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Stalin had various medals and orders in his piggy bank, and he was also awarded many honorary titles. But eyewitnesses claimed that the generalissimo, whose name is known all over the world, really valued only one distinguishing mark, which he wore at all official events.
Various speculations about numerous medals and awards
At the time when Stalin was in power, not one even the most brave man I would not dare to express doubt aloud that the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR received some titles undeservedly. But after the end of his authoritarian rule, such statements could be heard more and more often. One of the versions voiced in relation to Stalin's awards was the statement that he specifically wrote out various military awards for himself in order not to look in an unfavorable light in the eyes of his subordinates. It is worth noting right away that some military leaders of these very awards often had much more than Stalin.
In addition, today you can read a lot of authoritative evidence that confirms that Stalin, the man who ruled the Soviet Union for about 30 years, remained quite modest until the end of his life and preferred an ascetic lifestyle. He did not particularly like to brag about material wealth and achievements, so it is really difficult to imagine that such a person could specially reward himself with something in order to look worthy next to military commanders.
Stalin's special attitude to his awards
In their memoirs, books and memoirs, people who had the opportunity to personally communicate with Stalin, and also spent some time with him, note that he had a modest attitude towards awards. He never liked to brag about them and did not flaunt them. Even received in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, "he wore very rarely.
Given this, it can hardly be assumed that Iosif Vissarionovich specially issued awards for himself and put forward his candidacy for state titles. Why did the generalissimo need orders and medals that he was not going to brag about, and did not even consider it necessary to wear them to various official events?
Despite how many awards Stalin had, he always, without exception, had only one gold medal, the Hammer and Sickle.
Golden medal with the image of a hammer and sickle was awarded to Stalin in 1939 by the decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet for special services in building the socialist society of the USSR, maintaining friendly relations between peoples and for merits in organizing the Bolshevik Party. It was not clear to many why Stalin valued this particular award so much. But authoritative historians and biographers say that this award, like no other, reflected the meaning of his life - work for the development and prosperity of the socialist Fatherland.
Reproach to Marshal Zhukov
It is worth noting that Iosif Vissarionovich still occasionally wore some of his awards, which he received before the war. Those that were awarded during the war years, the Generalissimo wore very rarely. But those Stalin awards that were presented after the war for Great Victory, it was almost impossible to see on it.
It can be assumed that he believed that most of these medals were given out undeservedly. Or perhaps Stalin considered them well-deserved, but received at a disproportionately high price. In favor of such reflections, one can cite the situation described by Yu. Mukhin in one of his books.
According to the author, at a banquet organized for the high command in honor of the Victory, Zhukov sat at the same table with Stalin. At the same time, no expected laudatory odes in honor of the First Marshal of Victory Zhukov sounded. To the marshal himself and to some of those present, this seemed strange. Zhukov decided to take the initiative into his own hands and say a toast.
He began with the fact that the most difficult time that he happened to endure for the entire Second world war, was the defense of Moscow. Stalin, after listening to this whole speech, confirmed that the time was difficult and in many respects decisive for the subsequent outcome of the war. He mentioned that at the same time, many defenders of the capital did not receive well-deserved awards, because, having distinguished themselves in battles, they were seriously wounded or remained disabled. Then Stalin hit the table hard with his fist and noticed that those who did not need to be encouraged by these awards were not forgotten, got up from the table and left, never returning to the banquet.
The first awards of young Stalin
Despite the specific attitude to the medals "For Victory", Stalin still valued his first awards. In addition to the star of the Hero of Labor, these include the following:
- The order was awarded in 1919 for the final capture of Tsaritsyn by the Red troops.
- The Order was awarded in 1937 for services rendered on the front of social construction.
- Medal "XX years of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army" issued in 1938
Awards received during the war years
Since Iosif Vissarionovich was the commander-in-chief of the USSR troops, during World War II he was awarded medals and orders:
Orders and medals received in the post-war period
Medals issued precisely in the post-war period were not particularly popular with Stalin. Among them are:
Awards issued by various republics
In addition to state awards, I.V. Stalin also had awards received for his services from other republics. These include:
- Awards issued by the Czechoslovak SSR: two Military Crosses of 1939 (the first was awarded in 1943, the second - in 1945) and two Orders of the White Lion (I class and "For Victory") were awarded in 1945.
- Order received from the Tuva People's Republic: Order of the Republic of the TPR issued in 1943.
- Ranks, medals and orders of the Mongolian People's Republic: a medal issued for the "Victory over Japan" (1945); order to them. Sukhe-Bator received in 1945; conferring the title of Hero of the Mongolian Republic with the receipt of the "Gold Star"; medal dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the Mongolian Revolution, issued in 1946
- Stalin was awarded the Order of the Red Star, issued by the Bukhara Soviet Republic, in 1922.
Ranks received
After the victory at Stalingrad in March 1943, a new military rank Stalin - Marshal. After the end of the Second World War, in the circles of those close to him, there was more and more talk that the Commander-in-Chief should be awarded the title of Generalissimo. But Stalin was not interested in honorary titles, and he refused for a very long time. Unexpectedly, a letter from K. Rokossovsky could have an impact on him, in which the author, referring to Stalin, noted that they were both marshals. And if someday Stalin wants to punish Rokossovsky, he will not have enough authority for this, because their military ranks are equal.
