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Periodization of the Old Russian state (Kievan Rus): 1) IX - the middle of the X century. - the time of the first Kyiv princes; 2) the second half of the X - the first half of the XI century. - the time of the principality of Vladimir I the Holy and Yaroslav the Wise, the heyday of the Kyiv state; 3) the second half of the XI - the second half of the XII century. - the transition to territorial and political fragmentation, or to specific orders. Reasons for the emergence of the state Eastern Slavs: economic social political 1. production and use of iron tools 2. separation of agriculture from animal husbandry 3. development of trade and expansion of the domestic and foreign markets 1. the emergence of rich and poor 2. the allocation of tribal nobility 3. the emergence of foreigners 1. contradictions between different social groups 2. protection of the territory from external interference 3. waging wars of conquest
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Theories of the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs: Norman Centrist Slavic The Old Russian state was created by the Vikings with the voluntary consent of the Slavs. The Varangians are more educated and more organized than the Slavs: they are recognized as representatives of a more developed world by M.V. Lomonosov, B.A. Rybakov Foreign princes were really invited to Rus' as a "third", reconciling force. But! The Old Russian state arose as a result of the long independent development of the Slavic society. A.L. Yurganov, L.A. Katsva The presence of the Varangians in Rus' and their role in the formation of the Old Russian state are denied. The Varangian origin of the first Russian princes is denied. G. Bayer, 18th century G. Miller and A. L. Schlozer N.M. Karamzin, 19th century CM. Solovyov
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At the end of the 8th-9th centuries, armed Norman detachments carried out trade and aggressive campaigns to different European countries. They also invaded the northwestern lands of the Eastern Slavs. The Rus are that part of the Normans who settled in the lands of the Eastern Slavs. Some East Slavic cities began to invite armed detachments of the Rus, led by military leaders - princes, for a small fee. They obliged the population to pay them instead of salaries a constant and higher payment - tribute - for the performance of their duties. According to The Tale of Bygone Years, in 862, the East Slavic and Finnish-speaking tribes living in the northwest stopped paying tribute to the Varangians and expelled them "over the sea", that is, to the land from which they came. However, very soon the tribes quarreled, it came to armed clashes. Meanwhile, other enemies began to attack their lands.
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And then representatives of all the tribes gathered at the veche and decided to send their ambassadors “over the sea” to the familiar Varangians with the words: “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no outfit [management] in it. Yes, go [come] reign and rule over us.” Prince Rurik responded to the invitation. He settled with his squad in the city of Ladoga. Thus, a large association (principality) arose in the northwestern lands, the center of which was built by Rurik new town- Novgorod. Rurik began to be called Gostomysl (d. c. 860) - the legendary elder of the Ilmen Slovenes.
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In the first third of the 9th century, detachments of the Rus appeared in the south. The noble warriors of Rurik Askold and Dir went along the Great Trade Route to the capital of Byzantium, Tsargrad. Going down the Dnieper, they saw a city spread out on three hills. It was the center of the glades Kyiv, which, according to legend, was founded by three brothers: Kyi, Shchek and Khoriv. The inhabitants of Kyiv paid tribute to the Khazars, besides, they were "offended" by the Drevlyans and other tribes. The meadows invited the Varangian squads to the city (perhaps Askold first arrived here, and Dir - a little later). The Rus liberated the glades from the Khazar dependence. Thus, in the 9th century, two large East Slavic associations were formed, in which invited princes ruled.
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In 879, Rurik died in Novgorod. His relative Oleg became Prince of Novgorod. In 882, having gathered a large army, he set off on a campaign to the south. Along the way, Oleg subjugated the land of the Krivichi, which was claimed by the southern princes. Approaching Kyiv, he tricked the princes Askold and Dir out of the city and killed them. Kyiv Oleg declared "the mother of Russian cities", the capital of his lands. In the future, he defeated the nearest neighbors of the glades - the Drevlyans. Then the prince defeated the Khazars and freed the northerners and Radimichi from their dependence. As a result of the unification of the two main centers of the Eastern Slavs - the southern one, headed by Kiev and the northern one, headed by Novgorod, a state was formed, which received the name Rus. Since it was the first, most ancient state of the Eastern Slavs, historians call it the Old Russian state or Kievan Rus.
