Crimean
khanate
Crimean Khanate - the state of the Crimean Tatars, which existed
from 1441 to 1783. Self-name - Crimean Yurt.
In 1478, after the Ottoman military expedition to the Crimea, the khanate fell into
vassalage to the Ottoman Empire.
After the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, under the terms of the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace of 1774, Crimea became independent state under
protectorate Russian Empire, while recognizing the spiritual
the power of the Sultan as the head of the Muslims (Caliph) over the Crimean Tatars.
main city
Crimean Yurt was a city
Kyrym, also known
like Solkhat
(modern Old
Crimea), which became the capital
Khan Oran-Timur in 1266
year.
When educated in Crimea
independent of the Horde
the state's capital was
moved to fortified
mountain fortress Kyrk-Er,
then to located in Story gaining
By the beginning of XV
independence
century Crimean Yurt already
strongly separated from
Golden Horde and noticeably
intensified.
It included,
in addition to the steppe and
foothill Crimea, part
the mountainous part of the peninsula and
vast areas in
continent.
After Edigey's death in
1420 Horde actually
lost control of And:
- Vassalage of the Ottoman Empire.
- Wars with the Russian kingdom and the Commonwealth in
early period.
- XVII - early 18th century (Islam III Giray (1644-1654)
provided military assistance to the Ukrainian Hetman Bohdan
Khmelnitsky in liberation war with Poland.
- An attempt at an alliance with Charles XII and Mazepa.
- Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774 and KyuchukKaynardzhysky.
Russo-Turkish War 1735-1739 and complete
destruction of the Crimea.
- The last khans and the conquest of Crimea by the Russian
empire. traditional culture farms
O
Traditional
economy of the Crimean Tatars
was based on nomadic
cattle breeding. Dwellings
e
Initially a settlement
Crimean nomads
represented food
A
The basis of the diet of the nomads was meat and dairy products. Cuisine of mountain-coastal Tatars
differed by greater sophistication and included vegetables and fruits.
Tatars used different types meat: initially their main food was horse meat and camel meat, but to
At the beginning of the 20th century, lamb and beef began to predominate.
Milk and dairy products were widely used in cooking.
Kaymak - cream, which was heated over low heat for a long time, was considered a special delicacy.
Crimean Tatars ate rice, baked wheat bread (ekmek), various products made from unleavened dough,
fried in fat.
Shish kebab, lamb with rice (pilaf), soup with meat and vegetables (shorba) were also traditional dishes.
Hunters hunted game.
With the development of horticulture, a variety of vegetables and melons appeared in the diet of the Crimean Tatars.
culture.
Traditional sweets of the region: Turkish delight, halva, sherbet (sweet fruit drink).
Turkish black coffee has gained particular popularity among the Tatars.
Men and women ate separately.
In traditional etiquette, an important place was occupied by the customs of hospitality: the best dishes were served to the guest,
sometimes, as a sign of respect, he was offered a ram's or horse's head. Holiday
And
The calendar rites of the Crimean Tatars are closely connected with the traditional economy,
therefore the nature and sequence of the holidays are dictated by the cycle
agricultural work. Customs and rituals have absorbed elements of Muslim,
Christian and pagan traditions.
The New Year's holiday - Navruz, was celebrated on the day of the spring equinox and was associated with
preparation for the start of field work. On this holiday, the housewives boiled eggs - a symbol of the new
lives, baked pies, burned old things in a fire. Young people jumped over the fire
in the evening they put on masks, went from house to house and sang songs, the girls spent their time doing fortune-telling.
It was also customary these days to visit the graves of relatives.
the 6th of May Crimean Tatars celebrated the feast of the two saints Hydirlez. By this day it was
the start of field work. It was also customary to jump over the fire and roll from the mountains.
special round loaves. Shepherds descended from the mountains with their flocks, weddings were played in the villages.
The holiday was celebrated by the whole community: after prayer and ritual sacrifice
arranged swings, fairs, dances. For the holiday they baked a pie with chicken meat and rice, Architecture
Crimean Khanate Livadia Palace.
In 1834 the territory of Livadia (3 km west of Yalta)
Count Pototsky drank, for whom a house was built and
destroyed the park. In 1860, Livadia acquired a specific
eating for royal family. By that time the Romanovs
they owned the Orenda estate with a palace and a park. Both
the estate was connected by the Royal (Horizontal) path,
continuing then to Gaspra.
Grand Livadia Palace White Palace-former
Summer residence of Emperor Nicholas II - erected in
910-11 on the site of the dismantled old palace according to the project
academician N. P. Krasnov (1865-1939) in the style of Italian
Renaissance. The palace ensemble also includes
Vitsky Corps, Palace of the Baron's Minister of the Court
Frederiks, palace church in the name of the Exaltation Bird home.