Such an argument turned out to be very reasoned for Joseph Vissarionovich, and he gave his long-awaited consent. This title was awarded to him in June 1945, but before his last days Stalin refused to wear a uniform with He considered it too elegant and luxurious.
Frankly, this is a very stupid and inappropriate myth. The fact is that Stalin did not suffer from a craving for awards. And this was well known to everyone. Why on earth did our snotty intelligentsia come up with such nonsense - and the hell knows! After all, Stalin is not Brezhnev, who maniacally suffered from an irresistible craving for various awards.
It seems that this happened due to one circumstance. Our intelligentsia really loves to “slap” all their vile traits on the one in respect of whom the authorities give the command “face”. Here they were ordered to throw mud at Stalin in every way - well, the intellectuals are trying in the sweat of their “muzzles of the face” ... They invent all sorts of dirty stuff, if only to please the authorities and snatch a fatter piece from it. Under Stalin, they could not do this. To curry favor with Stalin, famous poet Osip Mandelstam, for example, wrote more than fifty laudatory poems about him. I even wrote an ode. Did not help. Especially when the ode appeared. With this, Mandelstam finally brought Stalin out of patience and an order was given to send him away from the capital, to Vladivostok (by the way, mind you, not for logging, but for the capital of the Soviet Far East). Stalin did not tolerate sycophants, more precisely, he hated them with a fierce hatred. Because I thought that "a helpful bastard is worse than an enemy". The same was true with awards, especially military ones.
In his famous book "The matter of the whole life" Marshall Soviet Union Alexander Mikhailovich Vasilevsky wrote: “Stalin has firmly entered military history. His undoubted merit is that under his direct leadership as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, the Soviet Armed Forces withstood defensive campaigns and brilliantly carried out all offensive operations. But he, as far as I could observe him, never talked about his merits. And he had fewer awards than the commanders of the fronts and armies.
What awards did Stalin have, who had been at the helm of power in the USSR for more than 30 years? After all, the great ones are not without human weaknesses - they are also living people. In the paintings and photographs of many famous historical figures, both state, political and military, all are depicted with a huge number of various awards. Our marshals and generals, especially during the military period, are literally hung from head to toe with all sorts of awards. Their ceremonial tunics weigh almost one and a half pounds. But on Stalin's tunic, only one modest star of the Hero of Socialist Labor always gleamed. He received it in 1939 along with the first Order of Lenin. It is interesting to note the following in this connection. Unlike Hitler, who basically wore only one of his two Iron Crosses on his tunic, that is, a purely militaristic order, Stalin preferred to wear only the star of the Hero of Socialist Labor, thus clearly emphasizing the peaceful orientation of his activity at the head of state and party.
As for the awards, Stalin had 14 of them in all. His first award was the Order of the Red Banner, which he received on the initiative of Lenin and on the basis of the decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of November 27, 1919 "for merits on the fronts of the civil war." The second Order of the Red Banner (at that time there was no division into military and labor) Stalin received in February 1930 - the Central Executive Committee of the USSR took into account numerous petitions from a number of organizations, general meetings of workers, peasants and Red Army soldiers and awarded Stalin "for merits on the fronts of the socialist construction". By the way, the wording is very remarkable - it turns out that both among the people and at the top everyone perfectly understood that the large-scale socialist transformations carried out under the leadership of Stalin were, in essence, a war for the construction of socialism. It is unlikely that all of them were wrong, for it was really a war. Resistance to these changes was fierce. In total, Stalin had three Orders of the Red Banner.
On November 6, 1943, Stalin was awarded the Order of Suvorov, 1st class, by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "for the correct leadership of the operations of the Red Army in the Patriotic War against the Nazi invaders and the successes achieved." Pay attention to the date. By that time, it was already clear even to the blind that a radical turning point in the war had already occurred a long time ago - great victories in Battle of Stalingrad and in the Battle of Kursk were the clearest proof of this. By that time, marshals and generals had already washed their well-deserved (and some undeserved) military and other orders and medals more than once, and Stalin received the military order only on November 6, 1943.
On June 20, 1944, the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Moscow City Council of Working People's Deputies, on behalf of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, presented Stalin in the Kremlin with the first medal - "For the Defense of Moscow". The wording of the decree was as follows - "for the leadership of the heroic defense of Moscow and the organization of the defeat German troops near Moscow". Again, pay attention to the date of awarding this medal - by that time, the military leaders awarded with such a medal, who took part in the defense of Moscow and in the defeat of the Nazi troops near Moscow, had already sobered up more than once after numerous libations about such an award. And Stalin had just received it on June 20, 1944.
