RUSSIAN FEDERATION
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
"TYUMEN STATE UNIVERSITY"
Faculty of Ecology and Geography
Department of socio-economic geography and nature management
India is a specialty of tea and coffee.
(abstract)
Completed: student 782 gr.
Gribanov A.A.
Checked: st. teacher
Sabanin S.A.
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….3
Chapter 1. Economic and geographical characteristics of India…………………4
1.1. Economic- geographical position………………………………..4
1.2. The form of state government……………………………………6
1.3. Administrative-territorial division…………………………10
1.4. Natural resources and natural conditions………………………………………14
1.5. Sectoral structure of the regional economy…………………….17
1.6. Monuments of natural and cultural heritage…………………….24
Chapter 2. State National Companies…………………………..28
2.1. J-Rus Company……………………………………………………….28
2.2. Tata coffee company…………………………………………………...29
2.3. Foreign economic relations……………………………………………..31
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………33
References………………………………………………………………….34
Introduction
The world appears as a mosaic of specific cultures, sometimes opposing each other in terms of value systems. In conditions when the world community is looking for ways to overcome differences, when the process of mutual understanding creates new conditions for cooperation between East and West, the study of the nature of the deformation of the modern world is becoming increasingly important.
In his work India. Specialization of tea and coffee ”I talk about the country of an ancient and original civilization, its geographical position and history of development, natural environment as a source of resources, the nature of the settlement and economic activity of the population, foreign economic relations with other states of the world, the success of social economic development. I also provide some data on state-owned national companies and their ties with Russia. The volume of the abstract is 37 pages, 3 tables are presented in the work.
Chapter 1 geographical feature India.
1.1. Economic-geographical and political-geographical position. The impact of EGP on the development of the country. Changing the position of the country in time.
India shares borders with Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. The length of the Indian-Chinese border is especially great. It runs along the main Himalayan range. The maximum length of the mainland of the country from north to south is 3200 km, from west to east - 2700 km.
The territory of India is shaped like a giant triangle, as if fenced off from the rest of Asia by a high wall of the Himalayas. In the literature, this vast area is often referred to as the Indian subcontinent.
Although the length of the maritime borders of India is much less than the land, they play a major role in economic life countries. The world trade route runs along its shores, opening up great opportunities for expanding ties with the countries of the East, Europe, Africa and Australia.
Afghanistan - economically underdeveloped country. Trades in raw cotton, fruits, nuts. Industry is less developed than in India.
Chinese People's Republic - a country with a developed economy, rich in natural resources: coal, iron and manganese ores, bauxite, zinc and other minerals. Huge water resources this mill, fraught with the world's largest reserves of hydropower.
Butane- agricultural country Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar (Burma) - economically underdeveloped countries.
India is one of the cradles of human civilization. The Indians were the first in the world to learn how to grow rice, cotton, sugarcane, and were the first to breed poultry. India gave the world chess and the decimal number system. The achievements of ancient and medieval India in the field of science, literature, and art, which originated in India in various religious and philosophical systems, influenced the development of many civilizations of the East, and became an integral part of world culture.
Civilization in this distinctive region arose as early as the 3rd millennium BC. In the Age of the Great geographical discoveries the Portuguese expedition of Vasco da Gama (1498) opened the sea route from Europe to India (around Africa) and laid the foundation for European colonization this region. English colonialists as a result of wars with European rivals (Portuguese, Dutch, French), as well as Anglo-Maratha, Anglo-Sikh and other wars by the middle of the nineteenth century. subjugated the whole of India and the territories adjacent to it. A huge colony emerged - British India.
With the conquest of India by the British, not only the political, but also the economic situation of the country changed. All the former conquerors of India - Indo-Aryan tribes, Turks, Mongols - settled here and assimilated by the local population. England, on the other hand, considered India as an arena for pumping out wealth, which was transported to the metropolis. India has been called "the biggest diamond in the British crown". This country gradually turned into a market for its manufactured goods, and then into an arena for the application of British capital. The construction of the railway, the first coal mines began. In the 60-90s of the nineteenth century, for the duration railways increased from 1300 to 25600 km. An important object of British investment was irrigation construction in areas where export crops - cotton and wheat, as well as plantation farming. In the 1950s, the first English jute factories were established in Calcutta.
