The most important postulate of the principle of systemicity in psychology states that everything mental processes organized into a multi-level system, the elements of which acquire new properties, given by its integrity.
System analysis: identification of the elements that make up the system and structural and functional relationships (and not reducible to causal ones), substantiation of its levels and system-forming factors, unity of organization and functions, stability and management.
Predecessors of the principle of consistency in psychology:
Holism (outside integrity, the essence is lost)
Elementarism (elements are connected in the system, the essence of which does not change as a whole)
Eclecticism,
Reductionism,
External methodology
The birth of a systematic approach - Aristotle b. The organism as a system, the soul as an expression of the specifics of the human form of the organism, the rudiments of the concept of homeostasis, expediency as a manifestation of the target cause, as well as the principle of activity as a movement towards both form and purpose. The soul and body in the concept of Aristotle are not separated as entities. The soul is the system-forming principle of the life of the body.
. isomorphism- the presence of an unambiguous (properly isomorphism) or partial (homomorphism) correspondence of the structure of one system to the structure of another (y gestaltist c: the spatial configuration of perception is isomorphic to the spatial configuration of the corresponding areas of excitation in the brain).
IN psychoanalysis consistency was contained in the correlation of the work of consciousness and the unconscious, with immanent causality, which emerges outward rather in violations of the regulatory function of the integral structure of the personality.
Combining Systemic and Causal Analysis:
Concept I.M. Sechenov(there is an objectively given sensorimotor activity of the organism and there is inner plan as an internalized, but at the same time transformative ʼʼduplicateʼʼ of this activity)
(May happen substitution the concept of the subject by the concept of the system by referring to the expediency (including the orientation of the organism to the ʼʼnecessary futureʼʼ). But then the concept of a system no longer serves as a principle within the framework of the development of psychological theory, but as a link that allows).
L.S. Vygotsky: two types of systems in humans:
social situation
Sign system as a way to cultural determination
M.K.Mamardashvili, G.P. Shchedrovitskyʼʼ... psychology is a special sphere of mental activity, in fact, capturing the entire universe of life, the entire society, with many scientific subjects and various kinds of techniques - anthropotechnics, psychotechnics, cultural techniques and a number of practices ... including the practices of "communication" and "interactions"ʼʼ
B.F. Lomov interpretation of the mental in the multitude of external and internal relations in which it exists as a whole:
The polysystemic nature of human existence
Integrity of its qualities and properties
The unity of psi reflection and activity that modifies reality
Ways to implement a systematic approach in psychology:
- consideration of the phenomenon in several plans (or aspects): micro- and macroanalysis, its specifics as a qualitative unit (system) and as part of the generic macrostructure
- consideration of mental phenomena as multidimensional, for which the abstraction realized by their consistent consideration in any one plan should not close all other possible plans.
- the mental system should be considered as multi-level and hierarchical. Subordination and autonomy of levels - essential conditions system self-regulation.
- the multiplicity of relations in which a person exists entails the multiplicity and diversity of his properties. The construction of a ʼʼʼʼʼʼ of these properties is expected in cooperation with other sciences.
- there should not be a universal form of determination. Determination can be considered both as biological and social, and as causal connection and as non-causal types of connection.
- the principle of development, in which there is a resolution of the contradiction between causes and conditions, systems and subsystems, etc.
But this approach still needs to be specialized in psychology. There are disputes about its implementation.
SYSTEMICITY PRINCIPLE ( in psychology) (from the Greek systema - made up of parts, connection) - a methodological approach to the analysis of mental phenomena, when the corresponding phenomenon is considered as a system that is not reducible to the sum of its elements, having a structure, and the properties of an element are determined by its place in the structure; is an application to a particular area of general scientific S. p. The ideas of S. p. were developed in their own way by representatives of Gestalt psychology (see Gestalt). Representatives of psychoanalysis associated mental health with the analysis of affective processes: they considered the so-called “complex” as the main factor in the human psyche. In connection with the idea of development, S. p. is implemented in the operational concept of the intellect by J. Piaget (see the Geneva School of Genetic Psychology). In neo-Freudianism, as well as in symbolic interactionism, the system of social, sign-mediated interaction, with its structure, is interpreted as primary and determining in relation to the psyche of the individual. Soviet philosophers and psychologists (V.P. Kuzmin, B.F. Lomov, E.G. Yudin and others), based on Marxist methodology, consider psychological systems as purposeful, socially conditioned. In the process of individual development, they go through successive stages of complication, differentiation, and transformation of their structure. The single genetic basis from which psychological systems are deployed is a common (social) objective human activity, which includes communication processes.
