3.2. Mongol-Tatar invasion and its consequences At the end of the XII century. in the steppes of Central Asia, a powerful Mongol-Tatar state was formed. The struggle for power between the tribal leaders brought victory to Temuchin, who, under the name of Genghis Khan, was proclaimed in 1206

The myth of the Mongol-Tatar yoke is so firmly planted in the minds of each of us by official historiography that it is extremely difficult to prove that there really was no yoke. But still I'll try. In this case, I will use not speculative statements, but the facts cited in my books by the great historian Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov.

Let's start with the fact that the word "yoke" was not familiar to the ancient Russians themselves. For the first time it was used in the letter of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks to Peter I, containing a complaint against one of the governors.

Further. Historical facts testify that the Mongols never intended to conquer Rus'. The appearance of the Mongols in Rus' is connected with their war with the Polovtsy, whom the Mongols, ensuring the security of their borders, drove beyond the Carpathians. For the sake of this, a deep cavalry raid through Rus' was made. But the Mongols did not annex the Russian lands to their state and did not leave garrisons in the cities.

Not critically perceiving the anti-Mongolian chronicles, historians argue about the terrible devastation caused by the Tatars, but they cannot explain why the churches in Vladimir, Kiev and many other cities were not destroyed and survived to this day.

Little is known that Alexander Nevsky was the adopted son of Batu Khan. Even less is known that it was the alliance of Alexander Nevsky with Batu, and later with Batu's son Berku, that stopped the onslaught of the crusaders on Rus'. Alexander's treaty with the Mongols was, in fact, a military-political alliance, and "tribute" was a contribution to the general treasury for the maintenance of the army.

It is also little known that Batu (Batu) emerged victorious from the confrontation with another Mongol khan, Guyuk, largely due to the support he received from the sons of Grand Duke Yaroslav - Alexander Nevsky and Andrei. This support was dictated by a deep political calculation. From the beginning of the XIII century, the Catholic Church began a crusade against the Orthodox: Greeks and Russians. In 1204, the Crusaders captured the capital of Byzantium, Constantinople. Latvians and Estonians were subjugated and turned into serfs. A similar fate awaited Rus', but Alexander Nevsky managed to defeat the crusaders in 1240 on the Neva, in 1242 on Lake Peipus, and thereby stop the first onslaught. But the war continued, and in order to have reliable allies, Alexander fraternized with Batu's son, Spartak, received Mongolian troops to fight the Germans. This union was preserved even after the death of Alexander Nevsky. In 1269, the Germans, having learned about the appearance of a Mongol detachment in Novgorod, asked for peace: "The Germans, reconciled according to the will of Novgorod, are very afraid of the name of the Tatar." So, thanks to the support of the Mongols, the Russian land was saved from the invasion of the crusaders.

It should be noted that the first so-called campaign of the Mongols against Rus' was in 1237, and the Russian princes began to pay tribute only twenty years later, when the Pope announced a crusade against the Orthodox. To protect Rus' from the onslaught of the Germans, Alexander Nevsky recognized the sovereignty of the Khan of the Golden Horde and agreed to pay a kind of tax on the military assistance of the Tatars, which was called a tribute.

It is indisputable that where the Russian princes entered into an alliance with the Mongols, a great power, Russia, grew up. Where the princes refused such an alliance, and these are White Rus', Galicia, Volyn, Kyiv and Chernigov, their principalities became victims of Lithuania and Poland.

A little later, during the so-called Mongol-Tatar yoke, Russia experienced a threat both from the East from the Great Lame (Timur) and from the West from Vitovt, and only an alliance with the Mongols made it possible to protect Russia from invasion.

Mongol-Tatars are to blame for the desolation of Rus'

Here is the generally accepted version. In the XII century, Kievan Rus was a rich country, with magnificent crafts and brilliant architecture. By the XIV century, this country was so desolated that in the XV century it began to be re-populated by people from the north. In the interval between the eras of prosperity and decline, the army of Batu passed through these lands, therefore, it is the Mongol-Tatars who are responsible for the decline Kievan Rus.

But in fact, everything is not so simple. The fact is that the decline of Kievan Rus began in the second half of the 12th century, or even in the 11th century, when the trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” lost its significance due to the fact that the Crusades opened an easier road to the riches of the East. And the invasion of the Tatars only contributed to the desolation of the region, which began 200 years ago.

The widely held belief that almost all the cities (“they are innumerable”) in Rus' were taken by the Tatars is also incorrect. The Tatars could not stop at every city to destroy it. They bypassed many fortresses, and forests, ravines, rivers, swamps sheltered both villages and people from the Tatar cavalry.

Mongol-Tatars are a primitive, uncivilized people

The opinion that the Tatars were savage and uncivilized is widely held due to the fact that this was the official opinion of Soviet historiography. But, as we have seen more than once, the official is not at all identical to the correct.

To debunk the myth about the backwardness and primitiveness of the Mongol-Tatars, we will once again use the works of Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov. He notes that the Mongols did indeed kill, rob, drive away livestock, take away brides, and commit many of those deeds that are usually condemned in any reader for young children.

Their actions were far from unreasonable. With the expansion of the habitat, the Mongols ran into rivals. The war with them was a completely natural rivalry. Driving away livestock is a kind of sport associated with a risk to life, first of all, a horse thief. The kidnapping of brides was explained by concern for offspring, since the stolen wives were treated no less delicately than those married with the consent of both families.

All this, of course, brought a lot of blood and grief, but, as Gumilyov notes, unlike other regions called civilized, in the Great Steppe there were no lies and deceit of those who trusted.

