How nature is protected. Protect nature to save your life. In the process of long-term use of natural resources, general principles and rules for the rational use and protection of nature have been developed.

What is musat?

Musat is a tool for straightening knife blades.

Why edit a knife blade?

To avoid frequent sharpening, which removes a large number of metal, and the blade grinds. After working with hard objects - for example, a cutting board, the cutting edge of the knife may wrinkle. To correct it, as well as to strengthen and improve the geometry, editing is used.

What are musats?

Musats are ceramic, steel with notches and smooth, diamond. You can also select pocket musat and V-shaped sharpeners, which work on the same principle.

And which musat is better?

Each is suitable for their tasks.

And in more detail?

Ceramic musats ideal for quick and efficient dressing of kitchen knives, suitable for knives made of steels of any hardness. When choosing between smooth and rough ceramics, remember that rough ceramic musat is intended more for sharpening knives, and not for dressing.

Steel musat suitable for knives made of steel of low hardness. Steel blades with a smooth surface are the most gentle on the knife, as they do not remove metal at all, but they are more difficult to use for a beginner. Notched musats are the most affordable and are very often found in knife sets.

Diamond musats It's more of a sharpening tool than a straightening tool. They quickly return sharpness, but quickly grind off the blade, which is why they are often used by professional butchers, for whom knives are consumables.

Pocket musat allow you to edit the knife in field conditions.

V-shaped sharpener consists of two ceramic rods mounted on the base at the right angle. It is very easy to use because it does not require setting and maintaining the correct sharpening angle.

How often should you use Musat?

Editing is a preventive procedure that must be done regularly.

How to use Musat?

Very simple. We will show.

Man is a part of nature, therefore environmental protection is the most important task of mankind. The ill-considered interference of man in the natural balance has led to terrible consequences: desertification and depletion of soils, shallowing of rivers and lakes, disappearance of forests, plants, animals, birds and fish. In this lesson, we will learn about which international organizations are engaged in environmental issues, and talk about why their work is so important.

Exist abiotic factors- inanimate nature, and biotic factors - wildlife (Fig. 2). They affect each other and the person as well.

All living organisms are located in a certain way on the surface of the Earth, forming biosphere(the living shell of the Earth), which includes the upper layers of the lithosphere, the entire hydrosphere and atmosphere up to the ozone layer (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Biosphere ()

This is the source from which a person draws everything necessary for life. Ancient people did not have agriculture and industry, but relied on nature, completely dependent on it (Fig. 5, 6).

But over time, people learned to work the fields and raise livestock, built cities with factories and plants (Fig. 7-10).

This gave man a sense of power over the world and nature, a sense of independence from natural factors. With the help of technology, man began to change nature to suit his needs, but over time he began to notice that the once dense forests thinned out, herds of wild animals decreased, and some animals disappeared altogether, many rivers and lakes became shallow, and deserts began to approach cities and villages, soil fertility has declined. Then a person began to think about the reasons that led to such consequences, making the Earth unsafe for present and future generations of people.

To avoid extinction, we must try to save all life on Earth. Scientists argue that before the existence of man, one species of living things disappeared in a thousand years, and in the period from 1850 to 1950. every 10 years, a living species disappeared, and now one living species (plants, animals, microorganisms) disappears every day.

People need to fight against the disappearance of forests, since trees and other green plants produce the oxygen necessary for all living things, which is why forests are called the "lungs of the planet" (Fig. 11).

It is also necessary to fight deserts. Over the past 50 years alone, the area of deserts around the world has increased so much that it has reached the size of half South America. On the verge of becoming a barren desert is 1/5 of the Earth's land mass in more than 100 countries. For example, the African Sahara desert annually moves south by 10 km (Fig. 12).

Rice. 12. Sahara Desert ()

In Russia, desertification every year removes up to 50,000 hectares of land from agricultural use.

It is essential to protect the Earth from various kinds pollution. Solving environmental problems is one of the most important tasks of modern man.

The more often a person faced with the impoverishment of the Earth, the more he understood the need to preserve the natural balance and respect for the laws of nature, respect for natural resources.

Initially, people protected nature unconsciously, protecting their cultivated lands from the raids of other tribes. In the laws of Babylon King Hammurabi rules for the protection of forests and recommendations for compliance with these rules were prescribed (Fig. 13).

Rice. 13. Hammurabi ()

For illegal felling of trees in the forests of a foreign tribe, a considerable fee was supposed to be charged from the culprit.

During Middle Ages feudal lords introduced fines for shooting game in their forests. In Rus', the regulation of hunting appeared under Yaroslav the Wise(Fig. 14).

Rice. 14. Yaroslav the Wise ()

Back in the 13th century, peculiar laws on environmental protection were formed in the Vladimir-Volyn principality. On the territory of Belovezhskaya Pushcha, hunting for all kinds of animals was completely prohibited (Fig. 15).

Rice. 15. Belovezhskaya Pushcha ()

It was the first reserve -.

During the reign Alexey Mikhailovich hunting bans for some species of animals and nature protection laws were introduced (Fig. 16).

Rice. 16. Alexey Mikhailovich ()

In pre-Petrine times, forests were cut down to free land for arable land. But by order Peter I forests were carefully guarded as material for shipbuilding (Fig. 17).

