Books marked with * can be purchased at the editorial office of the Free Wind newspaper or ordered by mail. Prices shown include shipping costs. (tel.editorial 8-499-199-05-63).
In other cases, purchase literature in online stores, bookstores or publishers.
Literature on children's tourism and local history
Konstantinov Yu.S. "Children's and youth tourism"*. Teaching aid. 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: FTSDYUTiK, 2008 - 600 p., ill.
Yu. S. Konstantinov, From the History of Children's Tourism in Russia. (1918-2008)*− M.: FTsDYUTiK, 2008. 312 p., ill. F-t 145 x 205 mm.
The book examines the stages of formation and development of children's tourism in Russia, its interaction with sports and health tourism. Various areas of tourist and local history activities of students are highlighted, historical documents on the development of children's tourism.
Konstantinov Yu.S., Mitrahovich S.S. "Tourist and local history activities at school." * Teaching aid. - M.: FTSDYUTiK, ISV RAO, 2011. - 352 p., ill.
Kulikov V.M., Rotshtein L.M. « School of Tourist Leaders. - Moscow: VLADOS - 144 p.: ill. F. 60x90 1/16.
The book is intended for a school teacher who decides to organize and conduct a hiking trip with students and who does not have special tourist training. In the form of lessons for the teacher, the necessary recommendations are given for organizing and conducting a two- or three-day trip.
Maslov A.G., Konstantinov Yu.S., Drogov I.A. " Field tourist camps: Teaching aid.» - M.: "VLADOS". -160 p.: ill. F. 60x90 1/16.
Everyone involved in the organization and conduct of tourist and local history events with children in the conditions of field tourist camps is addressed to this manual. The authors pay much attention to the acquisition of survival skills in the natural environment, including the ability to act in extreme situations.
The manual will help not only to learn about the forms of active recreation for children, but also to acquire the skills of an assistant to the leader of a tourist trip.
Maslov A.G. Preparation and holding of competitions for students "School of Safety" . - M.: "VLADOS". −160 p.: ill. F. 60x90 1/16.
The manual was developed on the basis of the experience of holding similar competitions in 1995-1998, where the author was present as the chief judge.
Addressed to teachers of life safety, teachers of institutions additional education, employees of the governing bodies conducting the "School of Safety" competitions with students.
Konstantinov Yu.S., Glagoleva O.L. Orientation Lessons. Teaching aid. - M.: FTsDYUTiK, 2005. - 328 p., illustration.
Tutorial addressed to teachers of additional education, school teachers, coaches, parents who want to involve children in orienteering. Basic information about this sport, organizational and pedagogical conditions for the training of young orienteers and the principles of organizing the educational and training process are given.
(Price - 240 rubles) OrderKonstantinov Yu.S., Kulikov V.M. "Pedagogy of school tourism" : Teaching aid. "* 2nd edition, enlarged. - M.: FTsDYUTiK, 2006, 208 p.
In a book based on a large personal experience The authors make an attempt to comprehend children's and youth tourism as a pedagogical phenomenon that simultaneously solves the most important pedagogical tasks in a complex. Recommendations are given on the organization of tourist and local history activities at school.
Pavlov E.A., Belyakova I.V. "Comparative characteristics of indicators of development of youth tourism in the system of additional education and sports tourism". Article in n scientific journal "Service in Russia and abroad", 2016, volume 10, no. 3 (64)
The article presents a comparative description of the development indicators of youth tourism in the system of additional education and sports tourism for the period 1991-2014, the dynamics of the development of sports tourism as a sport, the change in the number of people involved in tourism and local history associations based on official statistics. Read
Program for the system of additional education of children "Young cyclists"*. − M.: FTsDYUTiK, 2007. 68 p.
(Price - 150 rubles) Order
Program for the system of additional education of children "Young tourists-all-rounders"*. − M.: FTsDYUTiK, 2007. 60 p.
(Price - 150 rubles) Order
Samarina I. A. "Fundamentals of tourist and environmental activities of students" *. − M.: FTsDYuTiK, 2007. 276 p., ill. F-t 145 x 205 mm. Teaching aid.
(Price - 245 rubles). Order
“Directory of addresses and phone numbers of centers and stations for young tourists, tourist camps and other institutions of additional education in the Russian Federation” *. − M.: FTSDYuT, 2007. 60 p. F-t 190 x 145 mm.
(Price - 175 rubles) Order
"Tourist Game" / Ed. Yu.S. Konstantinov.- M .: "VLADOS",112 p.: ill. region - 60x88 1/16.
The collection contains games and exercises that allow children to consolidate their knowledge in preparation for a hiking trip. The book also includes riddles, puzzles, comic tasks that will help the children have fun and usefully spend time on a trip or at a halt.
The book is addressed to teachers-organizers of tourism and local history activities, teachers and parents.
"Tourism and local history: educational programs for the system of additional education for children.”* Ed. Yu.S. Konstantinova, A.G. Maslova; Federal Center for Children and Youth Tourism and Local History. - M.: "Soviet Sport", 2005. - 324 p.
(Price - 320 rubles) Order
Educational and methodical literature
Appenyansky A. I. "Recreation: training process in active tourism."* − M .: "Soviet Sport", 2006. 196 p., ill.
The book deals with methodological issues of physical education and training in active tourism. The technique of teaching the motor skills necessary for the journey is given. For university students, recreologists, tourism coaches, teachers educational institutions youth tourism, etc.
Babich V., Fedtsov V. "Initial training of a skier: a training manual" *. - M .: "Soviet Sport", 2003. 92 pp. F-t 140 x 215 mm.
The manual is recommended for tourists who want to master the technique of skiing, novice skiers, instructors - specialists in the field of ski business, students studying the course "Winter Recreation", and all lovers of skiing.
Babkin A. "Special types of tourism" *. - M.: "Soviet Sport", 2008. 208 p. Tutorial.
The manual is a series of lectures on the disciplines "International tourism" and "Special types of tourism activities", serves as a theoretical basis for the study of such types of tourism as religious, health-improving, ecological, skiing, event, extreme, cruise tourism. For university students, employees of tourism industry enterprises, etc.
