In this section, we will look at plan research work students and its main sections for carrying out individual research activities at school, writing and designing research project with the aim of developing the search, research and creative skills of children.
We will also describe in detail the contents of each item. research project plan student and give important explanations and recommendations that will help to correctly and competently plan and execute research work.
We will try to give answers to questions and a plan for how to write a research paper, we will give an example of writing and performing educational research work, as well as each section of a student's project. These recommendations will be important for teachers for the implementation of research and project activities At school.
Research Plan
An example and a sample plan for a student's research work is also a plan for individual research work, design research work, an individual project plan, carried out under the guidance of a teacher certain subject, teacher additional education or a teacher in a preschool educational institution (kindergarten).
1. Title page of the research paper
3. Introduction of research work
In the Introduction of the research work, the relevance of the chosen topic is substantiated, the object, subject of research and main problems are determined, the purpose and content of the tasks are formulated, and what the novelty of the research (if any) is.
Also, the introduction defines research methods, substantiates the theoretical and practical significance (if there is a practical part) of the research work (project).
According to the plan, after the conclusion, it is customary to place in the text of an individual research paper a list of references used in the study of the material of the theoretical part of the study, conducting search work on the Internet or archives.
Each source included in the list of references should be reflected in the explanatory note. Works that were not actually used in the research project should not be included in this list.
8. Applications
The application of the research work and the project contains diagrams, graphs, charts, photographs, tables, maps. According to the plan, the application section is placed last in work.
Auxiliary or Additional materials, which clutter up the bulk of the work, are placed in applications. Each application must begin on a new sheet (page) with the word "Application" in the upper right corner and have a thematic heading.
There is an accepted scheme for writing a research paper. It is the same for term papers, bachelor's, master's and dissertations. This scheme assumes the presence of the following parts in the work: content, introduction, a number of chapters (with at least two paragraphs per chapter), conclusion, list of references, applications.
Title page is the first page of the work. It must be drawn up in accordance with the samples presented in Appendix 2 and contain information about the university, course, group and program where the author of the work is studying; about his last name, first name and patronymic; about the name and type of work; about the supervisor; about the admission of work to protection. At the end of the title page, the place and year of writing the work are also indicated.
The formation of the content (table of contents) should be preceded by a plan for the structure of a qualification or term paper. The plan is a list of chapters drawn up in a certain order (along with an introduction and conclusion) and a detailed list of paragraphs (questions) for each chapter.
A correctly drawn up plan serves as the basis for the student to prepare a qualification and term paper; helps him to systematize the scientific, methodological, scientific and practical material, to ensure the consistency of his presentation. The student determines the work plan independently, and then coordinates and approves it with the supervisor. The work plan is dynamic. In the process of developing a research topic, the plan can be refined by expanding individual chapters and paragraphs, introducing new paragraphs taking into account the collected material, or reducing the structural elements of the work.
All changes to the plan must be agreed with the supervisor. The final version of the plan of qualification or term paper acquires the status of its content (table of contents) and is approved by the supervisor.
The most formalized part of the work is INTRODUCTION. The introduction sets out research program- the ideal plan of action for the researcher, which is necessary both for understanding what, why, how And With using what explore, as well as to understand how to implement this research(plan of successive actions). The introduction has a well-established structure:
Relevance of the research topic. In this part of the introduction, a rationale is given for why and why this particular topic, problem is being studied. It is important to formulate the relevance as specifically as possible, within the framework of the chosen research topic. Abstract statements are undesirable general plan about the state of mankind and human knowledge, as well as reasoning about the high significance of the direction chosen by the student and the importance of this work. Revealing the relevance of the study, it is necessary to show what tasks are facing theory and practice, pedagogical science in terms of the chosen direction in specific socio-economic conditions, reflect what has already been done by previous scientists and researchers and what has not yet been fully studied, what is the new perspective of the problem revealed at work.