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The system of state authorities of Kievan Rus: Signs of state power in Kievan Rus:
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The first prince of the Old Russian state, Oleg, gradually annexed most of the East Slavic lands to Kyiv. Under his rule was the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks." In 907, Oleg made a grandiose campaign against Constantinople. It was attended by 2 thousand ships, which housed 80 thousand soldiers. The Byzantines, having learned about the approach of the Russian army, closed the harbor of Constantinople with a huge chain and took refuge behind the walls of the city. Then Oleg ordered to pull the ships ashore and put them on wheels. A fair wind drove the sailboats of the Rus to the walls of the Byzantine capital. Frightened Greeks asked for peace. Prince Oleg, as a sign of victory, nailed his shield to the gates of Constantinople. The result of the campaign was a trade agreement with Byzantium that was beneficial for Russian merchants, which Oleg concluded in 911.
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After the death of Oleg, Rurik's son Igor became the Prince of Kyiv. He began his activities with the return of the Drevlyans under the rule of Kyiv, who separated, taking advantage of the death of Oleg. The reign of Prince Igor is characterized as a cruel, bloody era: constant skirmishes, wars, internecine strife. In 912, Prince Igor began his independent reign on the throne of Kiev after the death of Prince Oleg. The Drevlyans (a tribe that lived in the Ukrainian Polissya) were previously subordinated to Prince Oleg and are required to pay tribute to Kyiv. With the death of Oleg, they tried to free themselves and refuse to pay. Igor defeated them and imposed more tribute than before. In 915, the Pechenegs came to Russian land for the first time. Igor's diplomacy turned the clash in the direction of a peace treaty, but in 920 the Russian army went on a campaign against the Pechenegs, which speaks of Igor's warlike policy. The result of this campaign is unknown, but it can be assumed that it ended successfully, since nowhere in the annals is there any mention of losses and Prince Igor returned home alive, the Pechenegs did not disturb the Russian land for a long time and were even hired to attack Byzantium in 944.
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In 941, Igor made a big campaign against Constantinople. But he was unsuccessful. The Byzantines burned the boats of the Rus with a special combustible mixture - "Greek fire". This defeat did not stop Igor. In 944, he again went to Byzantium. Upon learning of this, the Greeks sent an embassy to the prince with rich gifts. Igor turned his squads back. Bye Kyiv prince made military campaigns, the governor collected tribute from the Russian lands. But, having returned home, in 945, at the insistence of the squad, Igor himself went for tribute to the Drevlyans. The Drevlyans did not argue with the prince. However, upon returning to Igor, it seemed that the fee was small. The prince released most of the squad and returned to the Drevlyans with a new demand for tribute.
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This time, the Drevlyans were indignant - after all, the prince grossly violated the agreement on polyudye. The Drevlyansk veche decided: “If a wolf gets into the habit of sheep, it will carry away the whole herd until they kill it.” The Drevlyans killed the prince's warriors and brutally dealt with the prince. After the death of Igor, his widow Princess Olga (945-957) became the ruler of the state. She took revenge on the Drevlyans for the death of her husband. And in order to further exclude events like the massacre of Igor, the princess set the exact amount of tribute - lessons and places of its collection - graveyards. Tribute was now collected not by the princes themselves, but by people specially appointed by them. It was the first state reform - an important change in people's lives. In 957, Olga with a magnificent retinue went to the distant Tsargrad. Here she converted to Christianity.