On the Aurora rock of Cape Ai-Todor between Livadia and
Miskhor rises romantic castle "Lastochkino
nest", which has become a kind of " calling card»
Southern coast of Crimea. It was built in 1912 according to the project
architect A. V. Sherwood for the harrow V. Steigel,
Baku oilman. With the start of the first
world war, he went to Germany, and sold the castle to a merchant
Shelaputin, who set up a restaurant here. In 1927
during the earthquake, part of the chips collapsed, but the building
survived, though long years it was considered an emergency
was closed. Restored in 1971. Now in it
operates an expensive restaurant "Verona". Entrance to the site
castle for a fee. You can get to it by flight
by motor ships or by fixed-route taxi from Yalta. Bakhchisaray Khan's Palace.
Located in the center of the Old City in the valley of the river Churuksu.
The founder of the dynasty Hadji Giray (Gerai) in the middle of the 15
century moved the capital from the city of Crimea (Old Crimea) to
Kyrk-Er (Chufut-Kale), seeking independence from
Golden Horde. Started the construction of the capital
his son Mengli Gir-ey 1 (1467-1515). He conceived the palace
the earthly embodiment of the Gardens of Eden - hence the lightness
buildings and their harmony with trees and flowers.
Khan Kyrym Gerai (1717-1769), admirer and connoisseur of everything
French, founded a peculiar style of "Crimean
rococo". Having studied the architecture of the palace, Russian architects
19th and 20th centuries developed this style and applied it to
construction of villas and hotels, as well as mosques and Genoese fortress.
This is one of the best preserved
medieval fortresses on the territory of Ukraine,
visually representing the fortifications and
engineering solutions, and therefore collecting on its own
historic fencing festivals a record number
participants - Western European knights and
Slavic knights.
The city and port of Sudak was founded in 212 by the Alans. In the XI century.
becomes the main harbor of the Polovtsy, who owned
steppes from Siberia to Hungary. From the 13th century city at 150
years becomes the center of the Venetian possessions, but
nearby - in Feodosia, the Genoese are quickly strengthening. IN
365 they achieved exceptional
rights to the entire sea coast of Crimea, soon they
capture Soldaia and rebuild the fortress Juma Jami.
Friday Mosque, Juma-Jami (Friday,
legend, the prophet Mohammed was born) was laid in
Gezleve a year after the coronation of Devlet - Giray I - in 1552
d. The construction was carried out for a long time, more than 10 years, and was completed,
in 1564. According to the vaults of the new temple, what was received in
Istanbul the right to the Crimean Khanate.
The composition of the Khan's mosque is built on the principle
increase in volume, silhouette reminiscent of the Istanbul
Hagia Sophia. The logic of its Byzantine in its
expressive monumental structures clearly
can be traced in the external appearance of the temple.
Juma-Jami is located in the eastern part
modern Evpatoria embankment. Rising above
adjacent buildings, it is clearly visible from And:
- Chufut-Kale
Cave city.
- Surb-khach
monastery.
- Gezlev
complex of medieval monuments
Evpatoria. Crimea - today. and obsessed treasure hunters "diggers".
And this is not surprising - because Crimea has an interesting and ancient history. IN
today the attraction to the search for treasures is as strong as in the distant ancient
time.
The museums of Ukraine, Russia and the Crimea, in particular, exhibit unique items from
gold and silver, the finest work that was found in the Crimea.
There were often wars in the Crimea, different nations were constantly changing.
People, leaving their habitable places, in the hope of returning, hid the most
valuable. Therefore, in the Crimea, treasures and treasures are found more often than anywhere else.
neither was.
A modern person stores valuables and money often in various
banking institutions, and in the old days the peoples hid them in the ground, in the walls
or in the basements of their houses.
Each treasure has its own fate, is associated with some personal tragedy: the one who
hid it for some reason could not return for the acquired and hidden
good - whether he died in battle, or was taken prisoner, or died of deprivation or
diseases. Cards. Members:
Spirina Svetlana - text search.
Harachih Mavile - presentation.
Zavrazhnaya Marina - search for photos.
Pererva Valentina - printout of the work.
"Invasion from the East" - Power of Genghis Khan. December 21 - Ryazan is taken by the Mongols. Campaign to South Rus'. Consequences of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Battle on Kalka. Traditions about Evpatiy Kolovrat. Trip to Novgorod. March 1238 - Battle of the River Sit. Bottom line: the Russian army is defeated, the Mongols turned to the northeast. Invasion of the Ryazan land. invasion from the East.
"Tatar-Mongol yoke in Rus'" - The term "yoke", meaning the power of the Golden Horde over Russia, is not found in Russian chronicles. The small town of Kozelsk put up the most stubborn resistance to the foreigners, holding out for seven weeks. Events during the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Great success was achieved by the Moscow prince Ivan Kalita. In order to avoid senseless bloodshed, they regularly paid tribute to the khan and gradually accumulated strength.