Speaking about the uncivilization of the Mongols, we “reproach” them for the fact that they did not have cities and castles. In fact, the fact that people lived in felt yurts - gers, cannot be considered a sign of uncivilization, because this is saving the gifts of nature, from which they took only the necessary. It is worth noting that the animals were killed exactly as much as needed to satisfy hunger (unlike the "civilized" Europeans, who hunted for fun). It is also important that clothes, houses, saddles and horse harnesses were made of unstable materials that returned back to Nature along with the bodies of the Mongols. The culture of the Mongols, according to L.N. Gumilyov, "crystallized not in things, but in the word, in information about ancestors."

A thorough study of the way of life of the Mongols allows Gumilyov to draw a perhaps somewhat exaggerated, but essentially correct conclusion: “Just think ... the Mongols lived in the sphere of earthly sin, but outside the sphere of otherworldly evil! And other peoples drowned in both.

The Mongols - the destroyers of the cultural oases of Central Asia

According to the established opinion, the cruel Mongol-Tatars destroyed the cultural oases of the agricultural cities. But was it really so? After all, the official version is based on legends created by Muslim court historiographers. About what these legends are worth, Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov tells in his book “From Rus' to Russia”. He writes that Islamic historians reported the fall of Herat as a disaster in which the entire population was exterminated in the city, except for a few men who managed to escape in the mosque. The city was completely devastated, and only wild animals roamed the streets and tormented the dead. After sitting out for some time and recovering, the surviving residents of Herat went to distant lands to rob caravans, guided by a “noble” goal - to regain their lost wealth.

Further Gumilev continues: “This is a typical example of myth-making. After all, if the entire population big city was exterminated and lay corpses on the streets, then inside the city, in particular in the mosque, the air would be contaminated with ptomaine, and those who hid there would simply die. No predators, except for jackals, live near the city, and they very rarely penetrate the city. It was simply impossible for exhausted people to move to rob caravans a few hundred kilometers from Herat, since they would have to walk, carrying burdens - water and provisions. Such a “robber”, having met a caravan, would not be able to rob it, since he would only have enough strength to ask for water.

Even more absurd are the reports of Islamic historians about the fall of Merv. The Mongols took it in 1219 and allegedly exterminated all the inhabitants of the city there until last man. Nevertheless, already in 1220, Merv rebelled, and the Mongols had to take the city again (and again exterminate everyone). But two years later, Merv sent a detachment of 10 thousand people to fight the Mongols.

There are many such examples. They once again demonstrate how much you can trust historical sources.

Today we will talk about a very “slippery” from the point of view modern history and science, but no less interesting topic.

Disputes about the history of the Tatar-Mongol invasion and the consequences of their invasion, the so-called yoke, do not disappear, probably never will. Under the influence of numerous critics, including Gumilyov's supporters, new, interesting facts began to be woven into the traditional version of Russian history. Mongolian yoke that would like to be developed. As we all remember from the school history course, the point of view still prevails, which is as follows:

In the first half of the 13th century, Russia was invaded by the Tatars, who came to Europe from Central Asia, in particular China and Central Asia, which they had already captured by this time. The dates are exactly known to our Russian historians: 1223 - the Battle of the Kalka, 1237 - the fall of Ryazan, in 1238 - the defeat of the combined forces of the Russian princes on the banks of the City River, in 1240 - the fall of Kiev. Tatar-Mongolian troops destroyed individual squads of the princes of Kievan Rus and subjected it to a monstrous defeat. The military power of the Tatars was so irresistible that their dominance lasted for two and a half centuries - until the "Standing on the Ugra" in 1480, when the consequences of the yoke were finally completely eliminated, the end came.

250 years, that's how many years, Russia paid tribute to the Horde with money and blood. In 1380, for the first time since the invasion of Batu Khan, Rus' gathered strength and gave battle to the Tatar Horde on the Kulikovo field, in which Dmitry Donskoy defeated the Temnik Mamai, but this defeat did not happen to all the Tatars - the Mongols at all, this is, so to speak, a won battle in lost war. Although even the traditional version of Russian history suggests that there were practically no Tatar-Mongol in Mamai's army, only local nomads and Genoese mercenaries from the Don. By the way, the participation of the Genoese, suggests the participation of the Vatican in this matter. Today, in the well-known version of the history of Russia, they began to add, as it were, fresh data, but intended to add credibility and reliability to an already existing version. In particular, there are extensive discussions on the number of nomadic Tatars - Mongols, the specifics of their martial art and weapons.

Let's evaluate the versions that exist today:

I propose to start with a very interesting fact. Such a nationality as the Mongol-Tatars does not exist, and did not exist at all. The Mongols and Tatars are related only by the fact that they roamed the Central Asian steppe, which, as we know, is quite large to accommodate any nomadic people, and at the same time give them the opportunity not to intersect in one territory at all.

The Mongol tribes lived in the southern tip of the Asian steppe and often hunted for raids on China and its provinces, which is often confirmed by the history of China. While other nomadic Turkic tribes, called from time immemorial in Rus' Bulgars (Volga Bulgaria), settled in the lower reaches of the Volga River. At that time in Europe they were called Tatars, or TatAriyev (the strongest of the nomadic tribes, inflexible and invincible). And the Tatars, the closest neighbors of the Mongols, lived in the northeastern part of modern Mongolia, mainly in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bLake Buir-Nor and up to the borders of China. There were 70 thousand families, which made up 6 tribes: Tutukulyut Tatars, Alchi Tatars, Chagan Tatars, Kuin Tatars, Terat Tatars, Barkui Tatars. The second parts of the names, apparently, are the self-names of these tribes. Among them there is not a single word that would sound close to the Turkic language - they are more in tune with the Mongolian names.

Two kindred peoples - Tatars and Mongols - waged a war for a long time with varying success for mutual extermination, until Genghis Khan seized power in all of Mongolia. The fate of the Tatars was sealed. Since the Tatars were the murderers of the father of Genghis Khan, they exterminated many tribes and clans close to him, constantly supported the tribes opposing him, “then Genghis Khan (Tei-mu-Chin) ordered to carry out a general slaughter of the Tatars and not to leave not one of them alive to the limit that is determined by law (Yasak); that the women and little children should also be slaughtered, and that the wombs of the pregnant women should be cut open in order to completely destroy them. …”.