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Upon her return from Byzantium, Olga handed over the reign to her son Svyatoslav (957-972). Svyatoslav annexed to Rus' the last East Slavic union of tribes - the Vyatichi, who had previously paid tribute to the Khazars. From the land of the Vyatichi, he moved to the Volga. Having devastated the lands of the Volga Bulgars, Svyatoslav rushed to Khazaria, which obstructed Russian merchants on the Volga trade route leading through the Caspian Sea to the rich countries of the East. During two campaigns against the Khazar Khaganate (965-969), Svyatoslav's troops defeated the main Khazar cities - Itil, Semender and Sarkel. Then the Russian prince captured the mouth of the Kuban River and the coast of the Sea of Azov. On the Taman Peninsula, the Tmutparakan Principality, dependent on Rus', was formed. Khazar Khaganate soon after the campaigns of Svyatoslav ceased to exist as an independent state.
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In 968, the Kiev flotilla entered the mouth of the Danube. Svyatoslav captured a number of Bulgarian settlements, and the city of Pereyaslavets declared his new capital. Such a turn of events was not included in the plans of Byzantium. A new strong enemy appeared at its borders. The emperor persuaded his Pecheneg allies to attack Kyiv, where the elderly Princess Olga and her grandchildren were. Svyatoslav hurried home with part of his squad and drove the Pechenegs away from the capital. But the prince told his mother and the boyars: “I don’t like Kiev, I want to live in Pereyaslavets on the Danube: there is the middle of my land, everything good is brought there from all sides: gold, fabrics, wines, various fruits from the Greeks, from Czechs and Hungarians silver and horses, from Rus' furs, honey, wax and slaves. But the old princess Olga did not want to let the prince go on a new campaign. She died soon after. In the spring of 971, the best troops of Byzantium moved against Svyatoslav. Fierce battles ensued, during which the opponents suffered heavy losses. This forced them to start negotiations. The Byzantine emperor agreed to let Svyatoslav's warriors go home in exchange for the prince's promise to retreat from Bulgaria. In 972, when Svyatoslav was returning to Kyiv with a small detachment, the Pechenegs ambushed him at the Dnieper rapids (stone heaps blocking the river) and killed him.
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The Pecheneg Khan ordered to insert the skull of Svyatoslav into a gold frame and used it at feasts as a bowl.
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After the death of Svyatoslav, a struggle for power began between his sons. The victory in this struggle was won by Vladimir Svyatoslavich (980-1015). During the years of his reign, a defensive system was created for the southeastern borders of Rus' from the Pechenegs (notches and watchtowers). Vladimir began his reign by restoring order in his own state. As a result of a two-year war, Vladimir returned the Vyatichi "under the arm" of Kyiv. In 984, the prince defeated the Radimichi militia. Even earlier, he conquered the Principality of Polotsk on the Western Dvina. After that, Vladimir led a campaign in the Volga Bulgaria, which began to obstruct Russian trade. Having won, Vladimir made peace with the Bulgars on favorable terms for Rus'.
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Under Vladimir, the first clash of Rus' with Poland, the newly emerged state of the Western Slavs, took place. In 981, Vladimir conquered the Polish cities of Cherven, Przemysl and others, significantly expanding the territory of his state. In 988 Rus' was baptized according to the Byzantine model. The adoption of Christianity was great importance for the further development of Rus': 1) Christianity affirmed the idea of equality of people before God, which contributed to the mitigation of the cruel morals of the former pagans; 2) the adoption of Christianity strengthened state power and the territorial unity of Kievan Rus; 3) Rus' strengthened its international prestige by becoming now equal to other Christian countries, ties with which have expanded significantly; 4) the adoption of Christianity played a big role in the development of Russian culture, served as a bridge for the penetration of Byzantine Rus' into Russia, and through it, ancient culture.