"Battle on the Kalka" - Well done. Prince of Vladimir-Volyn principality. Coalitions. Qualitative characteristics of the troops. The smallest military unit. Subjugation of the Buryat tribes. Conquest campaigns Genghis Khan. Khan, head of the united forces of the Polovtsy. Scheme of the battle on Kalka. Russian land. Allies of the Russian princes. folk epic. Great Khan.
"Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars" - Belonging to the family was above all. Campaigns of Batu. Mongol Empire and Dominions in 1300-1405. Chronicle of the battle. Defense of Kyiv. Control. On the attire of the Mongols. Lifestyle and activities. human losses. Defense of Kozelsk. Mongol-Tatar invasion. Everything that we write, you must believe. Stages of the campaigns of Genghis Khan.
"Golden Horde and Rus'" - Conclusion. Could Golden Horde defeat Rus'? Determine the level of development of military skill in the Golden Horde. Target. military innovations. The level of organization of the army among the Tatar-Mongol far exceeded the Russian one. Hypothesis. Tasks. Research progress. Organization level. Problem question. Chelubey and Peresvet.
"The invasion of the Mongol-Tatars in Rus'" - The Crusaders. Neva battle. Flight of the Swedes to the ships. Genghis Khan and Batu. Alexander Nevskiy. The feat of the Novgorodian Misha. Tatar Mongols. Could Rus' of the XIII century repel the invasion of the Tatar-Mongol? The king of the northern country is making plans to conquer Rus'. What was the strength of the Tatar-Mongol army? Diamond Star.
In total there are 28 presentations in the topic
The work was completed by: Vychegzhanina Ksenia 7A
Slide 2 Goals
Get acquainted with the history of the successor states of the Golden Horde Describe their political and economic development Determine the features of their development state organization Crimean Khanate To identify the connection between the history of individual regions and the history of the whole country
Slide 3: Tasks:
Compile a glossary of terms Investigate and analyze the features of political and economic and cultural development, the social composition of the population Compile a guide to the history of states What was the significance of the mutual influence of their cultures for the peoples-regions Write an impression about your work and its result
Slide 4: Map of the Crimean Khanate
Slide 5: Crimean Khanate
CRIMEAN KHANATE (1441/1443-1783), medieval state in Crimea. It was formed on the territory of the Crimean ulus of the Golden Horde during its collapse. The founder of the Crimean Khanate - Hadji Giray (1441/1443-1466). The boundaries of the Crimean Khanate during the period of its power (mid-15th century) included the territories of the Northern Black Sea region from the mouth of the Dniester in the West to the right bank of the Don in the East, to the Vorskla River in the North.
Slide 6: Crimean Khanate
The Crimean Khanate consisted of four large possessions of the Argyn, Baryn, Kipchak and Shirin families. The nomadic possessions of Yedisan, Budzhak, Small Nogai depended on the Crimean Khanate. During its heyday, the khanate was divided into beyliks, which united the lands of several settlements and were ruled by representatives of various Tatar clans.
Slide 7: Crimean Khanate
The capital - the city of Bakhchisaray - is a major religious, political and commercial center. There were others big cities: Solkhat (Iski-Crimea), Kafa, Akkerman, Azak (Azov), Kyrk-Er (Chufut-Kale), Gyozlev, Sudak. All of them were the centers of beyliks and the center of administrative power, crafts, trade, and religious life.
Slide 8: Crimean Khanate
Tatars, Greeks, Armenians, Karaites, Krymchaks lived on the lands of the Crimean Khanate; in port cities also - Italian merchants. The nobility called themselves Tatars, sometimes with the addition of "Krymly" (that is, Crimean), and the main population most often identified itself on a religious basis - Muslims. The main language in the Crimean Khanate was Turkic, it also carried out office work, diplomatic correspondence and literary creativity; from the 16th century, numerous Ottomanisms began to penetrate into it.
Slide 9: Crimean Khanate
The supreme power in the Crimean Khanate belonged to the khans from the Girey family, descendants of Khan Jochi.
10
Slide 10: Crimean Khanate
After the establishment in 1475 of the vassal dependence of the Crimean Khanate on the Turkish Empire, another system of power was formed here. The real ruler of the Crimea was the Turkish sultan, who had the right to dismiss and appoint khans, control all the international relations of the khanate, and also call on the Crimean troops to march. Formally, the khans of the Crimean Khanate were sovereign monarchs, but in reality their power was limited by Turkish sultans and ruling clans. The khans sealed all the laws of the country with their seal and performed other representative functions. The basis of the Khan's wealth was his ulus, located in the valleys of the Alma, Kacha and Salgir rivers.
