And forecasting the activity of the subject by creating a model of its final or intermediate product. This is possible due to the foresight of the means and results of objective activity. Imagination is necessary to create programs of human behavior in conditions of uncertainty of the situation, to produce images that replace real activity, and to create representations that correspond to descriptions of objects or their individual properties.
Imagination is based on ideas, first of all, on the images of objects and phenomena that have developed in the past experience of the subject and are remembered. But memory in presentation is different from ordinary reproduction. Representation is work on the internal psychological plane with images of the past, but with a change in form, content, connections.
The transformation of images of representations is carried out in any representative system of the psyche by means of agglutination, accentuation, typification, schematization, etc.
Thus, imagination is not just a kind of mental reflection, but a psychological construction of the properties of objects, phenomena, relationships.
Any creative activity provided by imagination, which is the independent creation of new images, realized in original and valuable products.
Task 5.1. Study of the individual characteristics of the imagination
Purpose of the study: determine the level of complexity of the imagination, the degree of fixation of ideas, the flexibility or rigidity of the imagination and the degree of its stereotype or originality.
Material and equipment: three sheets of paper measuring 10x16 cm without squares or rulers. On the first sheet in the middle there is a contour of a circle with a diameter of 2.5 cm. On the second sheet, also in the middle, there is a contour of an equilateral triangle with a side length of 2.5 cm. On the third sheet there is a contour of a square with a side length of 2.5 cm. Pencil and stopwatch.
Research procedure
This study carried out both with one subject and with a group. But it is better that the group is small, up to 15 people. In the latter case, the experimenter needs to ensure that none of the subjects speaks or shows their drawings to others until the end of the test.
Testing is carried out in three stages. At the first stage, the subject is given a piece of paper with the outline of a circle depicted on it, at the second - a triangle, and at the third - a square. Each stage of the study is preceded by a repeating instruction.
Instruction to the subject: “Using the contour shown on this sheet geometric figure, draw a picture. The quality of the drawing does not matter. The way you use the outline is up to you. At the signal "Stop!" stop drawing."
The experimenter determines the drawing time at each stage using a stopwatch. In each case, it must be equal to 60 seconds.
At the end of testing, the subject is asked to give a self-report and for this they are asked: “Did you like the task? What feelings did you experience while doing it?
Processing of the results and determination of the levels of development of the imagination, the degree of fixation of ideas, flexibility or rigidity, as well as originality or stereotyping, is carried out by comparing the content and analyzing all three drawings of the subject.
Determining the Level of Imagination Difficulty
The complexity of the imagination is ascertained by the most complex of the three drawings. You can use the scale, which makes it possible to set five levels of difficulty.
First level: the contour of a geometric figure is used as the main detail of the drawing, the drawing itself is simple, without additions and is a single figure.
Second level: the outline is used as the main detail, but the drawing itself has additional parts.
Third level: the contour is used as the main detail, and the drawing represents some kind of plot, while additional details can be introduced.
Fourth level: the contour of a geometric figure continues to be the main detail, but the drawing is already a complex plot with the addition of figures and details.
Fifth level: the drawing is a complex plot in which the contour of a geometric figure is used as one of the details.
Determining the flexibility of the imagination and the degree of fixation of images of representations
The flexibility of the imagination depends on the fixedness of ideas. The degree of fixation of images is determined by the number of drawings containing the same plot.
The imagination will be flexible when the fixedness of the images in the representation is not reflected in the drawings, that is, all the drawings are on different subjects and cover both the internal and external parts of the outline of a geometric figure.
1a - five levels of complexity of imagination; 1b - different degrees of fixation of images of representations.
F
the fixedness of representations is weak and the flexibility of the imagination is average, if two drawings are on the same plot. The strong fixation of images in the representation and the inflexibility or rigidity of the imagination are characterized by drawings on the same subject. If all the drawings have the same plot, regardless of their level of complexity, this is a rigid imagination. The rigidity of the imagination can also be in the absence or weak fixation of images in the representation, when the drawings are made strictly within the contours of a geometric figure. In this case, the subject's attention is fixed on the inner space of the circuit.
Determination of the degree of stereotyped imagination
Stereotyping is determined by the content of the drawings. If the content of the drawing is typical, then the imagination, like the drawing itself, is considered stereotypical, if not typical, original, then creative.
Typical drawings include drawings on the following subjects.
Circle outline drawings: sun, flower, human, human or hare face, dial and clock, wheel, globe, snowman.
Triangle outline drawings: triangle, prism, house roof and house, pyramid, man with triangular head or torso, letter, road sign.
Drawings with a square outline: a person with a square head or torso, a robot, a TV set, a house, a window, an augmented geometric figure of a square or cube, aquarium, napkin, letter.
The degree of stereotypy can be differentiated by levels.
A high degree of stereotype is ascertained when all the drawings are based on a typical plot.
The drawing is considered original, and the imagination is considered creative in the absence of stereotyping, when all the drawings are made by the subject for atypical subjects.
Processing and analysis of results
It is important to compare the results obtained with the features of the subject's involvement in the research process with his attitudes. For this, self-report data is used.
It is used to examine people of any age.
Target: determining the level of complexity of the imagination, the degree of fixation of ideas, the flexibility or rigidity of the imagination, and the degree of its stereotype or originality.
Material and equipment: three sheets of paper with images; on the first - the contour of a circle with a diameter of 2.5 cm, on the second - the contour of an equilateral triangle with a side length of 2.5 cm, on the third - the contour of a square with a side length of 2.5 cm, a pencil and a stopwatch.
Description. This study is carried out both with one subject and with a group. In the latter case, the experimenter needs to ensure that none of the subjects speaks or shows their drawings to others until the end of the test. Testing is carried out in three stages. At the first stage, the subject is given a sheet with the contour of a circle depicted on it, at the second - a triangle, at the third - a square. The time of drawing at each stage (60 s) is determined by the experimenter using a stopwatch. Each stage of the study is preceded by a repeating instruction.