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Russian Orthodox Church. Some time after the adoption of Christianity in Rus', a clear church organization developed. At the head of the church was the Metropolitan of Kiev, who was sent from Constantinople. Rus' was divided into church districts headed by bishops subordinate to the metropolitan. The clergy were divided into white and black. Whites included priests who served in urban and rural churches. The black clergy lived in monasteries. The monks refused worldly pleasures, lived very poorly, in labor and prayers. Under Vladimir, a church charter was adopted. He gave the church wide rights. She had her own court. Church courts judged for crimes against faith - heresy, pagan prayers, as well as for all offenses of a moral nature.
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Vladimir, following the example of his father, sent 12 of his sons to different lands of Rus' so that they would carry out his policy there. In this way, he hoped to strengthen his power and strengthen the unity of the state. Vladimir's favorite sons were Boris and Gleb. Prince Vladimir clearly wanted to transfer the Kiev principality to Boris after himself. The two eldest sons of the prince, Svyatopolk and Yaroslav, did not like this very much. When Vladimir was dying, Boris was not in Kyiv: he went on a campaign against the Pechenegs. Svyatopolk had many supporters among the people of Kiev, and they recognized him as their prince. But, knowing about the love of many in Rus' for Boris, Svyatopolk decided to get rid of a dangerous rival, as well as his brother Gleb, sending secret assassins to them (Boris and Gleb later Russian Orthodox Church were canonized as saints). Later, Svyatopolk organized the murder of another brother - Svyatoslav, who ruled in the Drevlyane land. For his terrible crimes, Svyatopolk was nicknamed the Cursed by the people.
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Yaroslav, having received news of the death of his father and the murder of his brothers, at the head of a mercenary Varangian squad and the Novgorod militia opposed Svyatopolk. He called for the help of the Pechenegs. Troops of Kyiv and Novgorod princes met in the late autumn of 1016 near the town of Lyubech and stood for almost three months on different banks of the Dnieper, showering each other with ridicule. Yaroslav was the first to cross the Dnieper and defeated the Kyivans with a sudden blow. Svyatopolk fled to his wife's father (father-in-law) - Polish prince Boleslav the Brave. In 1017, Yaroslav entered Kyiv and took the princely throne. Svyatopolk the Accursed Yaroslav
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Boleslav the Brave, who sought to expand his possessions, saw a suitable opportunity for this. In 1018, he went along with Svyatopolk to Yaroslav and defeated his army. Having captured Kiev, Boleslav did not return it to Svyatopolk, but began to rule himself. The humiliated prince began to incite the people of Kiev to oppose the Poles. Bolesław was forced to return to Poland. Svyatopolk reasserted himself in Kyiv. In 1019, at the insistence of the Novgorodians, who did not want to pay tribute to Kyiv, Yaroslav again opposed Svyatopolk and defeated him. Svyatopolk tried to find shelter in Poland, but died on the way. Boleslav
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The reign of Yaroslav (1019-1054) was the heyday of the Old Russian state. The prince did a lot to spread Christianity in Rus'. He built new churches (including the outstanding Hagia Sophia in Kyiv and Novgorod), opened schools with them, encouraged the translation of church books from Greek into Slavic. Under him, the famous Kiev-Pechersk Monastery was founded. Yaroslav was literate and an educated person. He bought many books abroad, read them, according to the chronicle, "day and night", knew the Bible well. For this, he received the nickname of the Wise among the people. Hagia Sophia in Kyiv Hagia Sophia in Novgorod
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In an effort to establish order and legality in his state, Yaroslav the Wise laid the foundation for the creation in Rus' of a written set (collection) of laws, which was called Truth of Yaroslav. Russkaya Pravda provided for punishments for beatings, mutilations, harboring a runaway slave, damage to weapons and clothes. For criminal offenses, Russkaya Pravda provided for a fine (vira) in favor of the prince and a reward in favor of the victim (golovnichestvo). For serious crimes, according to the Russkaya Pravda set of rules, all the property of the perpetrator was taken away, expelled from the community or deprived of liberty.