The principle of consistency (in psychology) - the need to single out and isolate a specific category of naturally interconnected objects from a great variety of phenomena, acquiring the significance and character of systemic ones.
The internal structure of these objects is described in such terms as element, connection, structure, function, organization, management, self-regulation, stability, development, openness, activity, environment, etc.
The systematic approach as a methodological regulator was not "invented" by philosophers. He directed research practice (including laboratory, experimental work) in reality, before being theoretically comprehended At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. one of such logically built systems was developed - the categorical system of psychology (A.V. Petrovsky, V.A. Petrovsky, 2001), which characterizes the structure of the psychosphere. Its system-forming feature is the mutual transitions of psychological categories "along the vertical" from essence to phenomenon, which acts as an essence for new phenomena. All these transitions are subject to the realization of the idea of "ascent from the abstract to the concrete", characterize the counter determinations of the biological and cultural-historical factors, model phylo-, onto- and sociogenesis in a single scheme, form a natural connection of psychological categories. The categorical system of psychology demonstrates the indissoluble unity of the three main explanatory principles of psychology: consistency, development, determinism. (Petrovsky)
15. Correlation study - this is one of the methods social psychology, designed to assess the relationship between two or more factors, which are called "variables" and are not controlled by the researcher. A correlation study is aimed at establishing a change in one variable when another changes.
This study is usually carried out in a natural environment (in the "field" - field research).
A correlation study provides information about the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables.
Relationship direction - this is a characteristic of the relationship, which indicates in which direction one of the variables will change when the other changes.
The most important postulate of the principle of consistency in psychology states that all mental processes are organized into a multi-level system, the elements of which acquire new properties, given by its integrity.
System analysis: identification of the elements that make up the system and structural and functional relationships (and not reducible to causal ones), substantiation of its levels and system-forming factors, unity of organization and functions, stability and management.
Predecessors of the principle of consistency in psychology:
holism (outside integrity, the essence is lost)
elementalism (elements are connected in the system, the essence of which does not change as a whole)
eclecticism,
reductionism,
external methodology
The birth of a systematic approach - Aristotle b. The organism as a system, the soul as an expression of the specifics of the human form of the organism, the rudiments of the concept of homeostasis, expediency as a manifestation of the target cause, as well as the principle of activity as a movement towards both form and purpose. The soul and body in the concept of Aristotle cannot be separated as entities. The soul is the system-forming principle of the life of the body.
. isomorphism- the presence of an unambiguous (properly isomorphism) or partial (homomorphism) correspondence of the structure of one system to the structure of another (y gestaltist c: the spatial configuration of perception is isomorphic to the spatial configuration of the corresponding areas of excitation in the brain).
IN psychoanalysis consistency was contained in the correlation of the work of consciousness and the unconscious, with immanent causality, which emerges outward rather in violations of the regulatory function of the integral structure of the personality.
Connecting Systemic and Causal Analysis:
Concept I.M. Sechenov(there is an objectively given sensorimotor activity of the organism and there is an internal plan as an internalized, but at the same time transforming "duplicate" of this activity)
(May happen substitution the concept of the subject by the concept of the system by referring to expediency (including the orientation of the organism to the “required future”). But then the concept of a system no longer serves as a principle within the framework of the development of psychological theory, but as a link that allows).
L.S. Vygotsky: two types of systems in humans:
social situation
sign system as a path to cultural determination
B.F. Lomov interpretation of the mental in the multitude of external and internal relations in which it exists as a whole:
polysystemic human existence
integrality of its qualities and properties
the unity of psi reflection and activity that modifies reality
Ways to implement a systematic approach in psychology:
consideration of the phenomenon in several plans (or aspects): micro- and macroanalysis, its specifics as a qualitative unit (system) and as part of the generic macrostructure
consideration of mental phenomena as multidimensional, for which the abstraction realized by their consistent consideration in any one plan should not close all other possible plans.
the mental system should be considered as multi-level and hierarchical. Subordination and autonomy of levels are the most important conditions for the self-regulation of the system.
the multiplicity of relations in which a person exists entails the multiplicity and diversity of his properties. The construction of a "pyramid" of these properties is expected in cooperation with other sciences.
there can be no universal form of determination. Determination can be considered both as biological and social, and as a causal connection and as non-causal types of connection.
the principle of development, in which there is a resolution of the contradiction between causes and conditions, systems and subsystems, etc.
But this approach still needs to be specialized for psychology. There are disputes about its implementation.
