Historical events of the 12th century of Rus'. Domestic and foreign policy of Kievan Rus during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise

2nd millennium BC e. 14th century BC e. 13th century BC e. 12th century BC e. 11th century BC e. 10th century BC e. 1209 1208 1207 1206 ... Wikipedia

1103. Successful campaign of princes Svyatopolk II and Vladimir Yaroslavich against the Polovtsy. 1106 1107. Completion of the struggle for investiture (the right to appoint bishops) between the papacy and the kings of France and England; the royal power ceded this right to the church. 1106… … encyclopedic Dictionary

Georgy Yaroslavich, Prince of Murom, the son of Yaroslav Svyatoslavich, was, if not in submission, then in complete obedience to the Prince of Suzdal, then the Grand Duke of Vladimir. George Dolgoruky in 1152, in the midst of the struggle for the Kiev table, sends to ... Biographical Dictionary

XII Roman numeral 12. XII century a century that lasted from 1101 to 1200. 12th century BC e. century, lasting from 1200 BC. e. until 1101 BC. e. XII millennium BC. e. XII arrondissement of Paris Final ... ... Wikipedia

2 millennium X century XI century XII century XIII century XIV century 1090 e 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 ... Wikipedia

2 millennium X century XI century XII century XIII century XIV century 1090 e 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 ... Wikipedia

2nd millennium BC e. 14th century BC e. 13th century BC e. 12th century BC e. 11th century BC e. 10th century BC e. 1200 BC e. 1210 1209 1208 1207 1206 1205 1204 1203 1202 1201 ... Wikipedia

XIV millennium BC. e. XIII millennium BC. e. XII millennium BC. e. XI millennium BC. e. X millennium BC e. CXX century BC e. 19th century ... ... Wikipedia

The Moscow International Film Festival took place in 1981. Opened July 7, 1981. Contents 1 Jury 2 Films participants 3 Awards ... Wikipedia

Books

• Library of Literature of Ancient Rus' Volume 4 XII century, Likhachev D., Dmitrieva L., Alekseeva A., Ponyrko N. (eds.). The St. Petersburg branch of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Nauka Publishing House issues book series"Library of Literature of Ancient Rus'" in 20 volumes... In the history of the development of the ancient Russian written heritage, this is ...
• People and stones of North-Eastern Rus'. XII century, S. A. Sharov-Delaunay. The architecture of North-Eastern Rus' of the XII century is a unique phenomenon in the history of Russian culture, which set the vector of its development for centuries to come. Its extraordinary nature is not fully appreciated ...

The policy of Russian princes in the X-XII centuries.

Baptism of Rus' and the Russian Orthodox Church

Having come to power, Prince Vladimir I streamlined the pagan pantheon of gods, erected a temple in Kyiv with idols of the main pagan gods, headed by Perun, the patron of the prince and squad. But the tribes retained the veneration of their gods, the reform did not help unite the tribes that became part of the state, and strengthen the power of the prince. Then, according to chronicle sources, Vladimir summoned the preachers of Islam, Judaism, and Western Christianity to court, but settled on Eastern Christianity and decided to be baptized "according to Greek law." In 988, he captured Korsun (Chersonese in the Crimea) and demanded Anna, the sister of the Byzantine emperors Basil II and Constantine VIII, as his wife. The emperors demanded the baptism of the prince, so that the sister would marry a fellow believer. Vladimir, together with his retinue, underwent a rite of baptism, after which he performed a marriage ceremony and returned to Kiev, where he immediately ordered to overturn pagan idols. Unlike Kiev, the baptism of the Novgorodians aroused resistance, which was described in the annals: “He baptized Putyata with a sword, and Dobrynya with fire” (they forced him to accept Christianity under the threat of weapons and arson of houses).

At the head of the church stood the metropolitan, who was appointed from Constantinople. Rus' was divided into church districts headed by bishops (in Novgorod, by an archbishop). The clergy were divided into white (priests who served in urban and rural churches) and black (lived in monasteries). One of the first was founded the Kiev-Pechersk monastery. Schools and libraries were opened at monasteries.

Under Prince Vladimir, the Church Charter was adopted, which established the church tithe. Church courts judged for crimes against faith - heresy, for offenses of a moral nature. Baptism contributed to the rejection of pagan customs, forbade blood feuds, sacrifices, polygamy, and influenced the development of the craft. The church supported the efforts of the princes in the struggle for the unity of Rus', opposed civil strife. strengthened international position ancient Russian state.