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FROM THE TRUTH YAROSLAV 1. If a free man kills a free man, then [for him they have the right] to avenge brother for brother, or son for father, or father for son, or sons of brother and sister; if one of them does not want or cannot take revenge, then let him receive 40 hryvnias for the murdered ... 13. If someone discovers the property stolen from him from another person, he should not arbitrarily take it away, saying at the same time: “This is mine”, but let him say: "Go to the vault and show me where you got it"; if the suspect of theft does not immediately go to the vault, then let him put up a guarantor for himself no later than five days ... offended 12 hryvnia; and then if where he meets a hit offender [serf], then he has the right to beat him. What remnants of the tribal system were preserved in the Old Russian state? What testifies to the birth feudal relations?
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Foreign policy Yaroslav the Wise: in 1030 he established his power on the western shore of Lake Peipus and built the city of Yuryev there (his middle name - Yuri - the Kiev prince received at baptism). In 1036, near Kiev, Russian troops, led by the prince, completely defeated the Pechenegs, after which the steppe inhabitants stopped raiding Rus'. 1041 union treaty with the Polish king. 1046 Byzantium and Rus' signed a peace treaty.
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With the death of the last of the sons of Yaroslav the Wise, strife began again. The most popular in Rus' at that time was the grandson of Yaroslav Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125), who in 1097 took the initiative to convene a congress of princes in the city of Lyubech. It was decided to stop the strife and proclaimed the principle of "everyone keeps his fatherland." The establishment of this principle consolidated the already begun division of the Russian land into separate principalities. However, the strife continued even after the Lyubech Congress. In 1113, Vladimir Monomakh was invited to the Kiev throne, temporarily restored the weakened power of the Grand Duke, and pacified the Polovtsy. Vladimir II was an enlightened ruler, the author of Teachings to Children. In 1132, under the sons and grandsons of Vladimir Monomakh, Rus' finally disintegrated into separate principalities. "... Let everyone keep his Fatherland .." - the beginning of fragmentation in Rus'.
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A few days after his reign in Kyiv, Vladimir Monomakh gave Rus' a new set of laws - the "Charter of Vladimir Vsevolodovich." The new law greatly facilitated the position of various kinds of debtors. From now on, moneylenders had no right to demand more than 20% in excess of the amount borrowed. These provisions of the "Charter" freed many debtors from financial dependence, and limited the arbitrariness of usurers. The sources of servility were clearly defined: - self-sale into servitude, - the transformation into a serf of a person who married a serf without an appropriate contract, - entering the service of a master as a tiun without a specially stipulated freedom in this case - a purchase who escaped from the master became a serf. If he left in search of money to repay the debt, then in this case he could not be turned into a slave. In all other cases, attempts to enslave free people were suppressed, which was certainly a progressive rule for that time. It was forbidden to turn into a slave a person who received a loan of bread.
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The crown (or hat) presented to the Grand Duke of Kyiv Vladimir Monomakh by the ambassadors of the Byzantine emperor in 1116. All Russian autocrats were crowned kings, putting on their heads the Cap of Monomakh. She was a symbol of royal power.
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Formation of the Old Russian state
Checking d / z Main historical source the history of the Slavs and the Old Russian state? language family Slavs? (classification of the Slavs) Where did the Eastern Slavs settle? Neighbors of the Eastern Slavs (relationships) Proto-Slavs, Antes? The main occupations of the Eastern Slavs? Shifting farming system?
Tools Soha Ralo Main trade route? Verv - a community among the Slavs
Features of the religion of the Eastern Slavs? Perfume
Lada - the goddess of love and beauty Gods and holidays Temple, magi, sorcerers, idols?