Bulashev A. Ya. "Sports tourism: a textbook" *. −Kharkiv: HSAFC, 2009. 332 p. F-t 145 x 205 mm.
The textbook presents systematized materials on the basics of sports tourism, the use of which will allow you to properly prepare and conduct a sports trip of any category. For students, teachers, trainers, instructors, etc.
Galperina T. “Direction of cultural and leisure programs. Workbook"*.- M.: "Soviet Sport", 2007. 132 p. F-t 145 x 205 mm.
The manual contains control questions, exercises, assignments and tests designed for independent work students, consolidating theoretical knowledge, acquiring skills for solving professional directorial tasks and testing knowledge gained in the study of the discipline "Direction of cultural and leisure programs". The appendices contain fragments of scenarios and examples of filling out the director's documentation. For students studying tourism animation.
Zorin I.V. "Professional education and career in tourism"*. Series "Professional tourism education". - M.: "Soviet Sport", 2005. 528 p.
From positions systems approach the problems of forming the content of professional tourism education (VET) are analyzed. Based on a number of concepts for the development of tourism and vocational education, theoretical basis designing the content of VET. The technique of forming a qualification field and a didactic complex for training tourism specialists is presented. Outlined modern approaches to planning a career in tourism. The most important functions of personnel management are disclosed in detail. For undergraduates, graduate students, teachers and specialists in the field of tourism and pedagogy.
Ilyina E. "Management of transport services: air transportation in tourism" *. - M .: "Soviet Sport", 2007. 144 p., ill. F-t 145 x 205 mm.
The textbook reflects the main types and forms of relations between a travel company and an airline, considers the types of trips and flights, tariffs and discounts, factors affecting the cost of an air ticket, the activities of small and business aviation in tourism, etc. For students of universities of tourism profile.
Kuznetsov V.S. "Physical training of young men in the basics military service in OBZh, BZh programs.− M.: MIOO, 2008. 182 p.
IN methodological guide questions of theory and methodology are considered physical training students, the means and methods of educating physical abilities and applied qualities are outlined, a large number of exercises are given, focused on the formation of skills and abilities of action in extreme conditions, reveals the technique and methodology of teaching to overcome the obstacle course, tourism, swimming, games and relay races of a military-applied orientation are given.
Handbook of the teacher of the basics of life safety / Comp. B.I. Mishin.- M .: Astrel Publishing House LLC: AST Publishing House LLC, 2002. - 285 p. - per. - 60x90 1/16 .
The book contains a complete set of program and regulatory documents, informational and methodical letters on teaching the course "Life Safety". Materials on updating the content of education, recommendations on organizing experimental and extracurricular work with students are included.
The book is addressed to OBZh teachers, methodological service workers, heads of educational institutions.
Pavlov E.A. "Problems of legislative regulation of training, retraining and advanced training of personnel for the field of recreation and sports and health tourism" . Article in scientific journal"Bulletin of the Association of Higher Educational Institutions of Tourism and Service", Volume 10, 2016 / No. 1.
The scheme of functioning of the system of training, retraining and advanced training of personnel for the sphere of recreation and sports and health tourism is presented, the mechanisms of interaction of the system with employers are shown, measures for its improvement are proposed. Read
"The development of educational systems in modern educational organization in the light of the implementation of the Strategy for the development of education in Russian Federation until 2025", collection dedicated to the 170th anniversary of the Russian geographical society and the 120th anniversary of sports tourism in Russia (December 9-11, 2015) / under scientific. ed. D. V. Smirnova; compiled by V. P. Golovanov, G. N. Ishchuk, G. V. Zubkovskaya, D. V. Smirnov. - M.; SPb. ; Kirov: LLC "Publishing house" Raduga-PRESS ", 2016. - 291 p.
1. Federal Law of November 24, 1996 No. 132-F3 "On the Basics of Tourism in the Russian Federation" (as amended by the Federal Law of February 5, 2007 Sh2-FZ)
2. Federal Law of July 9, 1998 No. 124-FZ "On Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation"
3. Order of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation of April 28, 1995 No. 223 “On the intensification of tourism and local history activities with students and the preparation of summer holidays”;
4. "Regulations on route qualification commissions of educational institutions of the Russian Federation" (Appendix 2 to Order No. 223);
5. Letter of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation dated July 13, 1992 No. 293 “On approval of regulatory documents for tourism and local history activities”;
6. Instructions for organizing and conducting tourist trips, expeditions and excursions (travels) with students, pupils and students of the Russian Federation” (Appendix 2 to Order No. 293);
7. Letter of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation dated January 11, 1993 No. 9 / 32-F “On the norms of expenses for food in tourist events”;
8. letter of instruction Ministry of Defense and Education of the Russian Federation dated 10.06.1997 No. 21-54-33 / 03 “Instruction on the procedure for accounting for funds and reporting on multi-day tourist trips, excursions, expeditions and tourist camps for students”;
9. Order of the Ministry of Defense and PO of the Russian Federation No. 653/19-15 dated 07.12.1998 “On the program of the local history tourism movement “Fatherland”;
10. Letter No. 654/19-15 of 07.12.1998 from the Ministry of Defense and Commerce of the Russian Federation “On the organization of educational and thematic excursions and long-distance excursion trips for students of educational institutions of Russia”;
11. Order of the Ministry of Defense and PO of the Russian Federation of March 23, 1998 No. 769 “On the development of a training system for youth tourism”;
12. Regulations on the instructor of children's and youth tourism (Appendix 1 to order No. 769);
13. Approximate regulations on the museum of an educational institution (school museum) (attachment to the letter of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation of March 12, 2003 No. 28-51-181 / 16).
14. Aleksandrova A.Yu. International tourism: Textbook for universities. - M.: Aspect Press, 2001.-464 p.
15. Aleksandrova A.Yu. Structure of the tourist market. - M.: Press-Solo, 2002.384 p.
16. Anan'eva E.A. On the issue of health care financing in conditions of medical insurance / Health Economics, special issue. 2008.
