The hypothesis put forward is that the change in temperature in positive side occurs from year to year, the study proved.
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Municipal educational institution
Nazarevskaya middle comprehensive school
Global warming - actual problem century
Done by 6th grade student
Golts Vladimir
Leader: geography teacher
Yapparova Ludmila Valentinovna
Nazarevo - 2013 -
Introduction
In recent decades, climate change on the planet has become apparent. The life of all the inhabitants of the Earth directly depends on the state of the climate. Scientists involved in the study of climate have found the dependence of the influence of human activities on climate change weather conditions and, consequently, global warming. Economic calculations show that if the growth rate of modern energy based on the combustion of fossil fuels continues in the future, the Earth's climate will change towards warming. Therefore, the problem of climate warming on our planet is extremely relevant.
It is well known that the average annual air temperature is steadily rising upwards. Its increase is estimated at 0.7. °C for 100 years. Warming is accompanied by some negative phenomena: more frequent floods, hurricanes, desertification problems. These problems harm both nature and man. Therefore, it is important to know how the climate will change in the future, what negative consequences may await us in the future.
In our work, we set a goal to investigate the change in air temperatures in the Moscow region, based on the observations of students from our school.
The object of research is global warming.
The subject of the study is climate warming on the example of temperature changes in the Moscow region.
Our hypothesis is that the change in temperature in a positive direction occurs from year to year.
Research objectives:
To study the concept of "global warming";
Consider the causes of global warming;
Analyze your own observations on change
Climate in the Moscow region.
Chapter 1. Global warming
- Global warming, its causes.
A lot is being said and written about global warming.
Almost every day new hypotheses appear, old ones are refuted. Global warming has already become a “global confusion” for many, and some have completely lost all interest in the problem of climate change. Let's try to systematize the information available in different sources on global warming.
Global warming- the process of a gradual increase in the average annual temperature of the surface layer of the Earth's atmosphere and the World Ocean, due to various reasons (an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere, changes in solar or volcanic activity, etc.).
For the first time, global warming and the greenhouse effect were discussed in the 60s of the XX century, and at the UN level the problem of global climate change was first voiced in 1980. Since then, many scientists have been racking their brains over this problem, often mutually refuting each other's theories and assumptions.
Many scientists assume that a large proportion of the warming observed in the past 50 years is caused by human activities. Scientists who dispute the notion that human activities have played a significant role in the observed rise in temperatures are in a clear minority.
However, it is not known exactly how significant further climate change will be.
Estimates from climate models cited by the IPCC suggest that the Earth's average temperature could rise by between 1.4 and 5.8°C between 1990 and 2100. This is expected to lead to other climate changes, including sea level rise and changes in the amount and distribution of precipitation. As a result, natural disasters, such as floods, droughts, hurricanes, etc., may become more frequent, crop yields will decrease and many biological species will disappear. While warming is likely to increase the frequency and magnitude of such events, it is very difficult to unequivocally link any particular event to global warming.
1.2. Greenhouse effect.
The reason for the rise in temperatures is the widely discussed anthropogenic greenhouse effect.
Very often as a synonymglobal warminguse the phrase"Greenhouse effect", but there is a slight difference between these concepts.
Greenhouse effectis an increase in the average annual temperature of the surface layer of the Earth's atmosphere and the World Ocean due to an increase in the concentrations of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, etc.) in the Earth's atmosphere. These gases play the role of a film or glass of a greenhouse (greenhouse), they freely pass the sun's rays to the Earth's surface and retain heat leaving the planet's atmosphere.
The action of the greenhouse effect is similar to the action of glass in a greenhouse or greenhouse (hence the name "greenhouse effect"). Science knows that adding water, carbon dioxide, or methane to the atmosphere, ceteris paribus, will increase the temperature of the planet. These gases create a natural greenhouse effect, without which the Earth's surface temperature would be 30°C lower, making it uninhabitable. Therefore, it cannot be said that there is a dispute between those who "believe" in the theory of the greenhouse effect. Rather, the net effect of an increase in the amount of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere is disputed, i.e. whether the warming due to the greenhouse effect is offset by changes in the distribution of water vapor, clouds, the biosphere, or other climatic factors. However, the increase in the temperature of the Earth observed over the past 50 years contradicts the theories of skeptics about the compensatory role of the above feedback. Long-term observations show that as a result of economic activity, the gas composition and dust content of the lower layers of the atmosphere change. Millions of tons of soil particles rise into the air from plowed lands during dust storms. During the development of minerals, in the production of cement, during the application of fertilizers and the friction of automobile tires on the road, during the combustion of fuel and the release of waste from industrial production, a large number of suspended particles of various gases. Determinations of the composition of the air show that there are 25% more carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere now than 200 years ago. This is, of course, the result of human activities, as well as deforestation, the green leaves of which absorb carbon dioxide. The greenhouse effect is associated with an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air, which manifests itself in the heating of the inner layers of the Earth's atmosphere. This is because the atmosphere transmits most of the solar radiation. Some of the rays are absorbed and heat the earth's surface, and the atmosphere is heated from it. Another part of the rays is reflected from the surface of the planet and this radiation is absorbed.
Chapter 2. Climate change in the Moscow region
2.1. Climate of the Moscow region.
On the territory of the Moscow region, there is a temperate continental climate, seasonality is clearly expressed; continentality increases from northwest to southeast.
The period with an average daily temperature below 0 °C lasts 120-135 days, starting in mid-November and ending at the end of March. The coldest month is January (average temperature in the west of the region is -10 °C, in the east -11 °C). In some years, frosts reached -45 °C. In winter (especially in December and February), thaws caused by Atlantic and Mediterranean cyclones are frequent; they are usually short-lived, their average duration is 4 days. The warmest month is July (+18-19°). The average annual temperature rises from 3.2° in the north to 4.5° in the south. Over the past 100 years, the absolute minimum was registered in the city of Naro-Fominsk - 54 °, the maximum - in the cities of Kashira, Zaraysk - + 39 °. The average daily temperature in the center of Moscow throughout the year is higher than on its outskirts by an average of 1-2°.
During the year, an average of 550-650 mm of precipitation falls in the region, two thirds - in the form of rain, one third - in the form of snow. Most precipitation falls on the Klinsko-Dmitrovskaya Upland, the least - in the Kolomna region. A stable snow cover is formed
usually at the end of November, by the end of winter, the height of the snow cover reaches an average of 30 - 45 cm.
The Moscow region receives about 34% of the possible sunshine, the rest is absorbed by clouds. Perfectly clear days - 17%, completely overcast - 32%. clear days most often stand in April, cloudy - in November.
The strongest winds are observed in winter, the weakest - in summer. Over the past 30 years, the average annual temperature in the region has increased by almost 1 degree, which we will try to prove below with our research.
2.2. Changes in the average annual air temperature in the Moscow region based on our own observations for three years.
At the lessons of geography, the sixth graders of our school annually observe the weather in our region. In accordance with the problems and relevance of the problem of this work, we have worked out their diaries of observations over the past three years, and here are the results we got:
The average temperature in January 2010 was the coldest in three years at -16 º, the following January was 8 º warmer, and in 2012 the temperature increased by another 2 º (see Appendix).