Several decrees were issued, where it was forbidden to cut down and burn forests, to graze livestock in them. An office was created in St. Petersburg, which monitored the safety of forests located along the rivers. Violators were severely punished. Peter I cared not only about the protection of existing forests, but also about planting new ones, he planted many trees with his own hands. At his request in Voronezh region was planted (Fig. 18).

Rice. 18. Thorns forest ()

In 1702, by order of Peter I, a Pharmacy Garden, and in 1714 in St. Petersburg (Fig. 19, 20).

Not only plants, but animals fell under the protection of the decrees of Peter I. The tsar paid much attention to the problems of maintaining soil fertility, protecting canals and river banks from erosion.

environmental protection is an important task for all mankind. Solving environmental problems requires a well-established the international cooperation. Therefore, states create special international treaties in order to work together to protect and save nature.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora is an international governmental agreement that came into effect on July 1, 1975. The purpose of the Convention is to ensure that international trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. This agreement provides various degrees of protection for more than 33,000 species of animals and plants.

On this moment Many international organizations have been created that deal with environmental protection problems.

World Wildlife Fund(Eng. World Wildlife Fund, abbr. WWF) - founded in 1961, international public organization subsidizing actions for the protection and study of endangered and rare species of animals, plants and their habitats. The emblem of this organization depicts a giant panda - one of the rare animals that are on the verge of extinction (Fig. 21). There are branches of the World Wildlife Fund in every state, they all oversee projects to preserve the nature of these regions.

Greenpeace(from the English Greenpeace - Green World) - founded in 1971, an independent international public organization that aims to preserve the environment (Fig. 22). Greenpeace opposes nuclear testing and radiation threats, pollution of the environment by industrial waste, protection of wildlife, etc. Greenpeace acts on public opinion through the press, educational institutions, conducts non-violent protests, seeking solutions from industrial companies and governments on specific environmental problems.

United Nations Environment Program - UNEP(United Nations Environment Program). It operates on a permanent basis with headquarters in Nairobi (Kenya) (Fig. 23).

UNESCO(United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization) carries out work on the program "Man and the Biosphere", conducts research on socio-economic factors of development and the relationship between man and the environment (Fig. 24).

In the next lesson, we will learn what is called folk craft, get acquainted with some of the types of folk crafts, and talk about the connection of crafts with the nature of each particular region.

Bibliography

Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. World around 3. - M.: Ballas.
Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around 3. - M .: Publishing house "Fedorov".
Pleshakov A.A. The world around 3. - M .: Education.

Social network of educators Nsportal.ru ().
Rudocs.exdat.com().
Poznanie21.ru ().

Homework

Give a detailed answer to the question "Why is it necessary to protect nature, protect the environment?".
Prepare a short report about one of the international organizations involved in nature conservation.
* Develop an environmental program outline for your region.

Fucking nature like scientific field knowledge, reveals the essence of ecological processes, helps to anticipate possible violations of the ecological balance, make the right decisions and effective measures to restore it.[ ...]

The protection of nature (and the environment) consists in a system of measures to preserve the ecological niches of living organisms, including humans.[ ...]

NATURE PROTECTION - a set of international, state, regional, administrative, economic, political and public activities aimed at regional use, reproduction and conservation natural resources Earth and the nearest outer space in the interests of existing and future generations of people.[ ...]

Nature protection is a general designation of measures (technological, economic, biotechnical, administrative-legal, international, educational, etc.). providing the possibility of preserving nature's resource- and environment-reproducing functions, the gene pool, as well as the preservation of non-renewable natural resources. This system is also aimed at maintaining a rational interaction between human activities and the natural environment, and preventing direct and indirect impact of the results of society's activities on nature and human health. Nature protection is closely connected with nature management. Important principles of nature conservation are: negative consequences), complexity, ubiquity, territorial differentiation and scientific validity.[ ...]

The department of nature protection of the SNPZ together with the NP STC "Bionika" carried out bioremediation of the soil of barn No. 5: when filling it with "clean soil", activated sludge was introduced from the treatment facilities of the enterprise itself with the addition of sawdust and mineral fertilizers. In 2000, the field was sown with rye. Uneven seedlings were obtained - from plots with high yields to almost none.[ ...]

Legal protection of nature is the establishment by the state of legal norms and legal relations arising on their basis, aimed at the implementation of measures to preserve the natural environment, rational use of natural resources, improve the human environment in the interests of present and future generations. Legal protection is carried out by enshrining in the relevant laws a list of objects of nature, introducing preventive, prohibitive, punitive and incentive norms, regulating the forms and methods of monitoring the state of the environment, fulfilling the requirements for its protection, determining the nature of responsibility and methods of compensation for damage caused to nature.[ . ..]

Monuments of nature are not independent legal entities. Ensuring the regimes of protection and use established for them is entrusted to the institutions on whose lands they are located. Control over compliance with the regime of protection and use should be carried out by state environmental protection authorities.[ ...]

First, nature conservation is a complex scientific discipline developing general principles and methods of conservation and restoration of natural resources, including the protection of land, water, atmosphere, natural complexes, flora and fauna. Secondly, nature conservation is a system of measures aimed at maintaining rational interaction between human activities and the natural environment, ensuring the conservation and restoration of natural resources, preventing direct or indirect impact of the results of society's activities on the natural environment and human health (GOST 17.00.01 -76).[ ...]

