alphabet, Arabic and Roman numerals, strokes. Indexes are located to the right of the character at the bottom or top. The simultaneous use of upper and lower indices is not allowed.

Explication is an explanation of the symbols included in the formula. The explication must meet the following requirements:

1. Placed only after the formula, from which it is separated by a comma.

2. Start with "where".

3. Symbols must be placed in the order in which they appear in the formula. In formulas with fractions, the numerator is explained first, and then the denominator.

4. Must include all characters from the formula after which it is located.

Punctuation marks in the explication are arranged as follows:

A dash is placed between the character in the decryption.

Inside the decoding, the units of measurement are separated from the text by a comma.

After decryption, the next character is preceded by a semicolon.

At the end of the last decryption put a dot, for example:

V = S / t

WhereS– path, m;

t- time, sec.

1.2.4. RULES FOR REGISTRATION OF QUOTATIONS AND LINKS

Quotations should be provided to support one's own arguments with a reference to an authoritative source or for a critical analysis of a scientific work. Each quote must be accompanied by a link to the source. Academic etiquette requires accurate reproduction of cited material.

Only the following deviations are allowed:

1. modernizing spelling and punctuation according to modern rules, if the spelling of words and punctuation are not individual feature author's style;

2. expansion of arbitrarily shortened words to complete ones with the conclusion of an additional part of the word in straight brackets, for example: [say];

3. the omission of individual words and phrases in the quotation, provided that the author's thought is not distorted by the omission, and the omission is indicated by an ellipsis;

4. changing the case of cited words and phrases in order to subordinate them to the syntactic structure of the phrase where they are included.

Quoting the author is done only on his works. If the source is difficult to access, it is allowed to use a quote published in any publication. At the same time, the words "cited by:" are written in the bibliographic reference.

If you need to express your attitude to individual words or thoughts of the quoted text, after the quote put an exclamation mark or a question mark, which is enclosed in parentheses.

Often in the course of the text it is necessary to dolinks on tables, illustrations, examples, diagrams, drawings, formulas and other elements located, according to the content condition, not next to the text to which they refer.

Links in the text the number of the figure, table, page, chapter is written in abbreviated form and without the “No.”, for example: fig.3, table 4, p.34, ch.2. If the indicated words are not accompanied by a serial number, then they should be written in full, without abbreviations, for example: "it is clear from the table that ...".

Subscript references (footnotes) are printed with a paragraph indent in Arabic numerals without brackets and placed at the top of the line (raised by one click of the carriage). The footnote is separated from the main text by a solid line.

The link sign, if the note refers to a single word, should be immediately next to this word. If it refers to a sentence or a group of sentences, then the sign is placed at the end before the punctuation mark (with the exception of question and exclamation marks and ellipsis).

In order not to be accused of scientific plagiarism, it is necessary to indicate in the reference from which scientific source this or that material is borrowed.

1.2.5. RULES FOR REGISTRATION OF APPENDICES AND NOTES

Application - this is a part of the main text, which has an additional (usually reference) value, but is necessary for a more complete coverage of the topic.

Applications can be copies of original documents, correspondence, software products, etc. In form, they can be text, graphics, tables, maps.

Applications are made out as a continuation of the research work on its last pages. Each application must begin on a new sheet with the word "Application" in the upper right corner and have a thematic heading. If the work has more than one application, then they are numbered in Arabic numerals without the sign No. The numbering of pages on which applications are given should be continuous and continue the general pagination of the main text of the work.

Notes - these are explanations, additional facts, reasoning and clarifications. Notes are placed inside the text in parentheses, or, if such notes contain material of considerable length, they are included in a footnote, or placed at the end of chapters and paragraphs.

Notes are associated with the main text to which they refer, using footnote signs: Arabic numerals - serial numbers. Sometimes numbered with asterisks

1.2.6. RULES OF FORMING THE BIBLIOGRAPHIC LIST

Bibliographic list (list of references) - a list of sources used by the author when writing a research paper. Such a list is one of the essential parts of the research work, reflecting the independent creative work of its author, and therefore makes it possible to judge the degree of fundamentality of the study.