India gained independence only after the Second World War - on August 15, 1947. In 1947, India was divided into two British dominions - the Indian Union and Pakistan (Western and Eastern). On January 26, 1950, India was proclaimed a federal republic within the British Commonwealth (Commonwealth). The country's constitution enshrined major achievements national revolution: democratic civil liberties, prohibition of discrimination based on religion, race, caste, gender and place of birth.
From the first days of independence, the young Indian state had to face the most acute problems. The division of the country on a religious basis and the establishment of the borders of new states were accompanied by a mass migration of Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India, and Muslims to Pakistan. In October 1947, a conflict was provoked between India and Pakistan over Kashmir. It was not until the spring of 1948 that hostilities in Kashmir ceased, and on January 1, 1949, a ceasefire agreement came into force. The Kashmir issue is still one of the most acute in Indo-Pakistani relations.
The division of the country also led to serious economic difficulties. Agricultural areas were transferred to Pakistan, which yielded 40% of the cotton harvest, 85% of jute, and 40% of wheat. In India, there was immediately a shortage of raw materials for the main industry - textiles, as well as food. The unified irrigation system and transport network were torn apart. For a long time, communication with the northeastern part of the country - Assam - was maintained mainly by air. (Yu.N. Gladkikh, 2004)
Similar information.
It borders with Pakistan in the west, with China, Nepal and Bhutan in the northeast, with Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east. In addition, India has maritime borders with the Maldives in the southwest, with Sri Lanka in the south and with Indonesia in the southeast. The disputed territory of the state of Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with Afghanistan.
The Indian subcontinent is home to the Indus Valley Civilization and other ancient civilizations. Throughout most of its history, India has acted as the center of important trade routes and was famous for its riches and high culture.
Since early XVIII By the middle of the 20th century, India was gradually colonized by the British Empire. After gaining independence in 1947, the country achieved great success in economic and military development. By the end of the 20th century, India's economy had become one of the fastest growing in the world. In terms of nominal gross domestic product, India ranks 12th in the world, and in terms of GDP, recalculated at purchasing power parity, it ranks fourth. The pressing problem continues to be high level poverty and illiteracy of the population.
India is a federal republic of twenty-eight states, six union territories and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. All states and the two union territories (Puducherry and Delhi National Capital Territory) have their own elected government. The remaining five union territories are administered by an administrator appointed by the central authority and are therefore under the direct control of the President of India. In 1956, the Indian states were reorganized along linguistic lines. Since then, the administrative structure has not changed much.
All states and union territories are divided into administrative and governmental units called districts. There are over 600 districts in India. The districts are in turn divided into smaller administrative units of taluki.
The head of state is the President of India, who is elected by an electoral college for a term of 5 years by indirect voting. The head of government is the prime minister, who holds the main executive power. The prime minister is appointed by the president and is usually the candidate supported by the political party or political coalition that has the most seats in the lower house of parliament.
IN last years, India continues to play a prominent role in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, and the World Trade Organization. India is one of the founding members of the United Nations and an active participant in its peacekeeping missions, with over 55,000 Indian soldiers taking part in thirty-five peacekeeping operations on four continents. Despite criticism and military sanctions, India has consistently refused to sign the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and the Non-Proliferation Treaty. nuclear weapons preferring in return to maintain full control over their nuclear programs. IN Lately, in the foreign policy arena, the Indian government has directed efforts to improve relations with the United States, China and Pakistan.
As a political science hypothesis, the possibility of a close strategic partnership between Russia, India and China - the Moscow-Delhi-Beijing triangle is often discussed. Many agree that such cooperation would contribute to the creation of a multipolar world. However, plans to create such a “triangle” (led by the United States) also exist in the United States Department of State, where India is seen as a potential counterbalance to the ever-increasing role of the PRC in the modern world.