Instruction. Using the outline of the geometric figure shown on this sheet, draw what you want. The quality of the drawing does not matter. Choose how you want to use the outline. At the signal "Stop!" stop drawing.
At the end of testing, the subject is asked to give a self-report and for this they are asked: “Did you like the task? How did you feel while doing it?
Processing of results. Processing of the results and determination of the levels of development of the imagination, the degree of fixation of ideas, flexibility or rigidity, as well as originality or stereotyping, is carried out by comparing the content and analyzing all three drawings of the subject.
Determination of the level of complexity of the imagination. The complexity of the imagination is ascertained by the most complex of the three drawings. You can use the scale, which makes it possible to set five levels of difficulty.
First level: the contour of a geometric figure is used as a detail of the drawing, the drawing itself is simple, without additions and represents one figure.
Second level: the contour is used as the main detail, but the drawing itself has additional parts.
Third level: the contour is used as the main detail, and the drawing represents the plot, while additional details can be introduced.
Fourth level: the contour of a geometric figure continues to be the main detail, but the drawing is already a complex plot with the addition of figures and details.
Fifth level: the drawing is a complex plot in which the contour of a geometric figure is used as one of the details.
Determination of the flexibility of the imagination and the degree of fixation of images and ideas. The flexibility of the imagination depends on the fixedness of ideas. The degree of fixation of images is determined by the number of drawings for the same plot.
The imagination will be flexible when the fixedness of the images in the representation is not reflected in the drawings, that is, all the drawings are on different subjects and cover both the inner and outer parts of the outline of a geometric figure. The fixity of representations is weak and the flexibility of the imagination is average if two drawings are made on the same subject.
The strong fixation of images in the representation and the inflexibility or rigidity of the imagination are characterized by drawings on the same plot, regardless of their level of complexity - this is rigid imagination. The rigidity of the imagination can also be in the absence or weak fixation of images in the representation, when the drawings are made strictly within the contours of a geometric figure. In this case, the subject's attention is fixed on the inner space of the circuit.
Determination of the degree of stereotyped imagination. Stereotyping is determined by the content of the drawings. If the content of the drawing is typical, then the imagination, like the drawing itself, is considered stereotypical, if not typical, original, then creative. Typical drawings include drawings on the following subjects. Circle outline drawings: sun, flower, human, human or hare face, dial and clock, wheel, globe, snowman. Triangle outline drawings: triangle and prism, house roof and house, pyramid, man with triangular head or torso, letter, road sign. Drawing with a square outline: a person with a square head or torso, a robot, a TV set, a house, a window, a complemented geometric figure of a square or a cube, an aquarium, a napkin, a letter.
The degree of stereotypy can be differentiated by levels. A high degree of stereotype is stated if all the drawings are made on a typical plot. The drawing is considered original, and the imagination is considered creative in the absence of stereotyping, when all the drawings are made by the subject for atypical subjects.
Interpretation of results. It is important to compare the results obtained with the features of the subject's involvement in the research process. For this, self-report data is used. First of all, you need to pay attention to the subjects with the rigidity of the imagination. It can be the result of experienced stresses and affects. Very often, although not always, people who place all the drawings only inside the contours of geometric shapes have some mental illness. The drawings of such subjects are not discussed in the group. The teacher-psychologist takes such persons into account.
Subjects with the fifth level of imagination complexity, the absence of stereotypes and high-quality execution of drawings are usually capable of artistic activity (graphics, painting, sculpture, etc.). Those who are inclined to technical sciences, drawing or logic and philosophy, can depict some abstractions or geometric shapes. In contrast, people of a humanitarian orientation love stories related to human activity, draw people, their faces or anthropomorphic objects.
When discussing the results of testing and making recommendations, it is necessary to determine the conditions that contribute to overcoming stereotypes, the development of creativity, and to outline tasks for training the flexibility of the imagination process.
It is used to examine people of any age.
Target: determining the level of complexity of the imagination, the degree of fixation of ideas, the flexibility or rigidity of the imagination, and the degree of its stereotype or originality.
Material and equipment: three sheets of paper with images; on the first - the contour of a circle with a diameter of 2.5 cm, on the second - the contour of an equilateral triangle with a side length of 2.5 cm, on the third - the contour of a square with a side length of 2.5 cm, a pencil and a stopwatch.
Description. This study is carried out both with one subject and with a group. In the latter case, the experimenter needs to ensure that none of the subjects speaks or shows their drawings to others until the end of the test. Testing is carried out in three stages. At the first stage, the subject is given a sheet with the contour of a circle depicted on it, at the second - a triangle, at the third - a square. The time of drawing at each stage (60 s) is determined by the experimenter using a stopwatch. Each stage of the study is preceded by a repeating instruction.
Instruction. Using the outline of the geometric figure shown on this sheet, draw what you want. The quality of the drawing does not matter. Choose how you want to use the outline. At the signal "Stop!" stop drawing.
At the end of testing, the subject is asked to give a self-report and for this they are asked: “Did you like the task? How did you feel while doing it?
Processing of results. Processing of the results and determination of the levels of development of the imagination, the degree of fixation of ideas, flexibility or rigidity, as well as originality or stereotyping, is carried out by comparing the content and analyzing all three drawings of the subject.
Determination of the level of complexity of the imagination. The complexity of the imagination is ascertained by the most complex of the three drawings. You can use the scale, which makes it possible to set five levels of difficulty.
First level: the contour of a geometric figure is used as a detail of the drawing, the drawing itself is simple, without additions and represents one figure.
Second level: the contour is used as the main detail, but the drawing itself has additional parts.
Third level: the contour is used as the main detail, and the drawing represents the plot, while additional details can be introduced.
Fourth level: the contour of a geometric figure continues to be the main detail, but the drawing is already a complex plot with the addition of figures and details.
Fifth level: the drawing is a complex plot in which the contour of a geometric figure is used as one of the details.
Determination of the flexibility of the imagination and the degree of fixation of images and ideas. The flexibility of the imagination depends on the fixedness of ideas. The degree of fixation of images is determined by the number of drawings for the same plot.