11
Slide 11: Economy of the Crimean Khanate
The Crimean khans were interested in the development of trade, which gave significant profit to the treasury. A significant role was played by the slave trade and ransoms for those captured in the lands of the Commonwealth and the Russian Kingdom. The main buyer of slaves was the Ottoman Empire.
12
Slide 12: Economy of the Crimean Khanate
Kaffa was a major trade and economic center, and the seaport of the city played an important role in this. Thanks to this, the city had extensive trade relations.
13
Slide 13: The development of the Crimean Khanate
Founder - Hadji Giray Strengthening under Mengle Giray In 1478 they became vassals of the Ottoman Empire Attack on the Great Horde and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Union with Russian princes
14
Slide 14: The influence of the Crimean Khanate on the whole country
Since the territory of the Crimean Khanate has a very favorable climate and fertile soil for growing and manufacturing certain products, trade in the Khanate was actively developed.
15
Slide 15: Glossary of terms
Khanate - public education or territory ruled by a khan. Beylik - a small feudal estate ruled by a bey Clan (Gaelic clann - family or offspring) - the name of the genus Ulus - a Mongolian and Turkic social term with complex semantics, which mainly serves to designate the concepts of "people, state".
16
slide 16 guide
The Crimean Khanate was formed in 1443 by the Crimean peninsula, as well as lands from the Danube in the west to the Don and Kuban in the east. The Crimean Khanate is a multinational state. It was inhabited by Turkic-speaking peoples (Tatars, Karaites, Turks, Nogais), Greeks, Armenians, Jews. At the head of the khanate was the ruling dynasty - Girey. The main occupation of the Crimean feudal lords was horse breeding, cattle breeding and slave trade. Crafts and architecture (mosques, durbe) are developed. Conclusion: The Crimean Khanate is a fairly strong state, but it ceased to exist because it was annexed by the Russian Empire.
17
Last slide of the presentation: Crimean Khanate: General conclusion
The Crimean Khanate is a very interesting state with an interesting history, I liked to study it
To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com
Slides captions:
History of the Crimean Peninsula Class hour
Ancient inhabitants of Crimea were Cimmerians. These warlike tribes left the Crimea in the 4th - 3rd centuries BC. new era due to no less aggressive Scythians and lost in the vast expanses of the Asian steppes. 0 Cimmerians remind ancient toponyms: Cimmerian walls, Cimmerian Bosporus, Cimmeric...
The ancient inhabitants of the Crimean Taurus led a pastoral and agricultural lifestyle, were engaged in hunting, fishing, and collecting mollusks. They lived in caves or huts, and in case of an enemy attack, they arranged fortified shelters. Archaeologists have discovered Taurus fortifications on the mountains Uch-Bash, Koshka, Ayu-Dag, Kastel, on Cape Ai-Todor, as well as numerous burials in the so-called stone boxes - dolmens. They consisted of four flat slabs placed on edge, the fifth one covered the dolmen from above.
Ancient inhabitants of Crimea From about the middle of the 1st to the beginning of the 4th century AD, the sphere of interests of the Roman Empire included the entire Black Sea region and Taurica as well. Chersonese became a stronghold of the Romans in Taurica. In the 1st century, Roman legionnaires built the Kharaks fortress on Cape Ai-Todor, laid roads connecting it with Chersonesos, where the garrison was located, and a Roman squadron was stationed in the Chersonese harbor.
Invasion of the Huns In 370, hordes of the Huns attacked the lands of Taurida. Under their blows, the Scythian state and the Bosporus kingdom perished, Naples, Panticapaeum, Chersonesus and many cities and villages lay in ruins. And the Huns rushed further, to Europe, where they caused the death of the great Roman Empire.
Crimea is a part of Byzantium In the 4th century, after the division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern (Byzantine), the southern part of Taurica also entered the sphere of interests of the latter. Chersonesus (it became known as Kherson) becomes the main base of the Byzantines on the peninsula. From Byzantine Empire Christianity came to Crimea.
Khazars in Crimea At the end of the 6th century, a new wave of conquerors appeared in the Crimea - these are the Khazars, whose descendants are considered to be the Karaites. They occupied the entire peninsula, with the exception of Cherson (as Chersonese is called in Byzantine documents).
Slavs in the Crimea In the 9th century, actively intervenes in the course Crimean history a new force - the Slavs. At the same time, the decline of the Khazar state takes place, which was finally defeated in the 60s of the 10th century by the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav Igorevich. In 988-989 Kyiv prince Vladimir took Kherson (Korsun), where he accepted the Christian faith.
Tatars in the Crimea During the XIII century, the Golden Horde (Tatar-Mongols) invaded Taurica several times, plundering its cities. Then they began to settle on the territory of the peninsula. In the middle of the 13th century, they captured Solkhat, which became the center of the Crimean yurt of the Golden Horde and was called Kyrym (like the entire peninsula later).