* * *By the way, there is one notable incident associated with this medal, which took place at a lesser-known banquet for the high command, which took place before the famous Victory banquet. According to the book “Fathers-commanders. Stars on shoulder straps - stars on graves ”to the description of Yu. I. Mukhin, the situation was as follows:
* * *Marshal Zhukov was at the same table with the Supreme Commander, but not a word was said in his personal honor. It seemed strange to everyone present. Senior commanders began to give signs to him (that is, Zhukov. - A.M.) signal for a smoke break. Zhukov asked Stalin to take a break. The leader gave permission. He himself smoked a pipe at the table, and everyone went into the smoking room. Here, the commanders of the fronts asked Marshal Zhukov to start a short speech so that they could continue the toast in honor of the First Marshal of Victory.
Zhukov began his speech-toast like this: “If I were asked when during the whole war it was the hardest for me, I would answer that in the fall and winter during the defense of Moscow, when the fate of the Soviet Union was practically decided.”
Having listened silently to this tirade of Zhukov, Stalin suddenly interrupted him with the words: “Here you are, Comrade Zhukov, remembering the defense of Moscow. It is true that it was a very difficult time. This was the first victorious battle of our army in the defense of the capital. Do you know that many of its defenders, even generals who were wounded and distinguished themselves in battle, turned out to be not awarded and cannot receive them, as they became disabled!
Zhukov answered this reproach as follows: “Comrade Stalin, I, like you, have not been awarded for this battle either, although almost all workers General Staff awarded the Orders of Lenin (Shaposhnikov, Antonov, Vatutin, Shtemenko and others). I fully admit that I made a miscalculation in this matter, and we will correct it.
Here Stalin hit the table with his fist so hard that the crystal leg of the tall wine glass broke off, and red wine spilled onto the tablecloth. The leader, interrupting Zhukov, said: "But at the same time, you did not forget to reward your bl ... s." There was a deathly silence, during which Stalin got up, left the table and never returned.
Stalin's third medal was "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945", and the first was the medal "20 Years of R.K.K.A.".
On July 29, 1944, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR awarded Stalin the highest Soviet military order of Victory with the wording "for exceptional services in organizing and conducting offensive operations Red Army, which led to the largest defeat of the German army and a radical change in the situation on the front of the fight against fascist german invaders in favor of the Red Army. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR awarded Stalin the second Order of Victory on June 26, 1945 with the wording “for exceptional services in organizing all the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union and their skillful leadership in the Great Patriotic War, which ended in complete victory over Nazi Germany". In the Soviet Union, only three people were twice awarded the Order of Victory - Marshals of the Soviet Union I. V. Stalin, A. M. Vasilevsky and G. K. Zhukov.
The day after the award of the second Order of Victory, on June 27, 1945, Marshal of the Soviet Union Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin (second) and the Gold Star medal as "leading the Red Army in the difficult days of defending our Motherland and its capital Moscow, who led the fight against Nazi Germany with exceptional courage and determination. On the bust by the sculptor Yatsyno, Stalin is depicted in an open overcoat, and on the tunic two stars of the Hero of Socialist Labor and the Soviet Union are visible, which in reality never happened. Stalin never wore the Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union, not considering himself worthy of this title, since he believed that since he personally did not take part in the hostilities at the front and did not perform any feats at the front, he did not have the right to such a title. By the way, having learned about this award, he expressed extremely sharp dissatisfaction with this and uttered a harsh word to the overly agile people who arranged the issuance of such a decree - "sycophants".
Simultaneously with the assignment of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, on the written submission of the front commanders, Stalin was awarded the highest military rank - Generalissimo of the Soviet Union. By the way, along the way, they also wanted to establish the Order of Stalin, but Iosif Vissarionovich was outraged to the core by such flattery and categorically rejected such a proposal.
In 1949, in connection with the anniversary - the 70th anniversary - Stalin was awarded the third Order of Lenin. This was the last award in his life.
Total 9 orders and 5 medals - 14 awards, among which not a single foreign one. Frankly, in comparison with the many-pood "iconostases" of the same marshals and generals of the Victory - it is extremely not dense. Well, and if we compare it with the unforgettable Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, who had 120 awards, Comrade Stalin was completely deprived, as he himself ordered himself to be called in response to attempts to address him as "Comrade Generalissimo of the Soviet Union."
That's how Stalin "loved to reward himself." And of the available awards, he most of all valued the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. And he wore only this award. Because there was a creator!
On December 20, 1939, for exceptional services in organizing the Communist Party, creating the Soviet state, building a socialist society in the USSR and strengthening friendship between peoples, Comrade Stalin was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.
I want to write not even about a historical moment, but just a hint at one moment in our history, which still remains unnoticed.
Beginning with civil war in the USSR, awards "for battle and for work" were established. Stalin could not refuse to award them, since this would be a disregard for state awards, although Stalin himself never wore orders, making an exception only for the star of the Hero of Socialist Labor, which, from the moment he was awarded this title in 1939, from time to time appears on his chest. In total, before the war, he had three orders - the Order of Lenin and two Red Banners.
During the war, he began to command all front-line operations and received five more awards - one Order of Lenin, two Orders of Victory, one of the Red Banner and the Order of Suvorov, 1st degree (as for another Order of Lenin, I will talk about it separately). That is, Stalin, like all marshals of the USSR, accepted the awards due to him, since he was obliged to accept them, and, most likely, agreed that he deserved them.