That is why such a nationality could not threaten the freedom of Rus'. Moreover, many historians and cartographers of that time, especially Eastern European ones, “sinned” to call all indestructible (from the point of view of Europeans) and invincible peoples, TatAriy or simply in Latin TatArie.
This can be easily traced from ancient maps, for example, Map of Russia 1594 in the Atlas of Gerhard Mercator, or Maps of Russia and Tartary Ortelius.

One of the fundamental axioms of Russian historiography is the assertion that for almost 250 years, the so-called “Mongol-Tatar yoke” existed on the lands inhabited by the ancestors of the modern East Slavic peoples - Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians. Allegedly in the 30s - 40s of the XIII century, the ancient Russian principalities were subjected to the Mongol-Tatar invasion led by the legendary Batu Khan.

The point is that there are many historical facts, contradicting the historical version of the "Mongol-Tatar yoke".

First of all, even in the canonical version, the fact of the conquest of the northeastern ancient Russian principalities by the Mongol-Tatar invaders is not directly confirmed - supposedly these principalities were in vassal dependence on the Golden Horde ( public education occupied a large area in the southeast of Eastern Europe and Western Siberia, founded by the Mongol prince Batu). They say that the army of Batu Khan made several bloody predatory raids on these very northeastern ancient Russian principalities, as a result of which our distant ancestors decided to go “under the arm” of Batu and his Golden Horde.

However, historical information is known that the personal guard of Batu Khan consisted exclusively of Russian soldiers. A very strange circumstance for the lackeys-vassals of the great Mongol conquerors, especially for the newly conquered people.

There is indirect evidence of the existence of a letter from Batu to the legendary Russian prince Alexander Nevsky, in which the all-powerful khan of the Golden Horde asks the Russian prince to take his son to raise him and make him a real warrior and commander.

Also, some sources claim that Tatar mothers in the Golden Horde frightened their disobedient children with the name of Alexander Nevsky.

Due to all these inconsistencies, the author of these lines in his book “2013. Memories of the Future” (“Olma-Press”) puts forward a completely different version of the events of the first half and the middle of the 13th century on the territory of the European part of the future Russian Empire.

According to this version, when the Mongols at the head of nomadic tribes (later called Tatars) went to the northeastern old Russian principalities, they really entered into quite bloody combat clashes with them. But only a crushing victory for Batu Khan did not work out, most likely, the matter ended in a kind of “combat draw”. And then Batu offered the Russian princes an equal military alliance. Otherwise, it is difficult to explain why his guards consisted of Russian knights, and Tatar mothers frightened their children with the name of Alexander Nevsky.

All these horror stories about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" were composed much later, when the Muscovite tsars had to create myths about their exclusivity and superiority over the conquered peoples (the same Tatars, for example).

Even in modern school curriculum, this historical moment is briefly described as follows: “At the beginning of the 13th century, Genghis Khan gathered a large army from nomadic peoples, and having subjected them to strict discipline, decided to conquer the whole world. Having defeated China, he sent his army to Rus'. In the winter of 1237, the army of the "Mongol-Tatars" invaded the territory of Rus', and subsequently defeated Russian army on the Kalka River, went further, through Poland and the Czech Republic. As a result, having reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea, the army suddenly stops, and without completing its task, turns back. From this period begins the so-called " Mongol-Tatar yoke» over Russia.

But wait, they were going to take over the world...so why didn't they go further? Historians answered that they were afraid of an attack from the back, defeated and plundered, but still strong Rus'. But this is just ridiculous. A plundered state, will it run to protect other people's cities and villages? Rather, they will rebuild their borders, and wait for the return of the enemy troops in order to fully fight back.
But the oddities don't end there. For some unimaginable reason, during the reign of the Romanov dynasty, dozens of chronicles describing the events of the "Horde times" disappear. For example, "The Word about the destruction of the Russian land", historians believe that this is a document from which everything that would testify to the Yoke was carefully removed. They left only fragments telling about some kind of "trouble" that befell Rus'. But there is not a word about the "invasion of the Mongols."

There are many more oddities. In the story “About the Evil Tatars”, a Khan from the Golden Horde orders the execution of a Russian Christian prince ... for refusing to bow to the “pagan god of the Slavs!” And some chronicles contain amazing phrases, for example, such: “Well, with God!” - said the Khan and, crossing himself, galloped at the enemy.
So what really happened?

At that time, Europe was already flourishing in full " new faith, namely, Faith in Christ. Catholicism was widespread everywhere, and ruled everything, from the way of life and system, to the state system and legislation. At that time, crusades against the Gentiles were still relevant, but along with military methods, “tactical tricks” were often used, akin to bribing powerful people and inclining them to their faith. And after receiving power through a purchased person, the conversion of all his “subordinates” to the faith. It was precisely such a secret crusade that was then carried out against Rus'. Through bribery and other promises, church ministers were able to seize power over Kiev and nearby areas. Just relatively recently, by the standards of history, the baptism of Rus' took place, but history is silent about the civil war that arose on this basis immediately after the forced baptism. And the ancient Slavic chronicle describes this moment as follows:

« And the Vorogs came from the Overseas, and they brought faith in alien gods. With fire and sword, they began to instill in us an alien faith, Showering the Russian princes with gold and silver, bribing their will, and misleading the true path. They promised them an idle life, full of wealth and happiness, and the remission of any sins, for their dashing deeds.

And then Ros broke up into different states. The Russian clans retreated to the north to the great Asgard, And they named their state by the names of the gods of their patrons, Tarkh Dazhdbog the Great and Tara, his Sister of Light. (They called her Great Tartaria). Leaving foreigners with princes bought in the principality of Kiev and its environs. Volga Bulgaria also did not bow before the enemies, and did not accept their alien faith as their own.
But the principality of Kiev did not live in peace with Tartary. They began to conquer the Russian land with fire and sword and impose their alien faith. And then the army rose up, for a fierce battle. In order to keep their faith and win back their lands. Both old and young then went to the Warriors in order to restore order to the Russian Lands.