1. EGP (economic and geographical position), territory, general information about country .
· India belongs to South Asia, to a triangle fenced off by the Himalayas from the rest of Asia. This is one of the oldest states in the world. Until 1950, India was colony of England, and now is part of the Commonwealth led by the UK. According to the state system of India - federal Republic(the territory is divided into 25 states) with a strong central government. The territory of the country stretched from North to South for 3200 km, from West to East - for 2900 km. Area - 3 million 288 thousand km 2.
PRG of India, in general, favorable. The country is located on trade routes from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean (this is the busiest trade route in the oceans). India also has a long land border, but it does not play a role in trade.
2. Population: number, natural movements, nat. composition, placement .
· The population of India in 2009 was 1 billion 137 million people This 2nd in the world! Characteristic fast reproduction rates population (29-9=20), as a result of which the state tries to limit natural growth through family planning and population policy. The main slogan of demogr. politicians: "Each family - two children!"
India - the most multinational country in the world: about 300 ethnic groups, 22 main languages. The most common language is Hindustani, it is spoken in Hindi. The main language of international communication - English(this is a legacy of the colonial period). 80% of Indians profess Hinduism, 10% - Islam. Hinduism means the division of society into castes. Not uncommon separatist sentiments in India (the state of Punjab wants to secede and form an independent state).
· Population of the country placed unevenly. Level urbanization - 28%(this is a very low figure). 250 million people live in cities. (this is the 2nd place in the world after China). Most of the population lives in villages (there are about 600,000 villages in the country).
3. Economy: general features.
Characteristic for the country multiformity(pre-capitalist remnants along with the capitalist way of life). The country passed the stage industrialization, there is a space program. Recently, through the efforts of Indian scientists country"acquired" its own nuclear weapons.
In India, as once in Russia, there are still 5 year plans and state order. Big in the country domestic market.
· Great contrasts: 11th in world production, but 102nd in per capita income; The country annually produces 750 feature films, But 50% of the population is illiterate, and 40% generally live below the poverty line; abundance and cheapness work force but high work culture; 1st place in Asia in terms of the length of railways, but half of them are narrow-gauge railways, on which steam locomotives run!
The country occupies 3rd place in the world in terms of the number of scientists(after Russia and the USA), but the problem of "brain drain" is very acute.
4. Industry of India.
・Everything is occupied here 20% economically active population.
· Developed heavy industry: production of machine tools, automobiles, railway locomotives, agricultural equipment. The latest industries are also developed: production of TV, computers, equipment for nuclear power plants, space equipment, nuclear equipment. Light industry consists of three parts: cotton industry, clothing, jute production.
· Deccan Plateau- a large combination of natural resources (coal, iron ore, manganese ores), this area heavy industry, ferrous metallurgy (Bhilai city). On eastern outskirts Deccan Plateau is the main coal and metallurgical base countries, the "Indian Ruhr" (the city of Bokaro).
5. Agriculture in India.
· Busy here 60% economically active population countries.
The country actively uses the achievements "green revolution". Arable land is half all agricultural lands. India is self-sufficient in grain.
In India stand out 2 main and 1 secondary agricultural zone: 1) southeastern states - rice growing(the rain of the Harif season is used, and in the Rabi season artificial irrigation is carried out, due to which 2-3 crops are harvested per year); 2) northwestern states and Punjab state - home wheat zone, main commercial farming area(mainly wheat is harvested during the Rabi season with artificial irrigation); 3) secondary foci cultivation of fibrous, oil-bearing, sugar-bearing and tonic crops.
6. India Development Centers.
· In the country there is no single dominant center, although there is 4 major cities affecting the whole country.
