Standards for emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. Air pollution by industrial enterprises. New requirements for objects of categories I-IV

Art. 12. Standards for emissions of harmful physical effects on atmospheric air

1. For the purpose of state regulation of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air, the following standards for such emissions are established:

technical standards;
maximum allowable emissions.

2.Technical regulations establishes federal executive body in the field of environmental protection other authorized by the Government Russian Federation federal executive body in agreement with the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection for certain types of stationary sources of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air, as well as for those who are And sources of air pollution vehicles or other mobile vehicles and installations of all kinds(Clause as amended by Federal Law No. 122-FZ of August 22, 2004, entered into force on January 1, 2005.

Emission limits are established by the territorial bodies of the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection for a specific stationary source of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the air and their combination (organization as a whole).

In case of failure to comply legal entities, individual entrepreneurs that have sources of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the air, extremely allowable emissions, territorial bodies federal executive body in the field of environmental protection may establish temporarily agreed emissions for such sources in coordination with the territorial bodies of other federal executive bodies.

Temporarily agreed emissions are established for the period of stage-by-stage achievement of maximum allowable emissions, subject to compliance with technical emission standards and the availability of a plan to reduce emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air.

The deadlines for the phased achievement of maximum allowable emissions are established by the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the relevant territorial bodies of the specially authorized federal executive body in the field of atmospheric air protection.

A plan to reduce emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air is developed and implemented by legal entities, individual entrepreneurs, for whom temporarily agreed emissions are established, taking into account the degree of danger of these substances for human health and the environment.

For the purpose of state regulation of harmful physical effects on the atmospheric air, maximum allowable standards for harmful physical effects on atmospheric air.

Emission regulations harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and harmful physical effects on the atmospheric air, methods for their determination are reviewed and improved as science and technology develop, taking into account international standards.

Emission regulations harmful (polluting) substances into the air and maximum allowable standards harmful physical effects on the atmospheric air, temporarily agreed emissions, methods for their determination and types of sources for which they are established, developed and approved in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.)

Art. 14. Permit for the emission of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and a permit for harmful physical effects on the atmospheric air

1.ejection harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air by a stationary source allowed on the basis of a permit issued by the territorial body of the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection, executive authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation, carrying out public administration in the field of environmental protection, in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Resolution for the emission of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air maximum allowable emissions are set and other conditions that ensure the protection of atmospheric air.

The procedure for issuing permits for emissions harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air during the operation of vehicles and other mobile vehicles established by the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection(item as amended, put into effect on January 1, 2005 by Federal Law No. 122-FZ of August 22, 2004).

2. Harmful physical effects on the atmospheric air are allowed on the basis of permits issued in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

For the issuance of permits for emissions harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and harmful physical effects on the atmospheric air state duty paid in the amounts and in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees (paragraph as amended by Federal Law No. 374-FZ of December 27, 2009).

3. In the absence of permits for emissions harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and harmful physical effects on the atmospheric air, as well as in case of violation of the conditions provided for by these permits, emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and harmful physical effects on it can be limited, suspended or terminated in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Art. 22. Inventory of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air, harmful physical effects on the atmospheric air and their sources

Legal entities, individual entrepreneurs that have sources of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the air and harmful physical effects on it, conduct an inventory of emissions harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air, harmful physical effects on the atmospheric air and their sources in the manner determined by the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection year N 122-FZ;
Sources of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the air, sources of harmful physical effects to atmospheric air lists of harmful (polluting) substances, lists of harmful physical effects on atmospheric air, subject to state accounting and regulation, for organizations, urban and other settlements, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the Russian Federation as a whole are set based on the data on the results of the emission inventory harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air, harmful physical effects on the atmospheric air and their sources in the manner established by the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection.

Art. 30. Obligations of citizens and legal entities with stationary and mobile sources of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the air

Legal entities with stationary emission sources harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air are obliged to:

ensure emission inventories harmful (polluting) substances into the air and the development of maximum allowable emissions and maximum allowable standards harmful physical impact on atmospheric air;
coordinate the construction sites of objects of economic and other activities that have a harmful effect on the atmospheric air, with territorial bodies of the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection and territorial bodies of other federal executive bodies;
implement low-waste and waste-free technologies in order to reduce the level of air pollution;
plan and implement measures for the capture, disposal, neutralization of emissions harmful (polluting) substances into the air, reduce or eliminate such emissions;
take measures to prevent and eliminate accidental releases harmful (polluting) substances into the air, as well as elimination of the consequences of its pollution;
account for emissions harmful (pollutant) substances into the air and their sources, to carry out production control over compliance with the established standards for emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the air;
comply with the rules of operation structures, equipment intended for purification and control of emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air;
ensure compliance with the regime of sanitary protection zones objects of economic and other activities that have a harmful effect on the atmospheric air;
ensure timely removal of air polluting waste from the relevant territory of the object of economic and other activities to specialized places for storage or disposal of such waste, as well as to other objects of economic and other activities using such waste as raw materials:
comply with the instructions of officials of the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection and its territorial bodies, other federal executive bodies and their territorial bodies on the elimination of violations of the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation, the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection;
immediately transmit information about accidental emissions that caused air pollution, which may threaten or threaten the life and health of people or has harmed the health of people and (or) the environment, to state bodies of supervision and control (paragraph as amended by Federal Law of December 30, 2008 N 309 -FZ, - see the previous edition);
give in accordance with the established procedure, to bodies exercising state management in the field of environmental protection and supervision over compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, timely, complete and reliable information on atmospheric air protection;
comply with other requirements for the protection of atmospheric air established by the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection and its territorial bodies, other federal executive bodies and their territorial bodies.

2.Legal entities in the production and operation of vehicles and other mobile vehicles and installations and citizens in the operation of transport and other mobile vehicles and installations must ensure that such facilities and installations do not exceed the established technical emission standards.

Certificate of state registration of a legal entity.
Lease agreement or evidence of ownership of land, buildings, premises and structures.
Contracts for electricity supply, heat supply, water supply, gas supply (or letters of intent, technical conditions for connection).
General plan (M 1:500).
Situational plan, (M 1:2000) indicating the boundaries of the object, explication of the surrounding objects, promising development.
A letter about the anchor coordinates of the object in question.
Background concentrations of pollutants in the area where the facility is located.
Climatic characteristics of the region.
Copy of building permit, copies of work orders.
Copy of POS.
Certificates for raw materials (paint, putty, glue, detergents, electrodes, fuel, etc.)
TX and companion volumes of the project.
Specify the location of the container site and the frequency of garbage collection from the enterprise.
If there is a GOU (gas treatment plant) - a certificate of the GOU, passports for the GOU.

RF LAW "ON ATMOSPHERIC AIR PROTECTION" (96-FZ - 1999).

Art. 31 Responsibility for violation of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of atmospheric air protection

Persons guilty of violating the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of atmospheric air protection bear criminal, administrative and other liability in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation

Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 2001 No. 195-FZ, CHAPTER 8:

Article 8.5. Hiding or misrepresenting environmental information

Concealment, deliberate distortion or untimely communication of complete and reliable information on the state of the environment and natural resources, on sources of pollution of the environment and natural resources or other harmful effects on the environment and natural resources, on the radiation situation, as well as the distortion of information about the state of lands, water bodies and other environmental objects by persons obliged to report such information, - (as amended by federal law dated December 30, 2008 N 309-FZ) entails the imposition:

an administrative fine for citizens in the amount of 500 to 1,000 rubles;
a fine on officials - from 1,000 to 2,000 rubles;
fine for legal entities- from 10,000 to 20,000 rubles.

Article 8.21. Violation of the rules for the protection of atmospheric air

Administrative fine for the emission of harmful substances into the atmospheric air or harmful effects on it without a special permit INCREASED for officials by 10 times (from 4-5 thousand rubles up to 40-50 thousand rubles), for persons engaged in entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity - 8-10 times (from 4-5 thousand rubles up to 30-50 thousand rubles), for legal entities - 4.5-5 times (from 40-50 thousand rubles up to 180-250 thousand rubles).

