Hitler real name and surname. When and how did Hitler die? The death of Hitler, dramatization of the play

The actual "seizure of power" by Hitler became possible as a result of a political collusion with the former Chancellor F. von Papen. Meeting in secrecy on January 4, 1933, they came to an agreement to work together in the government, in which Hitler was to become chancellor, and von Papen's followers received key ministerial posts. In addition, they agreed on the removal of the leading positions of the Social Democrats, Communists and Jews. Von Papen's support brought the Nazi Party substantial financial assistance from German business circles. January 30, 1933 "Bavarian corporal" became chancellor, swearing an oath to defend the constitution of the Weimar Republic. The following year, Hitler assumed the title of Fuhrer (leader) and Chancellor of Germany.

Hitler sought to quickly consolidate his power and establish a "thousand-year Reich." In the first months of his reign, all political parties except the Nazi one were banned, trade unions were dissolved, the entire population was covered by Nazi-controlled unions, societies and groups. Hitler tried to convince the country of the danger of the "Red Terror". On the night of February 27, 1933, the Reichstag building caught fire. The Nazis blamed the Communists and took full advantage of the trumped-up charge in the elections by increasing their presence in the Reichstag.

By the summer of 1934, Hitler was facing serious opposition within his party. The "old fighters" of the SA assault detachments, led by E. Rem, demanded more radical social reforms, called for a "second revolution" and insisted on the need to strengthen their role in the army. German generals opposed such radicalism and the claims of the SA to lead the army. Hitler, who needed the support of the army and himself feared the uncontrollability of the attack aircraft, spoke out against his former comrades-in-arms. Accusing Rem of plotting to assassinate the Fuhrer, he staged a bloody massacre on June 30, 1934 (“the night of long knives”), during which several hundred SA leaders, including Rem, were killed. Soon, army officers swore allegiance not to the constitution or country, but to Hitler personally. Germany's Chief Justice proclaimed that "the law and the constitution are the will of our Führer".
Hitler aspired not only to legal, political and social dictatorship. “Our revolution,” he once stressed, “will not end until we dehumanize people.” For this purpose, he established the secret police (Gestapo), created concentration camps, the Ministry of Public Education and Propaganda. The Jews, declared the worst enemies of mankind, were deprived of their rights and subjected to public humiliation.

Having received dictatorial powers from the Reichstag, Hitler began preparations for war. Trampling the Treaty of Versailles, he restored universal military service, created powerful air Force. In 1936 he sent troops into the demilitarized Rhineland and refused to recognize the Locarno Treaties. Together with Mussolini, Hitler supported Franco in the Spanish Civil War and laid the foundations for the creation of the Rome-Berlin axis. He undertook aggressive diplomatic actions against potential adversaries both in the west and in the east, escalating international tension. In 1938, as a result of the so-called. Anschluss, Austria was annexed to the Third Reich.

On September 29, 1938, Hitler, together with Mussolini, met in Munich with British Prime Minister Chamberlain and French Prime Minister Daladier; the parties agreed with the rejection of the Sudetenland (with the German-speaking population) from Czechoslovakia. Mid October German troops occupied this territory, and Hitler began preparations for the next "crisis". On March 15, 1939, German troops occupied Prague, completing the absorption of Czechoslovakia.

In August 1939, with rare cynicism on both sides, Germany and the USSR signed a non-aggression pact, which gave Hitler a free hand in the east and gave him the opportunity to focus his efforts on the destruction of Europe.

On September 1, 1939, the German army invaded Poland, which marked the beginning of World War II. Hitler took command of the armed forces and imposed his own plan of warfare, despite the strong resistance of the army leadership, in particular, the chief of the general staff of the army, General L. Beck, who insisted that Germany did not have enough forces to defeat the allies (England and France), who declared war on Hitler. After the capture of Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium and, finally, France, Hitler - not without hesitation - decided to invade England. In October 1940, he issued a directive for Operation Sea Lion, the code name for the invasion.

Hitler's plans also included the conquest of the Soviet Union. Believing that the time had come for this, Hitler took steps to secure Japan's support in her conflict with the United States. He hoped that in this way he would keep America from interfering in the European conflict. Still, Hitler failed to convince the Japanese that a war with the USSR would be successful, and he later had to face the disconcerting fact of the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact.

On July 20, 1944, the last attempt to eliminate Hitler took place: a time bomb was detonated at his Wolfschanze headquarters near Rastenburg. Salvation from imminent death strengthened him in the consciousness of his chosen one, he decided that the German nation would not perish as long as he remained in Berlin. British and American troops from the west and the Soviet army from the east tightened the encirclement around the German capital. Hitler was in an underground bunker in Berlin, refusing to leave it: he did not go either to the front or to inspect German cities destroyed by Allied aircraft. On April 15, Eva Braun, his mistress for over 12 years, joined Hitler. At the time when he was going to power, this connection was not advertised, but as the end approached, he allowed Eva Braun to appear with him in public. In the early morning of April 29, they were married.

After dictating a political testament in which the future leaders of Germany called for a merciless struggle against the "poisoners of all peoples - international Jewry", Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945.
Sergey Piskunov
chrono.info

Adolf Hitler (1889 - 1945) - a great political and military figure, the founder of the totalitarian dictatorship of the Third Reich, the leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party, the founder and ideologist of the theory of National Socialism.

Hitler is known to the whole world, first of all, as a bloody dictator, a nationalist who dreamed of taking over the whole world and purging it of people of the "wrong" (not Aryan) race. He conquered half the world, launched a world war, created one of the most brutal political systems and destroyed millions of people in his camps.

Brief biography of Adolf Hitler

Hitler was born in a small town on the border between Germany and Austria. At school, the boy studied poorly, and higher education he failed to get it - twice he tried to enter the Academy of Arts (Hitler had artistic talent), but it was never accepted.

At a young age at the beginning of the First World War, Hitler voluntarily went to fight at the front, where the birth of a great politician and National Socialist took place in him. Hitler was successful in military career, received the rank of corporal and several military awards. In 1919, he returned from the war and joined the German Workers' Party, where he was also quickly promoted. During a serious economic and political crisis in Germany, Hitler skillfully carried out a series of National Socialist reforms in the party and achieved the post of head of the party in 1921. Since that time, he began to actively promote his policies and new national ideas, using the party apparatus and his military experience.

After the Bavarian putsch was organized on Hitler's orders, he was immediately arrested and sent to prison. It was during the time spent in prison that Hitler wrote one of his main works, Mein Kampf (My Struggle), in which he outlined all his thoughts on the current situation, outlined his position on racial issues (the superiority of the Aryan race), declared war Jews and communists, and also stated that it was Germany that should become the dominant state in the world.

Hitler's path to world domination began in 1933 when he was appointed Chancellor of Germany. Hitler received his post thanks to the economic reforms who helped overcome the crisis that erupted in 1929 (Germany was ruined after the First World War and was not in the best position). After his appointment as Reich Chancellor, Hitler immediately banned all other parties except the Nationalist Party. In the same period, a law was passed according to which Hitler became dictators for 4 years, having unlimited power.

A year later, in 1934, he himself appointed himself the leader of the "Third Reich" - the new political system based on the nationalist principle. Hitler's struggle with the Jews flared up - SS detachments and concentration camps were created. In the same period, the army was completely modernized and re-equipped - Hitler was preparing for a war that was supposed to bring Germany world domination.

In 1938, Hitler's victorious march around the world began. First, Austria was captured, then Czechoslovakia - they were annexed to the territory of Germany. The Second World War was in full swing. In 1941, Hitler's army attacked the USSR (the Great Patriotic War), but in four years of hostilities, Hitler failed to capture the country. The Soviet army, on the orders of Stalin, pushed back the German troops and captured Berlin.