The imagination will be flexible when the fixedness of the images in the representation is not reflected in the drawings, that is, all the drawings are on different subjects and cover both the inner and outer parts of the outline of a geometric figure. The fixity of representations is weak and the flexibility of the imagination is average if two drawings are made on the same subject.
The strong fixation of images in the representation and the inflexibility or rigidity of the imagination are characterized by drawings on the same plot, regardless of their level of complexity - this is rigid imagination. The rigidity of the imagination can also be in the absence or weak fixation of images in the representation, when the drawings are made strictly within the contours of a geometric figure. In this case, the subject's attention is fixed on the inner space of the circuit.
Determination of the degree of stereotyped imagination. Stereotyping is determined by the content of the drawings. If the content of the drawing is typical, then the imagination, like the drawing itself, is considered stereotypical, if not typical, original, then creative. Typical drawings include drawings on the following subjects. Circle outline drawings: sun, flower, human, human or hare face, dial and clock, wheel, globe, snowman. Triangle outline drawings: triangle and prism, house roof and house, pyramid, man with triangular head or torso, letter, road sign. Drawing with a square outline: a person with a square head or torso, a robot, a TV set, a house, a window, a complemented geometric figure of a square or a cube, an aquarium, a napkin, a letter.
The degree of stereotypy can be differentiated by levels. A high degree of stereotype is stated if all the drawings are made on a typical plot. The drawing is considered original, and the imagination is considered creative in the absence of stereotyping, when all the drawings are made by the subject for atypical subjects.
Interpretation of results. It is important to compare the results obtained with the features of the subject's involvement in the research process. For this, self-report data is used. First of all, you need to pay attention to the subjects with the rigidity of the imagination. It can be the result of experienced stresses and affects. Very often, although not always, people who place all the drawings only inside the contours of geometric shapes have some mental illness. The drawings of such subjects are not discussed in the group. The teacher-psychologist takes such persons into account.
Subjects with the fifth level of imagination complexity, the absence of stereotypes and high-quality execution of drawings are usually capable of artistic activity (graphics, painting, sculpture, etc.). Those who are inclined towards technical sciences, drawing or logic and philosophy, can depict some abstractions or geometric shapes. In contrast, people of a humanitarian orientation love plots related to human activity, draw people, their faces or anthropomorphic objects.
When discussing the results of testing and making recommendations, it is necessary to determine the conditions that contribute to overcoming stereotypes, the development of creativity, and to outline tasks for training the flexibility of the imagination process.
Methodology for the study of creative imagination
Target: assessment of the characteristics of creative imagination.
Material and equipment: forms with any three words printed on them (for example, hat, road, rain), standard sheets of paper, a pen, a stopwatch.
Description. This study can be carried out with one person and with a group of up to 16 people, but all subjects should be comfortably seated, and the conditions should ensure strict independence of their work. Before the start of the study, each participant receives a form with three words printed on it. Forms can be handed out in envelopes or put on the table reverse side so that the words printed on them cannot be read until instructions are received. When testing a group, everyone is given the same forms for possible subsequent analysis and comparison. In the course of the study, the subject is asked to compose from three words as much as possible within 10 minutes. large quantity offers.
Instruction. Read the words written on the form and make as many sentences as possible from them so that each includes all three words. Write down your suggestions on a piece of paper. You have 10 minutes to work. We finish the work on command: “Stop! Stop work!"
Interpretation of results. The indicators of creativity in this study are:
The value of points for the most witty and original proposal;
The sum of points for all sentences invented by the subjects within 10 minutes.
These indicators are set using a creativity rating scale.
Creativity rating scale
If the subject came up with sentences very similar to each other with a repetition of the topic, then the second and all subsequent sentences of this type are evaluated at 1/2 of the initial score.
The qualitative characteristic of creativity, determined by the value of points received for the most witty and original proposal, corresponds to the maximum assessment of any of the sentences compiled by the subject - 6 points. This score is indicative of developed creativity or originality. If the score this indicator is 5 or 4, then the manifestation of creativity should be considered average. Finally, if this score was only 2 or 1, then this is a low indicator of creativity, or the subject's intention to act by analogy and thereby puzzle the researcher.
The second indicator is the score. It makes sense for the analysis and interpretation of the results only when the work of several people is compared, which is possible with a trusting relationship in the group. Whoever has more points has more productivity of creative activity.
FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS
Emotions and feelings are a person's experience of his attitude to what he perceives or imagines, what he thinks or says, what he does, what he strives for. Subjectively, these relationships are experienced as pleasant (pleasure) or unpleasant (displeasure). Sources of emotions and feelings are objectively existing objects and phenomena, activities performed, changes occurring in our body. The peculiarity of emotions and feelings is determined by the needs, aspirations, intentions of a person, the characteristics of his will, character. With a change in the motives of activity, the attitude towards the subject of need also changes. Feelings and emotions are two different, albeit interconnected, phenomena of the emotional sphere of a person.
Emotion- direct experience this moment associated with the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of needs (fear, anger, joy, etc.). Emotions associated with the satisfaction of organic needs are also present in animals. But in humans, even these emotions are to a certain extent determined by the level community development. A person satisfies his needs, taking into account their relevance and available opportunities. Manifesting as direct reactions to objects of the environment, emotions are associated with initial impressions. So, the first impression of meeting a new person is purely emotional, it is a direct reaction to some of his external manifestations.
Feeling- this is a permanent, well-established attitude of a person (a sense of patriotism, collectivism, duty, conscience, shame, pride, love of work), a complex form of reflection. It generalizes emotional reflection and concepts. Feelings are unique to man; they are socially conditioned. Feelings are expressed in emotions, but not continuously, and may not be expressed in any particular experience at the moment.
Emotions and feelings perform signaling and regulatory functions.
Signal function emotions and feelings is due to the fact that they are accompanied by expressive movements: mimic (movements of the muscles of the face), pantomimic (movements of the muscles of the body, gestures), voice changes, vegetative changes (sweating, redness or blanching of the skin). These manifestations signal to other people about what emotions and feelings a person is experiencing.