In addition, for the first time for individual entrepreneurs INSTALLED FINE for violation of the conditions of a special permit for the emission of harmful substances into the air or harmful physical effects on it in the amount of 30-50 thousand rubles. For officials, administrative responsibility for such a violation has been increased by 3.3-5 times (from 3-4 thousand up to 10-20 thousand rubles), for legal entities - by 2.6-2.5 times (from 30-40 thousand up to 80-100 thousand rubles).

CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION OF JUNE 13, 1996 N 63-FZ

Article 251. Pollution of the atmosphere

1. Violation of the rules for the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere or violation of the operation of installations, structures and other objects. Lease agreement or evidence of ownership of land, buildings, premises and structures. Acts caused pollution or other change natural properties air are punished:

a fine of up to 80,000 rubles;
or in the amount of wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of up to 6 months;
or deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for up to 5 years;
or compulsory works for up to 360 hours;
or correctional labor for up to 1 year, or arrest for up to 3 months.

The same deeds negligently causing harm to human health are punishable by a fine in the amount of up to 200,000 rubles or in the amount of wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of up to 18 months, or by compulsory labor for a term of up to 480 hours, or by corrective labor for a term of up to 2 years, or by forced labor for a term of up to 2 years, or by deprivation of liberty for the same term.
The acts provided for by paragraphs 1 or 2 of this article, which negligently caused the death of a person, are punishable by forced labor for a term of two to five years or imprisonment for a term of up to 5 years.
On the practice of application by the courts of legislation on liability for the commission of a crime provided for in Article 252 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, see Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 05.11.1998 N 14.

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Atmospheric air can undoubtedly be called one of the vital natural components. The negative impact on the environment includes its pollution. It is not difficult to guess what this can lead to: starting from discomfort for living organisms, ending with diseases and poisoning of nature in general. Air pollutants have many sources. Basically, these are enterprises whose activities involve emissions of pollutants.

In this article, we will provide answers to many exciting questions: How are emissions formed? What environmental reporting is required for enterprises that emit emissions? What can be done to reduce the negative impact on the environment?

1. General information

In the Federal Law of 05/04/1999 N 96-FZ (as amended on 07/29/2018) "On the protection of atmospheric air" the most accurate concept is given of what a harmful (polluting) substance is - a chemical or biological substance, or a mixture of such substances that are contained in the atmospheric air and have a harmful effect on human health and the environment.

The state has established emission standards, the excess of which is considered to be air pollution. For each source, the maximum permissible standard of harmful physical impact on atmospheric air is established.

Standards for Maximum Permissible Emissions (MAE) is an indicator of the permissible harmful substance in the atmospheric air. The indicator includes the maximum volume or mass of pollutants and microorganisms that are allowed to be emitted into the atmosphere by stationary sources so as not to violate environmental air quality standards. If the value of the MPE standard is observed, it means that the requirements in the field of atmospheric air protection are observed. In a general sense, the concept of a standard means a series of actions that must be performed in order for them to lead to the expected result.

Each facility that emits pollutants must have MPE project. If the project is missing - the company faces a fine of up to 250 thousand rubles, or suspension of activities for up to 90 days.

2. How are pollutant emissions generated?

Here is a list of what are the sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere:

Organized

Those sources of emissions of pollutants entering the air through specially constructed technical devices.

unorganized

Sources, emissions from which come in the form of non-directional gas flows, when the tightness of the equipment is broken, or errors occur in the operation of gas collection equipment at the places of loading, unloading, storage of raw materials, materials, products and other substances.

Point

These are organized sources of emissions. At the same time, harmful pollutants enter the atmospheric air from the installed opening.

Linear

Emissions from such sources enter the atmosphere through the established line.

Areal

These are unorganized sources, emissions of pollutants from which enter the air from an established limited surface.

mobile

Sources with organized or unorganized emissions during its movement in the environment.

It is important to note that there are two main characteristics of emissions. These characteristics describe what substances and how exactly they enter the atmospheric air:

– Quantitative characteristics of emissions (list of substances and their quantity per year and second);

– Qualitative characteristics of emissions (applies only to organized sources – speed, temperature, volume per second).

As a rule, before determining the qualitative and quantitative composition of pollutant emissions from sources, it is necessary to justify the method for determining the composition and quantity of harmful emissions. Further, sampling sites are equipped in accordance with the law. After that, the characteristics of emissions are determined in accordance with the adopted method (as well as single (g / s) and gross (t / y) values of emissions).

3. Calculation of pollutant emissions

To date, the regulatory and methodological base for the protection of atmospheric air is actively developing. This includes many issues: an inventory of emissions of harmful substances into the atmospheric air using both instrumental and calculation methods, organizing and carrying out calculations of atmospheric pollution, generating proposals for standards for permissible emissions (AT), as well as determining the frequency of production control over compliance with established emission standards and volumes of regulation of emissions during the NMU periods.

Calculation of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere It's a simple process, but one that requires a lot of attention to detail. At the beginning, the enterprise conducts an inventory of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. As a result of this procedure, sources of emissions (which we talked about earlier) are identified. Emission inventory is carried out in accordance with the requirements Art. 22 of the Federal Law of 04.05.1999 No. 96-FZ "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air"(As amended on July 29, 2018; hereinafter - Federal Law No. 96-FZ).

On April 26, 2019, a new procedure for conducting an inventory of stationary sources of emissions of harmful pollutants into the air (VZV Inventory), established by Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated 07.08.2018 No. 352. The inventory is carried out by ecologists at the enterprise, or this service can be ordered from a specialized organization that develops project documentation in the field of ecology. Based on the results of the inventory, a report is drawn up.

Further, for each of the sources, its own calculation method is selected. Note that since each emission source has its own methodology, it is necessary to request data for calculation. As a rule, the calculation of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere is carried out using the programs of the Integral.

Development of the MPE project

As we said earlier, MPE is an indicator of an allowable harmful substance in the atmospheric air, which reflects the volume and mass of pollutants allowed to be emitted by stationary sources.

Permissible emission standards, in a broad sense, are set in order to regulate the environmental safety in the country. The mass of harmful substances is measured in grams, the concentration of harmful substances - in milligrams per cubic meter, the concentration at the outlet of the source - in grams per cubic meter.

The accuracy of the results of calculation of pollutant emission standards depends on how accurately the sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere are determined (and, therefore, calculations are carried out for the inventory).

Particular attention should be paid to taking into account the non-stationarity of emissions in time. The lack of information on the temporary operating modes of workshops, sections of enterprises, the variability over time of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of emissions at the stages of large technological processes often leads to unjustified overestimation of emissions and MPE and TEF standards.

4. New requirements for objects of categories I-IV

From January 1, 2019, the regulation and control of business entities is carried out on the basis of a new approach, which implies the assignment of certain categories to enterprises as objects that have a negative impact on the environment (NEI). There are 4 such categories in total, they differ in the degree of environmental impact. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 28, 2015 N 1029 establishes criteria for dividing objects into categories.

Based on current changes to objects I category emissions are allowed only on the basis of an integrated environmental permit ( CER). objects II category to carry out emissions, you need to have an environmental impact declaration ( DVOS). III category prepares a report on emissions of harmful substances. IV category negative impact enough to spend inventory object.

Emissions of pollutants is a particularly hot topic for the environment. Violations of enterprises and production facilities regarding the implementation of emissions are seriously suppressed by the supervisory authorities. In addition to your budget and reputation, the environment may suffer.

EcoPromCentre specialists strongly recommend paying special attention to what and how your enterprise “throws out”. You can entrust the development and, most importantly, the approval of all necessary environmental reporting to us. Just one click is enough.