In research papers, the bibliographic list does not include those sources that are not referenced in the main text of the work, and which were not actually used. Handbooks, encyclopedias, popular science publications are also not included.

The list of used literature is drawn up after the conclusion to the main text of the research work. It can be grouped in various ways: alphabetically, thematically, by types of publications (official, state, reference), mixed, placing the sources in the order in which they were used in the text.

The list of references is drawn up as a numbered list, during the registration of which it is necessary to indicate the surname and initials of the author, the name of the source, volume, page (if information is taken selectively), city, publisher, year of publication, for example:

1. Skulachev V.P. Oxygen in a living cell: good and evil. Sorosovsky
Educational Journal. 1996, No. 3. Pp. 4-16

2. Skulachev V.P. Membrane energy converters. M.; Higher school,
1989.

1. PROCEDURE FOR PROTECTING RESEARCH WORK

The next stage is a report as a natural outcome of the research work. The results of the work are presented at the conference, publicly.

The task of the speaker: to accurately and emotionally state the very essence of the study. During the report, it is unacceptable to read out the work, but to briefly reflect the main content of all chapters and sections of the work.

In order to better convey your ideas to those who will review the results of the research work, it is necessary to prepare the text of the report. It should be brief, contain the main provisions of the work. It can be drawn up like this:

Why was this topic chosen?

What was the purpose of the study?

What were the tasks?

What hypotheses were tested?

What research methods and means were used?

What research results were obtained?

What conclusions can be drawn from the results of the study?

What can be explored further V this direction?

It must be borne in mind that the duration of the speech allowed by the regulations is 7-10 minutes. Therefore, when preparing a report, the most important is selected from the text of the work. Sometimes you have to “sacrifice” some important moments, if you can do without them. When presenting the material, one should adhere to separate plan corresponding to the structure and logic of the research work itself.

Everything else, if the audience has an interest, is stated in the answers to questions. A written work and a report on it are completely different genres of scientific creativity.

Application

PHRASES - ASSISTANTS

INTRODUCTION

Topic of work and justification for choosing a topic

The research paper presented to the attention of the reader is devoted to ...
Have you ever wondered why...? I noticed ... / thought about this question when ...
I've always wondered why...
The desire to find out ... appeared in my childhood. I was interested in …
The theme of our work: "...". I chose this topic for research because…
In the future, I would like to connect my life with ... therefore, I am already interested in ... and have chosen ... as the topic of my research.
I became interested ... after one day ...
When I ... I was struck / I became interested ...

Relevance

… has become an integral part of our lives today. We use...without thinking...
The relevance of the topic of our work is determined by the fact that at present ...
IN modern world… It has great importance, because …
In recent years, we often hear and use the word ...
Many are interested / addicted / think ...
Today the problem ... is one of the most urgent, because ...
The question ... in recent years has been in the focus of research attention ...
The topic is the subject of lively debate...
This is explained by the fact that ... affects our health / mood / success
The problem ... attracts close attention of scientists and the public due to the fact that ...
IN Lately appeared ... and people began to think more and more about ...
Probably every person at least once in his life thought about...
… has always raised a lot of questions in people …
At present, there are two opposing views on this problem …
Today there are disputes / there is no consensus on this issue …

Novelty

To date, there are works devoted to ... in general. However, we decided to study this topic using the example of our class / school, and this is the novelty of our study.

Goal of the work

The purpose of this work is to find out why...
The main purpose of the work is to answer the question ... / prove that ...

Tasks

To achieve this goal, we need to solve the following tasks:
To achieve this goal, we set ourselves the following tasks:
Work tasks:
The work tasks include:
Study the literature on the topic
Find out the meaning of terms...
Find examples ... in ... / collect material ... / study the composition ... / measure the level ...
Conduct a survey / experiment / observation
Compare/contrast/analyze the results
Draw conclusions about...