Yarilo - god of spring
Formation of the Old Russian state To the beginning. In the 9th century in the Middle Dnieper and in the North-West, two large centers were formed Kiev and Novgorod Kiy - the legendary founder of Kiev Gostomysl - the Prince of Slavyansk Novgorod
862 - Calling Rurik to Novgorod Artist A.M. Vasnetsov “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no order in it. Yes, go to reign and rule over us "
Vocation of the Varangians Norman theory Authors Bayer, Schlözer The Varangians are Normans, Scandinavians. The Normans are the creators of the state among the Slavs, because. the Slavs are not able to create it. The word "Rus" is of Scandinavian origin. Anti-Norman theory Author MV Lomonosov. Varangians - Balts or Slavs. Statehood arose among the Slavs before the arrival of the Varangians. The word "Rus" Slavic origin. Theories of the origin of Russian statehood (XVIII century) Pp. 40 - 2 para. bottom, then p. 41 - the origin of the word "Rus"
Argumentation of the anti-Norman theory The Varangians did not have a noticeable impact on the political, socio-economic and cultural sphere. Remember the main features of the state? Among the Slavs: There was a transition from the tribal community to the neighboring (territorial) Centers of principalities were formed Crafts and trade developed Crafts and trade Common task: repelling the Khazar raids
879 - the death of Rurik Oleg - Prince of Novgorod (relative or combatant?) Years of reign: 879-912 Askold and Dir, Rurik's warriors - in Kiev 882 - Oleg's campaign against Kiev, the murder of Askold and Dir, the unification of Kiev and Novgorod lands, the creation of the Kiev state Rus Kiev is the center of unification: “Let Kiev be the mother of Russian cities”
The main task is to expand the territory of the state He subjugated the tribes of the Drevlyans, Northerners, Radimichi (tribute with furs - “soft junk”) 907 - a campaign against Byzantium (tribute, trade is open for Russian merchants) 911 - a campaign against Byzantium (the first bilateral written agreement on duty-free trade) 912 - the death of Oleg
Prince Igor is the son of Rurik. Years of reign 912-945. Prevented the collapse of Kievan Rus New enemy - the Pechenegs: making peace Expanding the borders: moving to the South (Taman Peninsula) 941 - an unsuccessful campaign against Byzantium (p. 48) 944 - peaceful relations with Byzantium restored BUT: the right to duty-free trade was lost
Polyudye - the annual detour of the prince's subordinate lands in order to collect tribute (November-April) p. 49-50 945 - the murder of Igor by the Drevlyans due to the repeated collection of tribute
Princess Olga - Igor's wife (945-962) Revenged the Drevlyans for the death of her husband She laid the foundation for an organized taxation system: established lessons (the amount of tribute) determined graveyards (places of tribute collection) 957 - an agreement with Byzantium on a military alliance of VS Khazaria and the Arab Caliphate 957 year - the first of the inhabitants of Rus' converted to Christianity
Homework Paragraph 3, questions 1-8 (oral), question 6 in writing with arguments
In the most common sense of the word - a fortified dwelling of a feudal lord in medieval Europe. Ritter, originally - horseman) - a medieval noble title of honor in Europe. The finest example of Western European (Italian) fortification construction is the Moscow Kremlin. Knight (German Black Knight. All about castles. Early European castles were built mainly of wood.
"The end of the Horde dominion" - Lesson objectives. Complete tasks for paragraph 20 in workbook. Is it a miracle? What choice did Ivan have? Paragraph 20 to learn to the end, retell paragraph 2, answer questions 3,4,5. Prayers were served in churches. Casimir did not dare to oppose the Horde. Standing on the Ugra. Cause to clash with the Horde. It was restless in Novgorod. A six-month stay on the Ugra River put an end to Horde yoke. Ahmed fled.
"Medieval India" - Products made of ivory and valuable tree species. From the 7th-8th centuries Hindu temples are built in the form of huge towers. Indian numbers. Artistic crafts. Minaret. The walls of the temples were completely covered with reliefs, statues and intricate carvings. Buddha statue in a lotus. Statue of the dancing god Shiva. Architecture. Buddhist temples in Ajanta. Scientific discoveries. Reflected legends and historical events). Mausoleum of the Taj Mahal.