The level of air pollution from industrial enterprises has reached levels that seriously threaten human health. The main culprits are industry, transport, household boilers. Biggest Contribution industrial enterprises contribute to pollution.

Industrial sources of air pollution

The level of harmful impurities in the air increases in proportion to the size locality- from insignificant over villages, to heavy smog over large cities. This is due to the accumulation of vehicles and industrial enterprises in cities.

The main sources of air pollution are the following industrial productions:

thermal power plants;
nuclear industry enterprises;
metallurgical plants;
processing plants;
chemical plants.

Waste is emitted by such enterprises on a regular basis. They constantly use liquid and solid fuels for their needs, which, when burned, release toxic substances.

The use of high-ash coal by thermal power plants leads to the formation of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Toxic waste from the nuclear industry is produced during the processing of nuclear fuel and its use in reactors. A diverse chemical composition of the waste of metallurgical plants - over a dozen different metals are found in them.

Types of harmful impurities

Industrial waste forms mixtures with oxygen (during the release of steam and gas) or aerosols (during the release of solid and liquid particles). Aerosols are of several types:

smoke - formed with the participation of small solid particles;
dust - obtained from large solid particles;
fog - formed by liquid particles.

The most dangerous form of emissions is radioactive dust, which leads to a significant deterioration in the state of the atmosphere. Over 150 million tons of dust per year is emitted during the production of cement, iron and coal combustion.

Cities have the highest air pollution. The chemical composition of impurities is different, depending on the types of operating plants. The following substances are constantly present in the airspace above the city:

sulfur, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide;
nitrogen oxides;
compounds of fluorine and chlorine;
heavy metals.

Sulfur dioxide is produced during the combustion of sulfur-containing fuel, the processing of sulfur ores and takes part in the formation of acid rain. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide create the greenhouse effect. Nitrogen oxides are formed during all types of combustion, the production of fertilizers from nitrogen. Compounds of fluorine and chlorine come from factories for the production of fertilizers, chemicals, pesticides. They are highly toxic.

The study of the interaction of industrial waste and the atmosphere showed that toxic substances react with oxygen and with each other. Ozone gas, which is one of the most toxic impurities, is formed with the participation of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. As a result, phenomena such as acid rain, ozone holes, the greenhouse effect, and an increase in morbidity occur.

Impact of transport on airspace

Motor vehicles are the main source of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. The reasons for this are:

unsatisfactory technical condition of vehicles;
use of low quality gasoline with metal content;
lack of demand for vehicles that meet environmental requirements due to their high cost.

The combustion of gasoline in the fuel tank of a car leads to the release of hydrocarbons into the air - unburned components of the fuel. Some of them turn into soot and resins.

Rail transport has less impact on the air. Hazardous waste is generated during the processing of fuel by diesel locomotives. Replacing them with electric locomotives reduces damage.

The development of technology and transport will reduce the impact on the atmosphere. Today we are developing and implementing:

electric vehicles - eliminate the combustion of fuel, the release of toxic substances;
hydrogen fuel - makes engines run silently, dramatically reduces harmful emissions;
sealed capsules moving through the tunnel on a monorail.

The impact of toxic waste on humans

When exposed to harmful substances, a person develops specific diseases. Inhalation of sulfur dioxide leads to pulmonary edema, circulatory disorders. Carbon monoxide molecules react with human hemoglobin, limiting the flow of oxygen into the blood. In addition, allergies, cancer develop, and immunity decreases.

Ways to Reduce Impurities

There are regulations limiting the emission of harmful substances, but this process cannot be fully controlled. To reduce the harmful impact, remote location of industrial production from cities and villages, the creation of sanitary protection zones near enterprises is used. The strength and direction of winds are taken into account during the construction of plants.

Factories clean waste from toxic components using dust collectors of the following types:

dry type - to retain solid particles (dust);
wet type - to hold vapors.

Other methods are used to neutralize toxic gas impurities. An example is absorption - their absorption by water, and adsorption - the absorption of gas molecules by adsorbents (for example, coal).

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Introduction

At all stages of its development, man was closely connected with the outside world. But since the emergence of a highly industrialized society, the dangerous human intervention in nature has increased dramatically, the scope of this interference has expanded, it has become more diverse and now threatens to become a global danger to humanity. The consumption of non-renewable raw materials is increasing, more and more arable land is leaving the economy, so cities and factories are being built on them. Man has to intervene more and more in the economy of the biosphere - that part of our planet in which life exists. The Earth's biosphere is currently undergoing increasing anthropogenic impact. At the same time, several most significant processes can be distinguished, none of which improves ecological situation on the planet.

The most large-scale and significant is the chemical pollution of the environment by substances of a chemical nature unusual for it. Among them are gaseous and aerosol pollutants of industrial and household origin. The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is also progressing. Further development of this process will strengthen the undesirable trend towards an increase in the average annual temperature on the planet. atmosphere carcinogenic burial

Environmentalists are also alarmed by the ongoing pollution of the World Ocean with oil and oil products, which has already reached 1/5 of its total surface. Oil pollution of this size can cause significant disruption of gas and water exchange between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. There is no doubt about the importance of chemical contamination of the soil with pesticides and its increased acidity, leading to the collapse of the ecosystem. In general, all the considered factors, which can be attributed to the polluting effect, have a significant impact on the processes occurring in the biosphere.

1 . chemical pollution atmosphere

I will begin my essay with a review of those factors that lead to the deterioration of one of the most important components of the biosphere - the atmosphere. Man has been polluting the atmosphere for thousands of years, but the consequences of the use of fire, which he used throughout this period, were insignificant. I had to put up with the fact that the smoke interfered with breathing and that soot lay in a black cover on the ceiling and walls of the dwelling. The resulting heat was more important to a person than clean air and unfinished cave walls. This initial air pollution was not a problem, for people then lived in small groups, occupying an immeasurably vast untouched area. natural environment. And even a significant concentration of people in a relatively small area, as was the case in classical antiquity, was not yet accompanied by serious consequences.

This was the case until the beginning of the nineteenth century. Only in the last hundred years has the development of industry "gifted" us with such production processes, the consequences of which at first man could not yet imagine. Million-strong cities arose, the growth of which cannot be stopped. All this is the result of great inventions and conquests of man.

1 .1 Main pollutants

Basically, there are three main sources of air pollution: industry, domestic boilers, transport. The share of each of these sources in total air pollution varies greatly from place to place. It is now generally accepted that industrial production pollutes the air the most. Sources of pollution - thermal power plants, which, together with smoke, emit sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide into the air; metallurgical enterprises, especially non-ferrous metallurgy, which emit nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, fluorine, ammonia, phosphorus compounds, particles and compounds of mercury and arsenic into the air; chemical and cement plants. Harmful gases enter the air as a result of fuel combustion for industrial needs, home heating, transport, combustion and processing of household and industrial waste.

Atmospheric pollutants are divided into primary, entering directly into the atmosphere, and secondary, resulting from the transformation of the latter. So, sulfur dioxide entering the atmosphere is oxidized to sulfuric anhydride, which interacts with water vapor and forms droplets of sulfuric acid. When sulfuric anhydride reacts with ammonia, ammonium sulfate crystals are formed.