In February we see a slightly different situation: the warmest month in 2010 (-9 º). The following year, the temperature in February drops to -11 º, and in 2012 it rises by 1 º.
The average monthly temperature in March is stable: in 2010 -2 º, in 2011 - (-2) º, in 2012 - (-3) º.
In April, an increase is observed by 2012: from +7 º in 2010 and 2011 to +10 º in 2012.
The average monthly temperature in March for three years is approximately the same: 2010 - +15 º, 2011 - +14 º, 2012 - +15 º.
In June, a slight increase is noticeable: 2010 - +17 º, 2011 - +19 º, 2012 - +18 º.
In July and August, for three years, the average monthly temperature, on the contrary, decreased.
September and October - the temperature is getting higher every year (September 2010 - +11 º, 2011 - +19 º, 2012 - +18 º; October 2010 - +3 º, 2011 - +6 º, 2012 - +7 º ).
In November, the highest temperatures are observed in 2012 - +3 º (in 2010 - +3 º, in 2011 - 0 º).
Average monthly temperatures in December 2010 - (-7 º), 2011 - (-1 º), 2012 - (-8 º).
According to the study, the increase in average monthly temperatures is not very clear, but by calculating the average annual temperature, our hypothesis is confirmed:
The average annual temperature in 2010 was +5.6 º, in 2011 - +6.5 º, in 2012 - +6.6 º. If we compare 2010 and 2012, then the difference in average annual temperatures was 1 º. Warming is obvious.
2.3 Possible consequences and whether it is possible to prevent global warming.
Earth's climate was not constant. Warm periods were replaced by cold - glacial. In general, over the past hundred years, the average temperature of the surface layer of the atmosphere has increased by 0.3–0.8 ° C, the area of snow cover in the northern hemisphere has decreased by 8%, and the level of the World Ocean has risen by an average of 10–20 centimeters. These facts are of some concern. Will global warming stop or will the average annual temperature on Earth continue to rise? The answer to this question will appear only when the causes of ongoing climate change are precisely established.
If the temperature on Earth continues to rise, it will have a major impact on the global climate. More precipitation will fall in the tropics as the extra heat will increase the amount of water vapor in the air. In dry areas, rainfall will become even rarer and these areas will turn into deserts, as a result of which people and animals will have to leave them.
The temperature of the seas will also rise, which will lead to the flooding of low-lying areas of the coasts and to an increase in the number of severe storms. Rising temperatures on Earth can cause sea levels to rise as water becomes less dense and expands as it warms, the expansion of sea water will lead to an overall rise in sea levels.
Rising temperatures could melt some of the multi-year ice covering some areas of land, such as Antarctica or high mountain ranges. The resulting water will eventually drain into the seas, raising their levels.
It should be noted, however, that the melting of ice floating in the seas will not cause sea levels to rise.
The Arctic ice sheet is a huge layer of floating ice. Like Antarctica, the Arctic is also surrounded by many icebergs. Climatologists have calculated that if the Greenland and Antarctic glaciers melt, the level of the World Ocean will rise by 70-80 m.
If the air temperature continues to rise, residential lands will shrink, the water-salt balance of the oceans will be disturbed, and the trajectories of cyclones and anticyclones will change.
If the temperature on Earth rises, many animals will not be able to adapt to climate change. Many plants will die from lack of moisture and animals will have to move to other places in search of food and water. If the increase in temperature leads to the death of many plants, then many species of animals will die out after them.
However, in addition to the negative consequences of global warming, several positive ones can be noted. An excess of carbon dioxide is especially beneficial for plants growing in dry conditions. With warming and an increase in carbon dioxide, many plants will increase photosynthesis. This means that their biomass will increase Many scientists are sure that: “we live in more and more favorable conditions environment. Our children will enjoy life on Earth with much big amount plants and animals. This is a wonderful and unexpected gift from the industrial revolution.”
According to scientists, without the greenhouse effect, the average temperature of the Earth's surface would be 30 degrees below zero and there would most likely be no life on it.
It is the greenhouse effect, being a natural blanket, that creates favorable conditions for life on Earth.
Can global warming be prevented?
The governments of most countries in the world have already signed
international agreements and commitments on global warming
(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change adopted in 1992
and the Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997), and the world of adults has already developed a universal recipe for climate change mitigation:
Limit the consumption of fossil fuels (especially coal and fuel oil - the most "harmful" energy sources for the climate);
Save energy consumption and increase the efficiency of its use;
Use alternative (non-carbon) energy sources;
Develop and implement new environmentally friendly and low-carbon technologies;
Prevent deforestation, protect them from forest fires, engage in reforestation.
Conclusion
In this paper, the following tasks were solved: the concept of "global warming" and the causes of global warming were considered. Conducted own observations on climate change in the Moscow region for three years. After analyzing our observations, it was concluded that climate warming in the Moscow region is obvious.
According to observations, it was revealed that the average annual temperature in 2010 was 5.6 º, in 2011 the average annual temperature was 6.5 º, in 2012 the average annual temperature was 6.6 º. The difference in temperature values is +1º.
Thus, our hypothesis was fully confirmed.
List of used literature:
- Grekhankina L.F. Native suburbs. Tutorial. Moscow, 2008
- Maksakovskiy V.P. Social and economic geography of the world. Grade 10. Moscow: Enlightenment, 2011 With. 41-46
- Encyclopedia for children "Avanta +" Moscow CJSC "House of Books Avanta +" p.676-683
- Safonov GV Dangerous consequences of global climate change. – M.: RREC, GOF, WWW Russia, 2006.http://www.climatechange.ru/files/RREC_climate_change_consequences_RUS.pdf
- "Climate change: pros and cons for Russia". Greenpeace report.http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/ru/press/reports/2921111
APPLICATIONS.
Data for 2010
Table of average monthly temperatures in 2010
January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | november | December |
16º | 9º | 2º | 7º | 15º | 17º | 25º | 21º | 11º | 3º | 2º | 7º |
Average annual temperature = 5.6 º
Graph of average monthly temperatures in 2010
8º
11º
2º
7º
14º
19º
23º
19º
12º
6º
0 º
1º
Average annual temperature = 6.5 º
Graph of average monthly temperatures in 2011
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
november
December
6º
10º
3º
10º
15º
18º
22º
18º
13º
7º
3º
8º
Average annual temperature = 6.6 º
Graph of average monthly temperatures in 2012
Comparative indicators of average monthly temperatures
in 2010-2012
Municipal budgetary educational institution "Ageyevo secondary school No. 3" p. Central
Global warming and climate change in the Tula region.
Completed by: 8th grade student
Strizhekozina Violeta.
leader: teacher
Geography Romashova T.V.
n. Central
Information from the Internet.
Glossary The white bar indicates the range of average annual temperatures in the Tula region Application
Questions of questioning students of the school and the results obtained.