At the end of the war, in his last days, Hitler controlled the troops from an underground bunker, but this did not help. Humiliated by defeat, Adolf Hitler, along with his wife Eva Braun, committed suicide in 1945.

The main provisions of Hitler's policy

Hitler's policy is a policy of racial discrimination and the superiority of one race and people over another. This is what guided the dictator, both in domestic and foreign policy. Germany under his leadership was to become a racially pure power that follows socialist principles and is ready to take the lead in the world. In order to achieve this ideal, Hitler pursued a policy of extermination of all other races, Jews were subjected to special persecution. At first they were simply deprived of all civil rights, and then they simply began to be caught and killed with particular cruelty. Later, captured soldiers also ended up in concentration camps during World War II.

However, it is worth noting that Hitler managed to significantly improve the German economy and bring the country out of the crisis. Hitler significantly reduced unemployment. He raised the industry (it was now focused on serving the military industry), encouraged various social events and various holidays (exclusively among the native German population). Germany, in general, before the war was able to get on its feet and gain some economic stability.

Results of Hitler's reign

• Germany managed to get out of the economic crisis;
• Germany turned into a National Socialist state, which bore the unofficial name of the "Third Reich" and pursued a policy of racial discrimination and terror;
• Hitler became one of the main figures who unleashed the Second World War. He managed to seize vast territories and significantly increase the political influence of Germany in the world;
• Hundreds of thousands of innocent people, including children and women, were killed during Hitler's reign of terror. Numerous concentration camps, where Jews and other objectionable personalities were taken, became death chambers for hundreds of people, only a few survived;
• Hitler is considered one of the most brutal world dictators in the history of mankind.

23.09.2007 19:32

Childhood and youth of Adolf. World War I.

Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 (beginning in 1933 this day became the national holiday of Nazi Germany).
The father of the future Fuhrer, Alois Hitler, was first a shoemaker, then a customs officer, who until 1876 bore the surname Schicklgruber (hence the common belief that this is Hitler's real name).

He received a not too high bureaucratic rank of chief official. Mother - Clara, nee Pelzl, came from a peasant family. Hitler was born in Austria, in Braunau am Inn, in a village in a mountainous part of the country. The family often moved from place to place and finally settled in Leonding, a suburb of Linz, where they got their own house. On the headstone of Hitler's parents, the words are carved: "Alois Hitler, chief official in the customs department, landlord. His wife Clara Hitler."
Hitler was born from his father's third marriage. All of Hitler's numerous relatives of the older generation were apparently illiterate. The priests wrote down the names of these persons in parish books by ear, so there was an obvious discord: someone was called Güttler, someone was Gidler, etc., etc.
The Fuhrer's grandfather remained unknown. Alois Hitler, father of Adolf, was adopted by a certain Hitler at the request of his uncle, also Hitler, apparently his actual parent.

The adoption came after both the adopter and his wife, Maria Anna Schicklgruber, the Nazi dictator's grandmother, had long since passed away. According to some sources, the illegitimate himself was already 39, according to others - 40 years old! Perhaps it was about inheritance.
Hitler did not study well in high school, therefore he did not graduate from a real school and did not receive a matriculation certificate. His father died relatively early - in 1903. Mother sold the house in Leonding and settled in Linz. From the age of 16, the future Fuhrer lived at the expense of his mother rather freely. At one time he even studied music. In his youth, from musical and literary works, he preferred Wagner's operas, Germanic mythology and adventure novels by Karl May; adult Hitler's favorite composer was Wagner, his favorite film was King Kong. As a boy, Hitler loved cakes and picnics, long conversations after midnight, loved looking at pretty girls; in adulthood, these addictions intensified.

I slept until noon, went to theaters, especially the opera, and spent hours in coffee houses. He spent his time visiting theaters and the opera, copying Romantic paintings, reading adventure books, and walking in the woods around Linz. His mother spoiled him, and Adolf behaved like a dandy, wearing black leather gloves, a bowler hat, walking with a mahogany cane with an ivory head. He rejected all offers to find a job for himself with contempt.
At the age of 18 he went to Vienna to enter the Academy of Fine Arts there in the hope of becoming a great artist. He entered twice - once he did not pass the exam, the second time he was not even allowed to take it, and he had to earn a living by drawing postcards and advertisements. He was advised to enter the architectural institute, but for this it was necessary to have a matriculation certificate. The years in Vienna (1907-1913) Hitler will regard as the most instructive of his life.

In the future, according to him, he only needed to add some details to the "great ideas" that he acquired there (hatred of Jews, liberal democrats and "petty-bourgeois" society). He was especially influenced by the writings of L. von Liebenfels, who argued that the future dictator should protect the Aryan race by enslaving or killing subhumans. In Vienna, he also became interested in the idea of ​​"living space" (Lebensraum) for Germany.
Hitler read everything that came to hand. Subsequently, fragmentary knowledge gleaned from popular philosophical, sociological, historical works, and most importantly, from brochures of that distant time, constituted Hitler's "philosophy".
When the money left by his mother (she died of breast cancer in 1909) and the inheritance of a wealthy aunt ended, he spent the night on park benches, then in a rooming house in Meidling. And, finally, he settled on Meldemannstrasse in the Mennerheim charitable institution, which literally means "Men's House".
All this time, Hitler was interrupted by odd jobs, hired for some temporary work (for example, he helped at construction sites, cleaned snow or brought suitcases), then he began to draw (or rather, copy) pictures that were sold first by his companion, and later by himself. He mainly drew from photographs architectural monuments in Vienna and Munich, where he moved in 1913. At the age of 25, the future Fuhrer had no family, no beloved woman, no friends, no permanent job, no life purpose- there was something to despair of. The Vienna period of Hitler's life ended quite abruptly: he moved to Munich to escape military service. But the Austrian military authorities tracked down the fugitive. Hitler had to go to Salzburg, where he passed a military commission. However, it was declared unfit for military service for health.

How he did it is unknown.
In Munich, Hitler still lived in poverty: on the money from the sale of watercolors and advertising.
The declassed, dissatisfied with their existence stratum of society, to which Hitler belonged, enthusiastically welcomed the First World War, believing that every loser would have a chance to become a "hero".
Having become a volunteer, Hitler spent four years in the war. He served at the headquarters of the regiment as a liaison with the rank of corporal and did not even become an officer. But he received not only a medal for the wound, but also orders. Order of the Iron Cross 2nd class, possibly 1st. Some historians believe that Hitler wore the Iron Cross 1st Class without being eligible. Others claim that he was awarded this order at the suggestion of a certain Hugo Gutmann, adjutant of the regiment commander ... a Jew, and that therefore this fact was omitted from the official biography of the Fuhrer.

Germany lost this war. The country was engulfed in the flames of revolution. Hitler, and with him hundreds of thousands of other German losers returned home. He participated in the so-called Commission of Inquiry, which was engaged in the "cleansing" of the 2nd Infantry Regiment, identified "troublemakers" and "revolutionaries". And on June 12, 1919, he was seconded to short-term courses of "political education", which again functioned in Munich. After completing the courses, he became an agent in the service of a certain group of reactionary officers who fought against leftist elements among the soldiers and non-commissioned officers.
He compiled lists of soldiers and officers involved in the April uprising of workers and soldiers in Munich. He collected information about all kinds of dwarf organizations and parties regarding their worldview, programs and goals. And reported all this to the management.
The ruling circles of Germany were scared to death of the revolutionary movement. The people, exhausted by the war, lived incredibly hard: inflation, unemployment, devastation...