Marshal Timoshenko, who for a year and a half on the eve of the war was People's Commissar (Minister) of Defense, fought well during the war and was awarded six orders - one Order of Lenin, one Order of Victory, three Orders of Suvorov 1st degree and one Red Banner. That is, he was even awarded big amount orders than Stalin.
Marshal Voroshilov, from 1925 to the beginning of 1940 was the people's commissar of defense. During the war he was awarded three orders - one Order of Lenin, one Order of Suvorov 1st degree and one Red Banner.
The title of Hero of the Soviet Union began to be awarded to military leaders from the moment this award was established, Zhukov, for example, had this title for Khalkhin Gol, marshals Kulik and Timoshenko - for Finnish war, and General Stern for the leadership of troops in Spain - for the fulfillment of international duty. That is, conferring the title of Hero of the Soviet Union to the highest command staff The Red Army was already an established practice. Accordingly, during the Great Patriotic War the assignment of this rank to senior military leaders was continued, but already in a sharply increased number. Some were awarded this title twice (Marshals Rokossovsky, Zhukov), and at the end of the war and following its results, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was generally awarded with a chokh, and those who, in conscience, were supposed to be shot were included in the lists of awarded generals.
However, Marshals Timoshenko and Voroshilov were not awarded this title either during the war or following its results. It turns out that Stalin, approving the lists of those submitted for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, simply crossed out these generals, although throughout the war he agreed with awarding them with military orders. For example, Stalin three times presented Timoshenko to be awarded the highest commander's order of Suvorov, 1st degree (Zhukov has only two of them, Stalin has one), introduced Timoshenko to the unique Order of Victory, that is, he believed that Timoshenko deserved these orders. But I didn't consider him a hero. Why??
Another moment. Not a single commissar (later "member of the military council") became a Hero of the Soviet Union. Although such political workers as Khrushchev, Brezhnev and, especially, Mekhlis, cannot be accused of cowardice. Commissar Poppel, who fought out the remnants of his corps 800 km along the rear of the Germans, wrote that such an instruction regarding the commissars had been received since the beginning of the war.
So why, in Stalin's understanding, pre-war people's commissars and, in general, all commissars are not heroes?
I think that's the point.
By June 22, 1941, the Red Army had everything from the Soviet people to defeat the Germans - excellent human material (even Zhukov considered the main factor in the victory of the young Soviet soldier), quite modern weapons and equipment, and, most importantly, all this in quantities that exceeded the weapons and equipment of the Germans. The Red Army had enough ammunition, fuel and equipment. But in 1941 she suffered shameful defeats, gave the Germans vast territories of the USSR and almost 40% of the population. Was Stalin tormented by the question why? I think that I tormented from the beginning of the war and the rest of my life. And I think that he saw the reason for these defeats in the abomination that the cadre command staff of the Red Army showed in the war - he saw massive meanness, betrayal, cowardice, inability to fight and contempt for the life of soldiers. The cadre command staff of the Red Army preserved and preserved all this infamy inviolable from the tsarist officers, and at the beginning of the war this tsarist officer abomination in the Red Army remained uneradicated.
And the ministers of defense and commissars were responsible for the quality of the personnel command staff of the army.
But why did Stalin never mention this in a single word? Because nothing like this could be spoken aloud during the war and immediately after it. Start talking about this general-officer villainy or even shoot for it during the war, and confidence in the command staff will collapse, respectively, the army will not, but even with the victory over the Germans and the Japanese, the military threat to the USSR constantly remained, in view of the superiority of the United States in the atomic weapons.
But what about Stalin himself? He is the leader, is it not his fault in such a composition of the command of the Red Army? Yes, he was a leader, yes, he was responsible for everything. And, if I understand correctly, Stalin understood and accepted this guilt.
When, immediately after the end of the war with the Germans, all front commanders signed a collective petition to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet to award their commander-in-chief the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR granted this request - awarded this title to Stalin with the award of the Golden Star and the Order of Lenin. But Stalin categorically refused to accept the signs of these awards, and for the first time they appeared only on pillows near his coffin. (Later, the artists began to paint on his portraits both a star and another Order of Lenin, but during his lifetime, Stalin not only did not wear them, but did not receive them either). Stalin did not consider himself a Hero of the Soviet Union.
(Yu. Mukhin)
I draw your attention to the fact that even here they could not do without lies. Order No. 270 clearly condemns those who surrendered captured, and not those who were captured ... All military personnel who were captured and released from it went through filtration camps. So, in total, according to the results of the war, over 90% of Soviet military personnel released from captivity, having successfully passed the necessary check , returned to duty or were sent to work in industry. The number of those arrested was about 4% and about the same number sent to penal battalions ...
And as always, the icing on the cake:
fkmrf123 » Georgy Shakhov Today 08:29
For those to whom it was all thoroughly interesting to know, perhaps not a curiosity. But for those who encountered such a "truth" by chance, it's just like amazing fact it turns out.