Similarly, as a result of chemical, photochemical, physico-chemical reactions between pollutants and atmospheric components, other secondary signs are formed. The main source of pyrogenic pollution on the planet are thermal power plants, metallurgical and chemical enterprises, boiler plants, which consume more than 70% of the annually produced solid and liquid fuels. The main harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin are the following:

a) Carbon monoxide. It is obtained by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous substances. It enters the air as a result of burning solid waste, with exhaust gases and emissions from industrial enterprises. At least 1250 million tons of this gas enters the atmosphere every year. Carbon monoxide is a compound that actively reacts with constituent parts atmosphere and contributes to an increase in temperature on the planet, and the creation of a greenhouse effect.

b) Sulfur dioxide. It is emitted during the combustion of sulfur-containing fuel or the processing of sulfurous ores (up to 170 million tons per year). Part of the sulfur compounds is released during the combustion of organic residues in mining dumps. In the United States alone, the total amount of sulfur dioxide emitted into the atmosphere amounted to 65% of the global emission.

c) Sulfuric anhydride. It is formed during the oxidation of sulfur dioxide. The end product of the reaction is an aerosol or solution of sulfuric acid in rainwater, which acidifies the soil and exacerbates diseases. respiratory tract person. The precipitation of sulfuric acid aerosol from smoke flares of chemical enterprises is observed at low cloudiness and high air humidity. Leaf blades of plants growing at a distance of less than 11 km. from such enterprises, are usually densely dotted with small necrotic spots formed in places where droplets of sulfuric acid have settled. Pyrometallurgical enterprises of non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, as well as thermal power plants annually emit tens of millions of tons of sulfuric anhydride into the atmosphere.

d) Hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide. They enter the atmosphere separately or together with other sulfur compounds. The main sources of emissions are enterprises for the manufacture of artificial fiber, sugar, coke, oil refineries, and oil fields. In the atmosphere, when interacting with other pollutants, they undergo slow oxidation to sulfuric anhydride.

e) Nitrogen oxides. The main sources of emissions are enterprises producing nitrogen fertilizers, nitric acid and nitrates, aniline dyes, nitro compounds, viscose silk, and celluloid. The amount of nitrogen oxides entering the atmosphere is 20 million tons. in year.

f) Fluorine compounds. Sources of pollution are enterprises producing aluminum, enamels, glass, ceramics, steel, and phosphate fertilizers. Fluorine-containing substances enter the atmosphere in the form of gaseous compounds - hydrogen fluoride or dust of sodium and calcium fluoride. The compounds are characterized by a toxic effect. Fluorine derivatives are strong insecticides.

g) Chlorine compounds. They enter the atmosphere from chemical enterprises producing hydrochloric acid, chlorine-containing pesticides, organic dyes, hydrolytic alcohol, bleach, soda. In the atmosphere, they are found as an admixture of chlorine molecules and vapors of hydrochloric acid. The toxicity of chlorine is determined by the type of compounds and their concentration. In the metallurgical industry, during the smelting of pig iron and its processing into steel, various heavy metals and toxic gases are released into the atmosphere. So, in terms of 1 ton of pig iron, in addition to 12.7 kg. sulfur dioxide and 14.5 kg of dust particles, which determine the amount of compounds of arsenic, phosphorus, antimony, lead, mercury vapor and rare metals, tar substances and hydrogen cyanide.

1 .2 Aerosol pollution of the atmosphere

Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. The solid components of aerosols in some cases are especially dangerous for organisms, and cause specific diseases in humans. In the atmosphere, aerosol pollution is perceived in the form of smoke, fog, mist or haze. A significant part of aerosols is formed in the atmosphere when solid and liquid particles interact with each other or with water vapor. The average size of aerosol particles is 1-5 microns. About 1 cubic km enters the Earth's atmosphere annually. dust particles of artificial origin. A large number of dust particles are also formed during the production activities of people. Information about some sources of man-made dust is given below:

Manufacturing process.

Dust emission, million tons/year

1. Combustion of hard coal 93,600

2. Iron smelting 20.210

3. Copper smelting (without refining) 6,230

4. Smelting zinc 0.180

5. Smelting of tin (without cleaning) 0.004

6. Lead smelting 0.130

7. Cement production 53,370

The main sources of artificial aerosol air pollution are thermal power plants that consume high-ash coal, enrichment plants, metallurgical, cement, magnesite and carbon black plants. Aerosol particles from these sources are very diverse. chemical composition. Most often, compounds of silicon, calcium and carbon are found in their composition, less often - oxides of metals: iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, antimony, bismuth, selenium, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, as well as asbestos.

An even greater variety is characteristic of organic dust, including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, acid salts. It is formed during the combustion of residual petroleum products, during the pyrolysis process at oil refineries, petrochemical and other similar enterprises.

Permanent sources of aerosol pollution are industrial dumps - artificial mounds of redeposited material, mainly overburden, formed during mining or from waste from processing industries, thermal power plants.

The source of dust and poisonous gases is mass blasting. So, as a result of one medium-sized explosion (250-300 tons of explosives), about 2 thousand cubic meters are released into the atmosphere. conditional carbon monoxide and more than 150 tons of dust.

The production of cement and other building materials is also a source of air pollution with dust. The main technological processes of these industries - grinding and chemical processing of semi-finished products and products obtained in hot gas flows are always accompanied by emissions of dust and other harmful substances into the atmosphere.

Atmospheric pollutants include hydrocarbons - saturated and unsaturated, containing from 1 to 13 carbon atoms. They undergo various transformations, oxidation, polymerization, interacting with other atmospheric pollutants after being excited by solar radiation. As a result of these reactions, peroxide compounds, free radicals, compounds of hydrocarbons with oxides of nitrogen and sulfur are formed, often in the form of aerosol particles. For some weather conditions especially large accumulations of harmful gaseous and aerosol impurities can form in the surface air layer.

This usually happens when there is an inversion in the air layer directly above the sources of gas and dust emission - the location of a layer of colder air under warm air, which prevents air masses and delays the transfer of impurities upward. As a result, harmful emissions are concentrated under the inversion layer, their content near the ground increases sharply, which becomes one of the reasons for the formation of previously unknown in nature photochemical fog.

1 .3 Photochemical fog (smog)

Photochemical fog is a multicomponent mixture of gases and aerosol particles of primary and secondary origin. The main components of smog are ozone, nitrogen and sulfur oxides, numerous organic compounds peroxide nature, collectively called photooxidants.

Photochemical smog occurs as a result of photochemical reactions under certain conditions: the presence of a high concentration of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and other pollutants in the atmosphere, intense solar radiation and calm or very weak air exchange in the surface layer with a powerful and increased inversion for at least a day. Sustained calm weather, usually accompanied by inversions, is necessary to create a high concentration of reactants.

Such conditions are created more often in June-September and less often in winter. In prolonged clear weather, solar radiation causes the breakdown of nitrogen dioxide molecules with the formation of nitric oxide and atomic oxygen. Atomic oxygen with molecular oxygen give ozone. It would seem that the latter, oxidizing nitric oxide, should again turn into molecular oxygen, and nitric oxide into dioxide. But that doesn't happen. The nitric oxide reacts with the olefins in the exhaust gases, which break down the double bond to form molecular fragments and excess ozone. As a result of the ongoing dissociation, new masses of nitrogen dioxide are split and give additional amounts of ozone.

A cyclic reaction occurs, as a result of which ozone gradually accumulates in the atmosphere. This process stops at night. In turn, ozone reacts with olefins. Various peroxides are concentrated in the atmosphere, which in total form oxidants characteristic of photochemical fog. The latter are the source of the so-called free radicals, which are characterized by a special reactivity.

Such smog is not uncommon over London, Paris, Los Angeles, New York and other cities in Europe and America. According to their physiological effects on the human body, they are extremely dangerous for the respiratory and circulatory systems and often cause premature death of urban residents with poor health.

1 .4 The problem of controlling the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere by industrial enterprises (MPC)

The priority in the development of maximum permissible concentrations in the air belongs to the USSR. MPC - such concentrations that direct or indirect effects on a person and his offspring do not worsen their working capacity, well-being, as well as sanitary and living conditions of people.

The generalization of all information on the MPC received by all departments is carried out in the MGO (Main Geophysical Observatory. In order to determine the air values based on the results of observations, the measured values of concentrations are compared with the maximum single maximum allowable concentration and determine the number of cases when the MPC was exceeded, as well as how much times the highest value was higher than the MPC. The average concentration value for a month or a year is compared with the long-term MPC - medium stable MPC. The state of air pollution with several substances observed in the atmosphere of the city is assessed using a complex indicator - the air pollution index (API). normalized to the corresponding MPC values and the average concentrations of various substances with the help of simple calculations lead to the value of the concentrations of sulfur dioxide, and then summed up.