CHAPTERS

First chapter (theoretical)
Basic terms and concepts, background

The key concepts for our study are….
... is called ...
On the official website of ... we found the following definition of the term ... "..."
Ivanov V.V. in the book ... defines the concept of ... as ...
Petrov V.V. understands the term...
Sidorov S.S. considers ... as ...
Andreev A.A. in the book "..." gives the following definition...
… - This …
The site ... offers the following definition of the concept ...
Ivanov’s article “…” in the journal “…” states that…
It is generally accepted that…
It is commonly known…
Let's look at the history first...
The history of the issue is covered in detail on the pages of modern encyclopedias, for example ..., as well as on the website ... For the first time ....
From the book ... we learned that ...
As Ivanov I.I. ... in the article ... "...", ...
According to Ivanov V.V. …
Perhaps this is related…
Besides, …
It is interesting that…
It is widely believed that…
At the same time, it must be emphasized that…

The second chapter is a description of the study

In order to find out ... we decided to conduct a survey ... among the students / parents of our class. The survey was conducted through a questionnaire / survey in in social networks. The survey involved … students and … parents.
Respondents were asked the following questions: ...
The research was carried out on the material…
As a material for the study, we took ....
The examples come from...
The results of the survey are presented in table 1.
In figure 2 you can see...
Figure 3 shows…
In this case, we see ... / we are dealing with ...
At the same time, it should be noted…
Noteworthy is the fact that…
The diagram shows...

CONCLUSIONS, CONCLUSION

Conclusions by chapter

Based on the foregoing, we can state...
All of the above allows us to draw the following conclusions: ...
Thus, we see...
Hence …
It's obvious that …
As you can see from the above...
It follows from the above that...
Summing up the above, the following should be noted ...
In summarizing chapter 2, it is necessary to emphasize ...
Summing up the interim results, we can say that ...
As a result of our research, we found that…
In conclusion, it should be noted…
The study allowed us to draw the following conclusions...
The main conclusion that I made: ...
In the course of the study, it was revealed / established that ...
So we made sure...
All of the above proves that...
Based on the foregoing, it is logical to assume that ...
All of the above convinces us that ...
The version of ... seems to us the most plausible, because ...
The examples found and analyzed by us allow us to identify the following pattern: ...

Conclusion
Prospects for further research

We see the prospects for further study of the problem in a more detailed / detailed study ...
In the future it would be interesting...
In our opinion, it would be interesting to study / explore / consider ...
In addition to … discussed in this paper, in our opinion, it would be interesting to study …
The work considers only one of the aspects of the problem. Research in this direction can be continued. It could be a study not only ... but also ...

Job assignment

The study can be useful and interesting for school students who are fond of ..., as well as for everyone who is interested in ...
The results of our study could help the guys in ...
The work may be of interest to…
The results of the study can be used by teachers in preparing lessons / competitions / quizzes on the topic ....
The work can be used for further research...
With my work, I wanted to draw the attention of classmates to the problem ...
The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that its results formed the basis of the rules I developed ... / memo on ... for ...

What did the work give the researcher himself

In the process of writing the work, I learned / learned / discovered / found out ...
The work helped me understand / realize / solve the problem / take a fresh look ...
In the process of working on the study, I gained experience ... I think that the knowledge I have gained will allow me to avoid mistakes / help me correctly ...
The results of the study made me think...
The biggest problem for me was...
The study has fundamentally changed my opinion / idea about ...

Requirements for content and design

research work

Conducting research is only half the job. The most important condition success becomes its clearance.

The structure of the research work is standard, and standards cannot be deviated from.

Requirements and rules for formatting text

research work

The volume of work ranges from 5 to 15 pages of printed text (without attachments), a report (speeches) - 1-5 pages (depending on the class number and the degree of readiness of the student for this kind of activity).

For computer-generated text, font size 14, Times New Roman, normal; line spacing - 1.5; margins: left - 30 mm, right - 10 mm, top - 20 mm, bottom - 20 mm. including punctuation marks and spaces between words.

Text is printed on one side of the page; footnotes and notes are printed on the same page they refer to (with 1 spacing, in a smaller font than the text).

All pages are numbered starting from the title page; the page number is placed at the bottom of the page on the right; The title page does not have a page number. Each new section (introduction, chapters, paragraphs, conclusion, list of references, applications) begins on a new page.