The concept of "nature protection" includes not only the natural environment, but also the environment transformed by man (cities, parks, gardens, recreational complexes, industrial zones, etc.), i.e. the entire environment as a combination of biotic, abiotic and social environments, the natural and man-made material world (Tetior A.N., 1992), the latter is sometimes understood as “second nature”.[ ...]

Reimers N.F. Nature Conservation and human environment Wednesday: Dictionary-reference. - M.: Enlightenment, 1992.[ ...]

In 2001, the Department of Nature Protection of the Saratov Oil Refinery and graduate School environmental education conducted detailed surveys to identify the dependence of the crop on all of the above parameters in order to determine their regulations - hydrogeological studies of soils were carried out at the base - up to a three-meter depth, the biocenosis of the arable layer was determined by plots, heavy metals, the content of Na, K, P. [ . ..]

In the general problem of nature conservation and rational use natural resources, an important place is occupied by the protection of soils from chemical pollution, the reclamation of polluted lands.[ ...]

The most important problems of nature protection are: protection of the atmosphere and natural waters from pollution by harmful substances, noise control, protection of subsoil and rational use of natural resources, ensuring radiation safety, protection of the gene pool of plants and animals, global monitoring of various anthropogenic pollutants, etc. “Nature in all its forms must be protected. Protecting the beautiful Russian landscape is the landscape that has played and is playing a huge role in shaping the character of the Russian people, in the fact that this people is infinitely talented and courageous ”(K. Paustovsky).[ ...]

Zakhlebny A. N. School and problems of nature conservation: The content of environmental education. - M., 1991.[ ...]

In our country, the soil, as well as nature and its resources in general, is protected by the state. Laws on the protection of nature and soils are in place in all Union republics. The Law “On the Protection of Nature in the RSFSR” adopted in 1960 states: “Nature protection is the most important state task and the business of the whole people.” In this law, land is indicated as the first object of nature to be protected. It is further noted that all lands are subject to protection, especially arable lands assigned to land users as the main means of production in agriculture.[ ...]

The entire organization of state conservation of nature in our country is currently being built on the basis of all-Union laws on nature protection and the corresponding laws of the Union republics. The first law on nature protection in the RSFSR was adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR on October 27, 1960. Similar laws were adopted in other union republics. According to these laws, the objects of nature protection are land, subsoil, water, forests and other vegetation, green spaces in settlements, typical landscapes, resort areas, forest park protective belts and suburban green areas, rare and noteworthy objects, wildlife, atmospheric air. Laws on the protection of nature provide for strict liability for both the heads of enterprises and departments, and individual citizens for the misuse or damage to natural resources.[ ...]

The primary task in the field of nature protection at the enterprises of the oil and gas industry is the comprehensive and consistent reduction of emissions of harmful substances into the main elements of the biosphere and bringing them up to the established standards in the coming years 121.[ ...]

The most important document on the legal basis of nature protection is the Constitution of the USSR. It focuses the environmental policy of our state on the observance of the interests of the present and future generations of people, regulates social relations in the field of interaction between man and his environment.[ ...]

The first reaction to the irreversible destruction of nature (though very belated) was the desire to at least partially preserve, conserve natural systems. In 1872, the famous Yellowstone Park-Reserve with an area of about 9 thousand km2 was founded in the USA. In 1898, the zoological and acclimatization park (garden) Askania-Nova was created in Russia and virgin lands were declared protected areas. At the beginning of the 20th century, nature protection societies began to form both in Europe and in Russia, environmental commissions - for example, under the Russian geographical society.[ ...]

A new important stage in the further improvement of nature conservation and the rational use of natural resources, as already mentioned, was the decisions of the XXV Congress of the CPSU: “... you can use nature in different ways,” L. I. Brezhnev said at the congress. the history of mankind knows many examples of this - leaving barren, lifeless, hostile spaces behind it. But it is possible and necessary, comrades, to ennoble nature, to help nature to reveal its vital forces more fully. There is such a simple, well-known expression "blooming land". This is the name of the land where the knowledge, experience of people, their affection, their love for nature truly work wonders. This is our socialist path”2.[ ...]

Principles of A. G. Bannikov: 1 - the main direction of nature conservation - protection in the process of its use; 2 - an integrated approach to the use of natural resources; 3 - regional approach to the use of natural resources.[ ...]

To regulatory legislative documents for nature protection include environmental quality standards that establish the optimal characteristics of the natural environment, achieved with current level technological progress and ensuring the preservation of public health, the development of animals and flora. The main tasks of the system of standards in the field of nature protection are: ensuring the safety of natural complexes; promotion of restoration and rational use of natural resources; promoting a balance between the development of production and the sustainability of the environment; improvement of environmental quality management in the interests of humanity.[ ...]

The desire to harmonize the use of forests with the laws of nature conservation forces specialists to recognize the patterns of development of forest communities. Establishing relationships between the forest and the environment, the silvicultural characteristics of the main species and their combination, the development of forest care and harvesting methods, along with the rational use of harvested products and reproduction of the forest, as well as methods for controlling the quality of forest products, are the main tasks of specialists who optimize ecological forest management.[ ...]

It follows from this law that the ultimate task of the so-called conservation of nature is the preservation of the biosphere as the natural and only habitat human society.[ ...]