The maximum one-time concentrations of the main pollutants were the highest in Norilsk (nitrogen and sulfur oxides), Frunze (dust), Omsk (carbon monoxide). The degree of air pollution by the main pollutants is directly dependent on the industrial development of the city. The highest maximum concentrations are typical for cities with a population of more than 500 thousand inhabitants. Air pollution with specific substances depends on the type of industry developed in the city. If in major city enterprises of several industries are located, then a very high level air pollution, but the problem of reducing emissions of many specific substances still remains unresolved.

2. Chemical pollution of natural waters

Any body of water or water source is associated with its external environment. It is influenced by the conditions for the formation of surface or underground water runoff, various natural phenomena, industry, industrial and municipal construction, transport, economic and domestic human activities. The consequence of these influences is the introduction of new, unusual substances into the aquatic environment - pollutants that degrade water quality. Pollution entering the aquatic environment is classified in different ways, depending on the approaches, criteria and tasks. So, usually allocate chemical, physical and biological pollution.

Chemical pollution is a change in the natural chemical properties of water due to an increase in the content of harmful impurities in it, both inorganic (mineral salts, acids, alkalis, clay particles) and organic nature (oil and oil products, organic residues, surface active substances, pesticides).

2 .1 Inorganic pollution

The main inorganic (mineral) pollutants of fresh and marine waters are a variety of chemical compounds that are toxic to the inhabitants of the aquatic environment. These are compounds of arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, fluorine. Most of them end up in water as a result of human activities. Heavy metals are absorbed by phytoplankton and then transferred through the food chain to more highly organized organisms. The toxic effect of some of the most common pollutants in the hydrosphere is presented in Table 2.1.

In addition to the substances listed in the table, dangerous contaminants of the aquatic environment include inorganic acids and bases that determine a wide pH range of industrial effluents (1.0 - 11.0) and are capable of changing the pH of the aquatic environment to values of 5.0 or above 8.0, while fish in fresh and sea water can exist only in the pH range of 5 .0 - 8.5.

Table 2.1

Substance	Plankton	Crustaceans	shellfish






7. Rhodanide


10. Sulfide

Degree of toxicity (note):

Absent

Very weak

Weak

strong

Very strong

Among the main sources of pollution of the hydrosphere minerals and biogenic elements should be mentioned enterprises Food Industry and agriculture. About 6 million tons are washed out from irrigated lands annually. salts. By the year 2000 it is possible to increase their weight up to 12 million tons/year.

Wastes containing mercury, lead, copper are localized in separate areas off the coast, but some of them are carried far beyond the territorial waters. Mercury pollution significantly reduces the primary production of marine ecosystems, inhibiting the development of phytoplankton. Wastes containing mercury usually accumulate in the bottom sediments of bays or river estuaries. Its further migration is accompanied by the accumulation of methyl mercury and its inclusion in the trophic chains of aquatic organisms.

Thus, the Minamata disease, first discovered by Japanese scientists in people who ate fish caught in the Minamata Bay, into which industrial effluents with technogenic mercury were uncontrollably discharged, became notorious.

2 .2 Organic pollution

Among the soluble substances introduced into the ocean from land, great importance for the inhabitants of the aquatic environment, they have not only mineral, biogenic elements, but also organic residues. Takeaway to the ocean organic matter is estimated at 300 - 380 million tons/year. Wastewater containing suspensions of organic origin or dissolved organic matter adversely affects the condition of water bodies. When settling, the suspensions flood the bottom and delay the development or completely stop the vital activity of these microorganisms involved in the process of water self-purification. When these sediments rot, harmful compounds and toxic substances, such as hydrogen sulfide, can be formed, which lead to pollution of all water in the river. The presence of suspensions also makes it difficult for light to penetrate deep into the water and slows down the processes of photosynthesis.

One of the main sanitary requirements requirements for water quality is the content of the required amount of oxygen in it. Harmful effect is exerted by all contaminants that in one way or another contribute to the reduction of oxygen content in water. Surfactants - fats, oils, lubricants - form a film on the surface of the water, which prevents gas exchange between water and the atmosphere, which reduces the degree of saturation of water with oxygen.

A significant amount of organic matter, most of which is not characteristic of natural waters, is discharged into rivers along with industrial and domestic wastewater. Increasing pollution of water bodies and drains is observed in all industrial countries. Information on the content of some organic substances in industrial wastewater is provided below:

Pollutants Quantity in the world runoff, million tons/year

1. Oil products 26, 563

2. Phenols 0.460

3. Waste from the production of synthetic fibers 5,500

4. Plant organic residues 0.170

5. Total 33, 273

Due to the rapid pace of urbanization and the somewhat slow construction of sewage treatment plants or their unsatisfactory operation, water basins and soil are polluted with household waste. Pollution is especially noticeable in slow-flowing or stagnant water bodies (reservoirs, lakes).

Decomposing in the aquatic environment, organic waste can become a medium for pathogenic organisms. Water contaminated with organic waste becomes almost unsuitable for drinking and other purposes. Household waste is dangerous not only because it is a source of some human diseases (typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera), but also because it requires a lot of oxygen for its decomposition. If domestic wastewater enters the reservoir at a very large quantities, then the content of soluble oxygen may fall below the level necessary for the life of marine and freshwater organisms.

3. The problem of pollution of the World Ocean (on the example of a number of organic compounds)

3 .1 Oil and oil products

Oil is a viscous oily liquid that is dark brown in color and has low fluorescence. Oil consists mainly of saturated aliphatic and hydroaromatic hydrocarbons. The main components of oil - hydrocarbons (up to 98%) - are divided into 4 classes:

a) Paraffins (alkenes) - (up to 90% of the total composition) - stable substances, the molecules of which are expressed by a straight and branched chain of carbon atoms. Light paraffins have maximum volatility and solubility in water.

b) Cycloparaffins - (30 - 60% of the total composition) - saturated cyclic compounds with 5-6 carbon atoms in the ring. In addition to cyclopentane and cyclohexane, bicyclic and polycyclic compounds of this group are found in oil. These compounds are very stable and difficult to biodegrade.

c) Aromatic hydrocarbons - (20 - 40% of the total composition) - unsaturated cyclic compounds of the benzene series, containing 6 carbon atoms in the ring less than cycloparaffins. Oil contains volatile compounds with a molecule in the form of a single ring (benzene, toluene, xylene), then bicyclic (naphthalene), semicyclic (pyrene).

d) Olefins (alkenes) - (up to 10% of the total composition) - unsaturated non-cyclic compounds with one or two hydrogen atoms at each carbon atom in a molecule that has a straight or branched chain.

Oil and oil products are the most common pollutants in the oceans. By the beginning of the 1980s, about 6 million tons were entering the ocean annually. oil, which accounted for 0.23% of world production.

The greatest losses of oil are associated with its transportation from production areas. Emergencies, discharge of washing and ballast water overboard by tankers - all this leads to the presence of permanent pollution fields along sea routes. In the period 1962-79, about 2 million tons of oil entered the marine environment as a result of accidents. Over the past 30 years, since 1964, about 2,000 wells have been drilled in the World Ocean, of which 1,000 and 350 industrial wells have been equipped in the North Sea alone. Due to minor leaks, 0.1 million tons are lost annually. oil. Large masses of oil enter the seas along rivers, with domestic and storm drains.

The volume of pollution from this source is 2.0 million tons/year. Every year, 0.5 mln.t. oil. Getting into the marine environment, oil first spreads in the form of a film, forming layers of various thicknesses. By the color of the film, you can determine its thickness:

Appearance Thickness, microns Amount of oil, l / sq. km

1. Barely noticeable 0.038 44

2. Silver reflection 0.076 88

3. Traces of coloring 0.152 176

4. Brightly colored stains 0.305 352

5. Dull colored 1.016 1170

6. Dark colored 2.032 2310

The oil film changes the composition of the spectrum and the intensity of light penetration into the water. Light transmission of thin films of crude oil is 1-10% (280nm), 60-70% (400nm).