Regulatory function feelings is expressed in the fact that persistent experiences guide our behavior. Regulatory mechanisms of emotions relieve excess emotional arousal. When emotions reach extreme tension, they are transformed into processes such as the secretion of lacrimal fluid, contraction of facial and respiratory muscles. For example, crying usually lasts no more than 15 minutes. This time is quite enough to relieve excess stress. Following this, the person experiences some relaxation.
Emotions and feelings are quality features, distinguishing them from other mental phenomena: phase, polarity, expression of the attitude of the individual to the object of her feelings.
phase characterizes emotions and feelings from the procedural side. This is manifested in the growing tension and the resolution that replaces it. Tension can increase as external circumstances change. The expectation of any events in which a person will have to act decisively and independently contributes to the rapid increase in tension. Depending on the content of the activity and the circumstances under which it is performed, on the individual characteristics of the individual, stress can be experienced as an active state that tones up activity or manifests itself in the constraint of actions, thoughts, and actions of a person. Following tension comes resolution, experienced by a person as relief or complete exhaustion.
Polarity It's the opposite of what you feel. For example: joy-sadness, pleasure-suffering, love-hate.
Object Relation Expression manifests itself in positive, negative or indefinite (oriented) experience. If the need is satisfied or there is hope for its satisfaction, then a positive emotional experience arises. If something interferes with the satisfaction of the need or the impossibility of its satisfaction is realized, then a negative emotional attitude towards the obstructing factors develops. An indefinite (oriented) emotional experience arises in a new, unfamiliar situation, in the absence of experience in relations with the outside world or when getting acquainted with previously unknown objects of activity. This condition is not long-term or stable. It is removed by changing the situation, turning into a positive or negative emotion.
Depending on what state - active or passive - cause emotions, they increase or decrease the vital activity of a person, distinguish between sthenic (from gr. stheneia- strength) and asthenic ( asthenia- weakness, impotence) emotions. Stenic emotions increase activity, energy and cause lift, excitement and cheerfulness. These include joy, excitement, anger, hatred, etc. Asthenic emotions(sadness, melancholy, despondency, depression) reduce the activity, energy, vital activity of a person. individual differences in the manifestation of emotions largely depend on the volitional qualities of the individual. A strong-willed person always strives to master his emotions, not to relax under their influence.
There are two pairs of the simplest emotional experiences: pleasure - displeasure; voltage - resolution.
Emotions of pleasure or displeasure biologically developed as a reflection of the connection of the organism with the external environment and the establishment in the process of this increasingly complex connection of the requirements imposed by the organism on the environment. Satisfaction of these requirements is reflected as pleasure, and dissatisfaction - as displeasure. At the heart of the simplest emotions of pleasure (pleasant) or displeasure (unpleasant) are unconditioned reflexes. More complex experiences of “pleasant” and “unpleasant” develop in a person according to the mechanism conditioned reflexes, i.e. already as feelings. The emotions of pleasure and displeasure that accompany the performance of any action play an important role in turning it into a habit. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that emotional memory preserves experiences and pleasures better, and therefore encouragement is a stronger educational tool than punishment.
The emotion of tension always associated with the creation of a new or breaking old way of life and activity. The more complex the system of conditioned reflexes created or broken, the more stress this process accompanies. Its completion is experienced as resolution emotion(relief).
Feelings classified according to the content and the strength of the desire for the object.
1. According to their content, they are divided into moral, intellectual, aesthetic. Moral or ethical feelings- these are feelings in which a person’s attitude to the behavior of people and his own is manifested. These include feelings of sympathy and antipathy, affection and alienation, respect and contempt, gratitude and ingratitude, love and hate. Among moral feelings, one should especially highlight the feeling of camaraderie and friendship, duty and conscience, due to the worldview - the system of views and beliefs of a person. They are generated by human relationships and the ethical norms that govern them.
Intellectual Feelings arise in the process mental activity and associated with cognitive processes. It is the joy of searching when solving a problem, or the heavy feeling of dissatisfaction when it is not possible to solve it. Intellectual feelings also include curiosity, curiosity, surprise, confidence in the correct solution of the problem and doubt in case of failure, a sense of the new.
aesthetic feelings- this is a feeling of beauty or, on the contrary, ugly, rude; a feeling of greatness or, conversely, baseness, meanness; sense of the tragic and the comic.
2. According to the strength of the desire for the object, passions and hobbies stand out. passions called strong, persistent, lasting feelings that generate energy aimed at achieving a single goal or object. The subject of passion can be a variety of areas of knowledge and human activity, certain things, people of the opposite sex. The main sign of passions is their effectiveness, the unity of volitional and emotional components. Passion always induces people to vigorous activity through which it is satisfied and on the basis of which it develops. Passions are characterized by persistence, the duration of time during which they manifest themselves and possess a person. Enthusiasm differs from passion in variability and in that it is not organically connected with the basic life attitudes of the individual. Most often people are impulsive, easily excitable, emotional. Passion can turn into passion.
Allocate emotional features and emotional properties of the personality. TO emotional characteristics include emotional excitability, emotional impulsivity, emotional stability, strength, pace and rhythm of emotional reactions, emotional tone. They are due to the type of nervous activity. When observing, it is possible to capture the strength, pace and rhythm of emotional reactions. The severity of emotional characteristics ranges from mild emotional excitability to emotional inertia, from impulsiveness and efficiency to restraint. TO emotional properties include impressionability and responsiveness.
The system of feelings that is formed in the process of life and typical emotional states - moods, affects, tension and frustration - make up the emotional side of the personality.
Mood- this is a relatively weakly expressed emotional state, which for some time captures the entire personality and is reflected in the activity and behavior of a person. One mood can last weeks, and sometimes months. The mood can be sthenic (active) or asthenic (passive, rigid). It is caused by various events, circumstances, as well as physical well-being. The reasons for the mood, a person is not always aware of. Mood can be transferred from one person to another in the process of communication. This process is called "infection".