Genoese in the Crimea In the XIII century (1270), first the Venetians and then the Genoese penetrated the southern coast. Having forced out competitors, the Genoese create a number of fortifications-factories on the coast.
The Turks in the Crimea The Turks put an end to the Genoese rule in the Crimea. Having captured the city of Theodoro after a six-month siege, they ravaged it, killed the inhabitants or took them into slavery. The Crimean Khan became a vassal of the Turkish Sultan.
Crimea and Moscow Principality The Crimean Khanate became the conductor of Turkey's aggressive policy towards the Muscovite state. The constant raids of the Tatars on southern lands Ukraine, Russia, Lithuania and Poland, were forced to resist.
Russia and the Crimea Russia, seeking to secure its southern borders and gain access to the Black Sea, fought more than once with Turkey. In the war of 1768-1774. the Turkish army and navy were defeated, the Crimean Khanate gained independence. Kerch with the Yoni-Kale fortress, the fortresses of Azov and Kin-burn passed to Russia in the Crimea, Russian merchant ships could freely navigate the Black Sea.
Annexation of Crimea to Russia In 1783, after the Russian-Turkish war (1768-1774), Crimea was annexed to the Russian Empire. This contributed to the strengthening of Russia, its southern borders ensured the safety of transport routes on the Black Sea. In order to revive the peninsula, Prince G. Potemkin, appointed governor of Taurida, began to resettle serfs and retired soldiers from neighboring areas.
Sevastopol and Simferopol The works of the Most Serene Prince were not in vain, the Crimean economy began to develop rapidly, orchards, vineyards, tobacco plantations were planted on the South Bank and in the mountainous part. On the shore of an excellent natural harbor, the city of Sevastopol is being laid as a base Black Sea Fleet. Near the small town of Ak-Mechet, Simferopol is being built, which has become the center of the Taurida province.
Crimean War 1853-1856 The Crimean Peninsula was the main theater of operations in the Eastern (Crimean) War of 1853-1856, one of the most bloody wars XIX century. During the war, Crimea suffered enormous damage. Sevastopol lay in ruins, Kerch and Evpatoria were destroyed. Industrial enterprises suffered, roads were broken, villages were impoverished.
After Crimean War The destroyed was restored for a long time and with difficulty. But after the abolition of serfdom, the economy of the peninsula developed at an accelerating pace. In the 70-80s. from Lozovaya station was laid Railway. Kerch, Sevastopol, Feodosia, Simferopol became significant industrial centers of the province. Agriculture also developed. Crimea has become the main supplier of fruits and grapes in the country.
The population of Crimea According to the 1897 census, in the Tauride province, of which five of the eight counties were in Crimea, lived: Ukrainians - 611,121 people, Russians - 404,463, Tatars - 187,943, Germans - 78,305, Jews - 55,418, Bulgarians - 41,260, Greeks - 18,048, Poles - 10,112, Belarusians - 9726, Armenians - 8938, Karaites - 8911, there were also Moldavians, Turks, Krymchaks, Czechs, Gypsies.
Crimea - a new resort At the end of the nineteenth century. Following the royal family, the court nobility rushed to the Crimea to develop new lands. The energetic construction of palaces, dachas, and villas began; on the coast, like mushrooms, hotels, boarding houses with resorts, restaurants, casinos grew. The fertile South Coast became a resort for the elite, however, like other resorts in Russia.
Crimea in the 20th century civil war- one of the bloodiest periods in the history of Crimea. The struggle for power of "local significance" was replaced by battles between the white and red armies. The Crimean peninsula passed from hand to hand, and each time terror flared up with renewed vigor... It was not for nothing that Crimea at that time was called the All-Russian cemetery by the people.
Crimea in the 20th century In May 1921, at the plenum of the Central Committee of the RCP(b), it was decided: "Separate the Crimean peninsula into a separate Crimean Autonomous Republic." The Crimean ASSR existed for more than twenty years, until June 1945. After the liberation of Crimea from the fascist invaders in the spring of 1944, the restoration of its economy began: industrial enterprises, sanatoriums, rest houses, Agriculture. The black page in the history of Crimea was the expulsion of many peoples. The fate befell the Tatars, Greeks, Armenians.
Crimea in the 20th century On February 19, 1954, a decree was issued on the transfer of the Crimean region to Ukraine. Today, many believe that Khrushchev, on behalf of Russia, gave Ukraine a royal gift. Nevertheless, the decree was signed by the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Voroshilov, and Khrushchev's signature in the documents relating to the transfer of Crimea to Ukraine is not at all.