Coverage of relevance should be laconic. There is no special need to begin its description from afar. It is enough within three (maximum four) pages of typewritten text for a term paper, five or six for a final qualifying work and five or seven for a master's thesis, to show the main thing - the essence of the problem situation.
The relevance of the topic of the course work is sufficient to express in understanding the context of the study, the argumentation of interest in the chosen topic, the problematization of the research topic.
The relevance of the topic of bachelor's research, master's thesis can be revealed in three directions:
Social. A paragraph about the current social context in relation to the research problem. For example:“In the context of a growing gap in the value orientations of different generations, it becomes relevant ... such and such a problem, the disclosure of which will allow ...”.
theoretical. A paragraph about the scale of the theory of the question. For example: « This problem considered in the human sciences (or pedagogical sciences) in such and such a perspective (or aspect). However, the main attention was paid to something, and not to the question ... ".
Practical. A paragraph about the state of affairs in the practice of the problem under discussion. For example:“An analysis of practice shows that children are not familiar enough (do not have sufficient skills), and are increasingly faced with ...”. Or: "The disclosure of this problem will contribute to the development ... in practice ...".
After briefly and at the same time describing in detail the relevance of the study, the author formulates research controversy. A contradiction is understood as a certain relationship between mutually exclusive, but at the same time mutually conditioned and interpenetrating opposites within a single object and its states. In pedagogy and psychology, contradiction is understood as inconsistency, inconsistency between any aspects of a single object.
For example:"IN state of the art question, unresolved contradictions have developed between this and that in theory ... and this and that in practice ... ".
The study begins with the formulation of scientific Problems , which follows from the chosen Topics research. In a broad sense, a problem is a complex theoretical or practical issue that requires study and resolution. In science, it is a contradictory situation, acting in the form of opposite positions in the explanation of any phenomena, objects, processes and requiring an adequate theory to resolve it. A research problem is a question that is planned to be answered in the process of working on a study, this is what we are studying. It is easier to formulate the problem as an interrogative form of the topic.
For example: the topic sounds like “The development of creative activity of younger students in the process of project activities in mathematics lessons”, then the problem can be formulated as “The impact of project activities on the development of creative activity of younger students in mathematics lessons”.
Or the theme "Integrated education of children in preschool educational institutions"may give rise to such a problem:" Development of theoretical and practical-methodological foundations for integrated education of children in preschool educational institutions.
The topic “Formation of a professional identity of a teacher in the process of university training” may involve such a problem as: “What forms, methods, pedagogical conditions ensure the effectiveness of the formation of a teacher's professional identity in the process of university training?
It is important to understand that the problem is not only the clarification of the topic, but the finding and concise formulation of a certain contradiction or unknown that needs to be resolved or clarified in the course of the study.
After the problem is formulated, it is necessary to designate purpose of the study. A goal is a imagined and desired future event or state, an ideal representation of the result of our action. The means necessary to achieve it are consistent with the goal. The goal is what the researcher intends to achieve in the process of work; what we want to clarify in the study.
For example,“The purpose of the study is to identify, justify and experimentally verify the conditions ...”, “The purpose of the study is to scientifically substantiate and experimental verification methods….
The more specific the goal, the clearer what, how and by what means it is planned to achieve in the work. The phrase “The solution to this problem was the goal of the study” is also possible, which will avoid repetition - the “reversal” of the problem.
Following the problem is determined object of study, and then subject of study.
Object of study- this is, as a rule, an area or sphere of phenomena, real psychological and pedagogical processes that contain contradictions and give rise to problem situation. Defining the object of research, the author designates the field of research.
For example,"The object of the study is the creative activity of schoolchildren in mathematics lessons in elementary school."
Subject of study- these are separate sides, properties, characteristics of the object; that side, that aspect, that point of view from which the researcher cognizes an integral object, while highlighting the main, most significant features of the object for research. Formulating the subject of research, the author clarifies the question: what is being investigated?
The subject is a narrower concept than the object of study. Reflecting on the subject of research, the student determines what relationships, properties, aspects, functions of the object this research reveals. The subject of research should be consonant with the topic of research.