International scientific and technical cooperation in the field of nature protection is integral part connections with foreign countries. It includes the exchange of experience and research results, the intensification of development, the international division of labor, the development and implementation of collective measures to reduce the transboundary transfer of harmful substances, etc.[ ...]

Purposefulness of technological and organizational methods of nature protection in the process industrial production and construction is of a managerial nature and contributes to the strict observance of the production regulations in strict accordance with the established criteria.[ ...]

Environmental legislation should establish the priority of protecting nature and public health over other types of activity, formulate principles and establish uniform rules and procedures for conducting economic activities for all forms of ownership in order to ensure this priority, primarily with the help of economic management methods. This requires an adequate introduction of appropriate changes and additions to the legislation related to the use of natural resources: laws on state enterprise, on property, on conversion, etc.[ ...]

In 1948, at the initiative of the United Nations, the International Council for the Protection of Nature (ICW) was established on the basis of the Brussels International Bureau for Nature Conservation. Since 1959, it has become known as the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).[ ...]

Naturally arising due to certain historical conditions, the problem of nature protection is a vital and absolutely urgent problem of mankind, which, like the problems of disarmament and detente, has no reasonable alternative. It does not belong to the number of far-fetched problems, is not the fruit of someone's imagination or idle hobbies. Its occurrence is predetermined by the whole course of the previous community development. Further development of the productive forces of society not only does not remove this problem, but, on the contrary, requires even more attention to it.[ ...]

Among the international non-governmental organizations, the IUCN is the most important ( international union protection of nature and natural resources), established in 1948, the main activities of which are the publication of the Red Books of rare and endangered species of organisms, the organization of nature reserves and national natural parks, environmental education, etc.[ ...]

The sources of environmental law are the following legal documents: 1) the Constitution; 2) laws and codes in the field of nature protection; 3) Decrees and orders of the President on issues of ecology and nature management; government environmental regulations; 4) regulations ministries and departments; 5) regulatory decisions of the authorities local government.[ ...]

We started this book with the substantiation of two cornerstone postulates of modern nature management: firstly, to protect nature means to use it correctly, i.e., to use it in an environmentally correct way, and secondly, nature protection (or environmental protection) is the business of responsible professionals of each nature management industries at their workplaces. The second condition, obviously, provides for the need for ecological thinking of specialists, which is based on knowledge of the fundamental foundations of ecology, which was the subject of the previous chapters of the book.[ ...]

Our “home”, in which humanity lives, consists not only of a natural complex (which includes a person as part of nature), but also of a cultural complex (we will call it conditionally “human culture”, although there is also a culture created by animals and plants). the world). We live in an environment of historical monuments, works of art, results scientific research, technical advances. Therefore, ecology consists of two parts: the protection of nature and the protection of culture. The latter is all the more important because it concerns the very essence of man. Man is a part of nature, but he is also a part of a culture created over millennia.[ ...]

An example of the successful work of enterprises aimed at protecting the natural environment is the activities of the environmental protection department created in the Nitron production association to coordinate the work of shops, services, departments, and a sanitary laboratory. The Department of Nature Protection identifies sources of pollution, conducts re-certification Wastewater and an inventory of emission sources, compiles a material balance for all types of waste. As a result of his work, the amount of pollution discharged into the river has been significantly reduced.[ ...]

Obviously, in the last definition, the defining part is wider than the defined part: the words "environment" appear in it. The word "nature" refers more to the natural world, while "environment" means not only the natural, but also the world created or transformed by man: it includes man-made landscapes, residential areas, industrial complexes. Therefore, along with the concept of "nature protection", another concept is now more often used - "environmental protection".[ ...]

In the middle and senior grades, when studying the integrated courses "Health and the Environment", "Biosphere and Man", "Fundamentals of Ecology", "Human Ecology", "Nature and Culture", "Environmental Protection", the moral orientation of the student in his relationship with nature. Here the foundations of a dialectical understanding of the unity of nature and society are laid, and nature protection is considered as part of the general culture of man. At this stage, a modern worldview is formed, which is based on integrative knowledge about the surrounding world and manifests itself in responsible, active behavior based on the belief in the need to protect the natural environment. The role of ecological practice is important.[ ...]

The transition from fishing to reproduction is the immediate prospect of forestry. Forestry resources will be practically exhausted in 2000 (deforestation, as stated in the World Strategy for Conservation of Nature, proceeds at a rate of 20 hectares per minute and on a global scale exceeds wood growth by 18 times). The planet's forest cover will decrease for several more years at a rate of about 1% per year and will become critical with a global forest area of about 20% of the land area. After that, people will begin to intensively grow forests not only for recreation and getting wood, but also “for oxygen”, the resources of which, although far from being exhausted, are melting before our eyes.[ ...]

In our country, great importance is attached to the protection of the lithosphere, the protection of the subsoil and their rational use. In this regard, we can point to a number of important documents adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR - "On measures to further improve the protection of nature and the rational use of natural resources" (1972), "On measures to further strengthen the protection of subsoil and improve the use of minerals" (1975).[ ...]