The distance between the section title (chapter or paragraph headings) and the following text should be three spaces. The heading is located in the middle of the line, do not put a dot at the end of the heading.

Plan (content) research work

Research work should contain:

1. Title page

2. Table of contents

3. Introduction

4. Main body

5. Conclusion

6. Bibliography

7. Applications (if any)

Title page

Title pageis the first page of the manuscript and is filled out according to certain rules.

The upper field indicates the full name of the educational institution.

In the middle field, the name of the topic of the work without the word “topic” is indicated. This name is written without quotes. The title should reflect the problem stated in it and correspond to the main content of the work. When formulating a topic, one should follow the rule: the narrower the topic, the more words contained in the header. One or two words testify to the vagueness, lack of specificity in the content, that the work is “about everything and about nothing”.

Below, in the center of the heading, the type of work is indicated and academic subject(for example, a research paper in biology).

Even lower, closer to the right edge of the title page, the surname, name, patronymic of the student, class are indicated. Even lower - last name, first name, patronymic and position of the head.

The lower field indicates the city and year of work (without the word “year”). The choice of the size and type of font of the title page is not of fundamental importance.

Table of contents headings should exactly repeat the headings in the text.

Introduction

In the introduction, it is necessary to reflect the relevance of the topic, determine the goal and objectives set for the researcher, give a brief overview of the literature used, and present the degree of study of this issue.

Main body of work

Description of the main part of the work includes:

Date and place of the study. Here it is necessary to give a brief geographical characteristic places where the work was carried out: region, district, name of the nearest settlement; if necessary - the name of the forest, river, area of ​​the territory on which observations were made, etc.; and indicate the timing of the research.

The purpose of the work and its tasks. It indicates what the work was done for, what had to be observed and found out. Tasks expand purpose. Tasks can begin with the words "Install", "Reveal", "Find out", "Explore".

Method of work. The results of the work depend on the number of experiments, observations and their processing. This chapter indicates the methods by which the observations were made; how many there were; what measurements were taken, etc.; what methods of processing primary data were used. Everything must be described in detail. This is due to the need to clarify: the methods of which scientific school were used.

A methodology is a description of how the work was done. Usually the technique is written in the past tense.

Description of the work (or Results and their discussion). Here is a presentation of observations, the results of experiments, measurements, comparisons, accounts and their discussion. The description of the work does not provide for rewriting the diary of observations. All received data must be processed and comprehended. Bringing all the received data into tables or presenting them in graphs and charts is the most visual and economical way to process primary data. But by themselves, tables, diagrams and graphs are only material for descriptions and reflections. This should be the main content of this chapter. In addition, it is advisable to discuss the obtained data and compare them.

Tables, graphs, figures and other supporting materials inserted into the main text of the work must have a number and clear titles. When analyzing the data included in the table, it is necessary to make a reference in the text of the work to the table under discussion (graph, etc.). It is usually customary to refer as follows: “As can be seen from the data (precisely from the data, and not from the table) presented in Table. 1 …". All results to be discussed should reflect only our own observations and experiences. It is possible (and sometimes necessary) to compare them with the data contained in the literature on this topic, with a mandatory reference to the sources used.

Conclusion

Here are brief formulations of the results of the work, answering the questions of the tasks set, in the form of concisely stated points. There should not be an explanation of the results obtained or their content, i.e., the description of the work should not be repeated. It must be remembered that a negative result is also a result and must be made public.

References

The list of literature of the research work is made up of only those sources that are referenced in the text. When compiling a list in scientific circles, it is customary to use the alphabetical method of grouping literary sources, where the names of authors or titles (if there are no authors) are placed in alphabetical order.

For books of one or more authors, the surname and initials of the authors (dot), title of the book without quotes with a capital letter (dot and dash), place of publication (dot, colon), publisher without quotes (comma), year of publication (dot and dash) , the number of pages in the book with a capital "c" at the end (dot).

Example: Perret-Clermont social interactions in the development of children's intelligence. - M.: Pedagogy, 1991. - 248 p.