A film with a thickness of 30-40 microns completely absorbs infrared radiation. When mixed with water, oil forms an emulsion of two types: direct - "oil in water" - and reverse - "water in oil". Direct emulsions, composed of oil droplets with a diameter of up to 0.5 μm, are less stable and are typical for oils containing surfactants. When volatile fractions are removed, oil forms viscous inverse emulsions, which can remain on the surface, be carried by the current, wash ashore and settle to the bottom.

3 .2 Pesticides

Pesticides are a group of man-made substances used to control pests and plant diseases. Pesticides are divided into the following groups: insecticides - to combat harmful insects, fungicides and bactericides - to combat bacterial plant diseases, herbicides - against weeds.

It has been established that pesticides, destroying pests, harm many beneficial organisms and undermine the health of biocenoses. IN agriculture There has long been a problem of transition from chemical (polluting) to biological (environmentally friendly) methods of pest control. Currently, more than 5 million tons. pesticides enter the world market. About 1.5 million tons. of these substances has already entered the composition of terrestrial and marine ecosystems by ash and water.

The industrial production of pesticides is accompanied by the appearance of a large number of by-products that pollute wastewater. In the aquatic environment, representatives of insecticides, fungicides and herbicides are more common than others. Synthesized insecticides are divided into three main groups: organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbonates.

Organochlorine insecticides are obtained by chlorination of aromatic and heterocyclic liquid hydrocarbons. These include DDT and its derivatives, in the molecules of which the stability of aliphatic and aromatic groups in the joint presence increases, various chlorinated derivatives of chlorodiene (eldrin). These substances have a half-life of up to several decades and are very resistant to biodegradation. In the aquatic environment, polychlorinated biphenyls are often found - derivatives of DDT without an aliphatic part, numbering 210 homologues and isomers. Over the past 40 years, more than 1.2 million tons have been used. polychlorinated biphenyls in the production of plastics, dyes, transformers, capacitors.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) enter the environment as a result of industrial wastewater discharges and the incineration of solid waste in landfills. The latter source delivers PBCs to the atmosphere, from where they fall out with atmospheric precipitation in all regions of the globe. Thus, in snow samples taken in Antarctica, the content of PBC was 0.03 - 1.2 kg/l.

3 .3 Synthetic surfactants

Detergents (surfactants) belong to an extensive group of substances that lower the surface tension of water. They are part of the synthetic detergents(SMS), widely used in everyday life and industry. Together with wastewater, surfactants enter the continental waters and the marine environment.

Depending on the nature and structure of the hydrophilic part of the surfactant molecules, they are divided into anionic, cationic, amphoteric, and nonionic. The latter do not form ions in water. The most common among the surfactants are anionic substances. They account for more than 50% of all surfactants produced in the world.

The presence of surfactants in industrial wastewater is associated with their use in such processes as flotation beneficiation of ores, separation of chemical technology products, production of polymers, improvement of conditions for drilling oil and gas wells, and equipment corrosion control. In agriculture, surfactants are used as part of pesticides.

3 .4 Compounds with carcinogenic properties

Carcinogenic substances are chemically homogeneous compounds that exhibit transforming activity and the ability to cause carcinogenic, teratogenic (violation of embryonic development processes) or mutagenic changes in organisms. Depending on the conditions of exposure, they can lead to growth inhibition, accelerated aging, impaired individual development and changes in the gene pool of organisms.

Substances with carcinogenic properties include chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, vinyl chloride, and especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Maximum amount PAHs in modern sediments of the World Ocean (more than 100 µg/km of dry matter mass) were found in tentonically active zones subject to deep thermal action. The main anthropogenic sources of PAHs in the environment are the pyrolysis of organic substances during the combustion of various materials, wood, and fuel.

3 .5 Heavy metals

Heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, arsenic) are among the common and highly toxic pollutants. They are widely used in various industrial productions, therefore, despite the treatment measures, the content of heavy metal compounds in industrial wastewater is quite high. Large masses of these compounds enter the ocean through the atmosphere. Mercury, lead and cadmium are the most dangerous for marine biocenoses. Mercury is transported to the ocean with continental runoff and through the atmosphere.

During the weathering of sedimentary and igneous rocks, 3.5 thousand tons are released annually. mercury. The composition of atmospheric dust contains about 12 thousand tons. mercury, and a significant part is of anthropogenic origin. About half of the annual industrial production of this metal (910 thousand tons/year) ends up in the ocean in various ways. In areas polluted by industrial waters, the concentration of mercury in solution and suspension is greatly increased. At the same time, some bacteria convert chlorides into highly toxic methylmercury.

Contamination of seafood has repeatedly led to mercury poisoning of the coastal population. By 1977, there were 2,800 victims of the Minomata disease, which was caused by waste from the production of vinyl chloride and acetaldehyde, which used mercury chloride as a catalyst. Insufficiently treated wastewater from enterprises entered the Minamata Bay.

Lead is a typical trace element found in all components of the environment: in rocks, soils, natural waters, the atmosphere, and living organisms. Finally, pigs are actively dispersed into the environment during human activities.

These are emissions from industrial and domestic effluents, from smoke and dust from industrial enterprises, from exhaust gases from internal combustion engines. The migration flow of lead from the continent to the ocean goes not only with river runoff, but also through the atmosphere. With continental dust, the ocean receives (20-30) tons of lead per year.

3 .6 Waste dumping into the sea b yu burial (dumping)

Many countries with access to the sea undertake marine disposal of various materials and substances, in particular soil excavated during dredging, drill slag, industrial waste, construction waste, solid waste, explosives and chemical substances, radioactive waste. The volume of burials amounted to about 10% of the total mass of pollutants entering the World Ocean.

The basis for dumping in the sea is the ability of the marine environment to process a large amount of organic and inorganic substances without much water damage. However, this ability is not unlimited.

Therefore, dumping is considered as a forced measure, a temporary tribute to the imperfection of technology by society. Industrial slags contain a variety of organic substances and heavy metal compounds. Household waste contains on average (by weight of dry matter) 32-40% organic matter; 0.56% nitrogen; 0.44% phosphorus; 0.155% zinc; 0.085% lead; 0.001% mercury; 0.001% cadmium.

During the discharge, the passage of the material through the water column, part of the pollutants goes into solution, changing the quality of the water, the other is sorbed by suspended particles and goes into bottom sediments.

At the same time, the turbidity of the water increases. The presence of organic substances often leads to the rapid consumption of oxygen in water and often to its complete disappearance, the dissolution of suspensions, the accumulation of metals in dissolved form, and the appearance of hydrogen sulfide.

The presence of a large amount of organic matter creates a stable reducing environment in the soil, in which a special type of interstitial water appears, containing hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and metal ions. Benthic organisms and others are affected to varying degrees by the discharged materials.

In the case of the formation of surface films containing petroleum hydrocarbons and surfactants, gas exchange at the air-water boundary is disturbed. Pollutants entering the solution can accumulate in the tissues and organs of hydrobiants and have a toxic effect on them.

The dumping of dumping materials to the bottom and prolonged increased turbidity of the given water leads to the death of inactive forms of benthos from suffocation. In surviving fish, mollusks and crustaceans, the growth rate is reduced due to the deterioration of feeding and breathing conditions. The species composition of a given community often changes.

When organizing a system for monitoring the discharge of waste into the sea, the determination of dumping areas, the determination of the dynamics of pollution of sea water and bottom sediments is of decisive importance. To identify possible volumes of discharge into the sea, it is necessary to carry out calculations of all pollutants in the composition of the material discharge.