And so the war began, in which the Russian army, the land of the Great Aria (tatAria) defeated the enemy, and drove him out of the primordially Slavic lands. It drove the alien army, with their fierce faith, from their stately lands.

By the way, the word Horde is spelled Old Slavonic alphabet, means Order. That is, the Golden Horde is not a separate state, it is a system. "Political" system of the Golden Order. Under which the Princes reigned locally, planted with the approval of the Commander-in-Chief of the Defense Army, or in one word they called him KHAN (our protector).
It means that there was not more than two hundred years of oppression, but there was a time of peace and prosperity of the Great Aria or TarTaria. By the way, in modern history there is also confirmation of this, but for some reason no one pays attention to it. But we will definitely pay attention, and very close:

The Mongol-Tatar yoke is a system of political and tributary dependence of the Russian principalities on the Mongol-Tatar khans (until the beginning of the 60s of the XIII century, the Mongol khans, after the khans of the Golden Horde) in the XIII-XV centuries. The establishment of the yoke became possible as a result of the Mongol invasion of Rus' in 1237-1241 and took place for two decades after it, including in the lands that were not devastated. In North-Eastern Rus' it lasted until 1480. (Wikipedia)

Battle of the Neva (July 15, 1240) - a battle on the Neva River between the Novgorod militia under the command of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich and the Swedish army. After the victory of the Novgorodians, Alexander Yaroslavich received the honorary nickname "Nevsky" for his skillful management of the campaign and courage in battle. (Wikipedia)

Doesn't it seem strange to you that the battle with the Swedes takes place right in the midst of the invasion of the "Mongol-Tatars" into Rus'? Blazing in fires and plundered by the Mongols, Rus' is attacked by the Swedish army, which is safely drowning in the waters of the Neva, and at the same time, the Swedish crusaders never encounter the Mongols. And the Russians, who defeated the strong Swedish army, lose to the “Mongols”? In my opinion, it's just Brad. Two huge armies at the same time are fighting on the same territory and never intersect. But if we turn to the ancient Slavonic chronicle, then everything becomes clear.

From 1237 Rat Great Tartaria began to win back their ancestral lands, and when the war was coming to an end, the representatives of the church, who were losing ground, asked for help, and the Swedish crusaders were launched into battle. Since it was not possible to take the country by bribery, then they will take it by force. Just in 1240, the army of the Horde (that is, the army of Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich, one of the princes of the ancient Slavic family) clashed in battle with the army of the Crusaders that came to the rescue of their henchmen. Having won the battle on the Neva, Alexander received the title of the Neva prince and remained to reign in Novgorod, and the Horde Army went further to drive the adversary from the Russian lands completely. So she persecuted the “church and alien faith” until she reached the Adriatic Sea, thereby restoring her original ancient borders. And having reached them, the army turned around and again left not the north. By setting 300 summer period peace.

Again, confirmation of this is the so-called end of the Yoke. Battle of Kulikovo"Before which 2 knights Peresvet and Chelubey participated in the match. Two Russian knights, Andrei Peresvet (superior to the world) and Chelubey (beating, Telling, narrating, asking) Information about which was cruelly cut out from the pages of history. It was the loss of Chelubey that foreshadowed the victory of the army of Kievan Rus, restored with the money of all the same "Churchmen", who nevertheless penetrated into Rus' from under the floor, albeit more than 150 years later. This is later, when all of Rus' will plunge into the abyss of chaos, all sources confirming the events of the past will be burned. And after the coming to power of the Romanov family, many documents will take on the form we know.

By the way, this is not the first time that the Slavic army defends its lands and expels the Gentiles from their territories. Another extremely interesting and confusing moment in History tells us about this.
Army of Alexander the Great, consisting of many professional warriors, was defeated by a small army of some nomads in the mountains north of India (Alexander's last campaign). And for some reason, no one is surprised by the fact that a large trained army, which traveled half the world and redrawn the world map, was so easily broken by an army of simple and uneducated nomads.
But everything becomes clear if you look at the maps of that time and just even think about who the nomads who came from the north (from India) could be. These are just our territories that originally belonged to the Slavs, and where, to this day, the remains of the EtRuss civilization are found .

The Macedonian army was pushed back by the army Slavyan-Ariev who defended their territories. It was at that time that the Slavs "for the first time" went to the Adriatic Sea, and left a huge mark on the territories of Europe. Thus, it turns out that we are not the first to conquer "half of the globe."

So how did it happen that even now we do not know our history? Everything is very simple. The Europeans, trembling with fear and horror, did not cease to be afraid of the Rusichs, even when their plans were crowned with success and they enslaved the Slavic peoples, they were still afraid that one day Rus' would rise and shine again with its former strength.

At the beginning of the 18th century, Peter the Great founded Russian Academy Sciences. For 120 years of its existence, there were 33 academicians-historians at the historical department of the Academy. Of these, only three were Russians (including M.V. Lomonosov), the rest were Germans. So it turns out that the history of Ancient Rus' was written by the Germans, and many of them did not know not only the ways of life and traditions, they did not even know the Russian language. This fact is well known to many historians, but they do not make any effort to carefully study the history that the Germans wrote and get to the bottom of the truth.
Lomonosov wrote a work on the history of Rus', and in this field he often had disputes with his German colleagues. After his death, the archives disappeared without a trace, but somehow his works on the history of Rus' were published, but under the editorship of Miller. At the same time, it was Miller who oppressed Lomonosov in every possible way during his lifetime. Computer analysis confirmed that the works of Lomonosov published by Miller on the history of Rus' are a falsification. Little is left of Lomonosov's works.