For a compiling collection of two or three authors, the name of the collection (one oblique line) is indicated, followed by the word
"Comp." (dot) initials and surname of the compilers (dot, dash), place of publication (dot, colon), name of the publisher (without quotes, comma), year of publication (dot, dash), number of pages in the collection with a capital letter "s".

For example: Tips for the Manager /Comp. A. N. Zotov,. - Sverdlovsk: Middle-Ural. Book. Publishing house, 1991. - 304 p.

When making a collection with a team of authors under a common
the title of the collection is indicated by the editors (one oblique line) yes
can be either the word "Comp." and lists a number of compilers
(semicolon), the word "Ed." (dot), initials and surname of the editor (dot, dash), place of publication (dot, colon), publisher

"s", dot), or the word "Ed." (dot), initials and surname of the editor (dot, dash), place of publication (dot, colon), publisher
(comma), year of publication (dot, dash), number of pages (capital
"s", dot).

For example: Brief Dictionary Russian language / Comp. , M N. Sudoplatova, ; Ed. . - M.: Russian. Yaz., 1990. - 251 p.

Psychology. Dictionary / Under the general. Ed. , . - 2nd ed. - M.: Politizdat, 1990. - 494 p.

For articles in the collection, the surname and initials of the author (dot), title of the work (dot, two oblique lines), title
collection (dot, dash), place of publication (dot, dash), capital letter
"C" (dot), first and last page number (dot).

Example: Leontiev's concept of activity // Reader in developmental psychology. Ed. .-M.: Intern. pedagogical Academy, 1994. - S. 112-121.

For articles in the journal, the surname and initials of the author (dot), the title of the article (two oblique lines), the title of the journal
without quotes (dot, dash), year of publication (dot, dash), journal number
(dot, dash), capital letter "C" (dot) of the page (dot).

Example: Examinees and Examiners // Higher education in Russia. - 1999. - No. 3. - S. 34-42.

Applications

Often the material collected as a result of the research is very voluminous. And when processing it, a lot of diagrams, tables, graphs, drawings, etc. are made. It makes no sense to put them all in the text of the work. They will look better placed in Appendixes after the main text. Some primary material can also be placed here, for example, descriptions of test sites or measurements and survey data, as well as diagrams and photographs made during the work. But in any case, the material placed in the appendix should be referenced in the main text.

Other requirements for text formatting

research work

Making illustrations. A significant part of the explanatory note is usually made up of illustrations (diagrams, diagrams, drawings, photographs, etc.), which serve to clarify the text presented and display information in a compact way.

Figures are conveniently placed on separate pages, which makes it easier to work and make corrections in the text. The drawings are placed in place so that it is convenient to view them without turning the work, or with turning it clockwise. Allowing multiple images to be placed on one page.

Headings. The names of sections, subsections, paragraphs and subparagraphs are written in the form of headings symmetrically to the text in font size 14 pt. Each section of the work is recommended to start from a new sheet. Headings should be short and relevant to the content. Word hyphenation in headings is not allowed. Do not put a dot at the end of the title. Headings should not be underlined. The spacing between the bases of the lines in the headers should be the same as in the test. Subheadings should not repeat what has already been said in the subheading.

Formatting footnotes. Footnotes are numbered in Arabic numerals on each page of the text independently. Footnotes are separated by a line. When the same source is cited several times, then after the first full bibliographic description, it is allowed to abbreviate its data (indicate only the author, title and page). Footnotes that go in a row on the same page of text and refer to the same source are written like this: "Ibid., p. ...".

Requirements for the design of citations and references

Citations are often used to support one's own conclusions and to critically analyze a particular provision. When citing, the following requirements must be met:

When quoting verbatim, the author's thought is enclosed in quotation marks and is given in the grammatical form in which it is given in
original source. At the end, a reference is made to the source, which indicates the number of the book or article in the list of references and the page number where the quote is located, for example: the designation indicates that the quote used in the work is on page 123 in the original source at number 4 in the list of references .

When quoting verbatim (retelling, presenting the points of view of various authors in your own words), the text is not enclosed in quotation marks. After the thought expressed, it is necessary to indicate the number in brackets
source in the list of references without indicating specific pages, on
example: .