In accordance with the Law Russian Federation"On standardization" annually, the competent bodies involved in standardization draw up a program to develop new and revise existing standards (GOST) in the field of nature protection, environmental quality, the activities of enterprises, organizations, institutions and the behavior of citizens, the relevant terminology and regulatory legal acts governing nature protection. This program consists of a set of standards in the field of atmospheric protection (“Atmosphere”), protection and rational use of waters (“Hydrosphere”), rational use of biological resources (“Biological Resources”), protection and rational use of soils (“Soils”), improvement use of land (“Land”), protection of flora (“Flora”) and fauna (“Fauna”), protection and transformation of landscapes (“Landscapes”), rational use and protection of subsoil (“Subsoil”), disposal of industrial and household waste ( "Waste"), etc.[ ...]

Kamid extract is a turpentine yield stimulant based on fodder yeast, the production of which was launched in 1991 at the Arkhangelsk hydrolysis plant in scientific and technical cooperation with the Arkhangelsk Institute of Forestry and Wood Chemistry and NPC Nature Protection.[ ...]

The manager and specialist of agricultural production of any profile, carrying out certain technological operations that ensure an increase in agricultural production, must first of all provide for their impact on nature, because the process of using and protecting nature is a single process.[ ...]

Environmental issues occupied a prominent place in the work of the Helsinki Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. In the Final Act, an entire section is dedicated to the environment. In him political leaders countries of Europe and North America emphasized that “the protection and improvement of the environment, as well as the protection of nature and the rational use of its resources for the benefit of present and future generations, is one of the tasks of great importance for the well-being of peoples and economic development of all countries, and many environmental problems, in particular in Europe, can only be effectively solved through close international cooperation”3.[ ...]

In our country, systematic work is underway to study erosion processes and develop measures to combat it. Special research institutes, experimental stations and strongholds have been organized, major measures are being taken on a nationwide scale to protect soils and protect them from erosion. All the Union republics adopted laws on the protection of nature and soils, which emphasize that nature protection is the most important state task and the work of all the people. Great importance for the practical implementation of measures for the protection of soils, the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On urgent measures to protect soils from wind and water erosion” adopted in 1967 has. The resolution specifies a set of organizational, economic, agrotechnical, forest reclamation and hydrotechnical measures that must be applied to combat soil erosion, taking into account specific local soil and climatic conditions.[ ...]

Looking ahead, I will note that the further presentation is built according to the scheme: the internal laws of the living and its separate parts - organisms, their relationship with the environment, the composition of populations, communities, ecosystems, the geographical display of these relationships, the general laws of the organization of the ecosphere and biosphere of the Earth, maintaining its reliability, evolutionary laws, interrelationships in the totality of man - nature, the main features of socio-ecological patterns, rules and restrictions on nature management, theoretical principles protection of nature and the human environment.[ ...]

The Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR established strict rules, according to which chemical treatments of crops, plantations and other lands are carried out only after a preliminary examination of them, determining the degree of damage by pests, and also settlement with beneficial insect species. Residents of nearby settlements, local Councils of People's Deputies, as well as relevant services (veterinary, nature conservation, etc.) are notified in advance about the start of work with pesticides.[ ...]

In 1960-1970, the Fundamentals of Land Legislation were adopted USSR and the union republics" (1968), Fundamentals of the legislation of the USSR and the union republics on health care (1969), "Fundamentals of the water legislation of the USSR and the union republics" (1970), "Fundamentals of the legislation of the USSR and the union republics on subsoil” (1975), “Fundamentals of Forest Legislation of the USSR and Union Republics” (1977). An important environmental document is the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On measures to further improve nature conservation and rational use of natural resources" (September 1972). These documents define an integrated approach to solving the problems of nature protection and rational use of natural resources in all sectors National economy, functions are distributed between ministries and departments in the field of planning and control over the implementation of environmental measures and the state of the natural environment.[ ...]

The verification of the correctness of the identification of invertebrates was carried out by T.N. Gridina and V.E. Efimik (Perm State University), B.R. Striganova, S.I. Golovach and A.R. Grabeklis (Institute of Problems of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences), for which we express our sincere gratitude to them. The authors are deeply grateful to B.M. Mirkin for scientific editing of the book, B.R. Striganova and G.M. Khanislamova for valuable advice in preparing the text of the monograph, L.K. Sadovnikova, N.Z. Pershina, S.I. Reshetnikov (Department of Soil Chemistry, Moscow State University) for completing chemical analyzes. We also express our heartfelt gratitude to the managers and employees of the environmental protection departments of all enterprises where the authors conducted their research.[ ...]

IN study guide considered theoretical basis, methods and specific ways of translating graphic information into electronic formats understandable to information and computer technology, digitizing images. Made brief analysis development history and state of the art methods and ways of digitization, their connection with specific GIS - software products of different manufacturers. The general principles of entering graphic information and its use in the process of analyzing spatially defined information, both separately and in combination with attributive data for solving typical problems of forestry and agriculture, the forest industry and nature conservation in Russia, the countries of the European Community, Eastern Europe, USA and Canada. Techniques and guidelines on digitization and use of images obtained as a result of remote sensing in GIS technologies of general and special purpose. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of raster and vector formats of graphic images and the peculiarities of their use in solving specific problems.[ ...]

