What are the levels of education. Levels of education in Russia. Levels of professional education. The value of learning in human life

Education in Russian Federation is a single process aimed at educating and educating the future generation. During 2003-2010. the domestic education system has undergone a major reform in accordance with the provisions contained in the Bologna Declaration. In addition to the specialty and postgraduate studies, such levels of RF were introduced as

In 2012, Russia adopted the law “On the Education of the Russian Federation”. Levels education, similar to European states, provide an opportunity for free movement for students and teachers between universities. Another undoubted plus is the possibility of employment in any of the countries that have signed the Bologna Declaration.

purpose, functions

Education is the process and result of the transfer of knowledge and experience that has been accumulated by all previous generations. The main goal of education is to familiarize new members of society with established beliefs and value ideals.

The main functions of training are:

Education of worthy members of society.
Socialization and familiarization of the new generation to the values that have developed in this society.
Ensuring qualified training of young professionals.
Transfer of knowledge related to work, with the help of modern technologies.

Criteria of education

An educated person is one who has accumulated a certain amount of knowledge, is able to clearly determine the causes and consequences of an event, and can think logically at the same time. The main criterion of education can be called the consistency of knowledge and thinking, which is reflected in the ability of a person, reasoning logically, to restore gaps in the knowledge system.

The value of learning in human life

It is with the help of education that the culture of society is transmitted from one generation to another. Education affects all areas of society. An example of such an impact could be the improvement of the education system. New formations in the Russian Federation as a whole will lead to an improvement in the quality of the state's available labor resources, which, in turn, will have a significant impact on the development of the domestic economy. For example, becoming a lawyer will help strengthen the legal culture of the population, since every citizen must know their legal rights and obligations.

High-quality and systematic education, which covers all spheres of human life, allows you to educate a harmonious personality. Education also has a significant impact on the individual. Since at current situation only educated person can climb the social ladder and achieve a high status in society. That is, self-realization is directly interconnected with receiving high-quality training at the highest level.

Education system

The education system in Russia includes a number of organizations. These include institutions:

Pre-school education (development centers, kindergartens).
General education (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums).
Higher educational institutions (universities, research institutes, academies, institutes).
Secondary special (technical schools, colleges).
Non-state.
Additional education.

Principles of the education system

The priority of universal human values.
The basis is cultural and national principles.
Scientific.
Orientation to the features and level of education in the world.
humanistic character.
Focus on environmental protection.
Continuity of education, consistent and continuous nature.
Education should be a unified system of physical and spiritual education.
Encouraging the manifestation of talent and personal qualities.
Mandatory presence of primary (basic) education.

Types of education

According to the level of independent thinking achieved, the following types of training are distinguished:

Preschool - in the family and in preschool institutions (the age of children is up to 7 years).
Primary - carried out in schools and gymnasiums, starting from the age of 6 or 7, lasts from the first to the fourth grades. The child is taught the basic skills of reading, writing and counting, much attention is paid to the development of personality and the acquisition of the necessary knowledge about the world around.
Secondary - includes basic (grades 4-9) and general secondary (grades 10-11). It is carried out in schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. It ends with obtaining a certificate of completion of general secondary education. Students at this stage acquire the knowledge and skills that form a full citizen.
Higher is one of the stages vocational education. The main goal is to train qualified personnel in the necessary areas of activity. It is carried out at a university, academy or institute.

According to the nature and direction of education is:

General. Helps to acquire knowledge of the basics of sciences, in particular about nature, man, society. Gives a person basic knowledge about the world around him, helps to acquire the necessary practical skills.
Professional. At this stage, the knowledge and skills that are necessary for the student to perform labor and service functions are acquired.
Polytechnic. Teaching the basic principles of modern production. Acquisition of skills in the use of simple tools.

Levels of education

The organization of training is based on such a concept as “the level of education in the Russian Federation”. It reflects the division of the training program depending on statistical indicator study by the population as a whole and by each citizen individually. The level of education in the Russian Federation is a completed educational cycle, which is characterized by certain requirements. The federal law "On Education in the Russian Federation" provides for the following levels of general education in the Russian Federation:

Preschool.
Initial.
Main.
Average.