Dozens of militaristic, revanchist unions, gangs, gangs appeared in Germany - strictly secret, armed, with their own charters and mutual responsibility. On September 12, 1919, Hitler was sent to a meeting at the Sternekkerbräu beer hall, a gathering of another dwarf group that loudly called itself the German Workers' Party. The meeting discussed the pamphlet of engineer Feder. Feder's ideas about "productive" and "unproductive" capital, about the need to combat "percentage slavery", against loan offices and "department stores", spiced with chauvinism, hatred of Treaty of Versailles, and most importantly, anti-Semitism, seemed to Hitler a very suitable platform. He performed and was a success. And party leader Anton Drexler invited him to join the WDA. After consulting with his superiors, Hitler accepted this proposal. Hitler became a member of this party at number 55, and later at number 7 became a member of its executive committee.
Hitler, with all his oratorical fervor, rushed to win popularity for Drexler's party, at least within Munich. In the autumn of 1919, he spoke three times at crowded meetings. In February 1920, he rented the so-called front hall in the Hofbräuhaus beer hall and gathered 2,000 listeners. Convinced of his success as a party functionary, in April 1920, Hitler abandoned the spy's earnings.
Hitler's success attracted to him workers, artisans and people who did not have a permanent job, in a word, all those who made up the backbone of the party. At the end of 1920, there were already 3,000 people in the party.
With the money borrowed by the writer Eckart from General Epp, the party bought a ruined newspaper called the Völkischer Beobachter, which means "People's Observer".
In January 1921, Hitler had already filmed the Krone circus, where he performed to an audience of 6,500 people. Gradually, Hitler got rid of the founders of the party. Apparently, at the same time he renamed it the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany, abbreviated NSDAP (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei).
Hitler obtained the position of the first chairman with dictatorial powers, expelling Drexler and Scharer.

Instead of collegial leadership in the party, the principle of the Fuhrer was officially introduced. In place of Schüssler, who dealt with financial and organizational matters, Hitler put his man, a former sergeant major in his unit of Aman. Naturally, Aman reported only to the Fuhrer himself.
Already in 1921, assault detachments, the SA, were created to help the party. Hermann Goering became their leader after Emil Mauris and Ulrich Klinch. Perhaps Goering was the only surviving ally of Hitler. Creating the SA, Hitler relied on the experience of paramilitary organizations that arose in Germany immediately after the end of the war. In January 1923, an imperial party congress was convened, although the party existed only in Bavaria, more precisely, in Munich. Western historians unanimously claim that the first sponsors of Hitler were ladies, the wives of wealthy Bavarian industrialists. The Fuhrer, as it were, gave a "zest" to their well-fed, but insipid life.

Since the autumn of 1923, power in Bavaria has actually been concentrated in the hands of a triumvirate: Carr, General Lossow and Colonel Zeisser, the police president. The triumvirate was at first hostile to the central government in Berlin. On September 26, Carr, the Bavarian prime minister, declared a state of emergency and banned 14 (!) Nazi demonstrations.
However, knowing the reactionary nature of the then masters of Bavaria and their dissatisfaction with the imperial government, Hitler continued to call on his supporters to "march on Berlin."

Hitler was a clear opponent of Bavarian separatism, he not without reason saw his allies in the triumvirate, who could later be deceived, outwitted, preventing the separation of Bavaria.
Ernst Rehm stood at the head of the assault squads (German abbreviation SA). The leaders of the militaristic alliances came up with all sorts of plans for what to time the "campaign" or, as they called it, the "revolution". And how to force the Bavarian triumvirate to lead this "national revolution" ... And suddenly it turned out that on November 8 there was a big rally in the Bürgerbräukeller, where Carr would make a speech and where other prominent Bavarian politicians would be present, including General Lossow and Zeisser .
The hall where the rally was held was surrounded by storm troopers, and Hitler burst into it under the protection of armed thugs. Jumping up to the podium, he shouted: “The national revolution has begun. The hall is captured by six hundred military men armed with machine guns. Nobody dares to leave it. I declare the Bavarian government and the imperial government in Berlin deposed. The provisional national government has already been formed. The Reichswehr and the police will now march under swastika banners!" Hitler, leaving Goering in the hall instead, behind the scenes began to "process" Karr, Lossov ... At the same time, another associate of Hitler, Scheibner-Richter, went after Ludendorff. Finally, Hitler again ascended the podium and declared "that the "national revolution" would be carried out together with the Bavarian triumvirate.

As for the government in Berlin, he, Hitler, will head it, and General Ludendorff will command the Reichswehr. The participants in the meeting at the Bürgerbräukeller dispersed, including the energetic Lossov, who immediately sent a telegram to Seeckt. Regular units and the police were mobilized to disperse the riots. In a word, they prepared to repulse the Nazis. But Hitler, to whom his thugs flocked from everywhere, still had to move at the head of the column to the city center at 11 o'clock in the morning.
The column for cheerfulness sang and shouted out their misanthropic slogans. But on the narrow Residenzstrasse she was met by a chain of policemen. It is still unknown who fired first. After that, the shooting continued for two minutes. Scheibner-Richter fell - he was killed. Behind him is Hitler, who broke his collarbone. In total, 4 people were killed on the part of the police, and 16 on the part of the Nazis. The "rebels" fled, Hitler was pushed into a yellow car and taken away.
This is how Hitler became famous. All the German newspapers wrote about him. His portraits were placed in weekly magazines. And at that time, Hitler needed any "glory", even the most scandalous.
Two days after the unsuccessful "march on Berlin," Hitler was arrested by the police. On April 1, 1924, he and two accomplices were sentenced to five years in prison, plus the time they had already spent in prison. Ludendorff and other participants in the bloody events were generally acquitted.

The prison, or fortress, in Landsberg an der Lech, where Hitler spent a total of 13 months before and after the trial (according to the sentence for "high treason" only nine months!), Historians of Nazism are often called the Nazi "sanatorium". Everything ready, walking in the garden and receiving numerous guests and business visitors, answering letters and telegrams.

Hitler dictated the first volume of the book containing his political program, calling it "Four and a half years of struggle against lies, stupidity and cowardice." Later she came out under the name "My Struggle" (Mein Kampf), sold millions of copies and made Hitler a rich man.
Hitler offered the Germans one proven culprit, an enemy in satanic guise - a Jew. After the "liberation" from the Jews, Hitler promised the German people a great future. Moreover, immediately. Heavenly life will come on German soil. All shopkeepers will receive shops. Poor tenants will become homeowners. Losers-intellectuals - professors. Poor peasants - rich farmers. Women - beauties, their children - healthy, "the breed will improve." It was not Hitler who "invented" anti-Semitism, but it was he who planted it in Germany.

And he was far from the last to use it for his own purposes.
The main ideas of Hitler that had developed by this time were reflected in the NSDAP program (25 points), the core of which was the following requirements: 1) the restoration of the power of Germany by uniting all Germans under a single state roof; 2) the assertion of the dominance of the German Empire in Europe, mainly in the east of the continent in the Slavic lands; 3) the cleansing of the German territory from the "foreigners" that litter it, primarily Jews; 4) the elimination of the rotten parliamentary regime, its replacement by a vertical hierarchy corresponding to the German spirit, in which the will of the people is personified in a leader endowed with absolute power; 5) the liberation of the people from the dictatorship of world financial capital and the full support of small and handicraft production, the creativity of freelancers.
Adolf Hitler outlined these ideas in his autobiographical book "My Struggle".