Industrial effluents (industrial wastewater) and fecal effluents from social facilities are characterized by a number of parameters: quantity (in kg or l), physicochemical properties from dissolved, emulsified or suspended substances, their degree of toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, alkalinity or acidity , organoleptic characteristics - smell, color, taste. Industrial wastes are divided into conditionally clean (from the cooling of process equipment) and dirty (from other workshops, sites, construction sites, etc.). Conditionally clean effluents are cooled in settling tanks or cooling towers, cleaned from suspensions and oils, and then returned to production with a limited additive cold water(evaporative loss). Such a process is called a closed cycle of water consumption; from the point of view of nature protection, it is the most harmless. Dirty industrial effluents are diverted to treatment facilities through sewer collectors, solid fractions are removed from them, oil products are filtered out, then they are disinfected and sent to deep cleaning devices or settling tanks.[ ...]

Biosphere reserves - within the framework of the UNESCO program, they are an international form of protected areas, which began to be created in 1973. The status of state natural biosphere reserves has reserves that are included in international system biosphere reserves that carry out global environmental monitoring. Biosphere reserves are designed to be preserved in their natural form natural ecosystems and their gene pool, as well as for constant monitoring of the state and course of various processes in unchanged (or slightly modified) typical areas of the biosphere. The principle scheme is as follows: in the center is the core (absolutely protected area), a buffer zone is allocated around (protected, on which economic activity is partially limited), and behind it is a zone of ordinary, but strictly rational economic use of the territory. Therefore, on the territory of biosphere reserves, nature protection is combined with fundamental research work in the field of nature management and environmental protection. Currently, there are more than 300 biosphere reserves in the world, including 17 reserves in Russia (Astrakhansky, Baikalsky, Barguzinsky, Voronezhsky, Caucasian, Kronotsky, Laplandsky, Oksky, Pechoro-Ilychsky, Sikhote-Alinsky, Prioksko-Terrasny, Central Black Earth, etc.).

The protection of nature and the environment is currently a topical issue. In the context of globalization, expansion of production capacities, increase in emissions of hazardous, air-poisoning wastes, issues of protection natural objects are engaged both at the level of organizations, and on a national and global scale.

Over the past decades, numerous studies have been carried out related to the search for causes and solutions to the problems of polluted air, water, and soil. However, environmental pollution remains an important issue.

What natural objects are protected

Air, waters of the oceans, earth - those components without which life is unthinkable. Pollution of these facilities leads to a deterioration in the quality of life of people.

The chemical composition of the atmosphere changed during historical development Earth. Industrial enterprises play an important role in determining the composition of the atmosphere. Vehicles also negatively affect the air. Salts of heavy metals accumulate in the atmosphere: mercury, copper, chromium, lead. Especially dangerous is the activity of large organizations of the heavy and chemical industries, thermal power plants. Because of this, the atmosphere contains a lot of carbon dioxide, ash, and dust.

Soil pollution is also a huge problem. It is associated with huge turnovers of mining, with mining, construction, road construction.

In addition, there are also difficulties in agro-industrial activities associated with a rational approach to soil use. Her beneficial features are lost during frequent plowing, which can lead to flooding of sown areas, and then to an increase in salts. Further, soil erosion gradually manifests itself. Illiterate use of fertilizers, pesticides leads to the introduction of toxic substances into the soil.

Due to car exhausts, which contain a lot of lead, it also settles in soils, disrupting the natural relationships of the ecosystem. Waste from mines causes an increase in the content of copper, zinc, and other metals in the soil. The activities and associated waste from power plants and nuclear enterprises cause the release of radioactive isotopes into the soil.

The above problems are acute due to the fact that dangerous compounds can enter the human body with food grown on unsafe soil. This can lead to a decrease in immunity, various diseases.

Oil spills, debris, pesticides, toxic salts, drugs, radioactive elements lead to water pollution. This is all connected with the activities of fishing vessels, farming, hydroelectric, chemical, oil companies.

The quality of the waters deteriorates during the production of electricity, when the waste liquid with an elevated temperature is released into the reservoirs. As a result, the temperature of the water rises.

In addition, as a result of mudflows and floods, magnesium is washed out of the soil and enters the ocean, which harms the inhabitants. Currently, water sources are protected with the help of treatment facilities.

Legislation

Environmental law is an independent branch with a set of legal norms for regulating relations in terms of the protection of natural objects, as well as the rational use of natural resources.

The fundamental normative document in the field of legislation is the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Thus, according to Article 42, any person has the right to a favorable natural environment, true information about its condition, as well as to be compensated for the damage caused due to environmental offenses. According to Article 58, citizens of Russia are obliged to preserve nature and take care of plants, animals, and other objects of nature.

The Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation determines the goals, objectives, directions for carrying out state measures in the field of ecology for a long period of time. In addition, it operates the federal law"On Environmental Protection", which defines the rights of citizens and state bodies in this area, as well as the principles of protection of natural objects. It is concretized and supplemented by the Federal Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air", the Land Code of the Russian Federation, which regulates the protection of land, as well as environmental protection from possible harmful effects when using land resources. The Forest Code of the Russian Federation also operates within its competence.

The use and safety of water bodies is regulated by the Water Code of the Russian Federation. Also, information can be clarified in the Federal Law "On Subsoil", "On the Wildlife", "On Specially Protected Natural Territories". There are other legislative acts that regulate and explain the mutual relations of people when using natural resources.