Mikhail Naida » fkmrf123 Today 08:48
Stalin did not consider himself a Hero. And it is right. A hero is a specific act, in a specific place... who does in the Name of People what the absolute majority... is not capable of. Later, freeloaders (mostly Jews) defiled this Title, starting to reward each other in order to amuse their own ego. A typical example today, the title of academician ... 90% of which, the essence is scum-mold ... no right, there is no time for this honorary title... not having. In the State, there are probably a couple of awards left, which the Jews have not yet turned into tsatski ... I think these are the Order of Victory and the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called with Swords. Yes, sir...
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (real name Dzhugashvili) - Russian revolutionary, Soviet political, party, statesman, military figure. Joseph Stalin was awarded the title of Generalissimo of the Soviet Union (1945). Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the leader of the Soviet state from the late 1920s until his death on March 5, 1953.
Childhood and the education of Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin, according to the official version, was born on December 9 (21), 1879 in the city of Gori, Tiflis province. According to unofficial data, Joseph Vissarionovich was born on December 6 (18), 1878.
Stalin's father Vissarion Dzhugashvili- was a shoemaker. He didn't earn much. I drank often.
Stalin's mother Ekaterina Georgievna(nee - Geladze) loved her son very much. She dreamed that Joseph Stalin became a priest. In 1888, Joseph was immediately admitted to the second preparatory class at the Gori Orthodox Theological School, and in September 1889, Joseph Dzhugashvili entered the first class of the school, where he received his education. Iosif Vissarionovich studied very well. He graduated from college in 1894 and his certificate of graduation had almost all the excellent marks.
Then Joseph Stalin continued to receive education, in September 1894 Dzhugashvili entered the Orthodox Tiflis Theological Seminary. But it was during this period that young Joseph Dzhugashvili had Marxist friends. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin began attending meetings of underground groups of revolutionaries exiled by the tsarist government to the Transcaucasus.
According to Wikipedia, the English historian Simon Sebag Montefiore wrote: "Stalin was an extremely gifted student, receiving high marks in all subjects: mathematics, theology, Greek, Russian language. Stalin liked poetry, and in his youth he himself wrote poems in Georgian, which attracted the attention of connoisseurs.” In his opinion, Stalin had outstanding intellectual abilities: for example, he could read Plato in original. When Stalin came to power, the historian continues, he always wrote his own speeches and articles in a clear and often refined style. The English historian claimed that the myth of Stalin the ignorant was spread by Leon Trotsky and his supporters.
In 1931 the German writer Emil Ludwig in an interview he asked Stalin: “What prompted you to be in opposition? Perhaps the mistreatment by the parents? Stalin replied: “No. My parents treated me quite well. Another thing is the theological seminary where I studied then. Out of protest against the mocking regime and the Jesuit methods that existed in the seminary, I was ready to become and really became a revolutionary, a supporter of Marxism ... ". At the same time, Joseph Vissarionovich did not begin to talk about his drunkard father, who beat him, and his wife.
Communicating with new friends, Joseph Stalin systematically engaged in self-education, and then revolutionary affairs. In 1898, the young Dzhugashvili joined the first Georgian social democratic organization. Iosif Vissarionovich immediately proved himself to be a convincing speaker. Therefore, he was instructed to conduct propaganda in workers' circles.
Revolutionary career
In 1899, Joseph Dzhugashvili left the seminary, and in 1901 the young man became a de facto professional revolutionary and went underground. He worked under party nicknames "Koba", "David", "Stalin". Iosif Vissarionovich took part in the so-called "ex", that is, in attacks on banks to replenish the party fund. Joseph Stalin became a member of the Tiflis and Batumi committees of the RSDLP. Eventually he was arrested.
From 1902 and over the next eleven years, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was arrested 8 times. Seven times the young revolutionary was in exile, but each time he managed to escape (except for the exile in 1913). In exile, as Stalin's comrades-in-arms noted, in particular, Mikhail Sverdlov He was aloof, even arrogant.
In the intervals between arrests, Joseph Vissarionovich was engaged in great revolutionary work. Stalin organized the Baku strike in 1904, after which a collective agreement was concluded between the strikers and the industrialists. In 1905 on 1st conference RSDLP in Tammerfors (Finland) Joseph Stalin personally met for the first time V. I. Lenin. Further, Stalin took part as a delegate from Tiflis in the IV and V congresses (1907) in Stockholm and London.
In 1912, at the plenum of the Baku RSDLP, Stalin was introduced in absentia to the Central Committee and to the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP.
Noticing Iosif Vissarionovich's literary abilities, he was instructed to organize the publication of the newspapers Pravda and Zvezda. In 1913, Stalin's article "Marxism and the National Question" was published in Vienna. From that moment on, Joseph Dzhugashvili in revolutionary circles began to be considered a specialist in national question. In the same year, in February, Joseph Vissarionovich was arrested and exiled to the Turukhansk region. He was released only after February Revolution. Stalin returned to Petrograd and entered the Bureau of the Central Committee, and then, together with Lev Kamenev He headed the editorial office of the Pravda newspaper.
Since Vladimir Lenin was abroad, Stalin, along with other revolutionaries in Petrograd, took Active participation in preparing and conducting October revolution.