Crimea in the 20th-21st century 1991 - "putsch" in Moscow and M. Gorbachev's arrest at his dacha in Foros. After the collapse Soviet Union, Crimea becomes an Autonomous Republic within Ukraine, and Big Yalta becomes the summer political capital of Ukraine and the countries of the Black Sea region. March 16, 2014 - a referendum on the annexation of Crimea to the Russian Federation.
slide 1
Slide text:
Crimean Khanate
The work was completed by: Spirina Svetlana, Harachih Mavile
Marina Zavrazhnaya, Pererva Valentina
slide 2
Slide text:
Crimean Khanate
The Crimean Khanate is the state of the Crimean Tatars, which existed from 1441 to 1783. Self-name - Crimean Yurt. In 1478, after the Ottoman military expedition to the Crimea, the khanate fell into vassal dependence on the Ottoman Empire. After the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, under the terms of the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace of 1774, Crimea became an independent state under the protectorate of the Russian Empire, while the spiritual authority of the sultan as the head of the Muslims (caliph) over the Crimean Tatars was recognized.
slide 3
Slide text:
Capitals of the Khanate
The main city of the Crimean Yurt was the city of Kyrym, also known as Solkhat (modern Old Crimea), which became the capital of Oran-Timur Khan in 1266. When a state independent of the Horde was formed in the Crimea, the capital was transferred to the fortified mountain fortress Kyrk-Er, then to Salachik, located in the valley at the foot of the Kyrk-Era, and, finally, in 1532 to the newly built city of Bakhchisarai.
slide 4
Slide text:
slide 5
Slide text:
gaining independence
By the beginning of the 15th century, the Crimean Yurt had already strongly separated from the Golden Horde and was noticeably stronger. In addition to the steppe and foothill Crimea, it included part of the mountainous part of the peninsula and vast territories on the continent. After the death of Edigey in 1420, the Horde actually lost control over the Crimea. After that, a fierce struggle for power began in Crimea, the winner of which was the first khan of independent Crimea and the founder of the Geraev dynasty, Hadji I Giray. In 1427 he declared himself the ruler of the Crimean Khanate. In 1441 he was elected khan and enthroned.
By the middle of the 15th century, the Golden Horde period in the history of Crimea was finally completed. The long-term desire of the Crimeans for independence was crowned with success, and the Golden Horde, shaken by unrest, could no longer offer serious resistance. Soon after the Crimea fell away, the Bulgar (Kazan Khanate) also separated from it, and then the Astrakhan Khanate and the Nogai Horde became independent one after another.
slide 6
Slide text:
And:
Vassalage to the Ottoman Empire. - Wars with the Russian kingdom and the Commonwealth in the early period. - XVII - beginning of the XVIII century (Islam III Gerai (1644-1654) provided military assistance to the Ukrainian hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky in the War of Liberation with Poland. - Attempt of an alliance with Charles XII and Mazepa. - Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774 and Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhiysky The Russo-Turkish War of 1735-1739 and the Complete Devastation of the Crimea - The Last Khans and the Conquest of the Crimea by the Russian Empire.
Slide 7
Slide text:
Slide 8
Slide text:
economy
The traditional economy of the Crimean Tatars was based on nomadic cattle breeding. Tatars bred horses, cows, bactrian camels, sheep. Livestock owners marked their animals with a special brand (tamga). From the 18th century, agriculture, as well as viticulture and horticulture, began to play an increasingly important role. In the 19th century, the steppe Tatars also began to engage in agriculture. The Crimean Tatars cultivated the land with a plow, which they harnessed to oxen, and sowed wheat, millet, barley, and rye. Orchards, vineyards, walnut and tobacco plantations were cultivated on the southern slopes of the mountains, using artificial irrigation systems. Viticulture originated in the Crimea in the era of the Greek colonies and spread to the southern foothills and the southern coast of the peninsula. In the 19th century, the Tatars began to engage in winemaking. According to tradition, the Tatars received land ownership, which they cultivated for several decades. Since the 13th century, the inhabitants of the Crimean steppes have been extracting salt from salt lakes (there were several hundred of them in the Crimea). Crafts actively developed (their center was Bakhchisaray), such as leather dressing, felt production, weaponry, pottery, woodworking with inlay, jewelry, pattern weaving, etc. Modern Crimean Tatars live mainly in cities. IN countryside they are engaged in horticulture and viticulture.
Slide 9
Slide text:
dwelling
Initially, the settlement of the Crimean nomads was a temporary camp, consisting of a group of yurts. The basis of the yurt was bars made of rods, interconnected by leather loops. Felt panels were thrown over this frame, which formed the roof and walls of the yurt. A fire was lit in the center of the yurt, and there was a hole in the ceiling above it for the smoke to escape. A large yurt, if necessary, could be quickly dismantled and transported to another parking lot. Small tents (tents) were transported entirely.