17. Babkin A.V. Special types of tourism. - M.: Phoenix, 2008. - 251s.
18. Barzykin Yu. The crisis will push for the creation of effective mechanisms for the development of tourism // Tourism: practice, problems, prospects. - 2009.- No. 2.
19. Barinov N.A. Services (social and legal aspect): Monograph / Saratov: Stilo Publishing House, 2001. 245 p.
20. Baryshev A.F. Marketing in tourism and hospitality. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2007. - 158 p.
21. Baumgarten L. Strategic management in tourism. - M.: KNORUS, 2006. -196 p.
22. Birzhakov M.B. Introduction to Tourism: 9th edition, revised and enlarged. St. Petersburg: Gerd Publishing House, 2007. - 576 p.
23. Birzhakov M.B. Document flow of a tourist enterprise. Tutorial. // Ed. M.B. Birzhakova - St. Petersburg: GERDA Publishing House, 2009. - 240 p.
24. Birzhakov M.B. economic security tourism industry. - St. Petersburg: Gerd Publishing House, 2007. - 464 p.
25. Birzhakov M.B., Kazakov N.P. Tourism safety. St. Petersburg: Gerd Publishing House, 2008. - 208 p.
26. Birzhakov M.B., Nikiforov V.I. Large glossary of international tourism terms. St. Petersburg: Gerd Publishing House, 2002. - 704 p.
27. Butko I.I., Sitnikov E.A., Ushakov D.S. Tourist business: basics of organization. - M.: Phoenix, 2008. - 236 p.
28. Cheerful summer of childhood // Tourist business. 2009. - No. 4. - p. 65-67.
29. Vetitnev A.M. Resort business: textbook / A.M. Vetitnev, L.B. Zhuravleva, M.: KNORUS, 2009.
30. Vikhansky O.S. Strategic management: a textbook for universities. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Gardariki, 2008. 296 p.
31. Voskresensky V.Yu. International tourism. Innovative development strategies. - M.: UNITI, 2007. - 160 p.
32. Gracheva A. Children's tourism in Russia is becoming democratic // Turbiznes.-2004.- no. 2. with. 32-33.
33. Gulyaev V.G. Tourism: Economy and social development. M.: Finance and statistics, 2003. - 304 p.
34. Children's rest. Everyone should know about this. // Tourism: practice, problems, prospects. 2009. - No. 4. - p. 43-49.
35. Children's tourism in Russia. Essays on the history of 1918-1998 / Ed. Yu.S. Konstantinov. - M.: TsDYuTur MO RF, 1998.
36. Drogov I.A. Training of instructors for youth tourism. - M., 2004.
37. Digtyar G.M. Tourism industry: Legal foundations of socio-cultural service and tourism. M.: Finance and statistics, 2008. 416 p.
38. Durovich A.P. Organization of tourism. St. Petersburg: Piter, 2009. 318 p.
39. Endrzejczyk I. Modern tourism business. Ecostrategy in company management: Per. from Polish M.: Finance and statistics, 2003. - 320s.
40. Knowledge is power // Tourism: practice, problems, prospects. 2009.- No. 4. - p.42-46-48.
42. Kabushkin N.I., Bondarenko G.A. Management of hotels and restaurants / Proc. allowance. - Minsk: LLC "New Knowledge", 2000.
43. Kozlova Yu.V., Yaroshenko V.V. Tourist club of schoolchildren. - M., 2004
44. Konstantinov Yu.S., Kulikov V.M. Pedagogy of school tourism. - M., 2002
45. Konstantinov Yu.S. From the history of children's tourism in Russia (1918-2008). - M.: FTsDYUTiK, 2008. 312 p.
46. Resort and tourist complex as an object of management / Bykov A.T., Karpova G.L., Kvetenzdze L.A., Romanov S.M., Romanova G.M., Ed. Dan. prof. G.A. Karpova. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of St. Petersburg State University of Economics, 2000.
47. Malinin G.A., Fradkin F.A. The educational system of S.T. Shatsky.- M., Prometheus, 1993. 145 p.
48. Morozov M. Market analysis of Russian children's tourism. Status, problems, prospects // Tourism: practice, problems, prospects. 2004. -№ 4.
49. Morozov M. In Russia, children's tourism has a social status // Tourism: practice, problems, prospects. 2004. -№ 1.
50. Morozov M.A. Marketing researches of the Russian market of children's tourism // Marketing in Russia and abroad. 2004. - N 2. - S. 83-91
51. Organization of children's recreation. Regulations. - M: SC SPHERE, 2009.- 80 p.
52. Ostapets A.A. Pedagogy and psychology of tourist and local history activities of students. - M., 2001
53. Persin A.I. Local history and school museums. - M., 2006.
55. Collection of official documents on children's and youth tourism, local history, organization of recreation for children and youth. - M., 1999.
56. Sonina M.M. All the secrets of children's tourism. - M.: Travel Expert, 2008. 72 p.
57. At seven nannies // Tourism: practice, problems, prospects. 2009. - No. 4. - pp. 42-42-45.
58. Chernykh N.B. Travel Technology and Customer Service Organization: A Study Guide. - M.: Soviet sport, 2002. - 320 p.
59. Chichkina S. Children's rest needs investments // Tourism: practice, problem, prospects. 2005.-No. 5.
60. Chichkina S. Children's rest. Sad statistics // Tourism: practice, problem, prospects. 2005.-№ 6.
61. Chudnovsky A.D., Zhukova M.A., Senin B.C. Management of the tourism industry: Textbook. - M.: KNORUS, 2004. - 448 p.
Study guide for students pedagogical institutes in specialty No. 2114 "Physical education".
The manual deals with the main issues of theory, methodology and organization of tourism, provided by the program for the faculties of physical education of pedagogical institutes.
Particular attention is paid to school tourism, organizing and conducting hiking, mountain and ski trips.
Foreword
Tourism is a complex concept that is directly related to upbringing, education, improvement of the population and the economy. Despite a long history, tourism as a mass phenomenon has developed in our country over the past decades and tends to further develop. The Constitution of the USSR (Article 41) states that the development of mass sports, physical culture and tourism in our country ensures the right of citizens to rest.