Affect- most strong emotion explosive properties, uncontrolled by consciousness, flowing rapidly and violently. There are special shades to denote violent and strong degrees of manifestation of emotions: joy - delight, fear - horror, grief - despair, anger - rage. Affects are usually accompanied by motor overexcitation, but, on the contrary, can cause numbness, speech inhibition and complete indifference. Persons with an unbalanced type are more prone to affect. nervous system, with a predominance of excitation. In a state of affect, the volume of consciousness narrows - it is directed to a limited circle of perceived objects and ideas associated with experience. Physiological feature affect - the liberation of the subcortical centers from the restraining and regulating influence of the cortex, which is manifested in the brightness of the external manifestations of the experienced.
In adolescents, affects usually appear more often than in adults, since the processes of inhibition are not yet sufficiently expressed in them. However, it should be emphasized that every person, including a teenager, can restrain himself, not lose power over himself at the first stage of affect. At later stages, it is much more difficult to exercise volitional control. Therefore, it is important to restrain the development of affect in time.
tension- this is a mental state caused by conditions that are extraordinary for a given person, which manifests itself in stiffness of movements and uncertainty when performing new actions that threaten any danger. According to the degree of severity, the following levels of tension are distinguished:
Slight, quickly disappearing tension;
Expressed tension that appeared after an event;
prolonged, sharply expressed tension, which practically does not disappear, despite the active measures taken.
frustration- a condition arising from a real or imagined interference that prevents the achievement of a goal. This is a state of disorganization of consciousness and activity, caused by objectively insurmountable or experienced obstacles on the way to the desired goal.
In a state of frustration, a person is almost always in a negative state, which is caused by the thought: “I want, but I can’t.” He has needs, desires that cannot be realized, and intentions are blocked. The stronger the needs and desires are expressed, the more significant the goals and the more significant the obstacles to their implementation, the greater the emotional stress a person experiences. The state of frustration negatively affects the vital activity of the organism, gradually undermines its strength, weakens the nervous system. Eliminating frustrating circumstances usually relieves nervous tension.
Methodology for studying emotions
It is used to examine teenagers and adults.
Target: study of differentiation of emotions, determination of the dominant emotional state.
Description. To determine the emotional state, a special scale is used.
Purpose of the study: determine the level of complexity of the imagination, the degree of fixation of ideas, the flexibility or rigidity of the imagination and the degree of its stereotype or originality.
Material and equipment: three sheets of paper measuring 10x16 cm without cells or rulers. On the first sheet in the middle there is a contour of a circle with a diameter of 2.5 cm. On the second sheet, also in the middle, there is a contour of an equilateral triangle with a side length of 2.5 cm. On the third sheet there is a contour of a square with a side length of 2.5 cm. Pencil and stopwatch.
Research procedure
This study is carried out both with one subject and with a group. But it is better that the group is small, up to 15 people. In the latter case, the experimenter needs to ensure that none of the subjects speaks or shows their drawings to others until the end of the test.
Testing is carried out in three stages. At the first stage, the subject is given a piece of paper with the outline of a circle depicted on it, at the second - a triangle, and at the third - a square. Each stage of the study is preceded by a repeating instruction.
Test subject instructions:"Using the contour of a geometric figure shown on this sheet, draw a picture. The quality of the picture does not matter. Use the method of using the contour at your discretion. Stop drawing at the signal "Stop!"
The experimenter determines the drawing time at each stage using a stopwatch. In each case, it must be equal to 60 seconds.
At the end of testing, the subject is asked to give a self-report and for this they are asked: "Did you like the task? What feelings did you experience while doing it?"
Results processing
Processing of the results and determination of the levels of development of the imagination, the degree of fixation of ideas, flexibility or rigidity, as well as originality or stereotyping, is carried out by comparing the content and analyzing all three drawings of the subject.
Determining the Level of Imagination Difficulty
The complexity of the imagination is ascertained by the most complex of the three drawings. You can use the scale barking the ability to set five levels of difficulty.
First level: the contour of a geometric figure is used as the main detail of the drawing, the drawing itself is idle. without additions and represents one figure.
Second level: the contour is used as the main detail, but the drawing itself has additional parts.
Third level: the contour is used as the main detail, and the drawing is a certain plot, while additional details can be introduced.
Fourth level: the contour of a geometric figure continues to be the main detail, but the drawing is already a complex plot with the addition of figures and details.
Fifth level: the drawing is a complex plot in which the contour of a geometric figure is used as one of the details.
Definition of Imagination Flexibility
and the degree of fixation of images of representations
The flexibility of the imagination depends on the fixedness of ideas. The degree of fixation of images is determined by the number of drawings containing the same plot.
Imagination will flexible when the fixedness of the images in the representation is not reflected in the drawings, that is, all the drawings are on different subjects and cover both the inner and outer parts of the outline of a geometric figure.
fixedness representations weak and the flexibility of the imagination is average if two drawings are for the same subject.
strong fixation images in representation and inflexibility or rigidity imaginations are characterized by drawings on the same subject. If all the drawings have the same plot, regardless of their level of complexity, this is a rigid imagination.
The rigidity of the imagination can also be in the absence or weak fixation of images in the representation, when the drawings are made strictly within the contours of a geometric figure. In this case, the subject's attention is fixed on the inner space of the circuit.
Determination of the degree of stereotyped imagination
Stereotyping is determined by the content of the drawings. If the content of the drawing is typical, then the imagination, like the drawing itself, is considered stereotypical, if not typical, original, then creative.
TO typical drawings include drawings on the following subjects.
Drawings from circle outline: sun, flower, man, face of a person or hare, dial and clock, wheel, globe, snowman.
Drawings from triangle outline: triangle and prism, house roof and house, pyramid, man with triangular head or torso, letter, road sign.
Drawings from square outline: a person with a square head or torso, a robot, a TV set, a house, a window, an augmented geometric figure of a square or a cube, an aquarium, a napkin, a letter.
The degree of stereotypy can be differentiated by levels.
A high degree of stereotype is ascertained when all the drawings are based on a typical plot.