In addition, the following levels of higher education in the Russian Federation are distinguished:

Undergraduate. Enrollment is made on a competitive basis after passing the exam. A student receives a bachelor's degree after he has acquired and confirmed basic knowledge in his chosen specialty. The training lasts 4 years. Upon completion of this level, the graduate can pass special exams and continue his studies as a specialist or master.
Specialty. This stage includes basic education, as well as training in the chosen specialty. On full-time the term of study is 5 years, and part-time - 6. After receiving a specialist diploma, you can continue your studies for a master's degree or enter a graduate school. Traditionally, this level of education in the Russian Federation is considered prestigious and does not differ much from a master's degree. However, when finding employment abroad, it will lead to a number of problems.
Master's degree. This stage produces professionals with a deeper specialization. You can enroll in a master's program after completing a bachelor's and a specialist's degree.
Training of highly qualified personnel. Assumes postgraduate study. This is the necessary preparation for degree Full-time education lasts 3 years, part-time - 4. A degree is awarded upon completion of training, defending a dissertation and passing final exams.

According to the new law, the levels of education in the Russian Federation contribute to the receipt by domestic students of diplomas and supplements to them, which are quoted by higher educational institutions of other states, which means that they make it possible to continue their education abroad.

Forms of education

Education in Russia can be carried out in two forms:

in special educational institutions. It can be carried out in full-time, part-time, part-time, external, remote forms.
Outside educational institutions. It implies self-education and family education. It is envisaged to pass the intermediate and final

Subsystems of education

The learning process combines two interrelated subsystems: training and education. They help to achieve the main goal of the education process - the socialization of a person.

The main difference between these two categories is that education is aimed primarily at the development of the intellectual side of a person, while education, on the contrary, is aimed at value orientations. There is a close relationship between these two processes. In addition, they complement each other.

Quality of higher education

Despite the fact that not so long ago a reform was carried out in the education system of the Russian Federation, there is no particular improvement in the quality of domestic education. Among the main reasons for the lack of progress in improving the quality of educational services are the following:

Outdated management system in higher educational institutions.
A small number of foreign teachers with a high degree of qualification.
Low ranking domestic educational institutions in the world community, which is due to weak internationalization.

Problems relating to the management of the education system

Low wages for education workers.
Lack of highly qualified personnel.
Insufficient level of material and technical equipment of institutions and organizations.
Short professional level education in the Russian Federation.
Low level of cultural development of the population as a whole.

Obligations to solve these problems are assigned not only to the state as a whole, but also to the levels of municipalities of the Russian Federation.

Trends in the development of education services

Internationalization of higher education, ensuring the mobility of teachers and students in order to exchange best international practices.
Strengthening the orientation of domestic education in a practical direction, which implies the introduction practical disciplines, increase in the number of teachers-practitioners.
Active implementation in the education process multimedia technologies and other visualization systems.
Promotion of distance learning.

Thus, education underlies the cultural, intellectual and moral state modern society. It is a determining factor in socio-economic development Russian state. Reforming the education system to date has not led to global results. However, a slight shift in better side There is. The levels of education in the Russian Federation under the new law contributed to the emergence of opportunities for the free movement of teachers and students between universities, which indicates that the process Russian education embarked on internationalization.

is a set of training programs and state standards that are in constant interaction with each other. The levels of education that implement them consist of institutions that do not depend on each other. An institution of each level has its own forms of organization and bodies of legal subordination that control it.

Education in Russia

At all times, special attention has been paid to education in our country. However, with the change of centuries and political regimes, it has also undergone significant changes. Yes, in Soviet time the education system worked under a single standard. The requirements for educational institutions, the plans according to which training was carried out, and the methods used by teachers were uniform and strictly regulated at the state level. However, the reassessment of values, today, has led to the democratization, humanization and individualization in the education system. All these terms, inapplicable in the past, have become common to contemporary participants educational process. There is variability educational programs, which allows each institution, regardless of its level, to develop its own training plan, provided that it is approved by the supervisory authority.

However, despite all the innovations, the modern Russian education system remains federal and centralized. The levels of education and its types are fixed by law and are not subject to change.