Wikipedia reports that in view of Lenin's forced departure into the underground, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, as his follower and like-minded person, spoke at the VI Congress of the RSDLP (b) (July-August 1917) with a report of the Central Committee. At a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) on August 5, Joseph Stalin was elected a member of the narrow membership of the Central Committee. In August-September, Iosif Dzhugashvili mainly carried out organizational and journalistic work, published his articles in the newspapers Pravda and Soldatskaya Pravda.
On the night of October 16, at an enlarged meeting of the Central Committee, he opposed the position of L. B. Kamenev and G. E. Zinovieva who voted against the decision to revolt. Joseph Stalin was elected a member of the Military Revolutionary Center, which became part of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee (VRK).
During this period, Joseph Stalin often spoke in debates at city conferences, at which they reported on the current situation, and participated in anti-war propaganda. Joseph Stalin was elected a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and a member of the Bureau of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee from the Bolshevik faction. He increasingly supported the views of Lenin. On October 10, 1917, at a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), Joseph Vissarionovich voted in favor of a resolution on an armed uprising.
After the October Revolution, Joseph Stalin was directly involved in the development of a plan to defeat the troops advancing on Petrograd. A.F. Kerensky And P.N. Krasnova. And then, together with Vladimir Lenin, he signed the decision of the Council People's Commissars on the prohibition of the publication of "all newspapers closed by the Military Revolutionary Committee."
Civil War
When the civil war began, Stalin was appointed chairman of the Military Council of the North Caucasian Military District (June-September 1918). Later, Joseph Stalin was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council Southern Front, then a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic and a representative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense (from the end of 1918 to May 1919, and also from May 1920 to April 1922).
As the military doctor wrote and historical sciences Mahmut Gareev, during the Civil War, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin gained vast experience in the military-political leadership of large masses of troops on many fronts (the defense of Tsaritsyn, Petrograd, on the fronts against Denikin, Wrangel, the White Poles).
Stalin - the path to power
English writer Charles Snow also characterized educational level Stalin quite highly: “One of the many curious circumstances related to Stalin: he was much more educated in the literary sense than any of his contemporary statesmen. Compared to him Lloyd George And Churchill— remarkably ill-read people. As, however, Roosevelt».
Apparently due to his abilities, Joseph Stalin was elected to the Politburo and the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), as well as General Secretary Central Committee of the RCP (b). Initially, this position meant only the leadership of the party apparatus, and Lenin continued to be perceived as the leader of the party and government by everyone.
After the death of Lenin, by the end of the 20s, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin defeated the opposition and became the head of the Soviet Russia. From that moment on, Stalin took up state affairs. He resolutely began to force industrialization and complete collectivization. Agriculture.
Hunger and progress
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin declared 1929 the year of the "great turning point". Iosif Vissarionovich was going to turn agrarian Russia into a developed industrial state. He called industrialization, collectivization and cultural revolution the strategic tasks of the state. The course of the "great break" was carried out by violent methods that cost millions human lives. But thanks to the enthusiasm of the population, the country has achieved a lot. Hydroelectric power plants and factories were built, and the first metro lines appeared in Moscow. At the same time, people were dying of hunger.
In 1932, a number of regions of the USSR (Ukraine, the Volga region, Kuban, Belarus, the South Urals, Western Siberia and Kazakhstan) was struck by famine. According to a number of historians, the famine of 1932-1933 was artificial, the state had the opportunity to reduce its scale and consequences.
Stalin's general line destroyed the rural worker. Innocent people suffered along with the fists. The rural population was forced to go to the city in search of work. The situation was critical. And then Joseph Stalin made a statement about "excesses on the ground", and already before the war the situation in the village improved.
In the same years, Joseph Stalin decisively cracked down on the opposition. As is known, the so-called "congress of the victors", the 17th Congress of the CPSU (b) (1934), for the first time stated that the resolution of the 10th Congress had been implemented, and there were no more oppositions in the party.
Joseph Stalin and the Great Patriotic War
Just before the Second World War, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, focusing on the situation that arose in Europe, decided to get closer to Germany. Thus, the leader of Soviet Russia, realizing that the war with Hitler was inevitable, wanted to postpone the military conflict for some time in order to have time to complete the rearmament of the army and completely switch to new types of military equipment.
Based on the pact Molotov-Ribbentrop, the USSR reached agreements on the delimitation of spheres of influence, and after the outbreak of World War II, annexed the territories of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus, the Baltic States, Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.
But World War II began on September 1, 1939, when Hitler attacked Poland. Since September 1939, Poland, France, Great Britain and its dominions (the Anglo-Polish Military Alliance of 1939 and the Franco-Polish Alliance of 1921) have been at war with Germany.
In June 1941, Hitler's treacherous attack on the USSR took place. In this difficult war, the country led by Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (as the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces) suffered serious material and bitter human losses.
During 1941 to anti-Hitler coalition joined the USSR, the USA and China. As of January 1942, the coalition consisted of 26 states: the Big Four (USA, Great Britain, USSR, China), British dominions (Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, South Africa), Central and Latin America, the Caribbean, and the governments-in-exile of the occupied European countries. The number of coalition members increased during the war.
The Soviet Union under the leadership of Stalin made a decisive contribution to the victory over Nazism, which contributed to the expansion of the influence of the USSR in Eastern Europe and East Asia, as well as the formation of the world socialist system.