The population of ancient Rus'

The princes declared free lands their property, granted possessions to relatives and warriors, churches. This is how the first fiefdoms appear - hereditary land holdings. The main part of the population of the Old Russian state were free farmers who united in communities; smerds - villagers who carried duties in favor of the prince. A dependent population also appeared: purchases - ruined community members who received a kupa from the landowner - help in money or goods on credit. Having returned the debt, the purchase became a free man. Ryadovichi - people who have entered into an agreement (row), agreeing to work for the master on certain conditions. The dependent position of a ryadovich and a purchase did not extend to members of his family and was not inherited. The most disenfranchised were slaves - serfs (servants). They worked on the land of princes and owners of estates.

Princes of Rus': Vladimir the Holy, Yaroslav the Wise, Svyatopolk the Accursed, Boris and Gleb, Vladimir Monomakh, Mstislav the Great.

Timeline of major events

972-978 - princely strife (struggle for power).

978-1015 - Board in Kyiv Vladimir I Svyatoslavich.

1015-1019 - the struggle for power between the sons of Vladimir I.

1019-1054 - Board in Kyiv Yaroslav the Wise.

1097 - Lyubech congress princes.

1113-1125 - the reign of Vladimir Monomakh in Kyiv.

1125-1132 - the reign of Mstislav the Great in Kyiv.

§ 11 - 12. OLD RUSSIAN STATE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XI - BEGINNING OF THE XII CENTURY

Polovtsian danger. In 1055, detachments of Kipchak nomads appeared near the banks of the Dnieper, near Pereyaslavl. In Rus' they were called Cumans. These tribes came from the Ural-Altai steppes. From that time until the beginning of the 13th century, the Polovtsy constantly raided Russian lands. Fighting them has become one of the main tasks Kyiv princes.

The basis of the Polovtsian society was a large patriarchal family. Its head was considered the owner of all property. The richest heads of families - beys or beks were subordinate to the head of the tribe (horde) - the soltan, or khan. There were also unions of tribes.

Nomads worshiped stone statues depicting dead rich warriors and women. These statues were placed on high barrows, at the crossroads. Statues were considered patrons of a clan or a large family. The nomads made sacrifices to them. The Polovtsians believed in evil spirits, afterlife as a continuation of earthly life. Often, the Polovtsian khans were also the high priests of the tribe.

Yaroslavichi. Yaroslav the Wise bequeathed to his children to live in love and harmony, when younger brothers are obedient to their elders. The prince divided the Russian land among his sons. Izyaslav received Novgorod, Kyiv, Svyatoslav - Chernigov land, Ryazan and Murom, Vsevolod - Pereyaslavl and Rostov-Suzdal land, Igor - Vladimir-Volynsky, Vyacheslav - Smolensk. In the XI century Kyiv, Chernihiv and Pereyaslavl were considered the main cities of Ancient Rus'.

For about ten years the brothers lived in harmony and did not violate their father's commandments. The Troubles were started by Prince Vseslav of Polotsk, the great-grandson of Vladimir I. In 1067 he tried to capture Pskov and later Novgorod. The Yaroslavichi united and together defeated Vseslav. After a short reconciliation of the princes, Izyaslav lured All-glory to Kyiv and imprisoned him.

Polovtsian warrior

The prince with his retinue goes on a campaign against the Polovtsians. Artist A. Mayboroda

According to the chroniclers, treachery was punished. In 1068, on the banks of the Alta River, the squads of Izyaslav and his brothers were defeated by the Polovtsians. The Kievans gathered veche and demanded weapons and horses from the prince in order to fight the nomads. Izyaslav refused them. Then the people of Kiev freed Vseslav from prison and declared him their sovereign. Izyaslav regained Kyiv with the help of Polish troops. Vseslav fled to his native Polotsk.

Princely strife continued for decades. At this time, the Polovtsy made raids, devastating the Russian lands. Thousands of people died in battles, cities and villages were emptied. The population of Rus' saw in this a manifestation of God's wrath. In 1071, sorcerers appeared in Kyiv, frightening the people with prophecies that the Dnieper would turn its waters back and flood cities and villages.

Lubech Congress. In 1093, the last of the Yaroslavichs, Prince Vsevolod, died. Svyatopolk Izyaslavich became the Grand Duke. And the struggle for the throne of Kiev began again - now among the grandchildren of Yaroslav the Wise.