"Culture of the Caliphate" - Pre-Islamic poets sang of a brave warrior, generous and true to the given word. Repetition of the past. Arabic tie. Miniature from Shahnameh. One of the most famous poets was Ferdowsi (934-1020). Sometimes a dome was erected over the mosque, but more often the roof was flat. Ferdowsi. The whole world knows the Alhambra - the palace of the emir in the Spanish city of Granada. Al-Biruni. primary schools Muslims were private. 2. Science. Miniature from an Arabic manuscript.
"Kyiv culture" - Hagia Sophia, Kyiv, XI century. Influence of cultural traditions of Byzantium. Using the traditions of Byzantine art. Written. Cross-domed church, depiction of saints. Bow and arrows. The spread of Christianity. Tale of Bygone Years. Narrative. CULTURE - culture: cultivation, care; agriculture; education, upbringing; worship, reverence. Culture of Kievan Rus. 1. Match.
"Heroes of Ancient Greece" - What feat did Theseus accomplish? What is the difference between myth and legend? Let's try to reflect on the myth of the great singer. Theseus and the Minotaur. Who and how helped Perseus cope with the medusa? It is very interesting and difficult to guess the value mythological images. Examination homework Written survey. Heroes Ancient Greece. Tell us how Perseus was born What does the Gorgon Medusa look like? Snake bite… Orpheus. What is a myth?
The Old Russian state - Kievan Rus Purpose: To trace the stages of formation ancient Russian state, to identify the features of development at each stage. Problem: Is the state among the Slavs the result of a natural stage in the development of Rus', or was it introduced from outside (by the Vikings)? Practical significance: To form an idea of the role of the state in the life of society - the regulation of social relations, the protection of borders, the maintenance of order.
The main stages in the formation of ancient Russian statehood First stage Mid IX - end of X century. Ruling princes Oleg () Igor () Olga () Svyatoslav () Heyday End of the X-first half of the XI century. Ruling princes Vladimir () Yaroslav () Decline, collapse Second half of the XI-mid XII century. Ruling princes Vladimir Monomakh ()
The main theories of the formation of the Old Russian state Norman (Bayer, Schlozer, Miller) The founders of the Old Russian state are the Normans, whom the Slavs called to their lands to rule them. The name "Rus" is of Scandinavian origin. The Slavs are not capable of creating their own statehood. Anti-Norman (M. Lomonosov) The Eastern Slavs were in the process of disintegration of the tribal system and the development of feudalism, the formation of statehood before the arrival of the Varangians. The influence of the Scandinavians on the formation of the state is insignificant The name "Rus" is of Slavic origin.
Adoption of Christianity Causes The need to unite the tribes. Justification of social inequality. Increasing international prestige. Introduction to Byzantine culture. Significance Rapprochement of the Slavic and Finnish tribes. Expansion of international relations. The development of writing, painting, architecture. A blow was dealt to tribal customs (blood feud).
Byzantine influence on Rus' after the introduction of Christianity Power The power of the metropolitan extended to the whole of Rus'. Support for the royal power. Churches and monasteries received land ownership. Byzantine customs and laws were established on church lands. Enlightenment The spread of writing, the creation of schools, the appearance of scribes - learned people. Laws and Courts The clergy judged the people subject to them on the basis of the laws of the Greek Church.
The Rurik Dynasty 962-Rurik's Vocation The campaign in Byzantium was founded by Oleg Kyiv: Kiy, Shchek, Khoriv. 882-Capture of Kyiv (Askold, Dir). Igor War with Byzantium. Collection of tribute during polyudya. 945-The murder of Igor by the Drevlyans. Peace with the Pechenegs 943-Journey south to the Black Sea and North Caucasus. Olga Conquered the Drevlyans (avenged the death of her husband). 955-Trip to Tsar-Grad. She organized graveyards, introduced lessons (a certain amount of tribute), administrative units.