Do you believe in global warming
Yes, there are more natural disasters in the world - 48%
No, scientists mislead all people - 23%
The weather forecast for today and tomorrow is enough for me - 29%
The results of the survey on the pages of Internet sites
Possible answer
Age, years
50 and older
find it difficult to answer
Application No. 3
A graph that clearly demonstrates global warming of the world's climate
Structure of greenhouse gas emissions in Russia
Global warming
Orlova Ekaterina
Global warming
Global warming is the process of a gradual increase in the average annual temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and the World Ocean. Our planet is heating up and this is having a disastrous effect on the earth's ice caps. The temperature rises, the ice begins to melt, the sea begins to rise. Worldwide, ocean levels are rising twice as fast as they did 150 years ago. In 2005, 315 km 3 of ice from Greenland and Antarctica melted into the sea, for comparison, 6 km 3 of water is used in Moscow a year - this is global melting. In 2001, scientists predicted that sea levels would rise by 0.9 meters by the end of the century. This rise in water levels is enough to affect more than 100 million people worldwide, but already now many experts fear that their predictions may be wrong.
Causes of global warming
Climate systems change both as a result of natural internal processes and in response to external influences, with geological and paleontological evidence showing long-term climatic cycles that take the form of glaciations. The causes of such climate changes remain unknown, but among the main external influences are changes in the Earth's orbit (Milankovitch cycles), solar activity (including changes in the solar constant), volcanic emissions and the greenhouse effect. According to direct climate observations (temperature changes over the past two hundred years), average temperatures on Earth have increased, but the reasons for this increase remain the subject of discussion, but one of the most widely discussed is the greenhouse effect.
The results of two large-scale projects to study the causes of global warming turned out to be sensational. The authors of the studies proved that the contribution of humanity to the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions is good if 10%. Industry and agriculture around the world are constantly increasing the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which acts like a film in a greenhouse and does not allow excess heat to dissolve into space. And the emissions of millions of cars, the production of metals and building materials accompanied by the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
The rise in infrared absorption began at the same time as the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century and continues to this day. Over the past 250 years, 1,100 billion tons of carbon dioxide have been emitted into the atmosphere, and half of this amount has occurred in the past 35 years. In the pre-industrial era, its concentration was 280 parts per million, by 1960 it had reached 315 parts per million, and in 2005 it was 380 parts per million. Now it is increasing even faster, by about two points a year. According to paleoclimatic studies, our planet has not encountered such a rate of accumulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide for at least 650 thousand years.
Greenhouse gas emissions
The greenhouse effect was discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824 and was first quantitatively studied by Svante Arrhenius in 1896. This is the process by which the absorption and emission of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases causes the atmosphere and surface of the planet to heat up. On Earth, the main greenhouse gases are: water vapour, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and ozone. Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and CH4 have increased by 31% and 149%, respectively, since the start of the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century. Such concentration levels have been reached for the first time in 650,000 years, a period for which reliable data have been obtained from polar ice samples. About half of all greenhouse gases emitted by mankind remained in the atmosphere. About three-quarters of all greenhouse gas emissions over the past 20 years have been caused by the use of oil, natural gas and coal. Most of the remaining emissions are caused by landscape changes, primarily deforestation. This theory is supported by the facts that the observed warming is more significant: 1. in winter than in summer; 2. at night than during the day; 3. in high latitudes than in middle and low ones. It is also a fact that the rapid heating of the tropospheric layers occurs against the background of not very rapid cooling of the stratosphere layers.
Why does global warming sometimes lead to cooling?
Global warming does not mean warming everywhere and at any time. In particular, in some area the average summer temperature may increase and the average winter temperature decrease, that is, the climate will become more continental. Global warming can only be detected by averaging temperatures over all geographic locations and all seasons. According to one of the hypotheses, cold currents may appear (a branch from the El Niño current, which runs along the Northwest coast of the United States and brings cooling to this territory), the transformation of the Gulf Stream from warm to cold, etc. This will cause a significant drop in the average temperature in Europe (while the temperature in other regions will rise, but not necessarily in all), as the Gulf Stream warms the continent due to the transfer of warm water from the tropics.
According to the hypothesis of climatologists M. Ewing and W. Donn, there is an oscillatory process in which glaciation (ice age) is generated by climate warming, and deglaciation (exit from the ice age) - by cooling. This is due to the fact that in the Cenozoic, when the ice polar caps thaw, the amount of precipitation increases in high latitudes. In the future, there is a decrease in the temperature of the deep regions of the continents of the northern hemisphere, followed by the formation of glaciers. When the ice polar caps freeze, glaciers in the deep regions of the continents of the northern hemisphere, not receiving enough recharge in the form of precipitation, begin to thaw.
One of the most visible processes associated with global warming is the melting of glaciers.
Over the past half century, temperatures in southwest Antarctica, on the Antarctic Peninsula, have risen by 2.5°C. In 2002, an iceberg over 2,500 km² broke away from the Larsen Ice Shelf, 3,250 km² and over 200 meters thick, located on the Antarctic Peninsula. The entire destruction process took only 35 days. Prior to this, the glacier had remained stable for 10,000 years, since the end of the last ice age. The melting of the ice shelf led to the release of a large number of icebergs (over a thousand) into the Weddell Sea. However, the area of Antarctic glaciation is growing. The acceleration of the degradation of permafrost has been noted.
Since the early 1970s, the temperature of permafrost in Western Siberia increased by 1.0 °C, in central Yakutia - by 1-1.5 °C. In northern Alaska, the temperature of the top layer of frozen rocks has increased by 3 °C since the mid-1980s.
An increase in the frequency and intensity of dangerous weather events, the spread of infectious diseases. They cause significant economic damage, threaten the stable existence of ecosystems, as well as the health and life of people. The conclusions of scientists suggest that ongoing climate change can lead to even more dangerous consequences in the future if humanity does not take appropriate preventive measures, as well as an increase in the average annual temperature by 0.8 degrees Celsius, and this is just the beginning. If carbon dioxide emissions continue to grow at the same rate, by 2050 the planet will become 1.5 degrees warmer than it is now, and by the end of the 21st century - 3 degrees warmer. To understand how this threatens humanity, it is enough to remember that 3 million years ago, when average annual temperatures exceeded the current ones by 2-3 degrees, the level of the world's oceans was 25 meters higher than now. And an increase in the temperature of the planet by just a degree will raise the world ocean by 5-6 meters. The point is not only in the greenhouse effect itself, but also in its secondary consequences. Thus, an increase in temperature triggers numerous processes that increase its pace. For example, polar snows and ice strongly reflect the sun's rays and keep the cold climate of the Arctic and Antarctic. When they melt, the soil is exposed or the water surface increases, which absorb solar radiation much more strongly. The melting of the tundra permafrost zones leads to the evaporation of carbon dioxide accumulated there, as well as methane, which absorbs infrared rays 20 times more strongly. An increase in the temperature of the surface layers of the world's oceans near the equator leads to the fact that hurricanes that originate there become more frequent and destructive. Warmer temperatures will lead to more frequent and severe droughts and dramatically increase the risk of widespread wildfires.
They are also afraid of a lack of drinking water, an increase in the number of infectious diseases, and problems in agriculture due to droughts. But in the long run, nothing but human evolution awaits. Our ancestors faced a bigger problem when temperatures soared by 10°C after the end of the ice age, but that is what led to the creation of our civilization. Otherwise, they would still probably hunt mammoths with spears.
10 myths about global warming.
1). Global warming is a natural process. The man is not involved.
Most likely not (temperature increases, especially since the 1970s, far exceed natural changes).
2). In any case, the consequences will be gradual.