In 1093, the Polovtsians invaded the Kyiv lands and defeated the Russian squads near Trepol. Svyatopolk fled from the battlefield. The authority of the prince was finally undermined. Another grandson of Yaroslav the Wise, Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich of Tmutarakan, made an alliance with the Polovtsians and brought them to Rus'. Sweeping away everything in its path, the Polovtsy reached Chernigov, where Vladimir Monomakh ruled. However, the city persevered. Near three years the strife continued.

Congress of princes. Artist S. Ivanov

In 1097, the princes gathered in Lyubech for a congress. They decided together to defend the Russian land from the Polovtsians. The princes agreed that “let everyone own his fatherland”, that is, the eldest in the princely family should inherit. Kyiv remained for Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, Chernigov - for the Svyatoslavichs, Pereyaslavl - for Vladimir Monomakh. Thus, at the Lyubech Congress, the princes consolidated the division into destinies- each representative of the princely family was allocated its own share in the principality. However, the strife did not stop. Now the princes were arguing about which particular lands in the principality should be included in the "fatherland" of each of them. The throne of Kiev was the cherished dream of ambitious princes.

Vladimir Monomakh. Vladimir was born in Kyiv in 1053. His father was the beloved son of Yaroslav the Wise, Prince Vsevolod, and his mother was Princess Maria, daughter Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomakh. This is how the legend arose about the royal regalia allegedly received by Vladimir from the Byzantine emperor. In fact, the crown, which later became known as the "Monomakh's hat" and has survived to this day, was made only in the 14th century and became a symbol of the power of the Russian tsars. She was crowned king. After the proclamation of Russia as an empire under Peter I, the Monomakh's cap was replaced with an imperial crown.

As a child, Vladimir lived in Pereyaslavl, bordering the steppe, and saw the consequences of the Polovtsian raids: cities and villages plundered and burned, the bodies of Russian soldiers chopped up by nomads and ordinary people, crowds of slaves, whom the Polovtsians drove into foreign lands.

In 1078, Vsevolod Yaroslavich became the Grand Duke and sent his son Vladimir to reign in Chernigov.

After the Lyubech Congress, Vladimir Monomakh was at enmity with Svyatopolk for a long time. Not only Russian princes were drawn into the princely strife, but also nomads, Poland, Hungary, who sought to profit at the expense of Russian lands.

Vladimir Monomakh led the fight against the Polovtsians. He managed to unite the forces of the Russian princes and in 1103 and 1111 make successful campaigns. The victory over the Polovtsy brought Vladimir Monomakh the glory of a commander and defender of Rus'.

Vladimir Monomakh. Artist I. Bilibin

The battle of the Russians with the Polovtsy. chronicle miniature

In 1113 the prince of Kiev Svyatopolk II died. An uprising broke out in Kyiv. The townspeople smashed the yards of those who had profited from usury minions of Svyatopolk, including the palace of the thousandth Putyata Vyshatich. The frightened Kievan boyars sent messengers to Monomakh: “Prince, come to Kyiv. If you do not come, then know that great misfortunes will occur. Vladimir arrived in Kyiv and established order in the city. Interest on loans was reduced, the situation of ordinary citizens improved.

Monomakh, elected to the throne of Kiev, reigned in the capital city from 1113 to 1125. He subordinated everything to Kyiv ancient Russian lands and cruelly suppressed princely strife.

In his declining years, Vladimir Monomakh recalled that he led 83 campaigns for the sake of peace in the Russian lands. Everywhere he was accompanied by luck. Energetic and intelligent, Vladimir devoted all his strength to serving the Fatherland.

Ancient Russian cities. Old Russian cities consisted, as a rule, of two parts. The first is a fortified castle ( detinets, or the Kremlin), where the princely court, city government and church were located. The second is a roundabout city ( Posad) - the territory where the craft and trade (posad) population lived. In some cities, a settlement adjoined the citadel, not protected by defensive fortifications, in others - the fortress wall encircled the entire city. In a number of cities, the outer city was divided into "ends". There were five of them in Novgorod. "Ends" existed in Kyiv, Rostov and Smolensk. Posad was also divided into streets and separate villages. Blacksmiths settled at the city gates, leather men settled along the banks of rivers and streams, and potters settled near ravines with clay banks.

Center public life In the city there was a "bargaining" (or "trade") - a city market, where on certain days the townspeople, residents of neighboring villages, merchants from other cities and foreign guests traded. Here, the townspeople gathered at the veche.

What was the prince's castle known from archaeological sites produced in Lubech. Here, scientists discovered the remains of buildings from the time of Vladimir Monomakh. The castle was surrounded by strong walls made of oak logs. The upper platform of the fortress was small, and therefore all the buildings stood on it very closely.