Citizens need to remember about property, disciplinary, administrative, as well as criminal liability in cases of violation of the rules and regulations on nature protection.

Security

Protected areas in our country have existed for a long time. This is necessary for the protection of special areas, for the study and conservation of especially valuable natural objects.

There are biosphere reserves, of which there are 16 in the country, natural national parks, necessary for people to relax and promote environmental knowledge. There are a little more than 100 state natural reserves in the Russian Federation. The largest of them is the Great Arctic State Forest with an area of more than 4 million hectares, and the youngest is the Kologriv Forest.

To date, there are 34 national parks, some of which are included in the World Heritage List: Valdai, Samarskaya Luka, Baikal, Elbrus region, etc. The largest area is national park"Udege legend" in Primorsky Krai (more than 86 km 2).

Territories and water areas protected only by individual elements are called reserves. Currently, there are 69 of them, the most famous of which are Tseisky, Azov, Khingan-Arkharin and others.

There are environmental organizations in Russia, the largest and most influential of which is the All-Russian Society for the Conservation of Nature. Much attention is paid to educating citizens about ecology, drawing attention to natural problems, and monitoring how the norms of environmental acts are observed.

In addition to the above, the Nature Conservation Team, created in 1960 at the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University, also functions. The main areas of work are explanations in order to increase the environmental education of people, to hold protest actions against the destruction of individual objects, and to help in the fight against forest fires.

It should also be noted that scientific organizations (Russian, branch academies of sciences, state bodies for science and technology) that have divisions with activities for the improvement of natural objects, the rational use and reproduction of natural resources.

Lesov

As a result of fires, garbage emissions, the number of trees, plants, forest plantations is reduced. As a result of this factor, new forest generations will be less diverse, which will reduce their resistance to adverse conditions. This problem can be combated by studying the population composition of forests. The use and restoration of the number of trees should be accompanied by the maximum possible preservation of the principle of natural reproduction of this population. In 1997, the "Nechkinsky" park was formed with pine forests, lakes, rivers, meadows and swamps.

A person can independently join the protection of nature in the city by finding an organization that deals with this. At the same time, it is possible, through independent social responsibility, to clean up after a rest in the forest, save trees, put out fires.

Lands and soils

Soil protection is currently topical issue, as it is directly related to providing people with food. Land protection is a set of organizational, economic, agronomic, technical, reclamation, economic and legal measures to prevent and eliminate processes that worsen the condition of lands, as well as violations of land use procedures.

Soil fertility is reduced due to erosion, destruction of soil layers during mining, construction, etc. A serious type of pollution is road transport with exhaust gases. The problem of soil contamination with radionuclides is especially acute in Belarus, when an accident occurred at Chernobyl nuclear power plant. At the same time, about 23% of the territory became contaminated with radioactive substances.

It is necessary to take preventive measures to prevent negative phenomena, for example, to measure water-salt regimes. When choosing fertilizers, try to stick to those that contain a small part of the pesticide hazard.

Land protection is interconnected with soil protection. Earthworms can be used to restore soils that are polluted by industrial emissions. They neutralize dangerous compounds by absorbing it and returning it to the soil for assimilation by plants in a usable form. In addition, to maintain the optimal condition of the land, planting is used.

Ecological problems

Environmental problems are relevant, as they affect the quality of life of people. Emissions of industrial wastes worsen the condition of the air. In addition, the negative impact occurs due to the combustion of coal, oil, gas, wood. Acid rain occurs, polluting the earth, water bodies. All this affects the increase in cases of oncological and cardiovascular diseases. As a result, some animals die out, ultraviolet solar radiation increases.

Deforestation also serious problem as these cuttings are poorly controlled. Forest ecosystems are being changed to create agricultural land. As a result, the climate becomes drier, a greenhouse effect is formed.

Physical pollution in the form of industrial, household waste leads to soil pollution, as well as surface and groundwater. There are few water treatment facilities in the country and, at the same time, outdated equipment. The seas are polluted with oil products, waste from the chemical industry. As a result, there is a shortage of drinking water, some species of animals, fish, and birds are dying out.

Sources of pollution

The main types of pollution are the following:

biological;
chemical;
physical;
mechanical.

Biological pollution is associated with the activity of living organisms, chemical - with a change in the natural environment. chemical composition contaminated sphere due to the addition chemical substances. Physical and mechanical pollution are associated with human activities.

Household waste is a major problem. On average, a resident of Russia accounts for about 400 kg of municipal solid waste annually. A measure to combat this situation is the recycling of such types of waste as paper, glass. Currently, there are few waste disposal organizations.

Another problem is radioactive contamination, as nuclear power plants have outdated equipment, which can cause accidents. The waste products of these organizations are not sufficiently disposed of, and the radiation of hazardous substances causes mutation, death of the cells of the human body, as well as animals and plants.

Lake Baikal is the source of about 80% of Russia's drinking water. But this water area was harmed by the activity of the paper and pulp mill, which dumped industrial and household waste. The Irkutsk hydroelectric power station also has a negative impact, as a result of which water is polluted, and fish spawning grounds are destroyed.

The video below details the problems associated with air, water and land pollution. Attention is paid to household waste and their impact on the ecosystem as a whole.

Harmful enterprises

A situation has arisen when, in a market economy, the share of industrial organizations is increasing, benefiting the country's economy, and the environment is deteriorating.