Severe storms are becoming more frequent, and history has proven that a sharp change in climatic conditions can occur suddenly, in just a few years.
3). Global warming will lead to a global flood.
If warming continues at the same pace, then the level of the world ocean will rise by 1 meter. If we assume that all the glaciers will melt, which, of course, is impossible, then the water will rise by 10 meters. And given that the average height of land above ocean level is 840 meters, then you should not worry so much about flooding.
4). Global warming is the only reason for sudden, unpredictable weather changes.
Far from the only one. There are a number of natural, cyclical processes to which global warming has nothing to do. And they are what can cause a sharp warming or cooling. Such factors can be ocean currents, cyclones, changes in magnetic field Earth and just coincidence.
5). Carbon dioxide emissions are too small to cause global warming.
I would like to believe, but so far the facts deny it. According to statistical data that can be trusted, graphs of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere and temperature at this time were plotted. They match.
6). Due to global warming, the temperature will soon rise so much that we will all die.
Not so much and not soon. Over the past 100 years, the temperature has risen by 0.7°C, - 1°C. And according to the boldest forecasts, in the next 100 years it may rise by another 4.6°C, but most likely this increase will not exceed 2°C. Less likely, but there are models that even predict a cooling.
7). It will only benefit agriculture.
Carbon dioxide can increase the yield of some crops, but it will also increase the number of weeds and pests. Plants will not be able to grow well in the same place due to the climate shift.
8). The causes of global warming are known.
Many believe that humans are entirely responsible for global warming and that only by stopping industrial activity can disaster be avoided. In fact, the problem of climate change is so new that it is now impossible to say exactly what causes it. The fact that it is happening is a fact, but the fact that it is the result of human anthropogenic activity is far from the only version. So, for example, there is a version that this is the result of natural processes occurring in the Sun - Earth - Space system.
9). We know how to fight global warming, we have the technology
The strategic plan is under development. There are several large-scale options for combating global warming, but all of them are from the realm of fantasy, and they require huge investments comparable to the US budget, but many small changes are better than one big one.
10). We can't do anything about it.
Everyone can already now contribute to the fight against global warming, if only by simply following the recommendations in consumer activity.
Solving the problem of global warming
Organizations such as the UN, UNESCO, WHO, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the World Weather Watch (WWW), International Union protection of nature and natural resources (ISNPR), the World Charter for Nature, etc. International public organizations(GreenPeace). It was found that the main cause of global warming is the accumulation of CO 2 in the Earth's atmosphere. Later, due to scientific developments, as well as the experience of a number of countries, it was found that the reduction of CO 2 in the atmosphere can be achieved by:
Reducing the use of natural fuels in industry and replacing it with new types of energy (nuclear, solar, wind, tidal, geothermal);
Creation of less energy-intensive processes;
Creation of non-waste industries and production lines with a closed cycle (it has now been shown that in some processes, waste makes up 80-90% of the feedstock).
Therefore, a program was developed that should lead to the achievement of a number of main goals. First, the entire planet will move to stringent energy-saving standards, similar to those currently in place in the US only in California. Similarly, the UN program is considering ecological problems in various territories, problems of human health and welfare, protection of terrestrial ecosystems, the World Ocean, vegetation, wild animals, environmental issues energy, as well as environmental education and information, trade, economic and technological aspects. In the WHO program, a special section includes research on environmental protection and its impact on human health. Much attention is paid to the possibility of increasing the incidence of already known infections (malaria and other natural focal infections), as well as the possibility of new infections. The WMO program provides for the development of methods for long-term forecasting of possible climate changes and its impact on humans, as well as the impact of various factors on climate. The practical significance of the program lies in the fact that it will help nations use climate data in the planning and regulation of all parties. human activity. The INREP program summarizes the experience of all countries in the field of nature protection, identifies the main environmental problems of our time and offers a system of rational methods for managing biosphere resources. The WWW program coordinates the activities of all interested countries in the field of collection and exchange of meteorological information and has three world centers - in Moscow, Washington and Melbourne.
The world industry will switch to modern energy-saving technologies; in particular, it will be possible to double the efficiency of fossil fuel power plants due to more complete use of residual heat. One million large wind generators of electricity will be put into operation. 800 powerful coal-fired power plants will be built, the emissions of which will be completely cleaned of carbon dioxide. 700 nuclear power plants will be built, and none of the current ones will be closed. The global fleet of passenger cars and light trucks will switch entirely to vehicles that travel at least 25 km per liter of gasoline. Over time, all cars will get hybrid engines, which will allow them to run only electric motors powered by batteries on short routes. Another 0.5 million wind turbines will be built to supply them with electricity. Cultivation areas for agricultural crops that can serve as raw materials for the production of biofuels from vegetable cellulose will be dramatically expanded. Tropical countries, with the help of the international community, will completely halt the process of deforestation and double the current rate of planting young trees.
Tough environmental laws are already in place in many highly developed industrial countries: emissions cleaning requirements have been established, new technologies are being developed to prevent air pollution, standards for car exhaust emissions have been tightened, and so on. In some states (USA, Canada) a central body for environmental management has been created. Its purpose is to develop nationwide environmental regulations that improve environmental situation and control over their implementation. The specificity of Japanese culture (the cult of housing, human, health) allows solving all problems not at the level of government agencies, but at the level of the city, district, which gives good results. In general, it must be said that in Europe the control of emissions into the atmosphere is not as strict as in the United States.
Consequences of global warming
Approximate scheme of the consequences of global warming.
Great and social aspect this program. Climate change will affect the interests of all inhabitants of the planet. And this can continue for a long period. A possible change in the economy of the state can lead to a change in the entire way of life of people in a particular territory. In addition, the predicted rise in the level of the world ocean and, in connection with this, the flooding of large areas of land, will require not only the construction of protective structures, but also the resettlement of entire peoples, which can cause social upheaval. The big problem of this plan will be the impact of climate change on human health, and, above all, the need to adapt it to new climatic conditions. It is possible that new diseases will appear and the level of existing diseases will increase. All the changes that occur on Earth do not pass without a trace for our body. Our barbaric attitude towards the Earth has made it aggressive for us. The ecological tragedy of the Earth turned into a physical and moral tragedy of man. Even conservative estimates predict that over the next 60 years, rising sea levels will destroy a quarter of all homes within 150 meters of the coast. Recent research paints a more troubling picture. By the end of the century, sea levels could rise as much as 6 meters and all of this could happen to all of us due to melting. Data analysis shows that over the past century, our planet Earth has warmed up one degree above average. According to scientists, in the next 50 years the temperature will rise by another 3-5 degrees, which will lead to serious consequences both for the Earth, and for people and the animal world.