3 .7 Thermal pollution

Thermal pollution of the surface of reservoirs and coastal marine areas occurs as a result of the discharge of heated wastewater from power plants and some industrial production. The discharge of heated water in many cases causes an increase in water temperature in reservoirs by 6-8 degrees Celsius. The area of hot water patches in coastal areas can reach 30 sq. km.

A more stable temperature stratification prevents water exchange between the surface and bottom layers. The solubility of oxygen decreases, and its consumption increases, since with increasing temperature, the activity of aerobic bacteria that decompose organic matter increases. The species diversity of phytoplankton and the entire flora of algae is increasing.

Based on the generalization of the material, it can be concluded that the effects of anthropogenic impact on the aquatic environment are manifested at the individual and population-biocenotic levels, and the long-term effect of pollutants leads to a simplification of the ecosystem.

4. Soil pollution

The soil cover of the Earth is the most important component of the Earth's biosphere. It is the soil shell that determines many processes occurring in the biosphere.

The most important importance of soils is the accumulation of organic matter, various chemical elements, as well as energy. The soil cover functions as a biological absorber, destroyer and neutralizer of various contaminants. If this link of the biosphere is destroyed, then the existing functioning of the biosphere will be irreversibly disrupted. That is why it is extremely important to study the global biochemical significance soil cover, its current state and changes under the influence of anthropogenic activity. One of the types of anthropogenic impact is pesticide pollution.

4 .1 Pesticides as a pollutant

The discovery of pesticides - chemical means of protecting plants and animals from various pests and diseases - is one of the major achievements modern science. Today in the world on 1 hectare. applied 300 kg. chemicals. However, as a result of long-term use of pesticides in agriculture, medicine (vector control), almost universally there is a decrease in efficiency due to the development of resistant pest races and the spread of "new" pests whose natural enemies and competitors have been destroyed by pesticides.

At the same time, the effect of pesticides began to manifest itself on a global scale. Of the huge number of insects, only 0.3% or 5 thousand species are harmful. Pesticide resistance has been found in 250 species. This is exacerbated by the phenomenon of cross-resistance, which consists in the fact that increased resistance to the action of one drug is accompanied by resistance to compounds of other classes.

From a general biological point of view, resistance can be considered as a change in populations as a result of the transition from a sensitive strain to a resistant strain of the same species due to selection caused by pesticides. This phenomenon is associated with genetic, physiological and biochemical rearrangements of organisms. Excessive use of pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, defoliants) negatively affects soil quality. In this regard, the fate of pesticides in soils and the possibilities and possibilities of neutralizing them by chemical and biological methods are being intensively studied.

It is very important to create and use only drugs with a short lifespan, measured in weeks or months. Some progress has already been made in this area and drugs with a high rate of destruction are being introduced, but the problem as a whole has not yet been resolved.

4 .2 Acid landfall (acid rain)

One of the sharpest global problems of the present and the foreseeable future is the problem of the increasing acidity of precipitation and soil cover. Areas of acidic soils do not know droughts, but their natural fertility is lowered and unstable; they are rapidly depleted and yields are low.

Acid rain causes not only acidification of surface waters and upper soil horizons. Acidity with downward water flows extends to the entire soil profile and causes significant acidification of groundwater. Acid rain occurs as a result of human economic activity, accompanied by the emission of colossal amounts of oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon.

These oxides, entering the atmosphere, are transported over long distances, interact with water and turn into solutions of a mixture of sulfurous, sulfuric, nitrous, nitric and carbonic acids, which fall in the form of "acid rain" on land, interacting with plants, soils, waters.

The main sources in the atmosphere are the burning of shale, oil, coal, gas in industry, agriculture, and at home. Human economic activity has almost doubled the entry of sulfur oxides, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. Naturally, this affected the increase in the acidity of atmospheric precipitation, ground and ground waters. To solve this problem, it is necessary to increase the volume of systematic representative measurements of atmospheric pollutant compounds over large areas.

Conclusion

The protection of nature is the task of our century, a problem that has become a social one. Again and again we hear about the dangers that threaten the environment, but still many of us consider them an unpleasant, but inevitable product of civilization and believe that we will still have time to cope with all the difficulties that have come to light.

However, human impact on the environment has taken on alarming proportions. To fundamentally improve the situation, purposeful and thoughtful actions will be needed. Responsible and efficient environmental policy will only be possible if we accumulate reliable data on state of the art environment, substantiated knowledge about the interaction of important environmental factors, if it develops new methods to reduce and prevent harm caused to Nature by Man.

Bibliography

Pierre Aguess; Keys to ecology; Leningrad; 1992

V.Z. Chernyak; Seven Wonders and others; Moscow; 1995

Franz Schebeck; Variations on the theme of one planet; 1998

G. Hoefling. Anxiety in 2000. Moscow. 1990

V.V. Plotnikov. At the crossroads of ecology. Moscow. 2002

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Rationing in the field of environmental protection is carried out for the purpose of state regulation of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment, which guarantees the preservation of a favorable environment and environmental safety.

According to paragraph 2 of Art. 19 of the Federal Law of January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ “On Environmental Protection” (as amended on June 25, 2012), regulation in the field of environmental protection consists in establishing environmental quality standards, standards for permissible environmental impact in the course of economic and other activities, other standards in the field of environmental protection, as well as regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection.

One of the types of allowable impact standards established for users of natural resources are emission limits(PDV).

In accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 14 of the Federal Law of 04.05.1999 No. 96-FZ “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air” (as amended on 25.06.2012; hereinafter referred to as Federal Law No. 96-FZ) release of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air (hereinafter referred to as emission) by stationary source is allowed on the basis of a permit issued by the territorial body of the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection, executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation exercising state administration in the field of environmental protection, in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

It should be taken into account that the approval of MPE standards and the issuance of emission permits are two different administrative procedures that require time.

According to paragraph 10 of the Administrative Regulations Federal Service on supervision in the field of environmental management for the provision of public services for issuing permits for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air (with the exception of radioactive substances), approved by Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated July 25, 2011 No. 650 (hereinafter referred to as the Administrative Regulations), in order to obtain permission for emissions in the territorial body of Rosprirodnadzor, the application must be accompanied by, among other things, duly approved and current standards for MPE and temporarily agreed emissions (TSV) for each specific stationary source of emissions and the business entity as a whole (including its individual production areas) or according to individual production areas.

Thus, it can be concluded that if an enterprise has stationary (organized and unorganized) sources of emissions, it is obliged to obtain an emission permit. And an enterprise can obtain this permit only on the basis of approved MPE standards.

The obligations of legal entities with stationary sources of emissions are listed in Art. 30 of Federal Law No. 96-FZ. One of these responsibilities is to ensure that the inventory of emissions and the development of ELVs.

MPE are established by the territorial bodies of the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection for a specific stationary source of emissions and their totality (organization as a whole).

According to paragraph 4 of Art. 12 of Federal Law No. 96-FZ, in the event that it is impossible for legal entities, individual entrepreneurs with emission sources to comply with MPE, the territorial bodies of the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection may establish for such sources of VSM in agreement with the territorial bodies of other federal executive bodies.

Our dictionary. Emission limit(MPE) is the maximum allowable emission standard, which is set for a stationary source of atmospheric air pollution, taking into account the technical standards for emissions and background air pollution, provided that this source does not exceed hygienic and environmental standards for atmospheric air quality, maximum permissible (critical) loads on ecological systems, other environmental standards.

Temporarily agreed release(TSV) is a temporary emission limit, which is set for existing stationary sources of emissions, taking into account the quality of the atmospheric air and the socio-economic conditions for the development of the relevant territory in order to gradually achieve the established maximum allowable emission.

Therefore, in order to find out whether the company is obliged to fulfill the obligations established by Art. 30 of Federal Law No. 96-FZ, it is necessary to determine whether the enterprise has sources of emissions that are stationary objects of negative impact.