IN post-war years Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin contributed to the creation of a powerful military-industrial complex in the country and the transformation of the USSR into one of the two world superpowers with nuclear weapons and became a co-founder of the UN, a permanent member of the UN Security Council with veto power.
Deportations and repressions in the USSR
In the USSR, many peoples were subjected to total deportation, among them: Koreans, Germans, Ingrian Finns, Karachays, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Crimean Tatars and Meskhetian Turks. Of these, seven - Germans, Karachays, Kalmyks, Ingush, Chechens, Balkars and Crimean Tatars - lost their national autonomies in the process.
Historians agree that Stalinist repressions in the Red Army caused serious damage to the country's defense and, among other factors, led to significant losses Soviet troops during the initial period of the Great Patriotic War.
Three out of five marshals of the Soviet Union, 20 commanders of the 1st and 2nd ranks, 5 flagships of the fleet of the 1st and 2nd ranks, 6 flagships of the 1st rank, 69 commanders, 153 commanders, 247 brigade commanders.
During the war years, the aggressive anti-religious campaign and the mass closing of churches were stopped. Stalin became a supporter of the all-round expansion of the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church.
After the victory in 1945, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin proclaimed a toast "For the Russian people!", which he called "the most outstanding nation of all the nations that make up the Soviet Union."
July 24, 1945 in Potsdam Truman told Joseph Stalin that the United States "now has a weapon of extraordinary destructive power." According to Churchill's memoirs, Stalin smiled, but did not become interested in the details. From this, Churchill concluded that Stalin did not understand anything and was not aware of the events. But he was wrong.
That same evening, Stalin ordered Molotov to speak with Kurchatov on the acceleration of work on the atomic project. On August 20, 1945, to manage the atomic project, the GKO created a Special Committee with emergency powers, headed by L.P. Beria. Under the Special Committee, an executive body was created - the First Main Directorate under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (PSU). Stalin's directive obliged PSU to ensure the creation atomic bombs, uranium and plutonium, in 1948.
Personal life Joseph Stalin
On the night of July 16, 1906, in the St. David Church in Tiflis, Joseph Dzhugashvili married Ekaterina Svanidze. From this marriage in 1907, Stalin's first son, Yakov, was born. At the end of that year, Stalin's wife died of typhus.
In the spring of 1918, Stalin married for the second time. His wife was the daughter of a Russian revolutionary S. Ya. Alliluyeva — Nadezhda Alliluyeva.
On March 24, 1921, in Moscow, Joseph Stalin and Nadezhda Alliluyeva had a son, Vasily. Stalin also adopted Artem Sergeev after the death of his close friend - a revolutionary Fyodor Andreevich Sergeev.
In February 1926, a daughter, Svetlana, was born.
Stalin's grandson Evgeny Dzhugashvili was born in 1936. For 25 years he worked as a senior lecturer in the history of wars and military art at the Military Academy of the General Staff armed forces USSR them. K.E. Voroshilov. Played the role of I.V. Stalin in the film of the Soviet Georgian director D.K. Abashidze"Yakov, son of Stalin" (1990). Citizen of Russia and Georgia, lived in Moscow and Tbilisi. Died in 2016.
Hobbies of Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was very fond of reading. As Simon Sebag-Montefiore wrote: “... Stalin's library consisted of 20,000 volumes, he spent many hours every day reading books, making notes in their margins and cataloging them. At the same time, Stalin's tastes in reading were eclectic: Maupassant, wilde, Gogol, Goethe, Zola. Stalin was an erudite man - he quoted the Bible, the works Bismarck, works Chekhov, admired Dostoevsky considering him a subtle psychologist.
Death of Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin died in his official residence, the Near Dacha, where he permanently lived in the post-war period. On March 1, 1953, one of the guards found Joseph Stalin lying on the floor of a small dining room. On the morning of March 2, doctors arrived at the Near Dacha and diagnosed paralysis on the right side of the body. On March 5, at 21:50, Stalin died. According to the medical report, death was the result of a cerebral hemorrhage.
In the Necropolis near the Kremlin wall, a memorial cemetery on Red Square, and in the wall itself there are urns with the ashes of state, party and military leaders of the USSR, participants in the October Revolution of 1917. To the right of the Mausoleum, without cremation, in a coffin and in a grave, especially prominent party figures are buried and the government, including in 1961 the body of Joseph Stalin was transferred there from the Mausoleum.
Evaluation of the activities of Joseph Stalin
The activities of Joseph Stalin will be debated for a long time. Stalin's supporters believe that he left behind a strong party, a country with an advanced social and political system. Made the USSR a world power.
Opponents of Iosif Vissarionovich believe that Stalin's rule was characterized by the presence of an autocratic regime of personal power, the dominance of authoritarian-bureaucratic methods of government, excessive strengthening of the repressive functions of the state, the merging of party and state bodies, strict state control over all aspects of society, violation of the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens, deportations of peoples, mass deaths of people as a result of the famine of 1931-1933 and rampant repression.