The negative impact on nature is caused by the production of the following areas:

metallurgical;
petrochemical;
engineering;
chemical;
agricultural.

Organizations whose activities are related to the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, as a result of which emissions of harmful substances are in the air. A huge amount of wastewater is thrown out by such companies. To eliminate the negative consequences, it is necessary to replace the old treatment facilities with new ones.

Hazardous enterprises and oil companies that pollute soils and surface waters with oil products. According to various estimates, their mass, which enters the seas and oceans annually, reaches 5-10 million tons. These harmful substances cause great damage to fish and animals.

Chemical organizations harm natural objects, since in the production process they use substances that emit harmful elements (nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, etc.) into the atmosphere and water. Water sources are polluted with formaldehydes, phenols, heavy metals, hydrogen sulfide, etc. Some chemical compounds are transferred through food chains, accumulate in the body, therefore, the chemical load on the human body increases.

In agriculture, pig breeding is dangerous due to pollution. Raising sheep also causes damage to the soil, as the sheep eat away the grass. Organizations should be engaged in the restoration of pastures. The use of chemical fertilizers is also dangerous, as they quickly pollute the soil.

Thus, enterprises withdraw natural resources, then allocating various wastes. At the same time, nature can either adapt and recover, or not recover. To maintain a balance, legally establish acceptable standards for the impact of people on the environment. Based on this, the heads of industrial enterprises should be socially responsible, since the activities of companies, which harmful emissions depends on the state of nature and the living beings that live in it.

environmentalists

Inspections

Nature management and protection in Russia are provided and controlled at the federal, regional and local levels. General management bodies carry out environmental activities in general and in their area, and special - in terms of mutual interaction and cooperation between citizens and nature on special issues and individual areas. The federal bodies of general administration are the President, the Federation Council, The State Duma, Government. Specific activities are carried out by the Committee on Ecology, the Committee on Natural Resources and Raw Materials, and the Department of Nature Management and Environmental Protection under the Government.

Special nature conservation authorities include:

State Committee of the Russian Federation for the Protection of the Environment. This committee coordinates the activities of the bodies that carry out environmental functions.
Federal Mining and Industrial Supervision of Russia. Regulates industrial safety, organizes supervision of work in the industrial sphere by authorities and organizations.
Federal Service of Russia for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring. Its activity includes the control of what is around us.
Federal Supervision of Nuclear and Radiation Safety. Controls compliance with environmental protection and radiation safety standards of organizations that use radioactive materials.
Committee for Land Resources and Land Management of the Russian Federation. Designed to control the use of various fertilizers by agro-industrial enterprises.

In general, the listed organizations are called upon to control the activities of businesses, as well as to impose fines for violation of environmental laws.

Protected areas

At present, taking into account the awareness of global environmental problems, measures are being developed to protect nature, prevent and eliminate harmful effects. At the state level, specially protected natural objects are being developed through the creation of state reserves, parks, etc.

In Russia

Over the past 6 years, 14 specially protected natural areas have been created in the Russian Federation, including Beringia, Onega Pomorie, Shantar Islands, etc. They are divided into nature reserves, parks, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments, dendrological parks and botanical gardens, health-improving areas and resorts.

The creation of state nature reserves provided for the fact that these territories are completely withdrawn from use, as they have a special ecological significance.

Parks are environmental institutions, objects that have a special ecological, historical value. They are used in addition to protection for scientific and cultural purposes.

State nature reserves include areas of particular importance for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes, as well as for maintaining the ecological balance. Monuments of nature are unique, irreplaceable objects of nature (for example, Lake Baikal).

Thus, for the protection of nature, it is necessary to withdraw certain objects and water areas from economic use or restrict activities on them. This will ensure the safety of ecological systems.

International protection

In recent centuries, people have significantly changed the world through the development of technology and technology. As a result, the ecological balance has been disturbed, and climate change is taking place. Public organizations have been created to protect the environment.

The international ecological community began its activities in 1913 with the formation of a conference in Switzerland. To a qualitatively new level, activities for nature conservation came out in 1945 with the creation of the United Nations. A separate council worked in the field of international partnership for the protection of biological objects.

To date, Greenpeace and the World Wildlife Fund have been established, which deal with issues of nature management, conservation of plants and animals. The first was created to protest against nuclear tests, and is currently fighting against atmospheric pollution, the conservation of rare species of animals, etc. The World Wildlife Fund covers in its work more than 40 countries of the world, developing projects for the conservation of various forms of life on Earth.

To prevent atmospheric pollution and protect the ozone layer from destruction, the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, the Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents and other documents were concluded.

Antarctica is commonly called the continent of the world. To protect the flora and fauna, to prevent pollution, a Protocol was concluded in 1991 in Madrid.

In general, the object of international legal protection is the whole Earth, as well as outer space, where a person influences the world. In this regard, environmental legal relations are developing among states and international organizations.

Problems of environmental protection concern individual countries and at the same time the whole Earth and can be solved only by the collective mind and by combining the efforts of all people on Earth. Based on the fact that the natural resources of the planet (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, flora, fauna) cannot be divided state borders, the state, within its capabilities, protecting its territory, contributes to the solution of pollution, preventing the disappearance of resources and maintaining the ecosystem.