Clauses 3 and 4 of the Procedure for maintaining state records of objects that have a negative impact on the environment by the territorial bodies of the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision (Appendix to the Order of Rostekhnadzor dated November 24, 2005 No. 867) give the following definitions of stationary and mobile objects of negative impact:

stationary object of negative impact- an object from which the emission (discharge) of pollutants into the environment is carried out, firmly connected with the ground, i.e. an object, the movement of which is impossible without disproportionate damage to its purpose, an object for the placement of production and consumption waste, as well as an explosion;
mobile objects of negative impact — vehicles, aircraft, sea vessels, inland navigation vessels equipped with engines running on gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, liquefied (compressed) petroleum or natural gas.

To date, state accounting of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs with sources of emissions, and the amount and composition of emissions (hereinafter referred to as state accounting) is carried out by Rosprirodnadzor in accordance with the Procedure for State Registration of Legal Entities, Individual Entrepreneurs with Sources of Emissions of Harmful (Polluting) Substances into the Atmospheric air, as well as the amount and composition of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated October 26, 2011 No. 863 (hereinafter referred to as the Accounting Procedure). It should be noted that there are no definitions of mobile and stationary sources of emissions in the Accounting Procedure.

At the same time, in sub. "b" of clause 7 of the Accounting Procedure lists information (data) on emission sources that must be indicated when registering with the state. So, when submitting information about a mobile source of emissions, you must specify:

type of mobile emission source (air transport, water transport, rail transport, road transport);
registration number of the mobile source;
environmental class of the vehicle;
type and consumption of fuel (by type) by a mobile source (air transport, water transport, rail transport, road transport).

Thus, the main criterion for determining a mobile object today is work on a certain type of fuel, and the calculation of the fee for emissions of mobile objects is based on the volume of fuel used. Mobile emission sources include various vehicles. Mobile installations used on the territory of the enterprise are mainly classified as stationary sources of emissions.

After determining the presence of operated stationary sources of emissions on the territory of the enterprise, it is necessary to find out whether these sources are subject to state accounting and regulation.

Order No. 579 of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources dated December 31, 2010 approved the Procedure for Establishing Sources of Emissions of Harmful (Polluting) Substances into the Atmospheric Air Subject to State Accounting and Standardization (hereinafter referred to as the Procedure) and the List of Harmful (Polluting) Substances Subject to State Accounting and Standardization (hereinafter referred to as the List ).

TO sources of emissions subject to state accounting and regulation, include sources of emissions from which harmful (polluting) substances are emitted into the air, subject to state accounting and regulation. In turn, harmful (polluting) substances specified in the List, as well as harmful (polluting) substances not included in the List, that meet one of the following criteria are subject to state registration and regulation:

the emission hazard indicator, established in accordance with Appendix 1 to the Procedure, is greater than or equal to 0.1;
surface concentrations of emissions exceed 5% of the hygienic (environmental) air quality standard.

So, if emissions from stationary sources of an enterprise contain substances specified in the List or corresponding to one of the above criteria, i.e. subject to state accounting and rationing, then in this case it is necessary to develop a draft MPE, approve the MPE (MPE) standards and obtain an emission permit.

Within the framework of this article, the issue of developing a draft MPE will not be considered. No less interesting is the question of the actions of the enterprise after the development of this project.

After the draft MPE has been developed, it must be agreed upon, the standards for MPE (MPE) should be established, and an emission permit should be obtained. The enterprise should have an idea of how long the approvals may take and on the basis of which the enterprise may be refused.

To date, regulatory legal acts the procedure for establishing MPE standards is not regulated. Thus, the deadline for approval and the grounds for refusing to approve the draft MPE are also not established.

In accordance with paragraph 6 of the Regulations on the standards for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and harmful physical effects on it, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 2, 2000 No. 183 (as amended on September 4, 2012), the maximum allowable emissions for a particular a stationary source of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and a legal entity as a whole or its individual production areas, taking into account all sources of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air of a given legal entity or its individual production areas, background air pollution and technical standards emissions are established by the territorial bodies of Rosprirodnadzor (with the exception of radioactive substances) in the presence of a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion on the compliance of these maximum permissible emissions with sanitary rules.

According to paragraph 6 of the Procedure for organizing and conducting sanitary and epidemiological examinations, examinations, studies, tests and toxicological, hygienic and other types of assessments, approved by Order of Rospotrebnadzor dated 07/19/2007 No. 224 (as amended on 08/12/2010), term for sanitary and epidemiological examinations at the request of a citizen, individual entrepreneur, legal entity is determined depending on the type and scope of research of a particular type of product, type of activity, work, services and cannot exceed two months.

Further, on the basis of an expert opinion, the territorial body of Rospotrebnadzor issues a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion. The term for issuing a sanitary-epidemiological conclusion is also not regulated. Therefore, according to the Model Regulations for the internal organization of federal executive bodies, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 28, 2005 No. 452 (as amended on December 27, 2012), the deadline for issuing a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion is 30 days.

MPE and VVS standards are established by the territorial bodies of Rosprirodnadzor (with the exception of radioactive substances) for a specific stationary source of emissions and their combination (organization as a whole).

According to clause 8.13 of the Regulations of the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources, approved by the Order of Rosprirodnadzor dated June 29, 2007 No. 191 (as amended on October 15, 2009), the response to the applicant is sent by the head (deputy head) of the territorial body of Rosprirodnadzor within 30 days from the date of registration appeals to Rosprirodnadzor, unless a different period is specified in the order. If necessary, the term for consideration of the application can be extended by the head of the territorial body of Rosprirodnadzor, but not more than 30 days, while informing the applicant and indicating the reasons for the extension.

Thus, according to the general procedure for handling issues related to the activities of Rosprirodnadzor, the deadline for approval of MPE standards is 30 days(may be extended by the head of Rosprirodnadzor for 30 days).

On a note. The draft MPE is being developed in accordance with the Methodology for calculating the concentrations in the atmospheric air of harmful substances contained in the emissions of enterprises (OND-86) (approved by the USSR State Hydrometeorological Committee on 04.08.1986 No. 192), GOST 17.2.3.02-78 “Nature Protection. Atmosphere. Rules for Establishing Permissible Emissions of Harmful Substances by Industrial Enterprises”, Recommendations on the Design and Content of Draft Standards for Maximum Permissible Emissions into the Atmosphere (MAE) for an Enterprise (approved by the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology on August 28, 1987) and other legal and methodological documents.

Since the legislation does not establish grounds for refusing to approve a draft MPE, it means that if the draft MPE is completed in accordance with the requirements of the documents listed above and has received a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion, then the refusal to establish MPE is unlawful.

After receiving a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion on the draft MPE, approval of the MPE (MPE) standards, the enterprise applies to the territorial body of Rosprirodnadzor or the executive authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation to obtain an emission permit.

In accordance with the Administrative Regulations, the territorial body of Rosprirodnadzor makes a decision to issue or refuse to issue an emission permit within a period not exceeding 30 working days.

The basis for refusal to issue permits for emissions is the presence in the applicant's materials of distorted information or inaccurate information. No other grounds for refusal to issue emission permits have been established.

In conclusion, I answer the question that nature users ask most often: “And what threatens us if we do not develop a draft MPE and do not receive an emission permit?” In the absence of permits, emissions may be limited, suspended or terminated in accordance with the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Moreover, according to Art. 31 of Federal Law No. 96-FZ, persons guilty of violating the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of atmospheric air protection bear criminal, administrative and other liability in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

So, according to Art. 8.21 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, the release of harmful substances into the atmospheric air or harmful physical effects on it without special permission entails imposition of an administrative fine:

for citizens - from 2000 to 2500 rubles;
for officials - from 4,000 to 5,000 rubles;
for persons engaged in entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity - from 4,000 to 5,000 rubles. or administrative suspension of activities for up to 90 days;
for legal entities - from 40,000 to 50,000 rubles. or administrative suspension of activities for up to 90 days.

E.N. Kolchina, ecologist-expert of Bravo Soft Group of Companies