This concept can be found on the Omsk State University website:

We will formulate our concept, hypothesis immediately, without
preliminary preparation of the reader.

Let us pay attention to the following strange and very interesting
data. However, their strangeness is based only on the generally accepted
chronology and inspired to us since childhood version of the ancient Russian
stories. It turns out that changing the chronology removes many oddities and
<>.

One of the highlights in the history of ancient Rus' is so
called the Tatar-Mongol conquest by the Horde. Traditionally
it is believed that the Horde came from the East (China? Mongolia?),
captured many countries, conquered Rus', swept to the West and
even reached Egypt.

But if Rus' had been conquered in the XIII century with any
was from the side - or from the east, as modern
historians, or from the west, as Morozov believed, they should have
remain information about the clashes between the conquerors and
Cossacks who lived both on the western borders of Rus' and in the lower reaches
Don and Volga. That is, just where they were supposed to go
conquerors.

Of course, in the school courses of Russian history, we are strenuously
they convince that the Cossack troops allegedly arose only in the 17th century,
allegedly due to the fact that the serfs fled from the power of the landowners to
Don. However, it is known - although textbooks do not usually mention this,
- that, for example, the Don Cossack state existed IN
XVI century, had its own laws and history.

Moreover, it turns out that the beginning of the history of the Cossacks refers to
to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. See, for example, Sukhorukov's work<>in DON magazine, 1989.

Thus,<>Wherever she comes from,
moving along the natural path of colonization and conquest,
would inevitably come into conflict with the Cossack
areas.
This is not noted.

What's the matter?

A natural hypothesis arises:
NO FOREIGN
THERE WAS NO CONQUEST OF Rus'. THE HORDE DID NOT FIGHT WITH THE COSSACKS THAT
COSSACKS WERE A PART OF THE HORDE. This hypothesis was
not formulated by us. It is very convincingly substantiated,
for example, A. A. Gordeev in his<>.

BUT WE ARE APPROVING SOMETHING MORE.

One of our main hypotheses is that the Cossacks
troops were not only part of the Horde - they were regular
troops of the Russian state. Thus, the HORDE - IT WAS
JUST A REGULAR RUSSIAN ARMY.

According to our hypothesis, the modern terms ARMY and VOIN,
- Church Slavonic in origin, - were not Old Russian
terms. They came into constant use in Rus' only with
XVII century. And the old Russian terminology was as follows: Horde,
Cossack, Khan

Then the terminology changed. Incidentally, in the 19th century
Russian folk proverbs<>And<>were
interchangeable. This is evident from the many examples given
in Dahl's dictionary. For example:<>and so on.

There is still the famous city of Semikarakorum on the Don, and on
Kuban - the village of Khanskaya. Recall that the Karakorum is considered
THE CAPITAL OF GENGHIS KHAN. At the same time, as is well known, in those
places where archaeologists are still stubbornly looking for Karakoram, no
For some reason there is no Karakorum.

Desperately, they hypothesized that<>. This monastery, which existed in the 19th century, was surrounded
an earthen rampart only about one English mile long. Historians
believe that the famous capital of Karakoram was entirely placed on
territory subsequently occupied by this monastery.

According to our hypothesis, the Horde is not a foreign entity,
captured Rus' from the outside, but there is just an Eastern Russian regular
army, which was an integral part integral part into Old Russian
state.
Our hypothesis is this.

1) <>IT WAS JUST A MILITARY PERIOD
MANAGEMENT IN THE RUSSIAN STATE. NO FOREIGNERS Rus'
CONQUERED.

2) THE SUPREME RULER WAS THE COMMANDER-KHAN = KING, A B
THE CITIES WERE CIVIL GOVERNORS - PRINCES WHO ARE OBLIGED
WERE TO COLLECT TRIBUTE IN FAVOR OF THIS RUSSIAN TROOP, ON ITS
CONTENT.

3) THUS, THE OLD RUSSIAN STATE PRESENTS
A UNIFIED EMPIRE IN WHICH THERE WAS A PERMANENT ARMY CONSISTING OF
PROFESSIONAL MILITARY (HORDE) AND CIVIL UNIT WITHOUT
OF THEIR REGULAR TROOPS. BECAUSE SUCH TROOPS HAVE ALREADY ENTERED
COMPOSITION OF THE HORDE.

4) THIS RUSSIAN-HORDE EMPIRE HAD EXISTED FROM THE XIV CENTURY
BEFORE THE BEGINNING OF THE XVII CENTURY. ITS STORY ENDED WITH THE FAMOUS GREAT
TROUBLES IN Rus' IN THE BEGINNING OF THE XVII CENTURY. AS A RESULT OF THE CIVIL WAR
RUSSIAN HORDE TSARS - THE LAST OF WHICH WAS BORIS
<>, - WERE PHYSICALLY EXTERMINATED. A FORMER RUSSIAN
THE ARMY-HORDE ACTUALLY DEFEATED IN THE FIGHT WITH<>. RESULTS
NEW PRO-WESTERN ROMANOV DYNASTY. SHE TAKE POWER AND
IN THE RUSSIAN CHURCH (FILARET).