Hitler left the Landsberg fortress on December 20, 1924. He had a plan of action. At first, to purge the NSDAP of "factionalists", to introduce iron discipline and the principle of "fuhrerism", that is, autocracy, then to strengthen its army - the SA, to destroy the rebellious spirit there.
Already on February 27, Hitler delivered a speech in the Bürgerbräukeller (all Western historians refer to it), where he bluntly stated: “I alone lead the Movement and personally bear responsibility for it. And I alone, again, bear responsibility for everything that happens in the Movement. ..Either the enemy will pass over our corpses, or we will pass over his..."
Accordingly, at the same time, Hitler carried out another "rotation" of personnel. However, at first, Hitler could not get rid of his most powerful rivals - Gregor Strasser and Röhm. Although pushing them into the background, he began immediately.
The "cleansing" of the party ended with the fact that Hitler created in 1926 his "party court" GONE - the investigative and arbitration committee. Its chairman, Walter Buch, until 1945 fought "sedition" in the ranks of the NSDAP.
However, at that time, Hitler's party could not count on success at all. The situation in Germany gradually stabilized. Inflation has gone down. Unemployment has decreased. Industrialists managed to modernize the German economy. The French troops left the Ruhr. The Stresemann government managed to conclude some agreements with the West.
The pinnacle of Hitler's success in that period was the first party congress in August 1927 in Nuremberg. In 1927-1928, that is, five or six years before coming to power, heading a still relatively weak party, Hitler created a "shadow government" in the NSDAP - Political Department II.

Goebbels was the head of the propaganda department since 1928. No less important "invention" of Hitler were the Gauleiters in the field, that is, the Nazi bosses in the field in individual lands. Huge Gauleiter headquarters replaced after 1933 the administrative bodies established in Weimar Germany.
In 1930-1933, there was a fierce struggle for votes in Germany. One election followed another. Pumped up with the money of the German reaction, the Nazis rushed to power with all their might. In 1933 they wanted to get her out of the hands of President Hindenburg. But for this they had to create the appearance of support for the NSDAP party by the general population. Otherwise, the post of chancellor would not have been seen by Hitler. For Hindenburg had his favorites - von Papen, Schleicher: it was with their help that it was "most convenient" for him to rule the 70 million German people.
Hitler never received an absolute majority in an election. And an important obstacle in its path was the extremely strong parties of the working class - the Social Democratic and the Communist. In 1930, the Social Democrats won 8,577,000 votes in the elections, the Communists 4,592,000, and the Nazis 6,409,000. In June 1932, the Social Democrats lost a few votes, but still received 795,000 votes, while the Communists gained new votes, gaining 5,283,000 votes. The Nazis reached their "peak" in this election: they received 13,745,000 ballots. But already in December of the same year they lost 2,000 voters. In December, the situation was as follows: the Social Democrats received 7,248,000 votes, the Communists again strengthened their positions - 5,980,000 votes, the Nazis - 1,1737,000 votes. In other words, the preponderance has always been on the side of the workers' parties. The number of ballots cast for Hitler and his party, even at the peak of their career, did not exceed 37.3 percent.

Adolf Hitler - Chancellor of Germany.

On January 30, 1933, the 86-year-old President Hindenburg appointed the head of the NSDAP, Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Germany. On the same day, superbly organized stormtroopers concentrated on their assembly points. In the evening, with torches lit, they passed by the presidential palace, in one window of which stood Hindenburg, and in the other - Hitler.

According to official figures, 25,000 people took part in the torchlight procession. It went on for several hours.
Already at the first meeting on January 30, a discussion took place of measures directed against the Communist Party of Germany. Hitler spoke on the radio the next day. "Give us four years. Our task is to fight against communism."
Hitler fully took into account the effect of surprise. He not only prevented the anti-Nazi forces from uniting and consolidating, he literally stunned them, took them by surprise and very soon defeated them completely. This was the first Nazi blitzkrieg on their own territory.
1 February - Dissolution of the Reichstag. New elections have already been scheduled for March 5. The ban on all open-air communist rallies (of course, they were not given halls).
On February 2, the president issued an order "On the Protection of the German People", a virtual ban on meetings and newspapers critical of Nazism. The tacit authorization of "preventive arrests", without appropriate legal sanctions. Dissolution of city and communal parliaments in Prussia.
February 7 - Goering's "Decree on Shooting". Police permission to use weapons. The SA, SS and the Steel Helmet are involved in helping the police. Two weeks later, the armed detachments of the SA, SS, "Steel Helmet" come under Goering's disposal as auxiliary police.
February 27 - Reichstag fire. On the night of February 28, about ten thousand communists, social democrats, people of progressive views are arrested. The Communist Party and some organizations of the Social Democrats are banned.
February 28 - order of the President "On the protection of the people and the state." In fact, the announcement of a "state of emergency" with all the ensuing consequences.

Order for the arrest of the leaders of the KKE.
At the beginning of March, Telman was arrested, the militant organization of the Social Democrats Reichsbanner (Iron Front) was banned, first in Thuringia, and by the end of the month - in all German lands.
On March 21, a presidential decree "On betrayal" is issued, directed against statements that harm the "well-being of the Reich and the reputation of the government", "emergency courts" are created. The name of the concentration camps is mentioned for the first time. Over 100 of them will be created by the end of the year.
At the end of March, a law on the death penalty is issued. Introduced the death penalty through hanging.
March 31 - the first law on the deprivation of the rights of individual lands. Dissolution of the state parliaments. (Except for the Prussian Parliament.)
April 1 - "boycott" of Jewish citizens.
April 4 - ban on free exit from the country. The introduction of special "visas".
April 7 - the second law on the deprivation of land rights. Return of all titles and orders abolished in 1919. The law on the status of "officialdom", the return of his former rights. Persons of "unreliable" and "non-Aryan origin" were excluded from the corps of "officials".
April 14 - Expulsion of 15 percent of professors from universities and other educational institutions.
April 26 - the creation of the Gestapo.
May 2 - Appointment in certain lands of "imperial governors" who were subordinate to Hitler (in most cases, former Gauleiters).
May 7 - "purge" among writers and artists.

Publication of "black lists" of "not (true) German writers". Confiscation of their books in shops and libraries. The number of banned books - 12409, banned authors - 141.
May 10 - Public burning of banned books in Berlin and other university cities.
June 21 - inclusion of the "Steel Helmet" in the SA.
June 22 - the ban of the Social Democratic Party, the arrests of the functionaries of this party who were still at large.
June 25 - Introduction of Göring's control over theatrical plans in Prussia.
From June 27 to July 14 - self-dissolution of all parties not yet banned. The prohibition of the creation of new parties. The actual establishment of a one-party system. Law depriving all emigrants of German citizenship. The Hitler salute becomes mandatory for civil servants.
August 1 - renunciation of the right of pardon in Prussia. Immediate enforcement of sentences. Introduction of the guillotine.
August 25 - A list of persons deprived of citizenship is published, among them - communists, socialists, liberals, representatives of the intelligentsia.
September 1 - the opening in Nuremberg of the "Congress of the Winners", the next congress of the NSDAP.
September 22 - Law on the "imperial cultural guilds" - states of writers, artists, musicians. The actual ban on the publication, performance, exhibition of all those who are not members of the chamber.
November 12 - elections to the Reichstag under a one-party system. Referendum on Germany's withdrawal from the League of Nations.
November 24 - the law "On the detention of recidivists after they have served their sentence."