In an obituary on the death of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, The Manchester Guardian of March 6, 1953 wrote: “The essence of Stalin’s historical achievements is that he accepted Russia with a plow, and leaves it with nuclear reactors. He raised Russia to the level of the second industrial power in the world. It was not the result of purely material progress and organization. Such achievements would not have been possible without a comprehensive cultural revolution, during which the entire population attended school and studied very hard.
After Stalin's death, public opinion about him was largely formed in accordance with the position officials USSR and Russia. After the XX Congress of the CPSU Soviet historians gave an assessment of Stalin, taking into account the position of the ideological bodies of the USSR.
Nevertheless, the name of Stalin is named geographic features in many countries of the world.
In the Fund's report carnegie(2013) notes that if in 1989 Stalin's "rating" in the list of the greatest historical figures was minimal - 12% (Vladimir Lenin - 72%, Peter I - 38%, Alexander Pushkin - 25%), then in 2012 Stalin was in first place with 49%. According to a public opinion poll conducted by the Foundation " Public opinion» On February 18-19, 2006, 47% of Russians considered Stalin's role in history generally positive, 29% - negative. During a survey of viewers (May 7 - December 28, 2008), organized by the Rossiya TV channel in order to choose the most valuable, conspicuous and symbolic personality Russian history, Stalin occupied a leading position by a wide margin. As a result, Stalin took third place, losing to the first two historical figures about 1% of the vote.
When Nikita Khrushchev at the 20th Congress, he debunked Stalin's personality cult, after which, at a meeting in the Kremlin, he declared:
- The Chief of the General Staff is present here Sokolovsky, he will confirm that Stalin did not understand military matters. Am I saying right? “No way, Nikita Sergeevich,” the marshal answered clearly. He was relieved of his post.
Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov also confirmed: “We are not standing by Stalin and the little finger!”
Joseph Stalin in the news these days
The figure of Joseph Stalin continues to play a huge role in political life countries, films are made about Stalin that are associated with scandals, Joseph Vissarionovich is discussed by politicians and ordinary people.
Every now and then there are scandals with banners or commemorative signs to Stalin. The online publication "Free Press-South" that a banner with a portrait of Joseph Stalin in the form of a generalissimo and the inscription: "We remember, we are proud!", Which was hung out on April 29, 2015 in the center of Stavropol, caused a scandal. In May 2015, the monument to Joseph Stalin, erected in Lipetsk on the eve of the 70th anniversary of the Victory by local communists, was doused with pink paint. In the same year, a banner with the image of Stalin was hung in the center of Moscow.
IN Chelyabinsk region issued coins with Stalin and Zhukov. An initiative group of residents of the closed city of Ozersk, Chelyabinsk Region, appealed to the administration locality with a request to erect a monument to Joseph Stalin on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the Victory.
In 2015, a monument dedicated to the participants of the 1945 Yalta Conference was unveiled in Yalta. The composition repeats the famous photograph taken at the end of the conference, in which Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt are sitting side by side. In the autumn of the same year, a monument to Joseph Stalin was unveiled in the village of Shelanger in the Republic of Mari El, at the checkpoint of the Zvenigovsky meat processing plant.
"Free Press" reported that, in the opinion of the President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko, Joseph Stalin was one of those who, in September 1939, unleashed the Second World War.
In 2016 Vladimir Zhirinovsky got into the news with a proposal to transfer all burials from Red Square in the capital to Mytishchi near Moscow. The LDPR leader mentioned that a few days ago, people brought flowers to the grave of the “bloody dictator” Stalin in honor of the anniversary of his death. Although the country, according to him, still cannot recover after his reign.
Joseph Stalin is often mentioned in the campaign of candidates for the presidency of Russia in the 2018 Elections. So candidate Ksenia Sobchak in the fall of 2017, she called Stalin "an executioner and a criminal", accusing him of "a full-scale genocide of the Russian people."
In the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, they answered that it was connected with the name of Stalin scientific progress, hundreds of new research institutes, hundreds of new educational institutions, literacy eradication, cultural breakthrough, industrialization.
Stalin the most outstanding personality in the history of mankind.
Scandal with the film "Death of Stalin"
On January 23, Free Press reported that the Ministry of Culture had revoked the rental license of the satirical comedy The Death of Stalin by a British director Armando Iannucci. The film was also sent for additional legal expertise, the news reported.
According to the head of department Vladimir Medinsky, many people of the older generation, and not only, will perceive it as an insulting mockery of the entire Soviet past, of the country that defeated fascism, of the Soviet army and over ordinary people. Medinsky assures that the revocation of the rental certificate is not related to issues of censorship, but to issues of morality.
The film, which was supposed to be released on January 25, tells about the struggle for power after the death of the Soviet leader. The main roles in the film played Jason Isaacs, Olga Kurilenko, Steve Buscemi And Rupert Friend.
The director of the feature film The Death of Stalin, Armando Iannucci, told reporters that he still hopes that his work will be released in Russian cinemas.
Press Secretary of the President of Russia Dmitry Peskov refused to consider the situation with the withdrawal of the rental certificate from the film The Death of Stalin a few days before its screening in cinemas as a manifestation of censorship.