Drawing is considered original, and the imagination is creative in the absence of stereotyping, when all the drawings are made by the subjects on atypical subjects.
Analysis of results
It is important to compare the results obtained with the features of the subject's involvement in the research process with his attitudes. For this, self-report data is used.
First of all, you need to pay attention to the subjects with the rigidity of the imagination. It can be the result of experienced stresses and affects. Very often, although not always, people who place all the drawings only inside the contours of geometric shapes have some mental illness. The drawings of such subjects are not discussed in the group. The teacher-psychologist registers such persons and recommends that they first contact the psychological service of the university for a special psychodiagnostic study. But at the same time, you need to use some kind of pretext so as not to injure the student's psyche with the alleged diagnosis.
Subjects with the fifth level of imagination complexity, the absence of stereotypes and high-quality execution of drawings are usually capable of artistic activity (graphics, painting, sculpture, etc.). Those who are inclined towards technical sciences, drawing or logic and philosophy, can depict some abstractions or geometric shapes. In contrast, people with a humanitarian orientation love plots related to human activity, draw people, their faces or anthropomorphic objects.
When discussing the test results and making recommendations, it is necessary to establish conditions conducive to overcoming stereotypes, developing creativity, and identifying tasks for training the flexibility of the imagination process.
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PSYCHODIAGNOSTICS
Educational and practical teaching materials
Appendix to T.L. Ryzhkovskaya, S.A. Belyaeva,
S.V. Starovoitova "Psychodiagnostics"
Part 1
An exploration of the imagination..
The study of individual characteristics of the imagination ..
Imagination Productivity Research..
An exploration of creative imagination.
Perception research.
A study of time perception.
The study of cognitive control in perception.
The exploration of feelings.
The study of visual sensations.
Examination of musculoskeletal sensations..
Study of the role of sensations in cognitive activity
human..
Speech research.
The study of speech rigidity..
Study of the rate of oral speech activity..
The study of egotism..
Methods for diagnosing attention.
Study of selectivity of attention.
Research on concentration.
Attention switch research.
Münsterberg method.
tangled lines technique.
Methodology "arrangement of numbers".
Method "Number square".
Test "Correction test".
Gorbov-Schulte table test.
TEST "SCHULTE TABLES".
Methods for diagnosing memory.
The study of short-term memory.
Study of mediated memory.
Study of the predominant type of memorization..
METHOD "MEMORY FOR NUMBERS".
METHOD "Semantic memory".
Pictogram..
Comparative study of direct and indirect memorization of abstract concepts..
TEST "LONG-TERM MEMORY".
TEST "LEARNING 10 WORDS".
TEST "SHORT-TERM MEMORY..
Methods for studying thinking..
The study of analytic thinking..
Association research.
Methodology "Type of thinking".
METHOD "Responsive associations".
METHOD OF "OPPOSITIONS".
Study of the influence of the installation on the method of solving problems.
The study of the reflexivity of thinking..
METHOD "EXCLUSION OF WORDS".
Methodology "The ratio of proverbs, metaphors and phrases."
Methodology "Comparison of concepts".
technique "Establishing the sequence of events."
TEST "CLASSIFICATION OF OBJECTS".
test "Simple analogies".
test "Complex analogies".
TEST "Essential Features".
Ebbinghaus test (Filling in the missing words in the text)
Methods for diagnosing intelligence, creativity, abilities..
The study of mental abilities..
PROGRESSIVE MATRIXES RAVEN..
R. AMTHAUER INTELLIGENCE STUDY TEST..
TORRANCE CREATIVITY TEST..
COPPER TEST (DIAGNOSIS OF VERBAL CREATIVITY)
Diagnostics of personal creativity (E.E. Tunik)
Brief Orientation Test.
DIAGNOSING THE LEVEL OF EMPATIC ABILITIES
V. V. BOYKO ..
Diagnostics of leadership abilities (Zharikov E.,
Krushelnitsky E.)
Study of emotional-volitional processes..
The study of volitional self-regulation..
The study of impulsivity..
Perseverance research.
Mood research.
The study of subjective control..
Diagnostics of the volitional potential of the individual.
Diagnosis of benevolence (according to the Campbell scale)
The study of the state of aggression, anxiety ..
DIAGNOSIS OF AGGRESSIVENESS A. ASSINGER..
Definition of integral forms of communicative aggressiveness (V.V. Boyko)
Questionnaire for the state of aggression Basa-Darki.
Phillips School Anxiety Test.
SPIELBERGER-Khanin reactive and personal anxiety scale.
The study of the state of depression, neurosis ..
Clinical questionnaire for the detection and evaluation of neurotic conditions (K.K. Yakhin, D.M. Mendelevich)
DIAGNOSIS OF THE LEVEL OF NEUROTISATION L.I. WASSERMAN..
METHOD OF DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF DEPRESSIVE
VA STATES ZHMUROVA..
METHOD OF DETERMINATION OF NEURO-MENTAL STABILITY, RISK OF DISADAPTATION IN STRESS "PROGNOSIS".
THE METHOD OF THE EXPRESS DIAGNOSIS OF NEUROSIS K. HECK AND H. HESS..
Scale for psychological express diagnostics
level of neuroticism (LN)
Family relationships..
Methodology for diagnosing attitudes towards a child’s illness (DOBR; V.E. Kagan, I.P. Zhuravleva)
METHOD OF DIAGNOSTICS OF PARENTAL ATTITUDE A.Ya. VARGA,
V.V. STOLIN..
Methodology "Communication in the family" (Yu.E. Aleshina, L.Ya. Gozman,
EAT. Dubovskaya)
Determining the consistency of family values and role settings in a married couple (A.N. Volkova)
Questionnaire "Role expectations and claims in marriage" (ROP)
Marriage satisfaction test...
The nature of the interaction of spouses in conflict situations.
PARI METHOD E. SCHEFFER AND R. BELLA..
motivation test...
Questionnaire based on the methodology for assessing the level of school motivation N.G. Luskanova..