Types and levels of Russian education

Today, in the Russian Federation there are such types of education as general education and vocational education. The first type includes preschool and school education, to the second - all the rest.

As for the level of education, this is an indicator of the development of educational programs at various levels, both by an individual and by the population. Educational programs, in turn, are stages of education. This indicator characterizes the real and potential capabilities of society, the state as a whole, and the individual in particular.

Levels of education:

general education;
professional;
higher.

General education

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every citizen has the right to receive each level of general education free of charge in all public institutions. The levels of general education are:

preschool;
school.

School education, in turn, is divided into:

initial;
main;
average.

Each of the steps prepares for the development of the educational program of the next level.

The very first step in our country is preschool education. It prepares future students for learning school curriculum, and also provides basic knowledge about hygiene, ethics and a healthy lifestyle. At the same time, according to research, children who did not attend preschool, at the next stage - school, experience difficulties both in social adaptation and in the development of educational material.

All subsequent levels of education, as well as the preschool stage, pursue a single goal - to prepare for the development of the next stage of education.

At the same time, the primary task of basic education is to master the basics of various sciences and the state language, as well as the formation of inclinations for certain types of activities. At this stage of education, it is necessary to learn to independently cognize the world around.

Professional education

The levels of vocational education are as follows:

initial
average;
higher.

The first stage is mastered in institutions where you can get various working professions. These include vocational institutions. Today they are called vocational lyceums. You can get there, both after the 9th grade, and after graduating from the 11th.

The next step is technical schools and colleges. In institutions of the first type, one can master a basic level of future profession, while the second type involves a more in-depth study. You can also enter there, both after the 9th grade and after the 11th. However, there are institutions that stipulate admission only after one specific stage. If you already have an initial vocational education, you will be offered an accelerated program.

And finally higher education prepares highly qualified specialists in various fields. This level of education has its sublevels.

Higher education. Levels

So, the levels of higher education are:

undergraduate;
specialty
magistracy.

It is noteworthy that each of these levels has its own terms of study. It should be taken into account that the bachelor's degree is the initial level, which is mandatory for obtaining the rest.

Specialists with the highest qualifications in various professions are trained in such educational institutions as universities, institutes, academies.

This level of education is also characterized by the fact that it has different forms of education. You can study:

in person, attending all classes and taking sessions;
in absentia, independently studying the course material and taking sessions;
part-time, when training can be conducted on weekends or in the evening (suitable for employed students, as it allows you to study on the job);
as an external student, here you can finish your studies when you see fit (it assumes the issuance of a state diploma, however, it will be marked that you graduated from an educational institution as an external student).

Conclusion

Types of education and its levels look like this. It is their totality that makes up the education system of the Russian Federation. All of them are regulated at the legislative level by normative documents of various nature and content.

It should be borne in mind that the purpose of the educational system is not only that it allows you to master various professions. In the process of learning, a personality is formed, which improves with each overcome educational level.

Law of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2012 N 273-FZ "On Education in the Russian Federation"- one of the main documents regulating relations in the field of education.

General education, as one of the types of education in our country, is aimed at developing the personality and acquiring in the process of mastering the basic general educational programs knowledge, abilities, skills and the formation of competencies necessary for a person's life in society, a conscious choice of profession and obtaining professional education.

Levels of general education in Russia:
1) preschool education;
2) initial general education(grades 1-4);
3) basic general education (grades 5-9);
4) secondary general education (grades 10-11).

Thus, general education can be divided into preschool And school education.

PRESCHOOL EDUCATION aimed at the diversified development of children preschool age according to their age and individual characteristics, including the achievement by children of preschool age of the level of development necessary and sufficient for their successful mastering of educational programs of primary general education, based on an individual approach to children of preschool age and activities specific to children of preschool age.

The Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" enshrines the right of citizens to receive preschool education and state guarantees for its provision, but it is not mandatory and is not established as a condition for admission to primary school.

Training in PRIMARY SCHOOL is aimed at shaping the personality of the student, developing his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in learning activities(mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements theoretical thinking, the simplest self-control skills, a culture of behavior and speech, the basics of personal hygiene and a healthy lifestyle).