The quadrangle of these cities looks like this: in the North - Delhi (capital, large transport, industrial, cultural, political and administrative center); in the East - Calcutta (the second industrial city and port after Bombay, the administrative center, the processing and export of jute is developed, the largest area of the poor and slums); on South - Madras (large industrial center, port, economic capital of the Indian south); in the West - Bombay (The largest city, industrial, commercial, Finance center, port, mechanical engineering, petrochemistry, nuclear power, cotton industry are developed). These 4 cities are interconnected by highways.
1. EGP, territory, general information about the country .
India belongs to South Asia, to a triangle fenced off by the Himalayas from the rest of Asia. This is one of the oldest states in the world. Until 1950, India was colony of England, and now is part of the Commonwealth led by the UK. According to the state system of India - federal Republic(the territory is divided into 25 states) with a strong central government. The territory of the country stretched from North to South for 3200 km, from West to East - for 2900 km. Area - 3 million 288 thousand km 2 .
PRG of India, in general, favorable. The country is located on trade routes from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean (this is the busiest trade route in the oceans). India also has a long land border, but it does not play a role in trade.
2. Population: number, natural movements, nat. composition and so on .
The population of India in 2009 was 1 billion 137 million people This 2nd in the world! Characteristic fast reproduction rates population (29-9=20), as a result of which the state tries to limit natural growth through family planning and population policy. The main slogan of demogr. politicians: "Each family - two children!"
India - the most multinational country in the world: about 300 ethnic groups, 22 main languages. The most common language is Hindustani, it is spoken in Hindi. The main language of international communication - English(this is a legacy of the colonial period). 80% of Indians profess Hinduism, 10% - Islam. Hinduism means the division of society into castes. Not uncommon separatist sentiments in India (the state of Punjab wants to secede and form an independent state).
Population of the country placed unevenly. Level urbanization - 28%(this is a very low figure). 250 million people live in cities. (this is the 2nd place in the world after China). Most of the population lives in villages (there are about 600,000 villages in the country).
3. Economy: general features .
The country is characterized multiformity(pre-capitalist remnants along with the capitalist way of life). The country passed the stage industrialization, there is a space program. Recently, through the efforts of Indian scientists, the country "acquired" its own nuclear weapons.
In India, as once in Russia, there are still 5 year plans and state order. Big in the country domestic market.
Great contrasts: 11th in world production, but 102nd in per capita income; 750 feature films are released annually in the country, but 50% of the population is illiterate, and 40% generally live below the poverty line; abundance and low cost of labor but high work culture; 1st place in Asia in terms of the length of railways, but half of them are narrow-gauge railways, on which steam locomotives run!
Country ranks 3rd place in the world in terms of the number of scientists(after Russia and the USA), but the problem of "brain drain" is very acute.
Industry of India .
Everything is occupied here 20% economically active population.
Developed heavy industry: production of machine tools, automobiles, railway locomotives, agricultural equipment. The latest industries are also developed: production of TV, computers, equipment for nuclear power plants, space equipment, nuclear equipment. Light industry consists of three parts: cotton industry, clothing, jute production.
Deccan Plateau- a large combination of natural resources (coal, iron ore, manganese ores), this area heavy industry, ferrous metallurgy (Bhilai city). On Eastern outskirts Deccan Plateau is the main coal and metallurgical base countries, the "Indian Ruhr" (the city of Bokaro).
Agriculture in India .
It's busy here 60% economically active population countries.
The country actively uses the achievements "green revolution". Arable land is half all agricultural lands. India is self-sufficient in grain.
In India stand out 2 main and 1 secondary agricultural zone: 1) southeastern states - rice growing(the rain of the Harif season is used, and in the Rabi season artificial irrigation is carried out, due to which 2-3 crops are harvested per year); 2) northwestern states and Punjab state - home wheat zone, main commercial farming area(mainly wheat is harvested during the Rabi season with artificial irrigation); 3) secondary foci cultivation of fibrous, oil-bearing, sugar-bearing and tonic crops.
6. India Development Centers .
In the country there is no single dominant center, although there is 4 major cities affecting the entire country.