If the text is quoted not according to the original source, but according to another
publication, then the reference should begin with the words “Cit. By…” or “Cit.
according to the book .... " and indicate the page numbers and the source number in the list of references, for example: (Quoted from the book).

If a quotation acts as an independent sentence, then it
begin with capital letter, even if the first word in the source begins with a lowercase letter and is enclosed in quotation marks. Quote,
included in the text after the subordinating conjunction (what, for, if, by
the fact that) is enclosed in quotation marks and is written with a lowercase letter, even
if in the cited source it begins with a capital letter.

When quoting, it is allowed to skip words, sentences, paragraphs without distorting the content of the original text. Pass in
the text is indicated by ellipsis and is placed in the place where the thought is omitted.

Quotations retain the same punctuation as in the cited source.

In modern scientific literature, internal text links are used. Their design is possible in two versions. First: after the mention of the author, in square brackets, the serial numbers of those sources that are referenced in the text are indicated. For example: The works reveal... The second option: after the mention of the author, the year of publication of the monograph, article is indicated in accordance with the list of references used in the work. Example: In a number of works (1957), (1965), (1956), (1966) new approaches to the study of consciousness are formulated.

The purpose of the competent design of research work is to show the skills of students in independent developments carried out modern techniques. In addition, it consists in analyzing the results obtained and comparing them with book data. Pupils and students must demonstrate the ability to come to scientifically sound conclusions.

Today we will talk about both the structure of the research work and the basic principles of its design. The main requirements here are accuracy, capacity, brevity and the most complete compliance with the content. There are even examples of designing research papers for kindergartens! But today we will talk about the work of students and schoolchildren.

What to write in the introduction

The purpose of this section is to briefly characterize the problem in its current state, to substantiate the relevance of implementation, the significance from the point of view of science (as well as practice). In addition, to formulate the main tasks and designate the subject of research and its object, put forward the main hypothesis. Even the design example contains the same requirements (perhaps in a somewhat simplified form).

Justifying the relevance of the chosen topic, avoid verbosity. The main thing is to show its significance and timeliness, as well as the essence of the existing problem.

A classic example of the rules for designing a research work of a schoolchild or student requires the formulation of the main goal below and the clarification of the specific tasks that this work has to solve. As a rule, information is submitted in the form of a list - which aspects should be identified, studied, restored, described, and so on. With one single goal, several tasks can be put forward at once. Their optimal number is from three to five.

The goal statement should contain an indication of the general meaning and direction of the study. It should fit in one sentence. The goal is organically tied to the topic and should be fully consonant with it.

What are tasks?

With the designated tasks, we clarify our goal and pave the way to achieve it. The wording of each of them corresponds to the next stage of the content and most often serves as the heading of a particular chapter.

In the introduction, it is necessary to formulate both the object of research and its subject. The first refers to the phenomena (or processes) that give rise to a given problem situation, which are to be studied. The subject of research is only a part of the object. It determines the theme, rendered as a title on the title page.

If there is an example of the design of a research paper with the formulation of the topic in a figurative style, the title should be duplicated in more scientific terms.

Hypothesis is one of the most important elements of research. What it is? This term is understood as a scientifically sound assumption regarding the explanation (rather conditional) of certain phenomena, their causes or regular relationships. Hypothesis area - natural environment, public life or the human mind.

Literature review section

In it, the author is required to demonstrate possession of information about those main works that are available on the topic of the issue under study. Another necessary skill concerns the skill purposeful work with book materials, selection, analysis and comparison of the facts contained in them. Any example of designing a research paper encourages the author to demonstrate his own familiarity with the designated area in the context of at least several sources, which allows him to set himself serious scientific tasks.

The text of the section is accompanied by links to the material used for the work. The same applies to available tables and figures. When reviewing the literature, only selected topics should be covered. It is not necessary to detail all the information read, most of which only indirectly affects the problem.

Examples of designing the research work of schoolchildren and students demonstrate that it is recommended to end this section with a brief conclusion regarding the prospects for future study of the topic.