^ 11. Image category characterizes the psychological reality from the side of cognition and is the basis for the formation of individual and social-group pictures of the world. It is a sensual form of a psychic phenomenon. Being always sensual in its form, O. in its content can be. both sensual (O. of perception, O. of representation, consistent O.), and rational (O. of the atom, O. of the world, O. of war, etc.). O. is the most important component of the actions of the subject, orienting him in a specific situation, directing him to achieve the goal. The theory of reflection is a single methodological basis domestic psychology. In domestic psychology, mental phenomena are considered as various forms of subjective reflection of objective reality.
During the emergence and formation of the theory of reflection, there were other views and directions.
Objectivist trends in psychology, which announced the terms and concepts that characterize inner world unscientific person. The subject of science was behavior, which was studied as something existing in itself, regardless of the subject, the person who implements it.
Subjectivist trends, on the contrary, consider the subjective world of a person to be a reality, closed, subject to its own laws, there are no points of connection with the physical world, and, accordingly, a scientific study of the psyche is impossible.
Dualistic concepts - bodily and mental were considered as two independent substances.
Features of the reflection process
1. Reflection is subjective and must be considered in connection with the knowing subject. Mental processes in which the process of reflection is carried out do not exist by themselves, isolated and independent of the subject, but directly depend on the properties of the cognizer.
2. Reflection is not static. The image is transformed and exists only in the process of reflection, in which mental processes unfold in the direction from the undivided reflection of reality to its structured integral reflection.
3. Mental processes are not isolated from each other, their separation in a holistic act of reflection is due to the difficulties of research. The psyche is unified and integral, only the imperfection of the cognizing subject makes it necessary to single out such abstractions as “thinking”, “memory”, “attention”, etc. in it.
Reflection has a systemic nature, it should be considered in different aspects:
From the point of view of the forms of reflection, reflection can be mono- and polymodal, sensual and rational, concrete and abstract, etc.
2. From the point of view of possible mechanisms realizing reflection – psychological and neurophysiological, information processing, formation of a picture of the world, etc.;
From the point of view of the possible results of reflection - a sensory-perceptual image, an image of the imagination, a mnemonic image, a concept, a sign, a symbol, etc.
In terms of reflection functions in activity and communication, behavior - the level of arbitrariness of regulation, its emotional and volitional characteristics, etc.
B.F. Lomov identified three levels of mental reflection:
1. sensory-perceptual (sensations, perceptions): are carried out with direct interaction of the subject with the object, involve the impact of stimuli on the senses, proceed in real time. Their function is the regulation of the action being performed, its compliance with the current situation.
2. "representational" (imagination, eidetic memory, creative thinking): the movement of secondary images, in the absence of a direct impact of external objects on the senses. These images are generalized, they transform and integrate. The function of presentation processes is the formation of standards, action planning, their control and correction.
3. speech-thinking ( conceptual thinking, verbal memory). The processes of the speech-thinking level are needed to reflect the essential connections and relationships of objective reality. They are socially mediated, thanks to them the subject goes beyond the current situation of behavior, which makes it possible to plan activities and regulate life path personality.
All these levels of mental reflection are interconnected and pass into each other. In the real life of a person, they are carried out simultaneously, depending on the purpose of the activity and the nature of the tasks being solved, one or another level turns out to be the leading one.
B.F. Scrap based experimental studies gave a detailed description of the process of mental reflection.
The process of mental reflection goes through a series of stages, or phases, providing an increasingly complete and adequate image of reality.
The process of reflection is realized in the temporary unity of the past, present and future.
It has the properties of non-additivity (irreducibility of the whole to the sum of parts), heterogeneity and non-disjunctivity (indivisibility), and its result is multiplicativity (diversity).
The determination of the mental process is multiple in nature and changes in the course of the reflection itself.
The specific result of mental reflection (image, concept, etc.) becomes a prerequisite for its further course.
Each separately identified mental process in the study is a moment of movement of the psyche as a whole.
Action, like an act, is the true being of a person; individuality is manifested in it. Action m. relatively independent or included as a component in. broader structures of activity.
The Action Structure includes 3 main components: a) decision making; b) implementation; c) control and correction.
Methodological principles of psychology
With regard to psychology, the following methodological principles should be mentioned:
The principle of systemic determinism of the mental. Determinism is causality, the universal regular connection of nature, society, thinking, the natural and necessary dependence of mental phenomena on the factors that give rise to them. The methodological principle psychology implies the need to take into account the influence of various causes, factors on the emergence and development of psychological phenomena.
The principle of the unity of external influences and internal conditions states that any external influences (stimuli, factors, influences) are refracted through a set of internal individual psychophysiological conditions (abilities, character, motivation, mental processes and states).