I. Glazunov. Prophetic Oleg Died in 912 Prince Igor Died in 944/945 V. Vasnetsov. Varangians (detail) Calling the Varangians. According to the Laurentian list of The Tale of Bygone Years, Rus', Chud, Slovene and Krivichi sent an embassy overseas: “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no order in it. Come reign and rule over us."
Svyatoslav Conquered the Vyatichi, 967-Campaign to the Danube, 971-War with Byzantium Campaign to the Khazars, to the Dnieper. Founded settlements in Tmutarakan Vladimir "Red Sun" Pagan reform Baptism of Rus'. The construction of temples and churches, the spread of literacy. Svyatopolk "Cursed" War with Yaroslav for the great reign. The murder of the brothers Boris and Gleb (canonized as Saints).
B. Olshansky The legend of Svyatoslav St. Vladimir died in 1015 The chronicle noted that the prince “fought a lot ... he didn’t carry carts or boilers with him, he didn’t cook meat ... He didn’t have a tent, but he slept with a saddle in his head ...” Svyatoslav was a pagan, he owns the phrase: “We will not disgrace the Russian land, but we will lie down with our bones, for the dead have no shame!” Vladimir Svyatoslavich was sung by the Russian people in epics and nicknamed Vladimir the Red Sun. In 988, the Baptism of Rus' took place. After the adoption of Christianity, He built many churches (the Church of the Virgin in Kyiv, etc.). Under St. Vladimir, the minting of gold and silver coins began.
Yaroslav "The Wise" Victory over the Pechenegs. Divided Rus' into destinies. Conclusion of dynastic marriages. Code of Laws "Russian Truth". He founded the Hagia Sophia. Izyaslav Uprising in Kyiv. The end of the XI century, the beginning of Russian chronicle writing. Vsevolod Svyatopolk Second half of the 11th century - The Kiev-Pechersk Monastery was founded Nestor "The Tale of Bygone Years" Victory over the Polovtsy Congress of princes in Lyubech.
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Presentation on the topic "The formation of the Old Russian state." can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Project subject: History. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 5 slide(s).
Presentation slides
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The first Russian princes
Formation of the Old Russian state
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By the middle of the 9th century, the settlements of the Eastern Slavs, which were the centers of the tribes, began to turn into cities. They were usually located on the banks of rivers, on high hills. They were surrounded by wooden walls to protect against attacks by enemies. Near the fortress, a settlement arose, where the huts of artisans and merchants' yards stood. The cities were full of life. They were the centers of princely power, and hence the emerging Russian statehood.
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We know little about the first Russian princes. According to legend, the city of Kyiv, which stood in the land of the meadows, was founded by a certain Kiy, his brothers - Shchek and Khoriv and sister - Lybid. Contradictory information has been preserved about Kei. According to one version, he was a carrier on the Dnieper. According to another - a brave Slavic prince, who went on a campaign against the Byzantine capital of Constantinople (among the Slavs - Constantinople).
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Tips on how to make a good presentation or project report
- Try to involve the audience in the story, set up interaction with the audience using leading questions, the game part, do not be afraid to joke and smile sincerely (where appropriate).
- Try to explain the slide in your own words, add additional Interesting Facts, you don’t just need to read the information from the slides, the audience can read it themselves.
- No need to overload your project slides with text blocks, more illustrations and a minimum of text will better convey information and attract attention. Only the key information should be on the slide, the rest is better to tell the audience orally.
- The text must be well readable, otherwise the audience will not be able to see the information provided, will be greatly distracted from the story, trying to make out at least something, or completely lose all interest. To do this, you need to choose the right font, taking into account where and how the presentation will be broadcast, and also choose the right combination of background and text.
- It is important to rehearse your report, think over how you will greet the audience, what you will say first, how you will finish the presentation. All comes with experience.
- Choose the right outfit, because. The speaker's clothing also plays a big role in the perception of his speech.
- Try to speak confidently, fluently and coherently.
- Try to enjoy the performance so you can be more relaxed and less anxious.