China, which is one of the main suppliers of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, at the same time will feel the most Negative consequences warming in the 21st century. According to forecasts, even a sea level rise of 0.5 m will lead to flooding of about 40 thousand km 2 of fertile plains. The most vulnerable will be the vast low reaches of the large rivers Huang He, Yangtze, and others, where the average population density sometimes reaches 800 people/km2. In addition, coastal erosion is significantly activated, which will lead to serious socio-economic consequences, especially in large cities located on the sea coasts. Changes can be extremely intense on well-developed shores, for example, the Black and Azov Seas, where natural development will be combined with intense anthropogenic impact, i.e. the removal of sediment from the beaches, the construction of dams and dams on rivers, the creation of bank protection structures, etc. The sandy bay-bars separating the estuaries in the North-Western Black Sea region and the Sea of Azov, as well as the spits of the Northern Azov region, will be destroyed most intensively. In the Kuban Delta, coastal lowlands are expected to be flooded. Coastal slopes composed of unstable loess will begin to recede faster. In the area of Odessa, Mariupol, Primorsko-Akhtarsk, in addition to the erosion of ledges, landslide and landslide processes will intensify, and coastal destruction can reach catastrophic proportions. Ice shores in conditions of rising air and surface water temperatures will be subject to rapid destruction due to ice melting and collapse of overhanging ice blocks. It is possible that the areas of their distribution (Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya), in the waters of the Barents, Kara and Laptev seas will increase the number of icebergs.
Permafrost in 2025 and 2050
If the above predicted estimates of moderate (and even more abrupt) climate warming in the northern regions are justified, then by the middle of the new century, the appearance of permafrost in Russia will change significantly.
Comparison of the current characteristics of permafrost with the predicted ones was carried out by compiling a successive series of small-scale maps. In addition to purely permafrost characteristics (distribution of permafrost rocks, their thickness, temperature, ice content, depth of seasonal thawing), in order to assess possible changes in permafrost, it is necessary to take into account the composition of rocks, as well as the topography and the entire complex of landscape conditions. The diagram presented in the article shows four zones. The first is formed by territories that are not part of the modern permafrost region. Here, seasonal freezing of soils to depths of no more than 4 - 5 m. By the middle of the XXI century. the depth and area of seasonal freezing will decrease. The remaining three zones cover the modern area of permafrost and differ from each other in varying degrees and timing of the onset of widespread deep thawing of permafrost from above. Its beginning is taken as the moment when the soil layer, which has thawed over the summer, does not freeze completely the next winter, and the roof of permafrost begins to progressively decrease. The time interval during which such rocks thaw completely depends not only on climate warming, but also on the composition and ice content of the rocks, their temperature and thickness, and on the influx of heat from below - from the depths of the Earth. This thawing can last for years, decades, hundreds and thousands of years. The second zone from the south is the territories where permafrost will thaw everywhere by 2020. It will form only within the West Siberian Lowland. Currently, only rare islands are found here. After their thawing, the southern boundary of the permafrost will recede to the north by 300 km or more, the thawing of peatlands swollen with ice will be accompanied by intense subsidence of the surface, but this will not bring serious changes to the natural environment and human activity: permafrost peatlands are rare and are practically not involved in economic development. The third zone combines two subzones, the boundaries between which are very whimsical and are not shown in our diagram. The first zone (from the south) includes territories where permafrost will begin to melt everywhere only by 2050. The fourth zone of relatively stable permafrost includes the northern part of the permafrost zone (the uppermost layer earth's crust, characterized throughout the year or at least a short time(but not less than a day) negative temperature of soils and rocks and the presence or possibility of existence of underground ice) with the lowest temperatures of rocks - from -3 to -16 ° C. Their power is measured in hundreds of meters. With the predicted scale of climate warming, deep thawing of permafrost in this area is excluded. Only the area of taliks will increase slightly.
Winter precipitation will contribute to an increase in the temperature of permafrost, and summer precipitation will lead to their destruction due to increased thermokarst (the process of uneven subsidence of soils and underlying rocks due to thawing underground ice), thermal erosion (combination of thermal and mechanical effects of flowing water on frozen rocks and ice), thermal abrasion (combination of processes of thermal and mechanical destruction of the shores of reservoirs under the influence of wave surf in coastal areas composed of frozen rocks containing a large number of underground ice bodies), and also landslide processes. They will manifest themselves most clearly on accumulative plains composed of ice-rich rocks, i.e. where the permafrost, due to its low temperatures and high thickness, will remain generally stable. With the destruction of the upper ice horizon, the surface is deformed significantly and, if protective measures are not taken in a timely manner, a threat hangs over engineering structures.
Global climate warming by the middle of the XXI century. can lead to a displacement of the boundaries of vegetation zones (tundra, temperate forests, steppes, etc.) potentially by hundreds of kilometers. So, in the northern regions of Eurasia, the boundaries of vegetation zones will move north by 500-600 km, and the tundra zone will significantly decrease in size. According to UNEP, the forecast of climate change will appear in the accelerated decline in the areas of tropical forests and savannahs in Africa. The given data on changes in Russia's natural zoning are generally favorable for the development of agriculture. This follows from the fact that the zone of broad-leaved forests, which is associated with a region of sustainable and highly productive agriculture, as well as the zone of steppe and forest-steppe, where efficient grain farming is possible, receives the maximum increment during climate warming. A significant increase in the area of land (by 4.7 million km2, i.e. 1.5 times more than modern), potentially suitable for agriculture, is expected. study of a number of cultivated plants under conditions of elevated CO 2 concentrations. It has been established that doubling the concentration in many plants reduces the amount of transpiration (evaporation of water by the plant), increases the leaf surface. significant foci of forest diseases. Therefore, the measures already being taken to combat deforestation, to increase the rate of reforestation and improve the use of wood - all this will create optimal conditions for the development of forestry in the 21st century.
List of sources
1. http://ru.wikipedia.org
2. http://www.worldwarming.info
3. http://www.ecoindustry.ru/
We rarely think about what should happen in the future. Today we have other things to do, responsibilities and chores. Therefore, global warming, its causes and consequences are perceived more as scenarios for Hollywood films than as a real threat to the existence of mankind. What signals speak of an impending catastrophe, what are its causes and what future awaits us - let's figure it out.
To understand the degree of danger, to assess the growth of negative changes and to understand the problem, we will analyze the very concept of global warming.
What is global warming?
Global warming is a measure of the rise in average ambient temperature over the past century. Its problem lies in the fact that, starting from the 1970s, this figure began to increase several times faster. The main reason for this lies in the strengthening of industrial human activity. Not only did the water temperature increase, but also by about 0.74 °C. Despite such a small value, the consequences can be enormous, according to scientific papers.
Studies in the field of global warming report that the change in temperature regimes has accompanied the planet throughout its life. For example, Greenland is a testament to climate change. History confirms that in the 11th-13th centuries Norwegian sailors called this place “Green Land”, since there was no snow and ice cover, as it is today.
At the beginning of the 20th century, heat prevailed again, which led to a decrease in the scale of the glaciers of the Northern Arctic Ocean. Then, from about the 40s, the temperature dropped. A new round of its growth began in the 1970s.
The causes of climate warming are explained by such a concept as the greenhouse effect. It consists in raising the temperature of the lower layers of the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases contained in the air, such as methane, water vapor, carbon dioxide and others, contribute to the accumulation of thermal radiation from the Earth's surface and, as a result, the heating of the planet.
What causes the greenhouse effect?
- Fires in the forest area. First, there is a release of a large amount. Secondly, the number of trees that process carbon dioxide and provide oxygen is decreasing.
- permafrost. Earth, which is in the grip of permafrost, emits methane.
- Oceans. They give off a lot of water vapor.
- Eruption. It releases huge amounts of carbon dioxide.