The standards for tourism and local history have been introduced into the All-Union TRP complex, and this serves as recognition of tourism as an active mass form of physical training and hardening of millions of workers.
The decisions of the 25th Congress of the CPSU provide for the further broad development of tourism and the strengthening of its material base.
Passion for tourism of youth, schoolchildren, an increase in the number of technically complex trips obliges instructors, tourism teachers to increase the organizational level of tourism work, to generalize best practices in order to ensure the safety of hiking and travel.
On the other hand, in connection with the massive development of tourism, there was a danger of damage natural resources- Vegetation, wildlife. Therefore, the leaders of tourism and the tourists themselves should face the task of educating a careful attitude to nature, protecting nature.
Tourism instructor is a profession that needs to be learned, like any other. Teachers in tourism to work with students are trained by pedagogical institutes, faculties of physical education.
This manual is the first attempt to create educational literature on tourism for students of pedagogical institutes. It can be used by students of pedagogical schools, teachers of general education schools who work on tourism. The material is designed mainly for the preparation and conduct of hiking, mountain and ski trips of the first and second categories of complexity.
The number of hours allocated by the curriculum and program for the faculties of physical education for organizing and conducting hikes, local history and nature protection is limited. Therefore, an in-depth independent study literature by students and teachers in the process of their practical work with schoolchildren.
Literature
Aleshin V., Kalitkin N. Orienteering competitions. M., 1974.
Bardin K.V. The ABC of tourism. M., 1973.
Volkov N. Sports trips in the mountains. M., 1974.
Gladkov N. N. and others. Nature Protection. Tutorial for biological specialties pedagogical institutes. M., 1975.
Yelekhovsky S. Running towards an invisible goal. M., 1973.
Ivanov E. With a compass and a map. M., 1971.
Kuprin A.M. Know how to navigate the terrain. M., 1972.
Kuprin A. M. et al. Methods of topographic preparation. M., 1975.
Milonov N.P. and others. Historical local history. M., 1969.
Paporkov M.A. School trips to nature. A guide for teachers. M., 1968.
Potresov A. Companion of a young tourist. M., 1967.
Sergeev I. S., Sergeev V. I. local history work At school. M., 1974.
Sokolov I. A. Topographic map and terrain. M., 1975.
Stroev K. F. Regional studies. M., 1974.
Feoktistov GD Geological observations during geological and tourist trips. Irkutsk, 1966.
Shaposhnikov LK Problems of nature conservation. Manual for students of pedagogical institutes. M., 1971.
Shimanovsky VF Tourist rallies. M., 1975.
Shtyurmer Yu. A. Imaginary and real dangers in tourism. M., 1972.
Shtyurmer Yu. A. Nature protection and tourism. M., 1974.
Programs for out-of-school institutions and secondary schools. Tourism and local history. M., 1976.
Foreword
In Russia in last years there is a transition from a single-level (specialist) to a two-level (bachelor's and master's) education system, in connection with which in 2009-2011. in a number of areas and specialties, Federal State Educational Standards for Higher Professional Education of the third generation have appeared, involving the implementation of a competency-based approach, as well as providing educational institutions significantly greater freedom in terms of development curricula and subsequent organization of the educational process.
GEF VPO in the direction 100400 "Tourism" involves the study of the discipline "Fundamentals of Tourism" (introduction to the direction: tourism, introduction to tourism, the basics of tourism activities, organization of tourism activities) as a general professional in a limited amount of hours. However, all existing textbooks and teaching aids for the course of the basics of tourism were developed in the conditions of mass training of students in the specialty 100103 "Social and cultural service and tourism" and for this reason do not take into account the specifics of the educational process within the bachelor's degree.
The discipline "Fundamentals of Tourism" is taught to first-year students and has an introductory, preparatory character, which requires the subject to be systematic and simple in content, and the teachers to have the broadest knowledge in their field, as well as methodological skills, since for a very limited number of hours students - it is quite difficult for first-year students to understand a large number of publications on tourism issues and the main aspects of its modern theory. All this prompted the authors to prepare a new textbook, systemic in nature, which should serve as a reliable guide for students in interesting world tourism.
Offered to the attention of readers (and we see among them not only students, but also teachers, specialists in the field of tourism and hospitality), the textbook "Fundamentals of Tourism" includes theoretical material, designed in the form of chapters and paragraphs, which are original didactic units and correspond to approximately one examination or standing question. Each chapter ends with a list control questions and tasks. The work also presents a detailed bibliographic list and a table-reference appendix.
The book is written in full accordance with the content and requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education and is intended for students studying in the direction 100400 "Tourism". It can also be used by students studying in the areas of 100100 "Service", 101100 "Hospitality", 021000 "Geography", students of secondary specialized educational institutions, teachers of universities and colleges, practitioners of the tourist business.
All feedback and comments on the content of the textbook will be gratefully received by the authors by e-mail [email protected] and taken into account in subsequent editions.
Chapter 1. Conceptual framework of tourism
1.1. The concept, goals and functions of tourism
Tourism is a complex socio-cultural and economic phenomenon of our time, various aspects of which are in the field of view of representatives of a number of sciences. Economists, sociologists, teachers, psychologists, historians, culturologists, lawyers, and art critics consider the questions of theory and practice of tourism to be “their own”. This gives rise to the multiplicity of its definitions and manifestations in the surrounding reality.
In modern scientific literature, many approaches to the definition of the concept of "tourism" are described. All of them are considered in detail in the works of I.V. Zorin and V.A. Kvartalnova. One can only say that there are geographic, economic, marketing, industrial and other approaches. In Russia, this concept is enshrined in law. Federal Law of February 5, 2007 No. 12-FZ “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On the Basics of Tourism in the Russian Federation”” determines tourism as “temporary departures (travels) of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons (hereinafter - persons) from a permanent place of residence for medical, recreational, educational, physical culture and sports, professional and business, religious and other purposes without engaging in activities related to generating income from sources in the country (place) of temporary stay."