"Recidivists" means political prisoners.
December 1 - the law "on ensuring the unity of the party and the state." Personal union between party Fuhrers and major state functionaries.
December 16 - mandatory permission from the authorities to parties and trade unions (extremely powerful during the Weimar Republic), democratic institutions and rights are completely forgotten: freedom of the press, freedom of conscience, freedom of movement, freedom of strikes, meetings, demonstrations. Finally, creative freedom. From the rule of law, Germany has become a country of total lawlessness. Any citizen, on any slander, without any legal sanctions, could be put in a concentration camp and kept there forever. For a year, the "lands" (regions) in Germany, which had great rights, were completely deprived of them.
So what about the economy? Even before 1933, Hitler said: “Do you really think me so crazy that I want to destroy German large-scale industry? Entrepreneurs, through business qualities, have gained a leading position. headship." During the same 1933, Hitler gradually prepared himself to subjugate both industry and finance, to make them an appendage of his military-political authoritarian state.
The military plans, which he hid even from his inner circle at the first stage, the stage of the "national revolution", dictated their own laws - it was necessary to arm Germany to the teeth in the shortest possible time. And this required super-stressed and purposeful work, investment in certain industries. The creation of a complete economic "autarky" (that is, such an economic system that itself produces everything it needs for itself and consumes it itself).

As early as the first third of the 20th century, the capitalist economy was striving to establish widely branched world ties, to the division of labor, etc.
The fact remains that Hitler wanted to control the economy, and thereby gradually curtailed the rights of owners, introduced something like state capitalism.
On March 16, 1933, that is, one and a half months after coming to power, Schacht was appointed chairman of the German Reichsbank. "Own" man will now be in charge of finances, seek gigantic sums to finance the war economy. Not without reason, in 1945, Schacht sat on the dock in Nuremberg, although the department had departed before the war.
On July 15, the General Council of the German Economy is convened: 17 large industrialists, farmers, bankers, representatives of trading firms and apparatchiks of the NSDAP - issue a law on "mandatory association of enterprises" in cartels. Part of the enterprises "joins", in other words, is absorbed by larger concerns. This was followed by: Goering's "four-year plan", the creation of the super-powerful state concern Hermann Goering-Werke, the transfer of the entire economy to a military footing, and at the end of Hitler's reign, the transfer of large military orders to Himmler's department, which had millions of prisoners, and therefore , free work force. Of course, we must not forget that the big monopolies profited immensely under Hitler - in the early years at the expense of "arized" enterprises (expropriated firms in which Jewish capital participated), and later at the expense of factories, banks, raw materials and other valuables seized from other countries .

Yet the economy was controlled and regulated by the state. And immediately failures, disproportions, a lag in light industry, etc., were discovered.
By the summer of 1934, Hitler was facing serious opposition within his party. The "old fighters" of the SA assault detachments, led by E. Rem, demanded more radical social reforms, called for a "second revolution" and insisted on the need to strengthen their role in the army. German generals opposed such radicalism and the claims of the SA to lead the army. Hitler, who needed the support of the army and himself feared the uncontrollability of the attack aircraft, spoke out against his former comrades-in-arms. Accusing Rem of plotting to kill the Fuhrer, he staged a bloody massacre on June 30, 1934 ("the night of long knives"), during which several hundred SA leaders, including Rem, were killed. Strasser, von Kahr, the former Chancellor General Schleicher and other figures were physically destroyed. Hitler acquired absolute power over Germany.

Soon, army officers swore allegiance not to the constitution or country, but to Hitler personally. Germany's supreme judge proclaimed that "the law and the constitution are the will of our Fuhrer." Hitler aspired not only to legal, political and social dictatorship. "Our revolution," he once stressed, "will not end until we dehumanize people."
It is known that the Nazi leader wanted to start a world war already in 1938. Prior to this, he managed to "peacefully" annex large territories to Germany. In particular, in 1935 the Saarland through a plebiscite. The plebiscite turned out to be a brilliant trick of Hitler's diplomacy and propaganda. 91 percent of the population voted in favor of "joining". Perhaps the results of the vote were falsified.
Western politicians, contrary to elementary common sense, began to give up one position after another. Already in 1935, Hitler concluded with England the notorious "Navy Agreement", which gave the Nazis the opportunity to openly create warships. In the same year, universal conscription was introduced in Germany. On March 7, 1936, Hitler ordered the occupation of the demilitarized Rhineland. The West was silent, although it could not help but see that the dictator's appetites were growing.

In 1936, the Nazis intervened in civil war in Spain - Franco was their henchman. The West was delighted with the order in Germany, sending its athletes and fans to the Olympics.

And this is after the "night of long knives" - the murders of Rem and his storm troopers, after the Leipzig trial of Dimitrov and after the adoption of the notorious Nuremberg Laws, which turned the Jewish population of Germany into pariahs!
Finally, in 1938, as part of intensive preparations for war, Hitler carried out another "rotation" - he expelled Minister of War Blomberg and Supreme Army Commander Fritsch, and also replaced professional diplomat von Neurath with Nazi Ribbentrop.
On March 11, 1938, Nazi troops entered Austria in a victorious march. The Austrian government was intimidated and demoralized. The operation to capture Austria was called "Anschluss", which means "attachment". And finally, the climax of 1938 was the capture of Czechoslovakia as a result of the Munich Agreement, that is, in fact, with the consent and approval of the then British Prime Minister Chamberlain and the French Daladier, as well as Germany's ally, fascist Italy.
In all these actions, Hitler acted not as a strategist, not as a tactician, not even as a politician, but as a player who knew that his partners in the West were ready for all sorts of concessions. He studied the weaknesses of the strong, constantly spoke to them about the world, flattered, cunning, and intimidated and suppressed those who were unsure of themselves.
On March 15, 1939, the Nazis captured Czechoslovakia and announced the creation of a so-called protectorate on the territory of Bohemia and Moravia.
On August 23, 1939, Hitler signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union and thereby secured a free hand in Poland.
On September 1, 1939, the German army invaded Poland, which marked the beginning of World War II. Hitler took command of the armed forces and imposed his own plan of warfare, despite the strong resistance of the army leadership, in particular, the chief of the general staff of the army, General L. Beck, who insisted that Germany did not have enough forces to defeat the allies (England and France), who declared war on Hitler. After Hitler's attack on Poland, England and France declared war on Germany. The beginning of World War II is dated September 1, 1939.

Already after the declaration of war by France and England, Hitler captured half of Poland in 18 days, utterly defeating its army. The Polish state was unable to fight one on one with the powerful German Wehrmacht. The first stage of the war in Germany was called "sitting" war, and in other countries - "strange" or even "funny". All this time Hitler remained the master of the situation. The "funny" war ended on April 9, 1940, when Nazi troops invaded Denmark and Norway. On May 10, Hitler launched a campaign to the West: the Netherlands and Belgium became his first victims. In six weeks, the Nazi Wehrmacht defeated France, defeated and pressed the British expeditionary corps to the sea. Hitler signed the truce in Marshal Foch's salon car, in the forest near Compiègne, that is, in the very place where Germany capitulated in 1918. Blitzkrieg - Hitler's dream - came true.
Western historians now admit that in the first phase of the war the Nazis scored more political than military victories.

But no army was even remotely as motorized as the German one. The gambler Hitler felt himself, as they wrote then, "the greatest generals of all times and peoples", as well as "an amazing visionary in technical and tactical respects" ... "the creator of the modern armed forces" (Jodl).
Let us remember at the same time that it was impossible to object to Hitler, that he was only allowed to be glorified and deified. The High Command of the Wehrmacht has become, in the apt expression of one researcher, the "Führer's office". The results were not long in coming: an atmosphere of super-euphoria reigned in the army.
Were there generals who openly contradicted Hitler? Of course not. Nevertheless, it is known that during the war they retired, having fallen out of favor, or three supreme commanders of the armies, 4 chiefs of the general staff (the fifth - Krebs - died in Berlin along with Hitler), 14 out of 18 field marshals of the ground forces, 21 out of 37 colonel generals.
Of course, no normal generals, that is, generals not in a totalitarian state, would have allowed such a terrible defeat as Germany suffered.
Hitler's main task was the conquest of "living space" in the East, the crushing of "Bolshevism" and the enslavement of "world Slavs."