- Alive organisms. We all contribute our share to the formation of the greenhouse effect, because we exhale the same CO 2 .
- Solar Activity. According to satellite data over the past few years, the Sun has significantly increased its activity. True, scientists cannot give exact data on this matter, and therefore there are no conclusions.
We have considered the natural factors influencing the greenhouse effect. However, the main contribution is made by human activities. The increased development of industry, the study of the Earth's interior, the development of minerals and their extraction served as the release of a large amount of greenhouse gases, which led to an increase in the temperature of the planet's surface.
What exactly is man doing to increase global warming?
- Oilfield and industry. By using oil and gas as fuel, we emit large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
- Fertilization and tillage. Pesticides and the chemicals used to do this contribute to the release of nitrogen dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas.
- Deforestation. Active exploitation of forests and cutting down of trees leads to an increase in carbon dioxide.
- Overpopulation of the planet. The growth in the number of inhabitants of the Earth explains the reasons for point 3. To provide a person with everything necessary, more and more territories are being developed in search of minerals.
- Landfill formation. Lack of waste sorting, wasteful use of products lead to the formation of landfills that are not recycled. They are either buried deep in the ground or burned. Both of these lead to changes in the ecosystem.
Automobile and the formation of traffic jams also contribute to the acceleration of environmental catastrophe.
If the current situation is not corrected, the temperature increase will continue further. What else will be the consequences?
- Temperature variation: in winter it will be much colder, in summer it will be either abnormally hot or quite cold.
- The volume of drinking water will be reduced.
- The harvest in the fields will be noticeably poorer, some crops may disappear altogether.
- In the next hundred years, the water level in the world's oceans will rise by half a meter due to the rapid melting of glaciers. The salinity of the water will also begin to change.
- Global climate catastrophes, hurricanes and tornadoes will not only become commonplace, but will also disperse to the scale of Hollywood films. Heavy rains will fall in many regions, which have not appeared there before. Winds and cyclones will begin to increase and become a frequent occurrence.
- An increase in the number of dead zones on the planet - places where a person cannot survive. Many deserts will become even larger.
- Due to a sharp change in climatic conditions, trees and many animal species will have to adapt to them. Those who do not have time to do it quickly will be doomed to extinction. This applies most of all to trees, because in order to get used to the terrain, they must reach a certain age in order to produce offspring. Reducing the number of “ ” leads to an even more dangerous threat - a colossal release of carbon dioxide, which there will be no one to turn into oxygen.
Ecologists have identified several places where global warming will affect the Earth in the first place:
- Arctic- melting arctic ice, rising permafrost temperatures;
- Sahara Desert- snowfall;
- small islands- rising sea levels will simply flood them;
- some Asian rivers- they will spill and become unusable;
- Africa- the depletion of the mountain glaciers feeding the Nile will lead to the drying up of the floodplain of the river. Surrounding areas will become uninhabitable.
The permafrost that exists today will move further north. As a result of global warming, the course of sea currents will change, and this will cause uncontrolled climate changes throughout the planet.
As the number of heavy industries, oil and gas refineries, landfills and incinerators grows, the air will become less usable. Already, this problem is preoccupied by the inhabitants of India and China.
There are two forecasts, in one of which, with the same level of greenhouse gas generation, global warming will become noticeable in about three hundred years, in the other - in a hundred if the level of emissions into the atmosphere continues to grow.
The problems that the inhabitants of the Earth will face in the event of global warming will affect not only ecology and geography, but also financial and social aspects: the reduction of territories suitable for life will lead to a change in the locations of citizens, many cities will be abandoned, states will face food shortages and water for the population.
Reports of the Ministry of Emergency Situations report that over the past quarter century, the number of floods in the country has almost doubled. At the same time, many parameters of such disasters are recorded for the first time in history.
Scientists predict the impact of global warming in the 21st century primarily on Siberia and the subarctic regions. Where it leads? Rising permafrost temperatures are threatening radioactive waste storage facilities and causing serious economic problems. By the middle of the century, temperatures are projected to rise by 2-5 degrees in winter.
There is also the possibility of periodic occurrence of seasonal tornadoes - more often than usual. floods on Far East have repeatedly brought great harm to the inhabitants of the Amur Region and the Khabarovsk Territory.
Roshydromet suggested the following problems related to global warming:
- In some regions of the country, unusual droughts are expected, in others - floods and soil moisture, which leads to the destruction of agriculture.
- The growth of forest fires.
- Ecosystem disturbance, displacement species with the extinction of some of them.
- Forced air conditioning in the summer in many regions of the country and the resulting economic costs.
But there are also some advantages:
- Global warming will increase navigation on the sea routes of the north.
- There will also be a shift in the boundaries of agriculture, which will increase the territory of agriculture.
- In winter, the need for heating will decrease, which means that the cost of funds will also decrease.
It is still quite difficult to assess the danger of global warming for humanity. Developed countries are already introducing new technologies in heavy production, such as special filters for air emissions. And the more populated and less developed countries suffer from the man-made consequences of human activity. This imbalance without affecting the problem will only grow.
Scientists monitor changes thanks to:
- chemical analysis of soil, air and water;
- studying the rate of glacier melting;
- charting the growth of glaciers and desert zones.
These studies make it clear that the rate of impact of global warming is increasing every year. Greener ways of working in heavy industry and restoration of the ecosystem are needed as soon as possible.
What are the ways to solve the problem:
- rapid landscaping of a large area of land;
- creation of new varieties of plants that are easily accustomed to changes in nature;
- use of renewable energy sources (for example, wind energy);
- development of more environmentally friendly technologies.
Scientists are considering different ways to solve the problem: special carbon dioxide traps have already been created, located in mines. Aerosols have been developed that affect the reflective properties of the upper layers of the atmosphere. The effectiveness of these developments has not yet been proven. The automotive combustion system is constantly being modified to protect against harmful emissions. Alternative energy sources are being invented, but their development costs a lot of money and progress is extremely slow. In addition, the operation of mills and solar panels also releases CO 2 .
Shatkovsky municipal district
MOU Smirnovskaya secondary school
Research
Global warming:
Greenhouse effect
With. Smirnovo
year 2013
1) Study materials on global warming;
2) Find out the causes of global warming;
3) Experimentally test the greenhouse effect;
3) Determine: what impact this problem has on people's lives.
Stages of work:
To study the causes contributing to the emergence of "global warming";
Experimentally test the greenhouse effect;
Consider the impact of global warming on the lives of people, cities, entire states;
Conduct a survey among students.
Introduction.
In order to get to know this topic as best as possible and try to find all possible ways to solve this problem, first of all, you need to correctly understand the term “Global warming” itself, consider all the reasons that cause these terrible catastrophes, the consequences of which I will try to acquaint you with. . One of the problems of global warming, such as the "greenhouse effect", I examined in more detail.
Causes of global warming
The main methods for tracking changes are:
Historical documents and annals,
Archives of meteorological observations,
Measurements of the area of the polar caps, ice, vegetation zones and tracking atmospheric processes thanks to satellite photography,
Analysis of fossil animals and plants,
Radiological analysis to ancient polar ice,
Observation of glaciers, climate change is especially visible if you look at photos of glaciers taken in the same month of different years.