IN BASIC SCHOOL moral beliefs, aesthetic taste and healthy lifestyle life, a high culture of interpersonal and interethnic communication. Students master the basics of science, official language Russian Federation, the skills of mental and physical labor, they develop inclinations, interests, abilities for social self-determination.

Secondary general education ( HIGH SCHOOL) is aimed at the further formation and formation of the personality of the student, the development of interest in knowledge and creativity the student, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on the individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choice, continuing education and starting a professional activity.

Organization educational activities for educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education can be based on the differentiation of content, taking into account the educational needs and interests of students, providing an in-depth study of individual subjects, subject areas of the corresponding educational program (professional education).

Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education. The requirement of obligatory secondary general education in relation to a particular student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen years, if the corresponding education was not received by the student earlier.

School education is accompanied intermediate and final certifications . At the end of grades 9 and 11, state final attestations are held in the form OGE, USE and GVE .

General education in our country can be obtained in educational organizations (kindergartens, schools), as well as outside these organizations (in the form of family education and self-education). At the same time, persons mastering the main educational program in the form of self-education or family education have the right to externally pass an intermediate and state final certification (GIA) in an accredited educational organization.

At the same time, students, their parents (legal representatives) have the right to apply for educational services from educational organizations and individual entrepreneurs of their choice on a paid basis.

State and municipal educational organizations entitled to pay educational services which cannot be provided instead of educational activities financed from the budgets of all levels (federal, subjects of the Russian Federation or local). Thus, paid services include services that go beyond the scope of the main educational activities provided for by state educational standards and specified in the charter of an educational organization.

Every year, graduates of grades 9 and 11 are faced with the need to make a choice between existing educational institutions in order to continue further education and receive education. Some boys and girls know that there are several levels of vocational education, but not everyone knows the differences between these levels, the merits of various educational institutions.

Primary Vocational Education (NVE)

The first step in the field of specialist training is primary vocational education. The institutions that provide it train skilled workers - employees and workers. Professions are provided in a variety of ways. For example, you can find such educational institutions that teach auto mechanics, assistant secretaries, accountants, radio mechanics, tailors, etc.

Initial vocational education is often attractive for applicants because it does not require long-term training. Students entering after grade 11 usually complete 1 or 2 years of training in their chosen program. Graduates of 9 classes study a little longer. However, not all educational institutions offer such short-term training. In some institutions, today there is a shift towards the profile of technical schools. Students in such educational organizations are offered deeper knowledge. For this reason, the duration of study at this stage of vocational education can be longer - 3 or 4 years.

Institutions of primary vocational education

Several types of educational institutions operate in the system of primary vocational education - a vocational school and a lyceum. In the school, students are offered programs where they can get specific professions and qualifications. In some areas, secondary (complete) general education is additionally provided, while in others it is not.

Vocational schools are considered the main type of initial vocational education. This is the link educational system of our country, which mass-produces workers and employees. However, some applicants make a choice not in favor of schools, but in favor of professional lyceums. These institutions implement integrated educational programs for primary and secondary vocational education and the level of general education. In lyceums, students acquire knowledge that they should have received in grades 10-11 at school, and professions advanced level qualifications.

Secondary vocational education (SVE)

Secondary vocational education is considered the second stage of vocational education. The institutions offering it are very much in demand among high school graduates today. Some educational institutions are multifunctional. They offer not only SVE programs, but also programs of initial, additional vocational education.

IN last years SVE is developing in several directions, which is an important plus for applicants:

Educational institutions actively use in their educational activities modern technologies. Students are offered completely new classes, interesting teaching methods.
Specialties and professional standards in education are being improved. In colleges, completely new directions appear, old ones are corrected, which eventually begin to meet the requirements of the time.
Some colleges are part of universities. This allows vocational institutions to offer more quality education, because the educational process is built with the involvement of the material and technical base of universities, academies, institutes, with the involvement of the teaching staff.

Types of vocational institutions

In Russia, there are 2 types of educational institutions of secondary vocational education - a technical school and a college. A technical school is the main type of secondary specialized educational institution with vocational programs. The college is an educational institution of a higher type. It is engaged in in-depth programs of secondary vocational education.