5) NEW DYNASTY REQUIRED<>,
IDEOLOGICALLY JUSTIFYING ITS POWER. THIS NEW POWER FROM THE POINT
THE VIEW OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN HORDE HISTORY WAS ILLEGAL. THAT'S WHY
THE ROMANOVS NEEDED TO CHANGE THE LIGHTING OF THE PREVIOUS
RUSSIAN HISTORY. HAVE TO TELL THEM - IT WAS DONE
COMPETENTLY. WITHOUT CHANGING MOST OF THE FACTS IN SUBSTANCE, THEY COULD
UNRECOGNIZABILITY TO DISTORT THE WHOLE RUSSIAN HISTORY. SO, PREVIOUS
HISTORY OF Rus'-HORDA WITH ITS ESTATE OF FARMERS AND MILITARY
ESTATE - HORDE, WAS ANNOUNCED BY THEM AN AGE<>. AT THE SAME TIME, YOUR OWN RUSSIAN HORDE-ARMY
TURNED, - UNDER THE PEN OF ROMANOV HISTORIANS, - INTO MYTHICAL
ALIENS FROM A FAR UNKNOWN COUNTRY.

notorious<>, familiar to us from Romanovsky
storytelling was just STATE TAX inside
Rus' for the maintenance of the Cossack army - the Horde. famous<>, - every tenth person taken into the Horde is just
state MILITARY SET. Like conscription into the army, but only
since childhood - and for life.

Further, the so-called<>, in our opinion,
were simply punitive expeditions to those Russian regions,
who, for some reason, refused to pay tribute =
state tax. Then regular troops punished
civil rioters.

These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and anyone can easily find them on the Internet. Omitting scientific research and justification, which have already been described quite extensively, let's summarize the main facts that refute the big lie about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke".

1. Genghis Khan

Previously, in Rus', 2 people were responsible for governing the state: Prince and Khan. The prince was responsible for governing the state in peacetime. Khan or "war prince" took over the reins of government during the war, in peacetime he was responsible for the formation of the horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness.

Genghis Khan is not a name, but the title of a "war prince", which, in modern world, close to the position of Commander-in-Chief of the Army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most prominent of them was Timur, it is about him that they usually talk about when they talk about Genghis Khan.

In the surviving historical documents, this man is described as a tall warrior with blue eyes, very white skin, powerful reddish hair and a thick beard. Which clearly does not correspond to the signs of a representative of the Mongoloid race, but fully fits the description of the Slavic appearance (L.N. Gumilyov - "Ancient Rus' and the Great Steppe".).

In modern "Mongolia" there is not a single folk epic, which would say that this country once conquered almost all of Eurasia in ancient times, just like there is nothing about the great conqueror Genghis Khan ... (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide").

2. Mongolia

The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks came to the nomads living in the Gobi desert and informed them that they were the descendants of the great Mongols, and their “compatriot” created the Great Empire at one time, which they were very surprised and delighted with . The word "Mogul" is of Greek origin and means "Great". This word the Greeks called our ancestors - the Slavs. It has nothing to do with the name of any people (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide").

3. The composition of the army "Tatar-Mongols"

70-80% of the army of the "Tatar-Mongols" were Russians, the remaining 20-30% were other small peoples of Rus', in fact, as now. This fact is clearly confirmed by a fragment of the icon of Sergius of Radonezh "The Battle of Kulikovo". It clearly shows that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this fight is more like civil war than to go to war with a foreign conqueror.

4. What did the "Tatar-Mongols" look like?

Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Henry II the Pious, who was killed on the Legnica field. The inscription is as follows: “The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Krakow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, who was killed in the battle with the Tatars at Liegnitz on April 9, 1241.” As we can see, this "Tatar" has a completely Russian appearance, clothes and weapons. In the next image - "Khan's palace in the capital of the Mongol Empire, Khanbalik" (it is believed that Khanbalik is allegedly Beijing). What is "Mongolian" and what is "Chinese" here? Again, as in the case of the tomb of Henry II, before us are people of a clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, archer caps, the same broad beards, the same characteristic blades of sabers called "elman". The roof on the left is almost an exact copy of the roofs of the old Russian towers ... (A. Bushkov, "Russia that was not").

5. Genetic expertise

According to the latest data obtained as a result of genetic research, it turned out that Tatars and Russians have very similar genetics. Whereas the differences between the genetics of Russians and Tatars from the genetics of the Mongols are colossal: “The differences between the Russian gene pool (almost completely European) and the Mongolian (almost completely Central Asian) are really great - it’s like two different worlds ...” (oagb.ru).

6. Documents during the Tatar-Mongol yoke

During the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has been preserved. But there are many documents of this time in Russian.

7. Lack of objective evidence supporting the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

There are currently no originals historical documents, which would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke. But on the other hand, there are many fakes designed to convince us of the existence of a fiction called the "Tatar-Mongol yoke." Here is one of those fakes. This text is called "The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land" and in each publication it is announced as "an excerpt from a poetic work that has not come down to us in its entirety ... About the Tatar-Mongol invasion":

“Oh, bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are glorified by many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clear fields, marvelous animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, monastery gardens, temples of God and formidable princes, honest boyars and many nobles. You are full of everything, Russian land, O Christian Orthodox Faith!..»

There is not even a hint of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" in this text. But in this "ancient" document there is such a line: “You are full of everything, Russian land, O Orthodox Christian faith!”

More opinions:

The plenipotentiary representative of Tatarstan in Moscow (1999-2010), doctor of political sciences Nazif Mirikhanov spoke in the same spirit: “The term“ yoke ”appeared in general only in the 18th century,” he is sure. “Before that, the Slavs did not even suspect that they were living under oppression, under the yoke of certain conquerors.”

"In fact, Russian empire, and then Soviet Union, and now Russian Federation- these are the heirs of the Golden Horde, that is, the Turkic empire created by Genghis Khan, whom we need to rehabilitate, as they have already done in China, ”continued Mirikhanov. And he concluded his reasoning with the following thesis: “The Tatars frightened Europe so much in their time that the rulers of Rus', who chose the European path of development, in every possible way dissociated themselves from the Horde predecessors. Today is the time to restore historical justice.”

The result was summed up by Izmailov:

“The historical period, which is commonly called the time of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, was not a period of terror, ruin and slavery. Yes, the Russian princes paid tribute to the rulers from Sarai and received labels from them for reigning, but this is ordinary feudal rent. At the same time, the Church flourished in those centuries, and beautiful white-stone churches were built everywhere. Which was quite natural: disparate principalities could not afford such construction, but only an actual confederation united under the rule of the Khan of the Golden Horde or the Ulus of Jochi, as it would be more correct to call our common state with the Tatars.