In winter, some groups of Tatars lived in huts with adobe walls and reed roofs. After the transition to a settled way of life, villages began to appear among the Crimean Tatars - auls, built up with houses made of earthen bricks with earthen floors and gable roofs. In the mountainous Crimea, a different type of dwelling prevailed: a wooden frame made of planks, standing on the ground or on a stone foundation. IN mountain villages in the Bakhchisaray area, the houses were also wooden, but already two stories high. They were located on terraces on the slopes of the mountains. The southern coastal Tatars are characterized by houses with a flat roof, located along the slopes, very close to each other.
Slide 10
Slide text:
The basis of the diet of the nomads was meat and dairy products. The cuisine of the mountain-coastal Tatars was more refined and included vegetables and fruits. The Tatars ate different types of meat: initially, horse meat and camel meat were their main food, but by the beginning of the 20th century, mutton and beef began to predominate. Milk and dairy products were widely used in cooking. Kaymak - cream, which was heated over low heat for a long time, was considered a special delicacy. Crimean Tatars ate rice, baked wheat bread (ekmek), various products made from unleavened dough fried in fat. Shish kebab, lamb with rice (pilaf), soup with meat and vegetables (shorba) were also traditional dishes. Hunters hunted game. With the development of horticulture, a variety of vegetables and melons appeared in the diet of the Crimean Tatars. Traditional sweets of the region: Turkish delight, halva, sherbet (sweet fruit drink). Turkish black coffee has gained particular popularity among the Tatars. Men and women ate separately. In traditional etiquette, an important place was occupied by the customs of hospitality: the guest was served the best dishes, sometimes as a sign of respect he was offered a lamb or a horse's head.
slide 11
Slide text:
Holidays
The calendar rituals of the Crimean Tatars are closely connected with the traditional economy, so the nature and sequence of the holidays are dictated by the cycle of agricultural work. Customs and rituals have absorbed elements of Muslim, Christian and pagan traditions. The New Year holiday - Navruz, was celebrated on the day of the vernal equinox and was associated with preparations for the start of field work. On this holiday, the housewives boiled eggs - a symbol of new life, baked pies, burned old things in a fire. Young people jumped over the fire, put on masks in the evening, went from house to house and sang songs, the girls spent their time doing fortune-telling. It was also customary these days to visit the graves of relatives. On May 6, the Crimean Tatars celebrated the feast of the two saints Hydyrlez. The beginning of field work was dated for this day. It was also customary to jump over the fire and roll special round loaves from the mountains. Shepherds descended from the mountains with their flocks, weddings were played in the villages. The holiday was celebrated by the whole community: after prayer and ritual sacrifice, swings, fairs, and dances were organized. For the holiday, they baked a pie with chicken meat and rice, prepared halva. Children-mummers walked around the neighbors, begging for refreshments, the girls sang carols. Crimean Tatars also celebrated Muslim holidays: Uraza Bayram (after the end of fasting in the holy month of Ramadan), Kurban Bayram, which was accompanied by animal sacrifice and visiting graves, Ashir-Kunyu (Ashura Day), on which they prepared a special ritual dish of seven components (corn, wheat, peas, beans, dried fruits, nuts, molasses), etc.
slide 12
Slide text:
Architecture of the Crimean Khanate
slide 13
Slide text:
Livadia Palace.
In 1834, the territory of Livadia (3 km west of Yalta) was bought by Count Potocki, for whom a house was built and a park laid out. In 1860, Livadia was acquired by a specific department for the royal family. By that time, the Romanovs already owned the Orenda estate with a palace and a park. Both estates were connected by the Royal (Horizontal) path, which then continued to Gaspra.
The Great Livadia Palace The White Palace, the former summer residence of Emperor Nicholas II, was erected in 1910-11. on the site of the demolished old palace designed by academician N.P. Krasnov (1865-1939) in the style of the Italian Renaissance. The palace ensemble also includes the retinue building, the palace of the minister of the court, Baron Frederiks, the palace church in the name of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross (built in 1872), and the Italian courtyard.
Livadia Park was formed on the basis of a natural forest. In total, more than 180 species of trees, shrubs and lianas are concentrated in the park. On February 4-11, 1945, the Crimean (Yalta) Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain was held in the Great (White) Hall of the Palace. During the robots of the conference, the palace was the residence of the President of the United States of America, F. Roosevelt.
Slide 14
Slide text:
Bird home.
On the Aurora rock of Cape Ai-Todor between Livadia and Miskhor, the romantic Swallow's Nest castle rises, which has become a kind of "visiting card" of the southern coast of Crimea. It was built in 1912 according to the design of the architect A. V. Sherwood for the harrow V. Steigel, the Baku oil industrialist. With the outbreak of the First World War, he left for Germany, and sold the castle to the merchant Shelaputin, who set up a restaurant here. In 1927, during an earthquake, part of the cleavage collapsed, but the building survived, however, for many years it was considered emergency and was closed. Restored in 1971. Now it houses an expensive restaurant "Verona". There is an entrance fee to the castle grounds. You can get to it by regular motor ships or by fixed-route taxi from Yalta.