If our work is conceived in the natural sciences and concerns materials obtained in the field natural conditions, then the following sections should be included.

Research methodology and material

An example of the design of a research paper in this part contains an indication of the area where the data was collected, the dates of the collection of materials, information about who carried out the observation, and lists its objects. If it's about experimental work must indicate the location of the event.

Research methods are those methods and techniques that the author resorts to in his work. They depend on the tasks set and act as tools in obtaining factual material. Among these, one can distinguish methods related to general (in the form of observation, comparison, measurement, modeling, synthesis, analysis, experiment, questioning, testing, interviewing) and others (of a private nature), which are used when depriving only a narrow range of tasks.

What is the difference between method and technique? You will meet these concepts in any example of designing a research paper. The latter concerns diagnostics and data processing methods, and also explains the result. If the technique is not the author's (its description is contained in the available literature), a detailed presentation of the essence is not required. It is enough to limit oneself to a reference to the corresponding source. If changes are made to it, they should be described in detail with a justification for this need. The same applies to the entirely original technique.

What else needs to be considered

An example of designing a research work of a schoolchild and a student implies, among other things, in this section a listing of the tools and devices used in the work, indicating the permissible measurement error of all parameters.

The section characterizing the study area is compiled using the literature. Its significance is quite large in developments of a natural science nature, geo- and biological, etc. In such works, this section is very extensive.

About research results

The "Results" section is usually the main one. Here you can find examples of the design of the practical part of the research work. Usually it is divided into several parts in accordance with a number of specific tasks. Its content consists in a detailed presentation of the identified results with their illustration (if necessary) by drawings, tables, graphs, diagrams and photos. A comparison is made with data obtained from third-party sources.

References to tables or figures in the text of this section are obligatory. According to the formatting rules, which we will discuss below, each subsection briefly summarizes the most important points (usually without using the word "conclusion").

In the case of a large amount of material of the revealed data, an independent section can be devoted. Here the author will have to show off the ability to reflect, draw the necessary conclusions and compare facts or data. It is here that his agreement with the generally accepted point of view or a motivated objection is given.

The results given in a strict order should be subject to statistical processing. This is done using well-known computer programs like Excel, or thanks to special algorithms written specifically for this study(which may be one of his tasks).

conclusions

The purpose of this section is to briefly formulate the results in the context of each item, to give practical advice and to outline the perspective of future research. In the absence of specific results obtained, the conclusions are replaced by a more or less lengthy conclusion. It plays the role of an ending, logically draws up the results obtained and ties them to the tasks being solved and common purpose work.

The conclusions must necessarily indicate whether the author has achieved the goal, and to what extent. This requirement is always presented for an example of the correct design of a research paper.

"Literature" and "Applications"

These sections are dedicated to listing in alphabetical order complete list used works. In the event that some of them are published on foreign languages, they are also given in alphabetical order, after the list of Russian-language sources. The numbering in this case has a through character.

In the "Appendices" they take out most of the additional and auxiliary materials in order to avoid cluttering up the main text. Their content can be very different. We are talking about the originals of certain documents and research protocols indicating specific data.

The form of materials can be graphics, text, map, table, illustration, photo, etc. Any of the applications exists as a separate sheet, in the corner (top right) of which is the word "Application" with a specific title. If there are several of them, they are numbered without the sign # using Arabic numerals. It also has a through character and is a continuation of the numbering of sheets of the entire text of the work. Link applications to the main document through links ("see Appendix 1").

Research work: an example (sample) of design

Perform it on standard sheets of white A4 writing paper. The location is vertical. Each of the sheets contains margins (2 cm at the top and bottom, 1 cm on the right and 3 cm on the left). You don't need to circle them.

The optimal total volume of sheets should be adhered to. It shouldn't be too big. It is best when the number of pages is from 15 to 20.

The text is printed, as a rule, on a computer using a line spacing of one and a half characters. Place it only on one side of each sheet, align with word wrapping across the width of the text. The dot is used as the decimal point.

Necessary nuances

All abbreviations are subject to mandatory decoding. If abbreviations are necessary, then an explanation of each of them is made at the first mention.