The English historian Trevor-Roper convincingly showed that from 1925 until his death, Hitler did not doubt for a second that the great peoples of the Soviet Union could be turned into silent slaves, who would be controlled by German overseers, "Aryans" from the ranks of the SS. Here is what Trevor-Roper writes about this: “After the war, you often hear the words that the Russian campaign was Hitler’s big “mistake”. If he had behaved neutrally towards Russia, he would have managed to subjugate all of Europe, organize it and And England would never have been able to drive the Germans out of there.I cannot share this point of view, it comes from the fact that Hitler would not be Hitler!
For Hitler, the Russian campaign was never a side military scam, a private sortie for important sources raw materials or an impulsive move in a game of chess that looks almost drawn. The Russian campaign decided whether or not to be National Socialism. And this campaign became not only obligatory, but also urgent.
Hitler's program was translated into military language - "Plan Barbarossa" and into the language of occupation policy - "Plan Ost".
The German people, according to Hitler's theory, were humiliated by the victors in the First World War and, under the conditions that arose after the war, could not successfully develop and fulfill the mission assigned to them by history.

In order to develop the national culture and increase the sources of power, he needed to acquire additional permanent space. And since there were no free lands, they should have been taken where the population density is low and the land is used irrationally. Such an opportunity for the German nation was available only in the East, at the expense of territories inhabited by peoples less valuable in racial terms than the Germans, primarily the Slavs. The capture of a new living space in the East and the enslavement of the peoples living there were considered by Hitler as a prerequisite and starting point for the struggle for world domination.
The first major defeat of the Wehrmacht in the winter of 1941/1942 near Moscow had a strong impact on Hitler. The chain of his successive victorious aggressive campaigns. According to Colonel-General Jodl, who during the war years communicated with Hitler more than anyone else, in December 1941 the Führer's inner confidence in the German victory disappeared, and the disaster at Stalingrad convinced him even more of the inevitability of defeat. But this could only be assumed by some features in his behavior and actions. He himself never talked about it to anyone. Ambition did not allow him to admit to the collapse of his own plans. He continued to convince everyone around him, the entire German people of the inevitable victory and demanded that they make as much effort as possible to achieve it. According to his instructions, measures were taken for the total mobilization of the economy and human resources. Disregarding reality, he ignored all the advice of specialists who went against his instructions.
The stop of the Wehrmacht in front of Moscow in December 1941 and the counteroffensive that followed caused confusion among many German generals. Hitler ordered to stubbornly defend each line and not to retreat from their positions without orders from above. This decision saved the German army from collapse, but it also had its own reverse side. It assured Hitler of his own military genius, of his superiority over the generals. Now he believed that by taking over the direct leadership of military operations on the Eastern Front instead of the retired Brauchitsch, he would be able to achieve victory over Russia as early as 1942. But the crushing defeat at Stalingrad, which became the most sensitive for the Germans in World War II, stunned the Fuhrer.
Since 1943, all of Hitler's activities were in fact limited to current military problems. He no longer made far-reaching political decisions.

Almost all the time he was at his headquarters, surrounded only by the closest military advisers. Hitler nevertheless spoke to the people, although he showed less interest in their position and moods.
Unlike other tyrants and conquerors, Hitler committed crimes not only for political and military reasons, but for personal reasons. Hitler's victims numbered in the millions. At his direction, a whole system of extermination was created, a kind of conveyor for killing people, eliminating and disposing of their remains. He was guilty of the mass extermination of people on ethnic, racial, social and other grounds, which is qualified by lawyers as a crime against humanity.
Many of Hitler's crimes were not related to the defense national interests Germany and the German people were not caused by military necessity. On the contrary, to some extent they even undermined the military power of Germany. So, for example, to carry out massacres in the death camps created by the Nazis, Hitler kept tens of thousands of SS men in the rear. Of these, it was possible to create more than one division and thereby strengthen the troops of the army in the field. Transporting millions of prisoners to the death camps required an enormous amount of rail and other transport, and it could be used for military purposes.
In the summer of 1944, he considered it possible, steadfastly holding positions on the Soviet-German front, to thwart the invasion of Europe that was being prepared by the Western Allies, and then use the situation favorable for Germany to reach an agreement with them. But this plan was not destined to be realized. The Germans failed to throw into the sea the Anglo-American troops that had landed in Normandy. They managed to hold the captured bridgehead, concentrate huge forces there and, after careful preparation, break through the front of the German defense. The Wehrmacht did not hold its positions in the east either. A particularly large disaster occurred in the central section Eastern Front, where the German army group "Center" was completely defeated, and the Soviet troops began to move menacingly quickly towards the German borders.

The failed assassination attempt on Hitler on July 20, 1944, committed by a group of opposition-minded German officers, was used by the Fuhrer as a pretext for an all-encompassing mobilization of human and material resources to continue the war. By the autumn of 1944, Hitler managed to stabilize the front, which had begun to fall apart in the east and west, restore many defeated formations and form a number of new ones. He again thinks about how to cause a crisis in his opponents. In the West, he thought, it would be easier to do this. The idea that came to him was embodied in the plan of the German performance in the Ardennes.
From a military point of view, this offensive was a gamble. It could not inflict significant damage on the military power of the Western allies, much less cause a turning point in the war. But Hitler was primarily interested in political results.

He wanted to show the leaders of the United States and Britain that he still had enough strength to continue the war, and now he decided to shift the main efforts from east to west, which meant weakening resistance in the east and raising the danger of Germany being occupied by Soviet troops. By an unexpected display of German military power on the Western Front, with a simultaneous display of readiness to accept defeat in the East, Hitler hoped to arouse fear among the Western powers about the possible transformation of all of Germany into a Bolshevik bastion in the center of Europe. Hitler also hoped to force them to start separate negotiations with the existing regime in Germany, to make a certain compromise with him. He believed that Western democracies would prefer Nazi Germany over communist Germany.
However, all these calculations were not justified. The Western Allies, although experiencing some shock from the unexpected German offensive, did not want to have anything to do with Hitler and the regime he led. They continued to work closely with the Soviet Union, which helped them get out of the crisis caused by the Wehrmacht's Ardennes operation by launching an offensive ahead of schedule from the Vistula line.
By the middle of spring 1945, Hitler no longer had any hope for a miracle. On April 22, 1945, he decided not to leave the capital, stay in his bunker and commit suicide. The fate of the German people no longer interested him.

The Germans, Hitler believed, turned out to be unworthy of such a "brilliant leader" as he, therefore they had to die and give way to stronger and more viable peoples. In the last days of April, Hitler was concerned only with the question of his own fate. He feared the judgment of the peoples for the crimes committed. He was horrified by the news of the execution of Mussolini along with his mistress and the mockery of their corpses in Milan. This end terrified him. Hitler was in an underground bunker in Berlin, refusing to leave it: he did not go either to the front or to inspect German cities destroyed by Allied aircraft. On April 15, Eva Braun, his mistress for over 12 years, joined Hitler. At the time when he was going to power, this connection was not advertised, but as the end approached, he allowed Eva Braun to appear with him in public. In the early morning of April 29, they were married.
Having dictated a political testament in which the future leaders of Germany called for a merciless fight against the "poisoners of all peoples - international Jewry", Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945, and their corpses, on Hitler's orders, were burned in the garden of the Reich Chancellery, next to the bunker where the Fuhrer spent the last months of his life. :: Multimedia

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Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) - a great political and military figure, the Reich Chancellor of Germany, the founder of the totalitarian dictatorship of the Third Reich, the main ideologist of National Socialism.