The castle was surrounded by a moat, across which a drawbridge was thrown. There was a bridge tower nearby.

Castle in Lubech. Reconstruction by B. Rybakov

A road paved with logs ran between the walls and led to the main gate of the fortress. Behind the gate was a courtyard where the guards were located and from where there was an exit to the walls. Special buildings were used as storage cells (premises for storing food, grain, clothing and other property). On the walls were large copper cauldrons for "var" - boiling water, which was poured over the enemies during the assault. The castle had deep underground passages through which it could be quietly left.

A four-tiered structure towered in the courtyard, to which all the paths in the castle converged - a tower (vezha). Only through this tower could one get into the princely mansions. Not connected with the fortress walls, it could act as the last stronghold of defense. In the cellars of the vezha, grain and water supplies were stored.

The prince's palace was a three-tiered building with many small rooms. Summer feasts were arranged on the second tier - the front one - with a wide gallery (“canopy”), in the large princely chamber it was possible to put tables for about a hundred people. There was a church in the castle.

Polovtsy – Kipchak nomads.

lot (from the Old Slavonic word "deeds" – Part) – share of a member of the princely family in the principality.

Usury – lending money to a person at a high interest rate.

Detinets – the inner fortified part of the city where the prince or bishop lived.

Posad – trade and craft part of the city. As a rule, it was located outside the fortress wall.

1068 year- the defeat of Russian troops in the battle on the Alta River.

1097 year- Lyubech Congress of Princes.

1113 - 1125- reign of Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh in Kyiv.

Questions and tasks

1. What was the reason for the civil strife of the sons of Yaroslav the Wise?

2. What decisions did the princes make at the Lyubech Congress?

4. Find on the map (p. 89) the old Russian cities known to you from the previous paragraphs of the textbook and indicate the dates of their foundation.

5. Fill in the table in your notebook " Old Russian state in the second half of the 11th - early 12th century.

Working with a document

From "Instructions" by Vladimir Monomakh.

“Do not be lazy in your house, but look after everything: do not rely on either a tiun or a youth, so that those who come to you do not mock either your house or your dinner. Going out to war, do not be lazy, do not rely on the governor, do not indulge in food, drink, or sleep; and dress up the watchmen yourself, and at night, having dressed up warriors everywhere around, also go to bed, and get up early. Do not immediately take off your weapons: due to negligence, a person suddenly dies. Beware of lies, drunkenness and depravity, for in this the soul perishes and the body. When you travel through your lands, do not allow the youths to do evil either to your own or to strangers, neither in villages, nor in fields, so that they do not start cursing you. Wherever you go, wherever you stop, drink, feed the poor; more honor the guest, from where it comes to you, whether simple, noble, or an ambassador, if you cannot with a gift, then with food, drink: they, passing by, will glorify a person either good or evil throughout all lands.

If you forget this, then read it more often - and I will be without shame, and you will be fine. What good you know how to do, do not forget that, and what you do not know how to do, learn from it; this is how my father, being at home, mastered five languages; this is something that inspires respect from other countries. For laziness is the mother of everything evil, what a person knows how, he will forget, and what he does not know how, he does not learn.

1.What do you think is the most important in the "Instruction" and why?

2.What qualities statesman highlights Vladimir Monomakh?

SUMMING UP CHAPTER 2

In the 9th - 10th centuries, tribal unions Eastern Slavs merged into one state Ancient Rus' with its capital in Kyiv. The new state soon became known far beyond its borders. The Kiev prince ruled the state with his retinue, princes-governors, posadniks, thousand, sotsky and other princely servants. The main tasks of the ruler were to establish general laws, protection of the Russian land from external dangers, strengthening its borders, princely court.

Of great importance in the Old Russian state was the veche - a meeting, without which not a single decision was made. important question in the life of society.

Under Vladimir Svyatoslavich, Rus' adopted Christianity as the official religion, which gave Russian society internal unity and strength, and strengthened the power of the Grand Duke. Often the metropolitans acted as defenders of the internal order in the Russian lands, condemning princely strife.

Most of the population - merchants, artisans, merchants, communal peasants - was free. Among the dependent population, serfs (slaves) stood out for their disenfranchised position.

For many years, Rus' was shaken by princely strife. Clever and far-sighted rulers sought to maintain peace in the state, defended common interests, and stopped the discord of the princes. It was this policy that Prince Vladimir Monomakh pursued.