Colleges are the most popular among applicants, are considered more prestigious. These educational institutions are close to universities in terms of the structure of the educational process, forms and methods of teaching.

Higher professional education (HPE)

The list of basic levels of vocational education includes higher education. Not all high school graduates can enter universities. The road to these educational institutions is open only to persons with secondary (complete) general education or secondary vocational education. Those people who already have a higher education and wish to get another specialty, to strengthen their competitive advantages in the labor market in the future, can also enter universities.

This stage of vocational education solves several very important tasks. Each university:

satisfies the needs of people in the versatile development of the individual through education;
provides the society with qualified specialists, scientific and pedagogical personnel of the highest qualification;
develops science and art by performing scientific research and implementation creative activity;
works in the field of training, retraining and advanced training of specialists and managers.

Types of higher education institutions

In Russia, universities are represented by 3 main types - universities, academies, institutes. A specific type is determined every 5 years based on the results of state accreditation. are taken into account following characteristics:

range of implemented educational programs;
the availability of the opportunity to continue postgraduate education in graduate school, doctoral studies;
conducting scientific research;
performance of scientific and methodological work;
qualitative composition of scientific and pedagogical staff.

Universities occupy the highest position at the considered stage of vocational education in Russia. These are more developed educational organizations. The second position belongs to the academies, and the third - to the institutes.

Incomplete higher education and bachelor's degree

And now let's name the stages of higher professional education. It is customary to distinguish several levels. The very first level is incomplete higher education. No specific programs or areas of training have been created for him. They talk about incomplete higher education when students, after studying for at least 2 years and successfully passing intermediate certification, drop out of school.

The second level is a bachelor's degree. The educational programs offered on it have a term of study of at least 4 years. In the process of studying, students gain knowledge about society, history, culture, master the basics of professional knowledge.

Some people consider a bachelor's degree to be an incomplete higher education. Actually it is not. Bachelors are full-fledged specialists. They can be employed in positions that require higher education. If you wish, you can continue your studies for more higher levels vocational education. This decision is recommended for all university graduates, because, unfortunately, some prestigious vacancies are not available with a bachelor's degree.

The second stage of higher professional education in Russia can also include a specialist with a training period of at least 5 years. In educational programs, students receive deeper professional knowledge.

The third level of higher vocational education is magistracy. A master's degree can be obtained after mastering the educational program of a bachelor's or specialist's degree. The training lasts at least 2 years. During this period, students receive in-depth knowledge in a particular area.

Postgraduate education

Higher educational institutions provide an opportunity to receive postgraduate professional education. This is the stage at which people continue to receive education, having a university degree. Postgraduate professional education is aimed at training personnel focused on teaching activities, conducting scientific research.

In the system of postgraduate vocational education, full-time or part-time postgraduate studies are distinguished. Postgraduate students prepare dissertations for the degree of Candidate of Sciences. There are several specialized forms of training:

assistant-internship (a system of training pedagogical and creative workers in creative and performing specialties);
residency (a system for advanced training of doctors in medical higher educational institutions);
adjuncture (this is the name of postgraduate studies at the universities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, bodies for controlling the circulation of psychotropic substances and narcotic drugs).

Additional professional education (CPE)

A very important step in vocational education is FVE. It is customary to include advanced training, professional retraining. Universities at their faculties, academies, institutes and centers of advanced training offer relevant programs of professional education. All institutions additional education a single goal is to improve the professional knowledge of students, improve their business qualities, and prepare them to perform new labor functions.

Professional development is the deepening and updating of existing professional knowledge. This process is implemented through short-term thematic training (courses lasting at least 72 hours), thematic and problematic seminars, and long-term training (over 100 hours). professional retraining called the process of obtaining additional qualifications.

self-education

Self-education is also included in the vocational education system. It is called a type of additional professional education. In self-education, a person manages his educational activities, designs his educational space. This type of APE is carried out in close connection with other types of education.

In conclusion, it is worth noting that applicants, when asking about how many stages professional education includes, do not even suspect that it is multi-stage. For some people, it begins in schools and lyceums, and ends in universities, academies and institutes. At the same time, all levels of vocational education are permeated with self-education.

The structure of the educational system in Russia.