Adolf Hitler was one of the most famous bloody dictators in the history of the world. He was distinguished by extremely nationalistic views, pursued a corresponding policy in Germany and dreamed of conquering the whole world. Hitler is the founder of the theory of fascism, he ordered the creation of fascist concentration camps, where people of the “wrong” nationality (mostly Jews) ended up, where they were tortured and killed. Hitler unleashed the Second World War, conquered several countries and reached the USSR.

Brief biography of Hitler

Hitler was born in a small town on the border of Austria and Germany in an ordinary family. As a child, he did not show military talents and did not excel at school. Hitler was not taken to the university, he tried twice to enter the Academy of Arts in the art department.

At a young age, unable to study further, Hitler voluntarily joined the army, from where he was immediately sent to the front. It was during the war that the birth of many political ideas took place in it, which later formed the basis of the theory of National Socialism. Hitler performed well in the army and quickly rose through the ranks, reaching the rank of corporal, as well as receiving several awards.

In 1919, Hitler returned from the war and joined the German Workers' Party, where, as quickly as in the war, he gained confidence and moved up the career ladder. Already in 1921, Hitler became the head of the party thanks to the skillful policy he carried out during the political and economic crisis in Germany. Since that time, Hitler began to actively promote nationalist ideas in society and reform the political system of Germany, using the party apparatus and military experience.

Shortly thereafter, Hitler, who was one of the main organizers of the Bavarian putsch, is arrested. In prison, Hitler wrote his most famous work, Mein Kampf (My Struggle). In this work, he sets out his own views on the future of the world and Germany, as well as the theory of the supremacy of one race (Aryan) over others, saying that it is Germany and the Germans who should become the head of the world in the future. This work is the most striking expression of all the nationalist ideas of Hitler, which guided him in politics and military affairs.

In 1933, Hitler's path to world domination began. This year he was appointed Chancellor of Germany. Hitler received this post thanks to the economic reforms carried out, which allowed Germany to get out of the serious crisis that the country fell into after.

Having taken the post of Reich Chancellor, Hitler began to actively pursue a nationalist policy:

• all parties except the nationalists were banned;
• the persecution of the Jewish population began (at first they were deprived of their civil rights, and then they began to be killed indiscriminately);
• SS detachments, concentration camps were created, Hitler strictly ensured that everything in the country obeyed exclusively his will.

In the same period, Adolf Hitler passed a law according to which he became a dictator in Germany for the next four years and had unlimited sole power. Germany has become a country of the Third Reich - a new political system based on nationalism and terror.

Germany alone was not enough for Hitler, so in 1938 he began to conquer the world. The first to fall were Austria and Czechoslovakia, which became part of Germany. Shortly thereafter, World War II broke out, during which Hitler managed to advance to the borders of the USSR and attack the country. lasted four years, but did not yield to Germany, the USSR. Russian troops expelled Hitler's army from their territories and marched all the way to Berlin, capturing it.

IN last years During the war, Hitler and his wife Eva Braun were in a special bunker from which the army was controlled. Upon learning that Berlin surrendered Soviet troops, Hitler, unable to survive such a shame, committed suicide.

This happened in 1945. According to generally accepted data, he shot himself, but there is an opinion that Hitler could have taken an ampoule of poison.

Hitler's policy

The essence of Hitler's policy was racial discrimination and the superiority of one race over another. This is what guided the dictator in domestic and foreign policy, creating a completely new political and administrative system, where everything was based on unconditional submission and fear. According to Hitler's idea, Germany (and with it the whole world) was to turn into a state where people of the "correct" race rule, and the rest are in their unconditional submission, like slaves.

However, it is also worth noting that Hitler, despite his nationalist orientation, carried out a number of very successful economic and political reforms. Under him, Germany was able to overcome the devastating consequences, establish production, raise industry (it was reoriented to the military) and, in general, improve its well-being.

Thanks to Hitler's policies before the war, Germany was able to get back on its feet and gain some stability.

Results of Hitler's reign

Germany under Hitler:

• got out of the economic crisis and established industrial production;
• completely changed the system, turning into a national socialist state with a dictator at the head (Third Reich).

However, there were still more negative consequences. Hitler unleashed the Second World War, which had a negative impact not only on other countries, but also on Germany itself, and also killed and tortured millions of people in concentration camps.

Hitler is considered the most brutal and bloody dictator of the 20th century.

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Adolf Gitler

Name People: Adolf Hitler
Date of Birth: April 20, 1889
Zodiac sign: Aries
Age: 56 years old
Date of death: April 30, 1945
Place of Birth: Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary
Height: 175
Activity: founder of the dictatorship of the Third Reich, Fuhrer of the NSDAP, Reich Chancellor and head of Germany
Family status: was married

Adolf Hitler famous political leader Germany, whose activities are associated with terrible crimes against humanity, including the Holocaust. The creator of the Nazi Party and the dictatorship of the Third Reich, the immorality of the philosophy and political views of which are widely discussed in society today.

After Hitler was able to become the head of the German fascist state in 1934, he launched a large-scale operation to seize Europe, was the initiator of World War II, which made him a “monster and a sadist” for the citizens of the USSR, and for many German citizens a brilliant leader, who changed people's lives for the better.

Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in the Austrian city of Braunau am Inn, which is located near the border with Germany. His parents, Alois and Clara Hitler, were peasants, but his father was able to break into the people and become a state customs official, which made it possible for the family to live in normal conditions. "Nazi No. 1" was the third child in the family and very much loved by his mother, whom he was very similar in appearance. Later, he had a younger brother Edmund and sister Paula, to whom the future German Fuhrer became very attached and took care of her all his life.

Hitler's parents

Adolf's childhood passed in endless moving, caused by the peculiarities of his father's work, and school changes, where he did not show any special talents, but he still managed to finish 4 classes of a real school in Steyr and received a certificate of education, in which good grades were only in such subjects as drawing and physical education. During this period, his mother Clara Hitler died of cancer, which dealt a big blow to the psyche young man, but he did not break, but, having issued Required documents to receive a pension for himself and his sister Paula, moved to Vienna and embarked on the path of adulthood.

At first he tried to enter the Art Academy, because he had an outstanding talent and craving for fine arts, but did not pass entrance exams. The next couple of years, the biography of Adolf Hitler was filled with poverty, vagrancy, temporary work, endless moving from place to place, rooming houses under city bridges. Throughout this period, he did not tell his relatives or friends about his whereabouts, because he was afraid of being drafted into the army, where he would be forced to serve along with the Jews, for whom he felt a deep hatred.

At the age of 24, Hitler moved to Munich, where he met with the First World War, which made him very happy. He immediately signed up as a volunteer in the Bavarian army, in whose ranks he took part in many battles. He took the defeat of Germany in the First World War rather painfully and categorically blamed politicians for this. Against this background, he engaged in large-scale campaigning activities, which gave him the opportunity to get into the political movement of the People's Labor Party, which he skillfully turned into a Nazi one.

Becoming the head of the NSDAP, Adolf Hitler eventually began to make his way deeper and deeper to political heights and in 1923 organized the "Beer putsch". Enlisting the support of 5,000 stormtroopers, he broke into a beer bar where an action of leaders was taking place. General Staff, and announced the overthrow of the traitors in the Berlin government. On November 9, 1923, the Nazi putsch went towards the ministry to seize power, but was intercepted by police detachments, who used firearms to disperse the Nazis.