Although I set myself the goal of clarifying the history of the Slavs from the origins to Rurik, but along the way I received material that goes beyond the scope of the task. I cannot but use it to cover an event that turned the whole course of the history of Rus'. It's about about the Tatar-Mongol invasion, i.e. about one of the main themes of Russian history, which still shares Russian society on those who acknowledge the yoke and those who deny it.

The dispute about whether there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke divided Russians, Tatars and historians into two camps. Renowned historian Lev Gumilyov(1912-1992) argues that the Tatar-Mongol yoke is a myth. He believes that at that time the Russian principalities and the Tatar Horde on the Volga with its capital in Sarai, which conquered Rus', coexisted in a single state of a federal type under the common central authority of the Horde. The price of maintaining some independence within individual principalities was a tax that Alexander Nevsky undertook to pay to the khans of the Horde.

So many scientific treatises have been written on the topic of the Mongol invasion and the Tatar-Mongol yoke, plus a number of works of art that any person who does not agree with these postulates looks, to put it mildly, crazy. However, over the past decades, several scientific, or rather popular science, works have been presented to the readers. Their authors: A. Fomenko, A. Bushkov, A. Maksimov, G. Sidorov and some others claim the opposite: there were no Mongols as such.

Completely unreal versions

In fairness, it must be said that in addition to the works of these authors, there are versions of the history of the Tatar-Mongol invasion that do not seem worthy of serious attention, since they do not logically explain some issues and attract additional participants in the events, which contradicts the well-known rule of Occam's razor: do not complicate the general picture with superfluous characters. The authors of one of these versions are S. Valyansky and D. Kalyuzhny, who in the book “Another History of Russia” believe that under the guise of the Tatar-Mongols, in the imagination of the chroniclers of antiquity, the Bethlehem spiritual and chivalric order appears, which arose in Palestine and after the capture in 1217 The Kingdom of Jerusalem was moved by the Turks to Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Poland and, possibly, Southwestern Russia. According to the golden cross worn by the commanders of this order, these crusaders received the name of the Golden Order in Rus', which echoes the name of the Golden Horde. This version does not explain the invasion of "Tatars" on Europe itself.

The same book presents the version of A. M. Zhabinsky, who believes that under the “Tatars” the army of the Nicaean emperor Theodore I Laskaris (in the chronicles under the name of Genghis Khan) operates under the command of his son-in-law John Duk Vatats (under the name of Batu), who attacked Russia in response to the refusal of Kievan Rus to enter into an alliance with Nicaea in its military operations in the Balkans. Chronologically, the formation and collapse of the Nicaean Empire (the successor of Byzantium defeated by the Crusaders in 1204) and the Mongol Empire coincide. But from traditional historiography it is known that in 1241 the Nicene troops were fighting in the Balkans (Bulgaria and Thessaloniki recognized the power of Vatatzes), and at the same time the tumens of the godless Khan Batu are fighting there. It is implausible that two numerous armies, acting side by side, surprisingly did not notice each other! For this reason, I do not consider these versions in detail.

Here I want to present in detail substantiated versions of three authors, who each in their own way tried to answer the question of whether there was a Mongol-Tatar yoke at all. It can be assumed that the Tatars did come to Rus', but they could be Tatars from beyond the Volga or the Caspian, old neighbors of the Slavs. There could not be only one thing: the fantastic invasion of the Mongols from Central Asia, who rode half the world with battles, because there are objective circumstances in the world that cannot be ignored.

The authors provide a significant amount of evidence to support their words. The evidence is very, very compelling. These versions are not free from some shortcomings, but they are argued more reliably than an example. official history, which is unable to answer a number of simple questions and often simply make ends meet. All three - Alexander Bushkov, and Albert Maximov, and Georgy Sidorov - believe that there was no yoke. At the same time, A. Bushkov and A. Maximov differ mainly only in terms of the origin of the "Mongols" and which of the Russian princes acted as Genghis Khan and Batu. It seemed to me personally that the alternative version of the history of the Tatar-Mongol invasion by Albert Maksimov was more detailed and substantiated and therefore more credible.

At the same time, G. Sidorov’s attempt to prove that in fact the “Mongols” were the ancient Indo-European population of Siberia, the so-called Scythian-Siberian Russia, which came to the aid of Eastern European Russia in difficult times of its fragmentation in the face of a real threat of conquest by the Crusaders and forced Germanization , is also not without reason and may be interesting in itself.

Tatar-Mongol yoke according to school history

From the school bench we know that in 1237, as a result of a foreign invasion, Rus' was mired in the darkness of poverty, ignorance and violence for 300 years, falling into political and economic dependence on the Mongol khans and the rulers of the Golden Horde. The school textbook says that the Mongol-Tatar hordes are wild nomadic tribes that did not have their own written language and culture, who invaded the territory of medieval Rus' from the distant borders of China on horseback, conquered it and enslaved the Russian people. It is believed that the Mongol-Tatar invasion brought with it incalculable misfortunes, led to huge human losses, to the plunder and destruction of material values, discarding Rus' in the cultural and economic development 3 centuries ago compared to Europe.

But now many people know that this myth about the Great Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan was invented by the German school of historians of the 18th century in order to somehow explain the backwardness of Russia and present in a favorable light the reigning house, which came from the seedy Tatar murzas. And the historiography of Russia, taken as a dogma, is completely false, but it is still taught in schools. Let's start with the fact that the Mongols are not mentioned even once in the annals. Contemporaries call unknown aliens whatever they like - Tatars, Pechenegs, Horde, Taurmen, but not Mongols.

As it was in fact, we are helped to understand by people who independently researched this topic and offer their versions of the history of this time.

First, let's remember what children are taught according to the school history.