The quadrangle of these cities looks like this: in the North - Delhi (capital, large transport, industrial, cultural, political and administrative center); in the East - Calcutta (the second industrial city and port after Bombay, the administrative center, the processing and export of jute is developed, the largest area of the poor and slums); on South - Madras (large industrial center, port, economic capital of the Indian south); in the West - Bombay (largest city, industrial, commercial, financial center, port, developed engineering, petrochemistry, nuclear power, cotton industry). These 4 cities are interconnected by highways.
The area is 3.3 million km2.
The population is 950 million people.
The capital is Delhi.
India is a federal republic consisting of 25 states and 7 union territories. The head of state is the president. Legislative power belongs to Parliament. India is part of the Commonwealth of British States. State languages- Hindi and English. The majority of the population professes Hinduism.
Geographical position. Natural conditions and resources
India is a developing country located in the south of Asia. Three-quarters of its area is occupied by plateaus. From the north, the giant triangle of the Indian subcontinent is bounded by the world's highest mountain range, the Himalayas. The bowels of the country are rich in minerals. It is no coincidence that India was once called the “pearl of the British crown”. Many deposits of mineral raw materials are of worldwide importance: coal, iron and manganese ores, many non-ferrous metals, such as chromium, titanium, zirconium, and gold. Great importance have deposits of precious stones.
India is located in the subequatorial climate zone, where in the savannah zone, with sufficient irrigation, two, and in some places even three crops per year are harvested from the fields. Such intensive use of land by man has led to a significant change in natural complexes.
Population
India is the second most populous state in the world. It is characterized by a high natural population growth: for the year it is 13-14 million people. Government policy to reduce population growth has already borne fruit, but significant results are expected only in the middle of the next century.
India is the most multiethnic country in the world. Only large nations (Hindustani, Biharis, Punjabis, etc.) number a dozen and a half. They make up 9/10 of its population. The specific features of the country's population are a significant predominance of young people and men in its composition.
The population is distributed very unevenly across the country. In the foothills of the Himalayas, the population density is 2 people. per 1 km2, and on the Indo-Gangetic plain this figure reaches 500 people. per 1 km2. Only a third of the population lives in cities, the largest of which are located on the coasts. These are Calcutta, Madras, Mumbai (Bombay). India is a country of ancient culture.
Economy
Today India is one of the leaders among developing countries. Its economy is very contradictory: despite the fact that industry is growing rapidly in the country (it mainly provides for its own needs), it is still more developed. Agriculture employing about 70% of the population.
India ranks first in the world in the production of tea, peanuts, sugar cane, jute fiber, and many spices. Produces a significant amount of rice, tobacco, wheat and cotton.
The main part of the sown area is occupied by food crops. Rice is grown mainly in the valleys of large rivers, wheat and other crops - almost everywhere, including dry areas where the fields are irrigated artificially.
In terms of the number of cattle, India ranks first in the world. However, the cow here is a sacred animal and it is forbidden by religion to kill it. The reduction in the number of cattle is a way to develop other branches of animal husbandry and solve the food problem in the country.
The industrialization of India began with traditional industries - food and light industry. In light - the most developed textile. However, in recent years, metallurgy and mechanical engineering (production of machine tools, electrical appliances, agricultural machinery and locomotives) have outpaced it in terms of growth rates. Petrochemistry and the production of mineral fertilizers are developing on imported raw materials.
The most powerful industrial complex was formed in the northeast. The south of the country still remains an agricultural region.
Transport. International connections
Transport is quite well developed in India. It is among the five leading countries in the world in terms of the length of railways. However, most of the roads are narrow-gauge, and car roads often do not have a hard coating. In recent years, maritime transport has grown rapidly in India.
India maintains international relations with almost all countries of the world. The role of relations with countries is great of Eastern Europe, including with Ukraine.
Conclusions:
India is the second most populous and most multiethnic country in the world.
The basis of the country's economy is agriculture, the main branch of which is crop production.
Rich Natural resources became the basis for the rapid development of India's industry.
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