Diagnostics of group motivation (I.D. Ladanov)
Diagnostics of achievement motivation (A. Mehrabian)
Diagnostics of the motivational structure of personality (V.E. Milman)
Diagnosis of affiliation motives (A. Mehrabian)
Study of the activity motivational structure (K.Zamfir)
METHODOLOGY OF DIAGNOSTICS OF PERSONALITY FOR MOTIVATION TO SUCCESS T. Ehlers..
Motivation for success and fear of failure (A.A. Rean's questionnaire)
Self-assessment of motivational states of a schoolchild (O.S. Grebenyuk)
Career test..
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC QUESTIONNAIRE E. KLIMOVA ..
MAP OF INTERESTS OF GOLOMSHTOK..
MOTIVATION OF PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES..
TAPPING TEST.
Activating career guidance technique (N. Pryazhnikov)
Methods for determining professionally important qualities (PVK)
Methodology for identifying and analyzing professionally important qualities of specialists in the "Human-Technology" system.
Questionnaire of professional inclinations (L. Yovaishi in
modifications G.V. Rezapkina)
Test questionnaire KOS-1.
KOS-2 technique.
Teacher-student..
Diagnostics of the dominant emotional modality
teachers (L. A. Rabinovich in the modification of T. G. Syritso)
Diagnostics of the partial orientation of the teacher's personality.
Methodology for studying the properties of the nervous system of students.
Questionnaire " Psychological picture teacher / parent"
(G.V. Rezapkina)
SCALE OF SOCIAL INTEREST, SCALE OF PERSONAL SIGNIFICANCE FEATURES.
Interpersonal relationships..
Out-of-group referentometry..
Diagnostics interpersonal relationships(A.A. Rukavishnikov)
Diagnostics of emotional barriers in interpersonal communication (V.V. Boyko)
Questionnaire T. Leary "Diagnostics of interpersonal relations" (DIR) adaptation by L.N. SOBCHIK..
DIAGNOSIS METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING SELF-CONTROL IN COMMUNICATION M. SNYDER..
METHOD OF SOCIOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS..
Sociomatrix..
Sociogram..
Monogram card..
Sociometric indexes..
Referentometry.
Methodology for studying the motivational core of interpersonal choices.
Determination of the Seashore Group Cohesion Index.
Definition of role positions in interpersonal relationships
(according to E. Bern)
Self-assessment of contact orientation.
Self-assessment of mental stability in interpersonal
relations (M.V. Sekach, V.F. Perevalov, L.G. Laptev)
Express diagnostics of the level of social exclusion
personalities (D. Russell and M. Fergusson)
Subjective assessment of interpersonal relationships (S.V. Dukhnovsky)
Socio-perceptual differentiation of small groups..
Scale of psychosemantic differences of the object social interaction
Diagnostics of functional and role positions in the management team
Methodology for assessing the level of sociability (test by V.F. Ryakhovsky)
orientation research.
Diagnosis of the real structure of value orientations of a person (S.S. Bubnova)
METHODOLOGY "VALUE ORIENTATIONS" (M. Rokeach)
Morphological test of life values (V.F. Sopov, L.V. Karpushina)
Determination of the life values of a person (Must-test)
(P.N. Ivanov, E.F. Kolobova)
Questionnaire of terminal values (I.G. Senin)
Value Questionnaire (CO) by S. Schwartz..
METHODOLOGY "VALUE ORIENTATIONS OF THE PERSON - 8".
Test of meaningful life orientations D.A. Leontiev (SJO)
Team Leadership Study...
Diagnosis of propensity to a certain leadership style (E.P. Ilyin)
Diagnosis of leadership styles (A.L. Zhuravlev)
METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING THE STYLE OF LABOR TEAM MANAGEMENT
V. P. ZAKHAROVA AND A. L. ZHURAVLEVA ..
Self-assessment of the leader's management style.
The style of work of the head with the documentation (I.V. Lipsits)
Projective methods of personality research..
EIGHT-COLOR LUSHER TEST..
METHODOLOGY OF PERSONALITY STUDY "HOUSE-TREE-MAN" J. BUKA..
METHOD OF STUDYING FRUSTRATION REACTIONS S.ROSENTSWEIG..
METHOD "UNFINISHED PROPOSALS".
MYOKINETIC METHOD OF E.MIR AND M.LOPETS..
Basics of interpretation of the drawing "Non-existent animal..
PSYCHOGEOMETRIC METHOD OF EXPRESS DIAGNOSIS OF TYPE
PERSONALITY..
DRAWN APPERCEPTIVE TEST (PAT) (L.N. Sobchik)
METHOD "DRAWING OF THE FAMILY".
DRAWING TEST "BUSINESS SITUATIONS" N.G. HITROVA..
TEST "NON-EXISTENT ANIMAL".
tree test.
TEST "STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF A HUMAN FROM GEOMETRIC FIGURES".
TEST PERSONAL SELF-PORTRAIT.
HOW TO KNOW THE CHARACTER OF A PERSON BY HIS SIGNATURE OR PRACTICAL GRAPHOLOGY
Rorschach test..
HANDS TEST (Napd Test)
COLOR RELATIONSHIP TEST (CTO) M. ETKINDA..
RENE GILE METHOD..
HUMORISTIC PHRASES TEST.
Method of graphological psychodiagnostics of personality.
personal methods.
Verbal diagnosis of personality self-esteem.
GISSEN QUESTIONNAIRE..
Diagnostics of the interactive orientation of the personality (N.E. Shchurkova
in the modification of N.P. Fetiskin)
Diagnosis of communicative and characterological features of personality (L.I. Umansky, I.A. Frenkel, A.N. Lutoshkin, A.S. Chernyshov, etc.)
Diagnostics of the communicative social competence(KSK)
Diagnosis of communicative tolerance (V.V. Boyko)
Diagnosis of personal egocentrism..