1. Temporary departures (travel) of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons from their permanent place of residence for recreational, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities in the country (place) of temporary residence.
2. Temporary departure of people from their permanent place of residence for vacation, health, educational or professional business purposes without engaging in paid activities at the place of temporary residence (Recommendatory legislative act “On the basic principles of cooperation between the CIS member states in the field of tourism”, 1994) .
3. Activities of persons who travel and stay in places outside their usual environment for a period not exceeding one year for leisure, business and other purposes (United Nations Statistical Commission, 1993).
4. A special form of movement of people along the route in order to visit specific objects or satisfy a specialized interest.
5. Type of travel for leisure, educational, business, recreational or specialized purposes.
6. Movement (movement), being outside the permanent place of residence and the aspect of temporary stay in the object of interest. The Manila Declaration on World Tourism (1980) proclaimed: "Tourism is understood as an activity of great importance in the life of peoples by virtue of its direct impact on the social, cultural, educational and economic spheres of the life of states and their international relations."
7. A form of mental and physical education, implemented through the social and humanitarian functions of tourism: educational, educational, health and sports.
8. A popular form of organization of recreation, leisure activities.
9. A branch of the economy that serves people who are temporarily away from their place of permanent residence, as well as a market segment in which enterprises of traditional industries converge to offer their products and services to tour operators.
10. The totality of all types of scientific and practical activities for the organization and implementation of tourist and excursion, resort and hotel business.
The term "tourism" (tourism) was first used by V. Zhekmo in 1830. The word "tourism" comes from the French tour, which means "walk". Until recently, in each country the concepts of "tourism" and "tourist" were defined in their own way. In our country, due to the fact that tourism and sanatorium-resort institutions were controlled different systems, the concept of "tourist" was limited to participants in tourist trips and hikes and was separated from the concept of "vacationer" in sanatoriums, boarding houses and rest homes. In other countries different kinds recreational activities are also often defined by different terms. With the development of tourism in modern world, especially international, and with the creation of international tourism organizations, it became necessary to give a generally accepted definition of the concept of "tourism".
One of the first and most accurate definitions of tourism was given by the professors of the University of Bern W. Hunziker and K. Krapf, later it was adopted International Association scientific experts in tourism. These scholars defined tourism as a series of phenomena and relationships that result from the travel of people as long as it does not result in a permanent stay and is not associated with any benefit.
According to one of the first official definitions, adopted by the UN in 1954, tourism is an active recreation that affects the promotion of health, the physical development of a person, associated with movement outside the permanent place of residence. A broader description of the concept was presented by the Academy of Tourism in Monte Carlo: “Tourism - general concept for all forms of temporary departure of people from their place of permanent residence for health purposes, to meet cognitive interests in free time or for professional and business purposes without engaging in paid activities at the place of temporary residence.
At the World Conference on Tourism (Madrid, 1981), tourism is defined as one of the types of outdoor activities, which is travel made with the aim of knowing certain areas, new countries and combined in a number of countries with elements of sports. At the same time, it should be noted that tourist trips will only be subject to the temporal (more than a day) and spatial (moving to another place) criteria.
Tourism is defined in The Hague Declaration on Tourism (1989) as the free movement of people from their place of residence and work, as well as the service sector created to meet the needs resulting from this movement. From a legal point of view, tourism is a set of relationships and services associated with a temporary and voluntary change of residence by a traveler for non-commercial or non-professional reasons.
From the point of view of economic science, tourism is a large economic system with various links between separate elements within National economy individual country, the links of the national economy with the world economy as a whole, as well as the scope of economic activity, including the production and sale of tourism services and goods by various organizations that have tourism resources.
In the socio-cultural sphere, tourism is an interpersonal activity of a special kind, which, under the conditions of the internationalization of life, has become a form of using free time, a means of interpersonal relations in the process of political, economic and cultural contacts, one of the factors determining the quality of life.
As a type of leisure activity, tourism is the temporary movement of people from their place of permanent residence to another country or locality within their country in their free time from their main work in order to meet the needs for recreation, entertainment, knowledge, health improvement, as well as to solve professional or any or other problems, but without paid work in the place visited.
In 1993, the UN Statistical Commission adopted a definition approved by the UN International Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and widely used in international practice: “Tourism is the activity of persons who travel and stay in places outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding one year in a row, for the purpose of recreation, business and other purposes. There are three criteria in this definition: leaving the usual environment; the temporary nature of the movement; purpose of the trip.
A.Yu. Alexandrova proposes to divide all existing definitions of tourism into two groups:
1) highly specialized (industry), designed to perform private tasks, i.e. used in legal regulation, statistical accounting, social policy etc.;
2) conceptual, serving as the basis for the first group and reflecting the internal content of tourism.
The following can be considered an example of the conceptual definition of tourism: “Tourism is a set of relations and phenomena arising from the movement and stay of people outside their permanent place of residence for reasons unrelated to labor activity, but for the purpose of meeting cultural, health, relaxation, entertainment needs and for the sake of getting pleasure, as well as for other reasons, if they are not related to making a profit.
Let us now give a classic definition: “Tourism is the temporary movement of people from their place of permanent residence to another country or another area within their country in their free time for the purpose of obtaining pleasure and recreation, health and medical, guest, educational, religious or professional business, but without employment in the place of temporary residence by work paid from a local financial source.
In the process of tourism development, various interpretations of this concept appeared. However, the following criteria are of particular importance.
Change of location. In this case, we are talking about a trip that is carried out to a place that is outside the usual environment. However, people who make daily trips between home and place of work or study cannot be considered tourists, as these trips do not go beyond their usual environment.
Stay elsewhere. The main condition is that the place of stay should not be a place of permanent or long-term residence. In addition, it cannot be associated with labor activity (wage). This aspect should be taken into account, because the behavior of a person engaged in labor activities is different from the behavior of a tourist and cannot be classified as tourism. Another condition is that travelers must not stay in the place they visit for 12 consecutive months or more. A person who stays or plans to stay in a certain place for a year or more is considered a migrant or permanent resident from the point of view of tourism and therefore cannot be called a tourist.