Army of Genghis Khan

From the history of the Mongol Empire (the history of the creation of his empire by Genghis Khan and his early years under the real name of Temujin, see the film "Genghis Khan"), it is known that from the army of 129 thousand people available at the time of Genghis Khan's death, according to his will, 101 thousand soldiers passed to his son Tuluya, including the guards thousand bogaturs, the son of Jochi (father of Batu) received 4 thousand people, the sons of Chegotai and Ogedei - 12 thousand each.

The march to the West was led by the eldest son of Jochi Batu Khan. The army set out on a campaign in the spring of 1236 from the upper reaches of the Irtysh from the Western Altai. Actually, the Mongols were only a small part of Batu's huge army. These are the 4,000 bequeathed to his father Jochi. Basically, the army consisted of the peoples of the Turkic group who had joined the conquerors and conquered by them.

As indicated in the official history, in June 1236 the army was already on the Volga, where the Tatars conquered the Volga Bulgaria. Batu Khan with the main forces conquered the lands of the Polovtsians, Burtases, Mordovians and Circassians, having taken possession of the entire steppe space from the Caspian to the Black Sea and to the southern borders of what was then Rus' by 1237. Batu Khan's army spent almost the entire year 1237 in these steppes. By the beginning of winter, the Tatars invaded the Ryazan principality, defeated the Ryazan squads and took Pronsk and Ryazan. After that, Batu went to Kolomna, and then, after 4 days of siege, he took a well-fortified Vladimir. On the Sit River, the remnants of the troops of the northeastern principalities of Rus', led by Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich of Vladimir, on March 4, 1238, were defeated and almost completely destroyed by Burundai's corps. Then Torzhok and Tver fell. Batu strove for Veliky Novgorod, but the onset of thaws and swampy terrain forced him to retreat to the south. After the conquest of northeastern Rus', he took up issues of state building and building relationships with Russian princes.

The trip to Europe continued

In 1240, Batu's army, after a short siege, took Kyiv, seized the Galician principalities and entered the foothills of the Carpathians. A military council of the Mongols was held there, where the question of the direction of further conquests in Europe was decided. Baydar's detachment on the right flank of the troops went to Poland, Silesia and Moravia, defeated the Poles, captured Krakow and crossed the Oder. After the battle on April 9, 1241 near Legnica (Silesia), where the flower of German and Polish chivalry perished, Poland and its ally, the Teutonic Order, could no longer resist the Tatar-Mongols.

The left flank moved into Transylvania. In Hungary, the Hungarian-Croatian troops were defeated and the capital Pest was taken. In pursuit of King Bella IV, Cadogan's detachment reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea, captured the Serbian coastal cities, devastated part of Bosnia, and went through Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria to join the main forces of the Tatar-Mongols. One of the detachments of the main forces invaded Austria as far as the city of Neustadt and only a little did not reach Vienna, which managed to avoid the invasion. After that, the entire army crossed the Danube by the end of the winter of 1242 and went south to Bulgaria. In the Balkans, Batu Khan received news of the death of Emperor Ögedei. Batu was supposed to participate in the kurultai at the choice of the new emperor, and the entire army went back to the steppes of Desht-i-Kipchak, leaving the Nagai detachment in the Balkans to control Moldavia and Bulgaria. In 1248 Serbia also recognized Nagai's authority.

Was there a Mongol-Tatar yoke? (Version by A. Bushkov)

From the book "The Russia That Wasn't"

We are told that a horde of rather wild nomads emerged from the desert steppes of Central Asia, conquered Russian principalities, invaded Western Europe, and left behind plundered cities and states.

But after 300 years of domination in Rus', the Mongol Empire left practically no written monuments in the Mongolian language. However, letters and treaties of the Grand Dukes, spiritual letters, church documents of that time remained, but only in Russian. This means that Russian remained the state language in Rus' during the Tatar-Mongol yoke. Not only Mongolian written, but also material monuments from the times of the Golden Horde Khanate have not been preserved.

Academician Nikolai Gromov says that if the Mongols really conquered and plundered Rus' and Europe, then material values, customs, culture, and writing would remain. But these conquests and the personality of Genghis Khan himself became known to modern Mongols from Russian and Western sources. There is nothing like this in the history of Mongolia. And our school textbooks still contain information about the Tatar-Mongolian yoke, based only on medieval chronicles. But many other documents have been preserved that contradict what children are taught in school today. They testify that the Tatars were not the conquerors of Rus', but warriors in the service of the Russian Tsar.

From chronicles

Here is a quote from the book of the Habsburg ambassador to Russia, Baron Sigismund Herberstein, “Notes on Muscovite Affairs”, written by him in the 151st century: “In 1527 they (the Muscovites) again came out with the Tatars, as a result of which the well-known battle of Khanik took place.”

And in the German chronicle of 1533, it is said about Ivan the Terrible that “he and his Tatars took Kazan and Astrakhan under his kingdom.” In the view of Europeans, the Tatars are not conquerors, but warriors of the Russian tsar.

In 1252, the ambassador of King Louis IX William Rubrucus (court monk Guillaume de Rubruk) traveled from Constantinople to the headquarters of Batu Khan with his retinue, who wrote in his travel notes: clothing and lifestyle. All routes of transportation in a vast country are served by Russians; at river crossings, Russians are everywhere.

But Rubruk traveled across Rus' only 15 years after the beginning of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke”. Something too quickly happened to mix the way of life of Russians with wild Mongols. Further, he writes: “The wives of the Rus, like ours, wear jewelry on their heads and trim the hem of the dress with stripes of ermine and other fur. Men wear short clothes - kaftans, chekmens and lamb hats. Women adorn their heads with headdresses similar to those worn by French women. Men wear outerwear like German. It turns out that Mongolian clothing in Rus' in those days was no different from Western European. This radically changes our understanding of the wild nomadic barbarians from the distant Mongolian steppes.