From the cape there is a magnificent view of the Yalta Bay. The rocky island of Parus is picturesque, protruding into the sea, and above it, on a rock, a sculpture of an eagle is installed.
At the foot of the Swallow's Nest, scuba divers found traces of Stone Age people in flooded caves.
slide 15
Slide text:
Bakhchisaray Khan's Palace.
Located in the center of the Old City in the valley of the river Churuk-Su.
The founder of the dynasty Hadji Giray (Gerai) in the middle of the 15th century moved the capital from the city of Crimea (Old Crimea) to Kyrk-Er (Chufut-Kale), seeking independence from the Golden Horde. The construction of the capital was started by his son Mengli Gir-ey 1 (1467-1515). He conceived the palace as an earthly embodiment of the Garden of Eden - hence the lightness of the buildings and their harmony with trees and flowers.
Khan Kyrym Gerai (1717-1769), an admirer and connoisseur of everything French, founded a peculiar style of "Crimean Rococo". Having studied the architecture of the palace, Russian architects of the 19th and 20th centuries. developed this style and used it in the construction of villas and hotels, as well as mosques and public buildings throughout the Crimea.
But the palace and its "Fountain of Tears" became world famous only thanks to A. Pushkin, who visited the Crimea in 1820. The legends about the fountain formed the basis of the poems of A. Mickiewicz and Lesya Ukrainka.
Now it is the Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve. Archaeological exposition introduces evidence of life in ancient eras, since the glaciation of Europe. The ethnographic collection is dedicated to the culture, life, crafts and folk art of the Crimean Tatars.
slide 16
Slide text:
Genoese fortress.
This is one of the best-preserved medieval fortresses on the territory of Ukraine, which clearly represents fortification and engineering solutions, and therefore gathers a record number of participants for its historical fencing festivals - Western European knights and Slavic knights.
The city and port of Sudak was founded in 212 by the Alans. In the XI century. becomes the main harbor of the Polovtsy, who owned the steppes from Siberia to Hungary. From the 13th century the city for 150 years becomes the center of the Venetian possessions, but nearby - in Feodosia, the Genoese quickly strengthened. In 1365, they obtained from the Golden Horde exclusive rights to the entire sea coast of Crimea, soon they captured Soldaya and rebuilt the fortress (the first buildings of which were made by the Vezantines).
In 1475, the fortress was stormed by troops landed from the Turkish squadron. Holes from powerful cannons still gape in the walls of the fortress.
In the Consular Castle in the upper part of the fortress, you can see a small exposition. At the very top is the famous Maiden's Tower, from where a certain princess threw herself into the abyss. But perhaps this name is associated with the more ancient use of this place as an altar in honor of the goddess of the Tauris, the Virgin.
Slide 17
Slide text:
Juma Jami.
The Friday mosque, Juma-Jami (on Friday, according to legend, the prophet Mohammed was born) was founded in Gezlev a year after the coronation of Devlet - Girey I - in 1552. Construction took a long time, more than 10 years, and was completed in 1564. According to the vaults of the new temple, the right to the Crimean Khanate received in Istanbul was announced.
The composition of the Khan's mosque is built on the principle of increasing volumes, reminiscent of the Istanbul Hagia Sophia in silhouette. The logic of its Byzantine in its expressive monumental designs can be clearly seen in the external appearance of the temple.
Juma-Jami is located in the eastern part of the modern Evpatoria embankment. Rising above the adjacent buildings, it is clearly visible from the sea and the coast through the greenery of the Karaevsky Garden and, together with the nearby Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas determines the face of the embankment, shapes the appearance sea panorama old part of Evpatoria.
Slide text:
Crimea attracts not only those who want to relax or travel, but also obsessed treasure hunters "diggers". And this is not surprising - because Crimea has an interesting and ancient history. Nowadays, the attraction to the search for treasures is as strong as in ancient times. In the museums of Ukraine, Russia and the Crimea in particular, unique items made of gold and silver, the finest work that were found in the Crimea, are exhibited. Wars often happened in the Crimea, different peoples constantly replaced each other. People, leaving their habitable places, in the hope of returning, hid the most valuable thing. Therefore, in the Crimea, treasures and treasures are found more often than anywhere else. A modern person often keeps valuables and money in various banking institutions, and in the old days, peoples hid them in the ground, in the walls or in the basements of their houses. Each treasure has its own fate, is associated with some personal tragedy: the one who hid it for some reason could not return for the acquired and hidden good - whether he died in battle, or was taken prisoner, or died of deprivation or diseases.
slide 21
Slide text:
slide 22
Slide text:
Members:
Spirina Svetlana - text search. Harachih Mavile - presentation. Zavrazhnaya Marina - search for photos. Pererva Valentina - printout of the work.
slide 23