Remuneration from a source in the place visited. The essence of the criterion is that the main purpose of the trip should not be an activity paid from a source in the place visited. Any person entering a country for work paid from a source in that country is considered a migrant. This applies not only to international tourism, but also to tourism within one country. Every person traveling to another location within the same country (or to another country) to carry out activities paid from a source in that place (or country) is not considered a tourist to that place.
These three criteria underlying the definition of tourism are basic. But there are special categories of people on the move, for which the above criteria are insufficient. These include refugees, nomads, prisoners, transit passengers not formally entering the country, and persons accompanying or escorting these groups.
Here is the definition proposed by the International Association of Scientific Experts in the Field of Tourism: "Tourism is a set of relationships, connections and phenomena that accompany the trip and stay of people in places that are not places of their permanent or long-term residence and are not related to their work activity." This definition has a significant similarity with the one given by the professors of the University of Bern, W. Hunziker and K. Krapf.
Many domestic and especially foreign experts consider tourism from the point of view of a systematic approach (Fig. 1.1). According to the Swiss scientist K. Kaspar, the tourism system is based on two subsystems: subject of tourism(tourist as a consumer of tourist services) and tourism object, consisting of three elements - the tourist region, tourist enterprises and tourist organizations.
Rice. 1.1. Model of tourism as a system
Analyzing the concept of "tourism" using a systematic approach, we single out N. Leiper's concept(Professor at the Meissen University of Auckland). He considers tourism to be a system consisting of the following main elements: the geographical component, tourists and the tourism industry. The geographical component includes three main components: the region that generates tourists; transit region and region of tourist destination. Let's make a small but important digression from the topic.
Destination a territory is called a territory that offers a certain set of services that meet the needs of a tourist, satisfy his demand for transportation, accommodation, food, entertainment, etc., and is the purpose of his trip. Therefore, a destination, in order to be such, must have a certain set of services, attractions, information systems.
A destination can be primary or secondary. Primary destination its attractiveness arouses the interest of customers to visit it, and the main goal at the same time is to satisfy the interest for a certain, fairly long period of time (for example, for a week). secondary destination(stopover) is a place where a stopover is inevitable on the way to the primary destination. The main task of a secondary destination is to satisfy the desires of tourists within one or two days.
Many experts propose to formulate the following postulates to define tourism:
A tourist is one who seeks to satisfy his natural need for travel. The desires and needs of the tourist will determine the destination he chooses to visit and the activity he intends to take part in;
- tourism business involves activities with the aim of making a profit for the production and sale of products and services that meet the needs of tourists;
– for the hospitality industry, tourism mainly acts as a positive factor that allows you to open new jobs and increase the income of the region, but it can negative impact on environment;
- tourism is considered by national administrations as a factor in the development of the economy, often without taking into account possible negative consequences(direct and indirect damage).
Based on this tourism activities can be defined as a series of phenomena and relationships that are the result of the interaction of tourists, tourism enterprises, hospitality, administration in the process of attracting, accommodating and serving visitors. Then tourism is defined as a set of components: products, services, objects of display and production units offered to individual consumers or groups of consumers who temporarily leave their place of permanent residence and go to certain tourist destinations (destinations).
So, there are five clearly identified important features that separate tourism from travel and other activities and processes.
1. Temporary movement, visiting the destination and indispensable return back.
2. Destination - another locality (country), different from the place of permanent residence of a person.
3. The goals of tourism, which are distinguished by a purely humanistic content and orientation.
4. Making a tourist trip in your free time from work or study.
5. Forbidding the tourist to engage in activities in the destination that are paid from a local financial source.
The purpose of tourism is one of the main and defining features of it. IN classical theory tourism recognizes only six general purposes, according to which tourism is distinguished from travel in general:
– health-improving (restoration of the spiritual and physical strength of a person, as well as treatment);
- cognitive (improving and deepening knowledge about the nature of natural phenomena, the past and present of mankind, the history and culture of other countries and peoples);
- sports (preparation and participation in competitions and games at the professional and amateur levels, accompanying athletes, as well as participation as spectators);
– professional and business (business trips, participation in conferences, congresses, seminars, exchange of experience, professional education);
- religious (pilgrimage, cult, cultural and historical for the study of religion and cults);
- guest and nostalgic (visiting relatives, places of historical residence).
At the same time, UNWTO specialists have developed a standard classification of travel purposes, the main of which are:
- leisure, recreation and recreation;
– business and professional goals;
- visiting friends and relatives;
- treatment;
- religious and pilgrimage;
– other purposes (eg transit).
At the same time, trips for the purpose of leisure, recreation and recreation account for 50%; business and professional trips - 30%; 10% of tourists visit friends and relatives.
Tourism also performs a variety of functions:
- recovery - liberation of a person from a feeling of fatigue through a contrasting change of environment and type of activity;
- developing - providing opportunities for personal development (broadening one's horizons, creative and organizational activities);
- entertainment - providing vacationers with the opportunity to have fun; this also includes familiarity with the area, its inhabitants, the organization of concerts, sports and other events, outdoor activities;
- economic - manifested through the demand and consumption of tourists, and the needs of tourists are divided into basic, specific and additional; this function ensures the restoration of working capacity, employment of the population, profit;
- social - the growth of the standard of living of the population, the distribution of the budget and rational use free time.
Some experts offer a slightly different list of tourism functions. At the same time, its general essence as a phenomenon is preserved. So, A.S. Zapesotsky believes that the most important functions of tourism are health-improving, developing, social status, socio-economic and integration.
Wellness. A variety of impressions and satisfaction of recreational needs of people have a positive effect on their physiological, mental state, working capacity and social activity.
Developing. The involvement of tourists in educational and cultural-educational programs creates conditions for raising their intellectual level, broadening their horizons.
Social status. Tourism is becoming an important indicator of the social status of a person, an indicator of the quality of his life.