The structure of the educational system in Russia, general principles its functioning and development, as well as the main social characteristics are determined by the Federal legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of education. It currently includes:

1) Federal Law "On Education" (edition 1996);

2) Federal Law “On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education” (1996);

3) Federal program for the development of education;

4) Federal Law of April 10, 2000 "On Approval of the Federal Program for the Development of Education".

According to the basic law, the Russian educational system is a combination of:

1) educational programs and state educational standards;

2) educational institutions implementing educational programs and state educational standards;

3) educational authorities and institutions and organizations subordinate to them.

The term "educational program" refers to an integral program of a certain level of education.

There is a hierarchical ladder of levels of education in Russia, built on the basis of relevant educational programs, which includes eleven steps related to six levels of education: Education as a system is a set of institutions different type and level.

7.4 Levels of education. Education (1. preschool, 2. school, 3. additional, 4. secondary specialized, 5. higher, 6. postgraduate), being a process that shows the structure and development of the entire education system as a whole.

An example is a network of music schools that teach additional programs musical education. Children have the opportunity to study in music school in parallel with education in a secondary school. A variety of additional education courses are very popular among students and students, such as computer, economic, foreign languages, which they study on an optional basis, etc. Thus, the basis Russian system education is a combination of basic and additional educational programs.

7.5. Types of educational institutions. The second element which is a component of education in Russia - a system of various types and types educational institutions.

Educational, according to the law "On Education", is an institution that carries out educational process, i.e., an institution that solves one or more learning tasks. There are some features of the established norms.

1. By belonging to the organizational and legal forms, educational institutions may be state, non-state (private, institutions of public and religious organizations etc.) and municipal.

2. Each educational institution independently develops and approves educational and methodological documentation that determines the organization of everything educational process, is an educational program as a whole, its division into hours according to academic disciplines and years of study. There is only one normative document in this area, which must be followed when compiling curricula, is GOST. All other documents are recommended for execution and are optional, coordinating the educational and methodological work of educational institutions.

3. Each educational institution that intends to define educational activities as its task and start teaching schoolchildren or students must obtain a license for the right to conduct educational activities of a certain level and the ability to issue documents on education of a state standard. The issuance of such a license is made after the educational institution successfully passes the stages of certification and subsequent state accreditation.

Educational institutions, depending on the level and focus of training programs, can be divided into types and kinds.

Type of educational institutions It is connected mainly with the accepted classification of educational programs, which are divided into: basic, additional, general education and professional.

Type of educational institutions depends on the direction of the educational programs implemented by this educational institution, and, as a rule, each type has its own distinctive name. You can give an example general education schools, among which lyceums and gymnasiums appeared; educational institutions of secondary vocational education are divided into schools, technical schools, colleges. Among the universities there are universities, conservatories, academies, institutes, etc.

The third element in the educational system is educational authorities. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, general issues of education are under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its subjects. This means that on subjects of joint jurisdiction, the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation issue, in addition to federal laws, laws and other legal acts subjects of the Russian Federation adopted in accordance with them (Article 76 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). At the level of the Russian Federation there are:

1) federal (central) state educational authorities;

2) federal departmental educational authorities.

Such a federal central body is the Ministry of Education, and federal departmental bodies are federal ministries and federal departments, which are essentially the founders of educational institutions. More than 95% of all state universities. Only non-state universities are not under the jurisdiction of state (municipal) authorities and are managed directly by the founder.

7.6. Distinctive Features modern systems education. One of distinctive features modern education systems - the transition from state to state-public management of education. The essence of the latter is to unite the efforts of the state and society in solving the problems of education. In the context of support for education by the state and society, the education system should provide and effective use their resources - human, informational, material, financial. A feature of the education system as an industry National economy is the presence of a significant non-market component. The non-market sector in education ensures the maintenance of socio-economic stability, social progress satisfaction of the need for such a vital good as education. But along with this, in the absence of any serious competition in the non-market sector of the educational system, it becomes characterized by such a negative side as the limited nature of the main types of resources and the impossibility of attracting them in sufficient volume. In this regard, the education system today is considered from the standpoint of the most effective investment in the future welfare of society - investment in human capital.