The principle of the activity of the consciousness of the individual assumes that the individual is an active subject of the transformation of the world, including the ideal one (the world and transformation).
The principle of the unity of the psyche (consciousness) and activity: the psyche arises and develops within the framework of a person's active activity. That's why The best way the study of mental phenomena is the study in conditions of real activity or the modeling of the components of the leading activity in psychological tests(for example, in a laboratory experiment). Human consciousness is an internal plan of the activity carried out by him, and activity - external form expressions of consciousness, the process of its objectification. The psyche is cognizable only in the activity that it regulates.
The principle of consistency (the systemic structure of a mental phenomenon) is a principle of psychology that requires analyzing each element of the psyche in close connection with its functioning as a whole. He assumes that mental phenomena arise only as a result of single, interconnected processes of a holistically working organism that has nervous system and exercising external behavior.
The principle of development involves considering mental phenomena in constant change, movement and development, resolving contradictions under the influence of a system of external and internal determinants. There is a unity of ontogenetic, phylogenetic and socio-historical determinants of the development and manifestation of the psyche. This principle directs psychologists to study the conditions for the occurrence of mental phenomena, the tendencies of their change, the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of these changes.
The principle of consistency in psychology
The principle of consistency is a methodological approach to the analysis of mental phenomena, when the corresponding phenomenon is considered as a system that is not reducible to the sum of its elements, which has a structure, and the properties of an element are determined by its place in the structure.
The internal structure of these objects is described in such terms as element, connection, structure, function, organization, management, self-regulation, stability, development, openness, activity, environment, etc.
The central problem in the development of a systemic understanding of the mental is the elucidation of the mechanism that generates the system.
The formulation of a system as a "complex of elements" includes the image of an element or component as something that initially explains the nature of the system.
In understanding the system as a “complex of components”, the most difficult point is precisely the explanation of its integrity.
The idea of the integrity of the system is specified through the concept of connection. This concept is used in almost any system research. The concept of "connection" is usually the second moment that characterizes the system along with the concept of a complex of elements or components.
"Connections" appear, at first glance, as something significantly different from the elements, which prompts them to be used to characterize the integrity of the system. But on closer examination, the “connections” also turn out to be elements into which a complex structure is decomposed. internal structure systems.
Ideas of a systematic approach, i.e. the ideas of analyzing all open self-organizing and self-developing formations as systems have been discussed for about half a century, starting with the works of L. von Bertalanffy. In psychology, a systems approach is assumed to be mandatory, so researchers almost always declare its use. Several criteria have been proposed to identify the extent to which a systematic approach is followed.
For the first time, the use of a systematic approach in psychology began to be discussed by B. F. Lomov. From the point of view of B.F. Lomov, system analysis involves:
1) multidimensionality of education;
2) its multi-level and hierarchical nature;
3) multidimensional classification of its properties;
4) recognition of its polydetermination;
5) study of the taken education in its development.
M.S. Rogovik identified four principles of the systems approach:
1. Each system under consideration has a sign of integrity, i.e. it has qualitatively new properties that are not reducible to the properties of the sum of its parts.
2. The system (its structure) is determined by its function, which is called system-forming. This principle is central to the functional approach, i.e. The systematic approach includes the functional one.
3. The system is in information and energy interaction with the environment. That is, the information-energy approach is also included in the system approach.
4. Any system is in the process of development. Therefore, the genetic approach should also be included in the systems approach.
V. A. Ganzen identified three types of systems approach: integrated, structural and holistic. From the point of view of V. A. Ganzen, the description of the system should include:
1) its elemental composition;
2) structures, or subsystems, formed by these elements;
3) functions of the system, its subsystems and elements;
4) integral properties of the system;
5) backbone factors;
6) relationship with the environment.
Concretization of the principles of a systematic approach in psychology.
I. The principle of system integrity. system (or given type systems) has one or more fundamental attributes that distinguish it from other systems. The attribute of a system is its affiliation, which is necessary for existence in the range of ecologically normative parameters of the environment, external and internal, real and ideal, as well as for characterizing this system. When one of the subsystems (or one of the attributes) is pathological, the system loses its integrity, and its functioning becomes auto- and hetero-destructive.
II. The principle of functional determinism of the system and its subsystems. The function of a system (or subsystem) is a factor forming it (a system-forming factor - SOF).
III. The principle of genetic-hierarchical structural-level organization of the system.
The principle of structural-level organization. Following it is considered necessary for any modern research, both theoretical and empirical. This principle assumes that any relatively complex system has several levels of organization, each of which has its own structure and mechanisms.