Diagnosis of partial positions of internality-externality of personality (E.F. Bazhin, E.A. Golynkina, A.M. Etkind)
Diagnosis of polymotivational tendencies in the "I-concept"
personalities (S.M. Petrova)
Diagnosis of the potential of communicative impulsivity (V.A. Losenkov)
Diagnosis of Acceptance of Others (Faye Scale)
Diagnostics of psychodynamic properties of personality (B.N. Smirnov)
Diagnosis of social empathy..
Diagnostics of behavioral activity strategies in stressful conditions
Diagnosis of typologies of psychological defense...
Diagnosis of the level of personal risk readiness ("RSK" Schubert)
Diagnostics of the level of polycommunicative empathy..
Diagnostics of "emotional intelligence" (N. Hall)
Diagnostics of the emotional orientation of the personality.
Indicator of coping strategies (D. Amirkhan)
PERSONAL DIFFERENTIAL..
"PERSONAL QUESTIONNAIRE" G.Yu. Eysenck, EPI, 1963.
Cattell's 16-factor personality questionnaire (187)
Cattell's 16-factor personality questionnaire (105)
METHOD "Q-SORT" V. STEFANSON.
EISENCK EPQ METHOD..
METHOD OF DIAGNOSTICS OF THE DOMINANT STRATEGY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROTECTION IN COMMUNICATION V.V. BOYKO..
METHOD OF DIAGNOSTICS OF A COMMUNICATION INSTALLATION V.V. BOYKO..
DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUE OF THE NEED FOR SEARCHING FOR SENSATIONS
M. ZUKERMAN..
Methodology for diagnosing self-assessment of approval motivation
(Lie scale) D. Marlow and D. Crown..
The method of diagnosing the socio-psychological attitudes of the personality in the motivational-demand sphere O.F. Potemkina..
DIAGNOSIS TECHNIQUE FOR THE TYPE OF BEHAVIORAL ACTIVITY
L. I. WASSERMAN AND N. V. GUMENUK ..
DIAGNOSTICS METHOD OF THE TYPE OF EMOTIONAL REACTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT V. V. BOYKO..
Methodology for diagnosing the level of development of general reflection
A.V. Karpova..
DIAGNOSIS METHODOLOGY FOR THE LEVEL OF SUBJECTIVE SENSATION
LONELY D. RUSSELL AND M. FERGUSON ..
METHODOLOGY FOR DIAGNOSING THE LEVEL OF EMOTIONAL BURNOUT
V. V. BOYKO ..
Methodology for studying the structure of temperament J. Strelyau ..
Methodology for the study of self-attitude (MIS; S.R. Pantileev)
METHOD FOR DETERMINING PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TEMPERAMENT..
Methodology "Purpose - Means - Result" (TsSR)
Method for diagnosing the type of character accentuation
"Baker's dozen".
Method "Level of emotional intelligence" (QLEI)
EXPRESS DIAGNOSIS METHOD FOR CHARACTEROLOGICAL
PERSONALITY FEATURES T. V. MATOLINA ..
MULTI-LEVEL PERSONAL QUESTIONNAIRE "ADAPTABILITY".
Multifactorial personality questionnaire FPI. Form B..
Definition of Cognitive Activity Style (Rebecca L.)
Determination of the orientation of the personality (B. Bass)
Definition of mental burnout (A.A. Rukavishnikov)
Determination of propensity to deviant behavior (A.N. Orel)
Questionnaire for studying the index of life style
Plutchik - Kellermann - Conte..
QUESTIONNAIRE SAN..
Questionnaire of the level of subjective control (USK)
Questionnaire of formal-dynamic properties of individuality
(OFDSI) V.M. Rusalova..
Questionnaire Shmishek. Character accents.
Pathocharacterological Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDO)
Perceptual-figurative self-assessment (V.V. Boyko)
AGE AND GENDER IDENTIFICATION. METHODOLOGY FOR STUDYING CHILD SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS..
Gender role questionnaire (S.S. Bem)
Psychodiagnostic test (PDT) by V. Melnikov, L. Yampolsky..
Psychological typology of personality (K. Jung)
Self-actualization test.
TEST-QUESTIONNAIRE OF SELF-ATTITUDE..
Kuhn test. Test "Who am I?".
Temperament test V.M. Rusalova..
Test "Temperament and sociotypes".
Test "Formula of temperament" (A. Belov)
CHARACTEROLOGICAL QUESTIONNAIRE (K. Leonhard questionnaire)
Express diagnostics of system-characterological relations of personality
Express diagnostics of characterological features of personality.
Express diagnostics of the level of social frustration (L.I. Wasserman)
List of used literature...
Exploration of the imagination
The study of individual characteristics of the imagination
Purpose of the study: determine the level of complexity of the imagination, the degree of fixation of ideas, the flexibility or rigidity of the imagination and the degree of its stereotype or originality.
Material and equipment: three sheets of paper measuring 10x16 cm without cells or rulers. On the first sheet in the middle there is a contour of a circle with a diameter of 2.5 cm. On the second sheet, also in the middle, there is a contour of an equilateral triangle with a side length of 2.5 cm. On the third sheet there is a contour of a square with a side length of 2.5 cm. Pencil and stopwatch.
Research procedure
This study is carried out both with one subject and with a group. But it is better that the group is small, up to 15 people. In the latter case, the experimenter needs to ensure that none of the subjects speaks or shows their drawings to others until the end of the test.
Testing is carried out in three stages. At the first stage, the subject is given a piece of paper with the outline of a circle depicted on it, at the second - a triangle, and at the third - a square. Each stage of the study is preceded by a repeating instruction.
Test subject instructions:“Using the outline of the geometric figure shown on this sheet, draw a picture. The quality of the drawing does not matter. The way you use the outline is up to you. At the signal "Stop!" stop drawing."
The experimenter determines the drawing time at each stage using a stopwatch. In each case, it must be equal to 60 seconds.
At the end of testing, the subject is asked to give a self-report and for this they are asked: “Did you like the task? What feelings did you experience while doing it?
Results processing
Processing of the results and determination of the levels of development of the imagination, the degree of fixation of ideas, flexibility or rigidity, as well as originality or stereotyping, is carried out by comparing the content and analyzing all three drawings of the subject.
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