Socio-economic. Tourism, being one of the largest and most dynamic industries, ranks second in terms of income after oil production and refining. It provides employment for 6% of the working population of the Earth. This function is also manifested in the fact that people, having a rest, thus restore their ability to work, which has not only social significance, but also a direct economic effect.
Integration. Tourism contributes to the development of international economic relations, the emergence of a number of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and unions.
In conclusion, it should be said: for a fairly clear definition of the essence of tourism, it is enough to single out three of its aspects.
Firstly, tourism should be considered as a type of leisure activity for vacationers, i.e. tourists.
Secondly, this is a specific type of business: a set of industries specializing in serving tourists.
Thirdly, tourism is the sphere of activity of enterprises and industries of the service sector and material production serving the tourist market. All the most important manifestations of tourism activity will be consistently considered by us in subsequent chapters and paragraphs of the textbook. Next, we should dwell on one more point - on the conceptualization of the concept of "travel" and its correlation with the concept of "tourism".
Travel and tourism. Travel and tourism are very close concepts. There is always a characteristic action that defines and separates the actual travel from other areas of activity - the movement of a person to another locality or country, continent, different from his usual location or residence.
Travel: individual individuals; groups of persons united by a common interest and purpose; entire expeditions, including military expeditions, which may include several hundred or even thousands of specialists; diplomats, migrants and settlers. For some nations, travel is a way of life that has been established for centuries and caused by the climatic features of the area of residence. These include, for example, nomadic tribes. Nomads, along with herds of animals, move annually as pastures are developed, and even the borders of states do not stop them.
Under certain characteristics, conditions of organization and implementation of the trip can be integral part tourist service. For statistical purposes, a person traveling is also referred to as a "visitor". The national legislation of some countries gives a clear interpretation of the method of determining the quantitative characteristics of travel. Thus, the US Census Bureau, which is responsible for conducting research on national travel, has given the following definition of travel: "Moving more than 100 miles from the place of permanent residence." However, the Survey of National Travel (1963 and 1967) uses the definition, supplemented by the words "or out of town for one or more nights."
Like the Census Bureau, the US Tourism Data Center excluded the following types of travel from the definition of travel: sea vessels, railway trains, aircraft, etc.; travel of persons between regions, countries for the purpose of work; travel for the purpose of education.
Tourism is a special case of travel. However, it has clear delimitations from the generality, strictly defined characteristics. There are many definitions of tourism in the conceptual sense, and, of course, a person who makes or participates in a tourist trip, tourist trip, hike, is generally referred to as a tourist. Unlike travel, tourism is a category experiencing strong influence economics and politics, to top it all off, has a dualism of the inner nature of the phenomenon.
V.A. Kvartalnov allocates five main differences tourism from travel .
Firstly, in contrast to travel, tourism is the movement of people in fairly short periods of time. Long journeys are made by units of individuals. Tourism, on the other hand, is a mass phenomenon of the 20th and 21st centuries, which has developed due to the political and economic situation that has developed in a developed society. People working for hire received the right to an annual short (2-3 weeks) vacation. After the Second World War, most of them began to live in prosperity, allowing them to allocate funds for recreation and short-term recreational travel. developed vehicles, which opened the era of transcontinental flights on aircraft, made it quite affordable to visit almost any corner of the world.
According to statistics, the largest share is occupied by weekend tourism (2-3 days), followed by small tourist trips (6-7 days), a much smaller share is occupied by tours for 8-12 days. All other, longer, tourist trips fall out of the statistics due to the insignificance of their share in the total mass.
Secondly, for tourism it is important to determine the category of the place of permanent residence (residence). Tourism involves the departure of people from their place of permanent residence to another area, country for tourism purposes. Movements within the area of permanent residence, such as daily commuting, cannot be classified as tourism, especially in a country where there is a legal institution of propiska, i.e. place of registration, registered by the relevant state authorities regulating the migration of the population. Another conceptual category - the usual place of permanent residence - is determined by the period during which a person permanently resides there. At the same time, in each point, region, country, among the population, it is necessary to single out persons who can be classified as permanent residents or visitors.
For example, according to the statistics of domestic tourism, it is important to distinguish between categories of the population that follow daily to work at certain time intervals and distances. So, for a small city it will be 20-30 minutes at a distance of several kilometers, for big city- trips to work lasting up to 3 hours over a distance of more than 50-100 km. It is also necessary to take into account the minimum period of time when a person is absent from this place, as well as the differences and features of localities and administrative territories.
For a resident of a small village, a 70 km trip will be a long journey. At the same time, in Moscow or Volgograd, this distance is within the city limits. A very difficult question: are summer residents who go to their dachas on weekends over a distance of more than 120 km considered tourists? Few of the owners of summer cottages would agree to call these trips recreation or tourism. For many, this is hard work and one of the few sources of livelihood.
Third, the definition of a period of free time comes from a common understanding of tourism as a way of recreation. It is not quite true for some types of tourism, for example, for professional and business tourism, whose participants most often travel as specialists seconded by the company.
Fourth, the most important category is the purpose of tourism, which makes it possible to clearly identify the types of activities related to tourism and subject to preferential customs, tax and other regimes established by states exclusively for tourism. The main goals of tourism are entertaining (attractive), recreational and educational. The second most important are health and medical, followed by professional business, guest, etc.
Fifth, tourism is an important component of the economy of many states, providing employment for the local population, loading hotels and hotels, restaurants, entertainment events, and foreign exchange. Tourism is based on the exploitation of local tourist resources, which brings income to a given area or state.
So, tourism
- a special mass type of travel with clearly defined goals, made by tourists themselves, i.e. activities of the tourist;
- organization and implementation (accompaniment) of such trips - tourism activities.
It is carried out by various enterprises of the tourism industry and related industries. Journey- this is the movement of people in time and space, and a person making a trip, regardless of goals, directions and means of transportation, time intervals, is called traveler.