The structural-genetic principle was formulated later than others. In accordance with it, each qualitative stage in the phylogenesis of a living self-developing system is fixed in its structure and represents the next level of its organization.
IV. The principle of vertical regulation of genetic-hierarchical levels in the system has two components:
a) the original, more general laws of the lower levels are preserved at the upper levels with certain restrictions. Their preservation does not mean immutability; imposed restrictions generate particular variants general laws. Examples of this are the famous phenomena of Piaget and the levels of actual perceptogenesis identified by Becker;
b) the upper levels in the structural organization influence the functioning of the lower levels. As a rule, correction is carried out according to the negative feedback mechanism (positive feedback are very rare). in neurology and mental activity the inhibitory effect of overlying formations on the underlying ones was discovered by I. M. Sechenov
General principles systems approach in psychology can be supplemented by a number of definitions that are essential in developing the theory of a systemic object.
1. Definition of the system in its optimal version. It is known that on early stages recognition of a system, it is not always possible to give a complete definition of it, and only at the mature stages of cognition is it possible to define it in the form of a genus-species construction, taking into account the fundamental functions of the cognizable.
2. The components of the system are primarily its constituent elements. These are mental formations that have a certain degree of independence and therefore stand out in the system as its composition.
3. Structure of the system. It is understood as subsystems, each of which provides some fundamental function and combines for this a number of components of the psyche that appeared in the process of evolution.
4. The functions of the system are those relations of the system with the environment (or subsystems with the metasystem), which explain the purpose of the appearance of the system (or subsystems).
5. Properties of the system - those qualitative features by which the system stands out from the environment (or a subsystem from a metasystem).
6. System-forming and system-forming factors. System-forming factors external to the system determine its emergence. System-forming factors are those object properties of reality that enable the system (or subsystem) to form.
7. Genesis and evolution (origin and development) of the system.
Similar information.
The principle of consistency and the approach to the study of mental phenomena based on it cause an ambiguous attitude among psychologists. Some consider the systematic approach as a manifestation of conjuncture or scientific fashion, others identify it with allegedly failed Marxist methodology, others believe that any psychological research turns out to be systemic in one way or another, and reformulating the problems of psychology in non-specific terms is unlikely to advance their solution. The experience of domestic and foreign research shows, however, that the role of the systems approach in psychology and its real possibilities look more optimistic.
Speaking of a systematic approach as such, they usually imply a special position of the researcher and an arsenal of means that fix the subject under study as multi-qualitative, integral and changing. The dynamic unity of the various, that is, the system, is analyzed in terms of elements and structure, part and whole, organization and coordination, development, hierarchy and heterarchy, dimensions and levels, as well as in other terms that express the modern structure of any positive science. The specificity of the system cognition method lies in the possibility of describing and explaining integral formations reality (wholeness). This determines the heuristic potential of this approach and the limits of its application. According to the principle of systemicity, the studied phenomena are considered from the point of view of the whole and have properties that cannot be derived from its fragments or parts. The logic of integrity, synthesis, mutual transitions and mutual inclusions comes to the fore.
1.1. Background of systems research in the psyche
Story psychological science in many ways acts as a history of the search for alternatives to the atomistic, essentially asystemic point of view on the nature of the psyche and behavior. This point of view was most consistently implemented by the empirical psychology of consciousness and classical behaviorism, which postulated the existence of initial elements (sensations, reactions) united by external connections (associations), as well as the conditionality of the psyche and behavior by rigid causal relations. The consequence of this approach was the spread of reductionism (physiological, logical, sociological, cybernetic, informational), the danger of losing the specifics of the subject of psychology and the crisis of the methodological foundations of psychological science. Actually, overcoming this crisis is connected with the development (mostly unconsciously) of a systematic view of the subject of psychological knowledge. Starting with Gestalt psychology, the criteria of scientificity are increasingly associated not so much with the analytical as with the synthetic, holistic approach that inscribes the psyche into the system of life connections and relationships of a person, on the one hand, and emphasizes the independence of the whole relative to its constituent components, on the other. Significant steps in revealing the systemic nature of the psyche in domestic science made by B. G. Ananiev, V. M. Bekhterev, L. S. Vygotsky, A. R. Luria, V. F. Merlin, S. L. Rubinshtein, B. M. Teplov, A. A. Ukhtomsky and others The system analysis of behavior and activity is steadily connected with the names of P. K. Anokhina, A. N. Leontiev, N. A. Bernstein and others. B. F. Lomov worked in the same methodological vein, considering systemicity as the main regulator of psychological knowledge.
The relevance of systemic research in psychology is due to a number of circumstances.