Pages are numbered from the fourth in a row. The number is placed in the middle of the sheet. The title page is the first page. If there are references to plants, animals, microorganisms, after each of them in brackets is given on Latin and their species name. The name of the author who first described this phenomenon is also indicated.

If the research is conducted in the field of botany, the appropriate herbarium must be attached to the work.

Work structure

The first (title) page indicates the full name (of a legal nature) of the institution where the work was carried out. Further in capital letters - the name of the work itself, then the last name, first name of the performer, his class or group, as well as information about the leader and consultant (if any). If available, it is necessary to mention the position and academic degree of each. This applies mainly to examples of the design of student research papers. Below is the designation locality and year of execution.

The second sheet is always devoted to the content of the work (table of contents). It must contain full squad headings and subheadings of the study, whose strict correspondence to the text must be observed. The page numbers from which each section begins are given.

Any heading is capitalized. There is no dot at the end. The rubrics are numbered according to the indexing system (1.1, 1.2, ...).

Let's go to the text

The third page is dedicated to the introduction. Its volume, according to the classic example of the design of a research paper, usually does not exceed the size of a page.

Starting from the fourth sheet, we move on to the main part of the work with the sections named above. It is always designed as a continuous text, separated by small intervals. Each of the sections should be marked with double numbering (3.1, 3.2, etc.), the headings of all subsections should also be included in the bibliography.

At the end of the main part, a conclusion is made (or conclusions are written). For this use individual sheets paper. Literature is also listed from a new page.

How to arrange illustrative material

All tables are numbered through order. Their location on the sheet can be horizontal or vertical. On the right should be marked: "Table number ...". In the middle of the line below is its name.

In the case of reprinting from any literary source, it is obligatory to indicate in brackets after the name of the reference to it. If the table is an alternation of results and literature data, the references are placed in the corresponding parts of it. If necessary, all the necessary notes are given under the table.

When its size is too large (does not fit on one sheet), it can be transferred to the next (in brackets - "continuation" or "end"). The heading of the table is given only once.

All graphic images that can exist in the form of diagrams, photographs, diagrams, graphs or drawings also have continuous numbering and are referred to as drawings. Perform them with ink or black paste. The designations necessary for the author are placed on the figure using numbers or icons. Below the figure is its designation - "Fig. (number)" and the name. Below is a numbered list of conventions.

As in the case of tables, references are placed to drawings borrowed from the literature. If the picture is reproduced with changes from the original, this should be indicated next to it.

Research paper: an example of link design

The form of reference to them depends on the source. The latter are articles or books that have an author or several, as well as reference books, dictionaries and school textbooks.

If a book or article has one or two authors, references are made with their surnames in brackets without initials, separated by commas along with the year of publication. Another option is to indicate the name of the author in the text of the work itself. In this case, the initials are affixed, the year of publication is indicated in brackets.

If the team of authors consists of more than two people, the name of only the first of them is mentioned with the addition of "et al." or "with co-authors". In the case when there are too many authors (this applies to encyclopedias, dictionaries, etc.), only the title with the year of publication of the book is given instead of the surname.

As a rule, long titles of literary sources are given no more than once. In the future, they will be reduced. If a verbatim quotation is used in the text, a comma-separated page number is indicated with the quoted fragment.

How to make a bibliography

This is done according to certain bibliographic rules for different sources. An example of designing a research work of a schoolchild or student contains exactly the same requirements. Any of the articles or books are written in alphabetical order from the red line. First, as already mentioned, works in Russian are given, below - in foreign ones.

It is obligatory for all types of sources to indicate information about the authors, titles, output data and quantitative characteristics. Under the imprint means information about the name of the publisher, its location and year of publication. The names of the cities are given in full, with the exception of Moscow and St. Petersburg, which are usually used in abbreviation.

Quantitative characteristic refers to the number of pages. If we are talking about a journal or collection, only those pages that are directly related to the publication are given. In this case, the information exists in the form of an indication through the dash of the numbers of the first and last of them.

Referring to an Internet site, in addition to the author and title, the list of sources includes the address of the web page.