Climate indicators: ocean level change (blue), 18 O (ozone) concentration in sea water, CO 2 concentration in Antarctic ice. The division of the time scale is 20,000 years.
The diagram shows that sea level peaks, CO 2 concentrations and 18 O minima coincide with interglacial temperature maxima.
Climate systems change both as a result of natural internal processes and in response to external influences (anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic).
On this moment none of the scientists can say with complete certainty exactly what causes long-term climate change. There is a certain number of the most reliable assumptions recognized as working hypotheses by research centers in the USA, Russia and Europe. We list them here.
First hypothesis: Solar Activity
The sun is the only one main source heat for our planet, and even the smallest cyclical changes in its activity greatly affect temperature fluctuations. Scientists believe that the sun has at least three different activity cycles: 11, 22-year, and approximately 90-year. Coincidences and discrepancies of these cycles explain temperature fluctuations. In addition, it is assumed - but not proven - that there is a much longer cycle of growth in solar activity, approximately a thousand years. Thus, climate change is natural and will subside on its own over time.
Second hypothesis: a shift in the angle of rotation of the earth and a gradual change in orbit.
According to the author of the hypothesis, these astronomical changes cause a gradual shift in the radiation balance of the planet, and hence the climate. Astronomer Milankovich, guided by this theory, quite accurately (according to paleontologists) calculated the dates and duration of past ice ages of our planet. According to this hypothesis, changes will occur over tens, and possibly hundreds of thousands of years, but this hypothesis is unlikely to be relevant to the relatively rapid global warming of the last century.
The third hypothesis oceanic.
The oceans cover three-quarters of the planet's surface area and are the most powerful factor influencing climate and climate change. At present, the nature of this influence has been studied rather poorly, for example, the average temperature of the oceanic thickness is 3.5 ° C, and the surface of the earth is 15 ° C, therefore, the speed and rate of heat transfer between the ocean and the lower layers of the atmosphere can be the cause of significant climatic shifts. . In addition, the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the waters of the ocean is more than 60 times higher than its total amount in the atmosphere, and as a result of some natural processes, greenhouse gases can enter the atmosphere from the ocean, significantly changing the Earth's climate.
Hypothesis four: Volcanoes.
Each volcanic eruption ejects as much aerosols, gas and dust into the upper atmosphere as the whole of humanity produces in a few years. All recorded cases of volcanic activity were accompanied by a short-term cooling due to dust emission, and subsequently by a long-term increase in the average annual temperature due to carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere.
Fifth and the most discussed hypothesis regarded as the main cause of global warming human activity.
One of the most widely discussed causes is the anthropogenic greenhouse effect.
Greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect was discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824. He suggested that the earth's atmosphere serves as a kind of glass in a greenhouse: the air lets in the sun's heat, while preventing it from evaporating back into space. The same thing happens in greenhouses, which is where the term "greenhouse effect" comes from. This effect is achieved due to some atmospheric gases of secondary importance, for example, water vapor and carbon dioxide. They transmit visible and "near" infrared light emitted by the sun, but absorb "far" infrared radiation, which has a lower frequency and is formed when the earth's surface is heated by the sun's rays. If this did not happen, the Earth would be about 30 ° colder than it is now, and life on it would practically freeze. This means that the more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the more infrared rays will be absorbed, the warmer it will become.
In the natural biosphere, the content of gas in the air was maintained at the same level, since its intake was equal to its removal. Humans are currently upsetting this balance by cutting down forests and using fossil fuels.
Now mankind annually burns 4.5 billion tons of coal, 3.2 billion tons of oil and oil products, as well as natural gas, peat, oil shale and firewood. All this turns into carbon dioxide, the content of which in the atmosphere has increased from 0.029% at the beginning of the 20th century to 0.035% at the present time. In addition, emissions of another greenhouse gas, methane, into the atmosphere have sharply increased (the concentration in the atmosphere has increased by 140% compared to the beginning of the 20th century), as well as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and carbon oxides, which absorb infrared radiation 50-100 times stronger, than CO 2 . Therefore, although their content in the air is much lower, they affect the temperature regime of the planet in much the same way.
To understand the essence of the greenhouse effect, I performed practical work GREENHOUSE EFFECT(Annex 1).
Goal of the work:
Understand the essence of the greenhouse effect,
Build a demonstrative model,
Find out how surfaces of various materials absorb thermal energy.
Here are the results of my work.
In nature, this effect appears when the cloudiness increases in the late afternoon. At night, heat does not go into outer space, there is no strong temperature difference. At the same time, dark soil heats up more than light soil, since darker surfaces absorb energy more. This phenomenon can be seen in the temperature graphs.
Population and production growth markedly change chemical composition atmosphere, increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in it.
Over the past century, the average recorded temperature of the surface atmosphere has increased by 0.8°C, which is not explained by any of the "natural" hypotheses, especially since changes of this magnitude usually occurred over many hundreds of years. And over the past 20 years, the rates have increased even more - 0.3-0.4°C.
The most plausible assumption seems to be that the global warming that we observe is the result of the coincidence of a large number of factors at once, especially since the planet Earth is a huge living organism that we have studied too little.
Consequences of global warming
Here are ten of the scariest effects of global warming.
1. The spread of disease.
The habitat of dangerous insects is getting hotter, and the climate of the northern countries is warmer and more temperate, ideal for their existence. Insects move north, bringing with them all the diseases that they themselves can become infected with. This effect cannot be stopped, because in fact scientists have not been able to destroy dangerous viruses in countries in which they are already present, not to mention those that can still be infected. 
2. Floods.
When the water level in the oceans rose, floods became the first symbols of global warming. An increase of at least another meter will lead to incredible consequences. For example, it will be able to easily remove one-sixth of the entire territory of Bangladesh, many islands will become history, even the highest dams will not be able to withstand the rapid flow, so a significant part of the coastline of the continents will disappear. In addition, rising temperatures cause more intense water evaporation, making showers more frequent and heavy. 
3. Hurricanes.
Global warming causes an increase not only in the atmospheric temperature, but also in the ocean. Giving strength to hurricanes warm waters. As the effects of global warming have been getting worse over the past few years, we have witnessed several such hurricane disasters during this period, proving that our bad attitude towards the planet will not go unnoticed. 
4. Drought.
Drinking water is already a luxury in parts of Africa, but the worst is yet to come. This continent will be the most affected by the big climate change, as will the southern part of Europe. a lack of fresh water can cause conflict and war. Small rivers and lakes will disappear all over the world. And this is a real disaster for the living organisms that lived in them. With the loss of their habitat, they will also disappear without a trace. 
5. Forest fires.
In arid regions, wildfires are dealt with every summer. California, Australia and Greece have suffered the most in the past decade. However, they will not be the only ones if climate change continues. Every year spring comes earlier, causing the snow to melt faster, thereby depriving the earth of moisture for a long period of time. That is why forest fires are becoming more and more frequent every year. 
6. Harsh winters.
Global warming makes the climate look very strange. While some parts of the world suffer from drought, others from floods, some suffer from severe winters. For example, countries such as Germany, Poland and Slovakia have suffered the coldest winters in recent years. 