In March 1924, Adolf Hitler, as the organizer of the putsch, was convicted of treason and sentenced to 5 years in prison. However, the Nazi dictator spent only 9 months in prison - on December 20, 1924, for unknown reasons, he was released. Immediately after his release, Hitler revived the Nazi party NSDAP and transformed it with the help of Gregor Strasser into a nationwide political force. During that period, he was able to establish close ties with the generals of Germany, as well as to establish relations with large industrial magnates.

At the same time, Adolf Hitler wrote his work “My Struggle” (“Mein Kampf”), in which he described in detail his autobiography and the idea of ​​​​National Sociolism. In 1930, the political leader of the Nazis became the supreme commander of the assault troops (SA), and in 1932 he tried to get the position of Reich Chancellor. To do this, he was forced to renounce his Austrian citizenship and become a German citizen, as well as enlist the support of the allies.

From the first time, Hitler could not win the elections, in which Kurt von Schleicher was ahead of him. A year later, the German leader Paul von Hindenburg, under Nazi pressure, dismissed the victorious von Schleicher and appointed Hitler in his place.

This appointment did not cover all the hopes of the Nazi leader, since the power over Germany continued to remain in the hands of the Reichstag, and its powers included only the leadership of the Cabinet of Ministers, which still had to be created.

In just 1.5 years, Adolf Hitler was able to remove all obstacles from his path in the form of the President of Germany and the Reichstag and become an unlimited dictator. Since that time, the oppression of Jews and Gypsies began in the state, trade unions were closed and the "Hitler era" began, which for 10 years of his reign was completely saturated with human blood.

In 1934, Hitler gained power over Germany, where a total Nazi regime immediately began, the ideology of which was the only correct one. Having become the ruler of Germany, the Nazi leader instantly showed his true colors and began major foreign policy rallies. He quickly creates the Wehrmacht and restores aviation and tank forces, as well as long-range artillery. Contrary to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany seizes the Rhineland, and then Czechoslovakia and Austria.

At the same time, he carried out a purge in his ranks - the dictator organized the so-called "Night of Long Knives", when all prominent Nazis who posed a threat to Hitler's absolute power were eliminated. Assigning himself the title of supreme leader of the "Third Reich", he created the "Gestapo" police, as well as a system of concentration camps, where he sent all "undesirable elements", in particular Jews, gypsies, political opponents, and later prisoners of war.

basis domestic policy Adolf Hitler was the ideology of racial discrimination and the superiority of the native Aryans over other peoples. He wanted to be the only leader of the whole world, in which the Slavs were to become "elite" slaves, and the lower races, to which he ranked Jews and Gypsies, were completely eliminated. Along with mass crimes against people, the ruler of Germany developed a similar foreign policy determined to take over the world.

In April 1939, Hitler approves a plan to attack Poland, which was already destroyed in September of the same year. Then the Germans occupied Norway, Holland, Denmark, Belgium, Luxembourg and broke through the French front. In the spring of 1941, Hitler captured Greece and Yugoslavia, and on June 22 he attacked Soviet Union, then headed by Joseph Stalin.

In 1943, the Red Army launched a large-scale offensive against the Germans, due to which World War II entered the territory of the Reich in 1945, which completely drove Hitler crazy. He sent pensioners, teenagers and disabled people to battle with the Red Army, ordering the soldiers to stand to death, while he himself hid in the "bunker" and watched what was happening from the side.

With the coming to power of Adolf Hitler in Germany, Poland and Austria, a whole complex of death camps and concentration camps was created, the first of which was founded in 1933 near Munich. It is known that there were over 42 thousand such camps, in which millions of people died under torture. These specially equipped centers were intended for genocide and terror both over prisoners of war and over the local population, among which were the disabled, women and children.

The biggest Nazi "death factories" were "Auschwitz", "Majdanek", "Buchenwald", "Treblinka", in which people who dissented from Hitler were subjected to terrible torture and "experiments" with poisons, incendiary mixtures, gas, which in 80 percent of cases led to painful deaths. All death camps were founded with the aim of "cleansing" the entire world population from anti-fascists, inferior races, which for Hitler were Jews and gypsies, simple criminals and "elements" simply undesirable for the German leader.

The symbol of the ruthlessness of Hitler and fascism was the Polish city of Auschwitz, in which the most terrible conveyors of death were erected, where more than 20 thousand people were killed every day. This is one of the most terrible places on the planet, which became the center of the extermination of Jews - they died there in the "gas" chambers immediately after their arrival, even without registration and identification. The Auschwitz camp has become a tragic symbol of the Holocaust - the mass extermination of the Jewish nation, which is recognized as the largest genocide of the 20th century.

There are several versions of why Adolf Hitler hated the Jews so much, whom he tried to "wipe off the face of the earth." Historians who have studied the personality of the "bloody" dictator put forward several theories, each of which could be true.

The first and most plausible version is the "racial policy" of the German dictator, who considered only native Germans to be people. Because of this, he divided all nations into 3 parts - the Aryans, who were supposed to rule the world, the Slavs, who were assigned the role of slaves in his ideology, and the Jews, whom Hitler planned to completely exterminate.

The economic motives of the Holocaust are also not ruled out, since at that time Germany was in a difficult economic situation, and the Jews had profitable enterprises and banking institutions, which Hitler took away from them after being sent to concentration camps.

There is also a version that Hitler exterminated the Jewish nation in order to maintain the morale of his army. He gave the Jews and Gypsies the role of victims, whom he gave to be torn to pieces, so that the Nazis could enjoy human blood, which, as the leader of the Third Reich believed, should set them up for victory.

April 30, 1945, when Hitler's house in Berlin was surrounded the Soviet army, "Nazi No. 1" admitted defeat and decided to commit suicide. There are several versions of how Adolf Hitler died: some historians note that the German dictator drank potassium cyanide, while others do not exclude that he shot himself. Together with the head of Germany, his common-law wife Eva Braun also died, in union with whom he lived for more than 15 years.

It is noted that the bodies of the spouses were burned at the entrance to the bunker, which was the requirement of the dictator before his death. Later, the remains of Hitler's body were discovered by a group of guards of the Red Army - only dentures and part of the Nazi leader's skull with an entrance bullet hole have survived to this day, which are still stored in Russian archives.

Adolf Hitler's personal life modern history has no confirmed facts and is filled big amount speculation. There is information that the German Fuhrer was never officially married and had no recognized children. At the same time, despite his very unattractive appearance, he was the favorite of the entire female population of the state, which played an important role in his life. Historians note that "Nazi No. 1" had the ability to influence people hypnotically.

With his speeches and civilized manners, he charmed the weaker sex, whose representatives began to thoughtlessly love the leader, which made them do the impossible for him. Hitler's mistresses were mostly married ladies who idolized him and considered him a big man.

In 1929, the dictator met Eva Braun, who appearance and cheerful disposition conquered Hitler. Over the years of her life with the Fuhrer, the girl tried to commit suicide 2 times because of the loving nature of her common-law husband, who openly flirted with the women he liked.

In 2012, the American Werner Schmedt announced that he was the legitimate son of Hitler and his young niece Geli Ruabal, whom, according to historians, the dictator killed in a fit of jealousy. He provided family pictures, in which the Fuhrer of the Third Reich and Geli Ruabal are depicted in an embrace. Also, the possible son of Hitler showed his birth certificate, in which only the initials “G” and “R” are written in the column of data about the parents, which was supposedly done for the purpose of secrecy.

According to the son of the Fuhrer, after the death of Geli Ruabal, nannies from Austria and Germany were engaged in his upbringing, but his father visited him all the time. In 1940, Schmedt met Hitler for the last time, who gave him a promise to give the whole world in case of victory in World War II. But since events did not unfold according to Hitler's plan, Werner was forced to hide his origin and place of residence from everyone for a long time.