As a result, we can single out four conceptual characteristics (criteria) of tourism, which are embedded in the definition of this phenomenon given in federal law dated November 24, 1996 No. 132-FZ "On the basics of tourism activities in the Russian Federation" (as amended on February 5, 2007):
- temporary - movement limited to certain time frames from 24 hours to six months or a year;
- spatial - the movement of citizens in space from the place (or country) of permanent residence to some other place (or country) that contrasts with the place of residence;
- target (motivational) - tourism involves the implementation of trips of citizens with clearly defined goals;
Tourism is one of the most promising and profitable industries in the modern world.
The tourist market in Russia is growing faster than the country's economy as a whole.
Actively promotes its tourism products to the foreign market and the Pskov region.
At the same time, there are a number of factors that negatively affect the activities of Pskov tourist organizations. One of the main ones is weak professional training a significant part of the employees, manifested in their lack of competence.
For them, as well as for teachers and students of educational institutions involved in the training of workers in the field of tourism and the hotel industry, the I.I. Vasilev Local History Library recommends new tutorials.
Books can be used in the reading room of the library or borrowed at home.
We are waiting for you at the address: Oktyabrsky Prospekt, 19 "a".
Phone 66-43-24
Arbuzova N.Yu. Technology and organization of hotel services: textbook. allowance for university students /N. Y. Arbuzova. – M.: Academy, 2009. – 224 p. – (Higher professional education).
The manual considers hotel enterprises as part of the service sector, the classification of hotels, their organizational and production structure, material and technical base, the hotel enterprise management system, the organization of the work of the main, functional and support services of the hotel.
Baumgarten L. V. Strategic management in tourism: textbook. for university students. – M.: Academy, 2007. – 345 p. – (Higher professional education).
The textbook discusses the features of the tourism industry and its impact on the development of other sectors of the state economy. Theoretical foundations of strategic management, including modern methods analysis of the macro environment and industry analysis, competitiveness of organizations and the goods and services they produce.
Vlasova T. I. Professional and business communication in the field of tourism: textbook. allowance for university students /T. I. Vlasova, A. P. Sharukhin, M. M. Danilova. - M.: Academy, 2007. -255, p. – (Higher professional education).
The manual covers issues related to disclosure psychological mechanisms effective professional and business communication in the field of tourism, features of human behavior in different situations communication, showing productive ways to influence communication partners.
Dzhandzugazova E. A. Marketing of tourist territories: textbook. allowance for university students /E. A. Dzhandzugazova. - 2nd ed. erased - M.: Academy, 2008. - 221, p. – (Higher professional education).
The training manual discusses the main ways, methods of formation and promotion of the territorial tourism product, taking into account regional specifics. The presentation of theoretical issues is organically combined with examples from the practice of Russian and foreign enterprises in the tourism industry. It is noteworthy that this book contains a table of the twenty most aesthetically attractive (according to polls) cities and small settlements in Russia, in which Pskov ranks 11th, while Veliky Novgorod is 5th.
Kolbovsky E. Yu. Ecological tourism and ecology of tourism: textbook. allowance for students / Kolbovsky E. Yu. - 2nd ed., Sr. - M.: Academy, 2008. - 253, p. – (Higher professional education).
The history of recreational and tourist activities is first considered in this textbook in connection with the formation of the cultural (recreational) landscape of Russia. The recent approaches to assessing the potential of resources and prospects for the development of domestic tourism in Russia are outlined.
Loiko O. T. Service activity: textbook. allowance for universities /O. T. Loiko. – M.: Academy, 2008. – 304 p. – (Higher professional education).
The manual discusses the theoretical, historical and practical aspects of the formation and development of service activities, its essence and significance for the service sector. Particular attention is paid to modern trends in service activities and the prospects for its development.
Morozov M. A. Economics and entrepreneurship in socio-cultural service and tourism: textbook. for university students / Morozov M. A. - 5th ed., ster. – M.: Academy, 2009. – 287 p. – (Higher professional education. Tourism).
The manual discusses the main macro- and microeconomic aspects of the tourism industry, taking into account the specifics of the functioning of hotel enterprises in a market economy. The basic concepts and concepts of hospitality economics are outlined.
Morozov M. A. Information Technology in social and cultural service and tourism. Office equipment: textbook. for university students /M. A. Morozov, N. S. Morozova. - 6th ed., revised. – M.: Academy, 2008. – 238 p. – (Higher professional education).
The textbook considers and analyzes the main directions of the use of modern computer technologies in social and cultural services and tourism. The possibilities and advantages of using global systems for booking and reserving tourist services Galileo, Amadeus, Worldspan in the context of the formation of the Russian tourism and hospitality market are outlined.
Novikov V.S. Innovations in tourism: textbook. allowance for students of higher education. Proc. institutions / V. S. Novikov. - 2nd ed., Rev. and additional – M.: Academy, 2008. – 208 p.
Using the experience of domestic and foreign research, the manual reveals innovations in socio-cultural services and tourism, features of innovative processes, as well as evolutionary changes in these areas. The functions of innovation and the management of innovation activity in tourism and the service sector are considered.
Osipova O. Ya. Transport service for tourists: textbook. allowance for students. higher textbook institutions / O. Ya. Osipova. - 4th ed., Rev. and additional – M.: Academy, 2008. – 384 p.
The manual discusses the legal framework governing the transport of tourists in international and domestic communications.
Sapozhnikova E. N. Country Studies: Theory and Methods of Tourist Study of Countries: textbook. allowance for students. higher textbook institutions / E. N. Sapozhnikova. - 5th ed., Sr. – M.: Academy, 2008. – 240 p. – (Higher professional education).
The textbook outlines the issues of theory and methodology of tourist country studies, considers the basic components of complex country studies characteristics ( geographical position, natural conditions tourism development, demographic statistics). The appendix gives a complete tourist description Vologda region and a plan for studying and characterizing the artistic culture of the country.
Sokolova M. V. History of tourism: textbook. allowance for students. higher textbook institutions /M. V. Sokolova. - 5th ed., Sr. – M.: Academy, 2008. – 352 p. – (Higher professional education).
The manual considers the main stages of the origin and development of tourism. The origin and genesis of tourist and excursion activities in Russia, the emergence and development of international tourism, as well as character traits modern Russian and international tourism and their prospects.