7. Smog. 
When someone dies from smog, it will definitely mean that humanity's behavior towards the planet has reached its peak. Luckily, we haven't reached that point yet, but the smog is slowly creeping up on its victims. Mixing in the air of many pollutants (nitrogen oxides, tropospheric ozone, volatile organic matter etc) do big cities terrible place for people who suffer from asthma or other respiratory problems.
8. Increase in volcanic activity.
The rapid melting of glaciers located on the tops of the mountains will contribute to their growth. The fact is that the ice, which for millions of years pressed the mountains to the surface of the Earth, has disappeared, thereby allowing them to rush higher. As a result, many volcanoes will wake up, which will release solid particles into the atmosphere, helping global warming and paralyzing air traffic. However, the most dangerous in this case will be the deadly effect of lava for people who live near volcanoes.
Scientists have found that global warming can cause thunderstorms that are dangerous to humans. They will spawn more often and hit with more force. You can observe them in arid regions, but they will not bring downpours with them, but simply hit the ground, causing fires.
10. Loss of biodiversity.
If the average temperature rises, humanity risks losing as much as 30% of animal and plant species. This will happen due to desertification, loss of water, deforestation, as well as due to the inability to adapt living organisms. The scientists noted that some of the more resilient species have migrated to the poles to maintain the habitat they need. A person is not protected from this threat either. 
Our contribution to the protection of nature
In my survey, 78% of respondents agreed with the global warming hypothesis, but 14% denied the fact of global warming. (diagram #1)
The question was then asked about the impact of global warming. However, the topic of global warming was discussed, of course, only with those who believe that it is really happening. Most of them 82% believe that global warming negatively affects the life of mankind, and only a few consider its impact positive 5% or deny any impact of this process on people's lives 12%. (diagram #2)
Then the respondents were asked about the causes of global warming. At the same time, half of those who consider global warming to be real consider it exclusively as a result of human activity 70%, as a result of a combination of anthropogenic and natural factors 24%, and only some 6% believe that climate change is entirely due to natural natural processes. (diagram #3)
And the last question was whether a person can stop the process of climate change. In my survey, 30% of respondents believe that prevention is not possible, 70% have the opposite view. (Diagram No. 4)
Those who believe that resistance to warming is possible have been asked an open question about what exactly humanity can do. Respondents spoke about the need to respect nature in general (88%), about limiting and controlling industrial emissions and introducing new cleaning systems (65%), stopping deforestation (94%), it is necessary “All countries should take this problem seriously and join forces” to solve the problem of global warming at the international level (98%).
Every year we take part in the regional action "Let's make the world cleaner". Schoolchildren and teachers clean the adjacent and assigned territories from garbage, patronize the monument to the soldiers who died during the Great Patriotic War.
Successful conservation operation Clean pond”, in which high school students cleaned the shores of the largest Barsky Pond in Smirnov. During operations "School Garden" and "Rural Park", about 1,000 seedlings of fruit and berry and other plants were planted by schoolchildren.
The operation "Feeding Trough" was very interesting at the school, in which schoolchildren of grades 1-6, pupils of the preschool educational institution and their parents took part.
Schoolchildren are very actively involved in environmental research activities. Research is carried out both in the classroom and outside of school hours. Under the guidance of teachers, the children studied in detail the water bodies of the villages of Smirnova, Kostyanki, Alemaeva, Vechkusova; studied the Trinity holiday from the point of view of ethno-ecology; to the problems of protecting forest plants, they found not only an ecological approach, but also a poetic one. To many research work additionally decorated albums with paintings by artists or with their own illustrations.
Our school is also actively working with the population. In various public places, environmental leaflets and leaflets with a call not to litter, to protect surrounding nature etc.
Over the past 10 years, the MOU Smirnovskaya secondary school has been closely cooperating with the World Organization for Nature Conservation GRINPIS. So in May 2012, we participated in the Green Weekend campaign, in which interesting events were held, environmental projects. During this action, the area around the school was put in order, a fair of "unnecessary" things was organized.
At the suggestion of GRINPIS, many schoolchildren and teachers took part in the “Second Life of Things” competition. Photos of things made from garbage were presented. Mikhail Dedaev, who assembled a bicycle from scrap metal, was declared the winner of the competition. All participants were awarded certificates, badges, and the winners - gifts.
During the action "Green Weekend" the school corresponded with the organizers. We received a lot of warm words for the work we do.
I am very pleased to make my own, albeit small, contribution to solving the problem, which is now the No. 1 problem in the world. It is not in vain that we try to improve the situation so that our life would be easier and better.
Conclusion
According to the results of research by the UN Intergovernmental Commission, the consequences of global warming are disappointing. Most of Europe will be flooded. The melting of mountain glaciers and permafrost regions will begin. Agriculture Southern Europe and Asia will suffer from an unprecedented drought. In Africa, the amount of drinking water will decrease, infectious diseases carried by mosquitoes and other insects will become more frequent. The island states will be completely flooded.
Despite such pessimistic forecasts, there are scientists who do not share them. The latest images from Earth satellites do not confirm these fears, which means that there is hope to prevent the impending threat. Greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by improving energy efficiency and switching to less hazardous fuels such as natural gas. It is possible to slow down the expenditure of such an irreplaceable natural resource like fossil fuel. And the use of energy should be transferred to alternative environmentally clean technologies. The sooner humanity realizes its destructive activity, the greater the hope for preventing a global catastrophe.
Literature:
A.V. Sakharov. Development cognitive interest students to the study of physics on the basis of experimental tasks of an ecological orientation. Arzamas, 2000
Install the lamp 20-30 cm directly above the vessel so that the light falls on the bulb of the thermometer.
Turn it off, let the temperature drop to room temperature. Record this temperature.
Turn off the lamp. Let the temperature drop to room temperature. Moisten the soil again and repeat the experiment by removing the lid of the vessel.
Construct a graph by plotting temperature on the y-axis and time on the abscissa.
Do the same work again, replacing the dark ground with a light one.
Table 1
| Time (min) | Temperature (0 C) |
|||
| with lid | Without cover |
|||
| Dark ground | Light priming | Dark ground | Light priming |
|
| 1 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 26 |
| 2 | 29 | 27,5 | 26 | 26 |
| 3 | 30 | 27,5 | 27 | 26 |
| 4 | 30 | 27,5 | 27 | 27 |
| 5 | 30 | 28 | 27 | 27 |
| 6 | 30 | 28 | 28 | 27 |
| 7 | 31 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| 8 | 31 | 29 | 28 | 28 |
| 9 | 31 | 29 | 28 | 28 |
| 10 | 32 | 29 | 28 | 28,5 |
| 11 | 32 | 29 | 28 | 29 |
| 12 | 32 | 29 | 28,5 | 29 |
| 13 | 32 | 29 | 29 | 29 |
| 14 | 32 | 29 | 29 | 29 |
| 15 | 32 | 29 | 29 | 29 |
| 16 | 32 | 29 | 29,5 | 29 |
| 17 | 33 | 29 | 29,5 | 29 |
| 18 | 33 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| 19 | 33 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| 20 | 33 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
Appendix 2
Do you agree with the global warming hypothesis?
Rice. 1
What impact does global warming have on humanity?
Fig.2
What are the causes of global warming? Underline whatever applicable.
Rice. 3
What exactly can humanity do? List specific actions.
Rice. 4
What is being done in your school to solve this problem? List activities.