For example, " The subject of the study is the process of developing the creative activity of students elementary school in project activities in mathematics lessons.
The object and subject, the problem and the purpose of the study are closely related research objectives. Tasks are the purpose of the activity set in certain specific conditions. In research, tasks are specific questions or actions, the resolution or implementation of which brings closer to the disclosure of the research problem and the achievement of the goal of the work. The comprehension of tasks is facilitated by the search for answers to the question: what needs to be done to achieve the goal, to solve the research problem? When formulating tasks, it should be remembered that, by solving them, the research program is actually set: give a description, determine theoretical basis research, identify, characterize, reveal the specifics of the phenomenon (make an assumption, select methods, develop a program, collect information, obtain data, compare data with each other according to such and such parameters, etc. - these are internal research tasks that are not taken out in the general category).
Thus, each next task can be solved only on the basis of the result of solving the previous one. In total, it is recommended to set and solve at least three, but not more than five tasks.
For example,
1. Conduct an analysis of the scientific literature on the research problem in order to define the concepts of "creativity", "activity", "creative activity" in relation to the problem under study.
2. Identify the possibilities of using the design learning activities for the development of creative activity of younger students.
3. Determine the criteria, indicators and characterize the levels that allow evaluating the effectiveness of project activities as a way to develop the creative activity of students in mathematics lessons.
4. To investigate the attitude towards the subject of junior schoolchildren studying mathematics according to the traditional system of education and according to the program where creative projects are carried out.
After formulating the tasks, it is logical to proceed to the formulation research hypotheses.
Research hypothesis- a scientific assumption, an assumption that requires experimental verification and theoretical justification in order to become reliable scientific theory. Hypothesis formulation is the most complex and important stage of research design. The hypothesis largely builds the "author's" logic of the study.
The hypothesis contains a hypothetical answer to the question, which is presented in the form of a statement of the purpose of the study.
A hypothesis is a scientifically based assumption about the structure of the subject of research, about the nature of its elements and their relationships, about the mechanism of functioning and development. A hypothesis contains factors that determine a particular phenomenon. Hypotheses should be testable in the course of the study, but they can be either confirmed or refuted.
The hypothesis should not contain unspecified concepts; should not allow value judgments; should not include many restrictions and assumptions; must be verifiable using existing techniques or methods.
Exist different kinds hypotheses:
1) descriptive:
– structural – an assumption about a characteristic set of elements in the object under study;
- functional - an assumption about the form of connections between the elements of the object under study;
2) explanatory - the assumption of causal relationships in the object under study, requiring experimental verification.
Hypotheses can also be divided into:
- general - to explain the entire class of phenomena, to derive a regular character from relationships at any time and in any place;
- private - to find out the reasons for the occurrence of patterns in a certain subset of elements of this set;
- single - to identify patterns of single facts, specific events or phenomena;
- workers - an assumption put forward at the beginning of the study and not setting the task of finally clarifying the causes and patterns. It allows the researcher to build a certain system (grouping) of observational results and give a preliminary description of the phenomenon under study that is consistent with it.
Besides , hypotheses can be divided into: main (which are the basis of the study) and inferential (derived from the study and are a prerequisite for the next one).
For example,
Research hypothesis: the effectiveness of the development of students' creative activity in mathematics lessons increases if:
- the problems and content of project activities are focused on the creative needs, interests and potential of the student, include a wide range of types and areas of practical activity in mathematics, creating conditions for self-determination of younger students;
- a variable construction of project activities is carried out to create conditions for the implementation of the subject position elementary school student, development of skills and free creative activity and its management;
- students are involved in active creative activity.
The next step should be understanding theoretical and methodological basis of the study. Theoretical and methodological basis is one or several interrelated conceptual ideas, in line with which one's own research is built. The methodological basis cannot be a simple list of the names of scientists or theories that are discussed in the work. It is not necessary to put forward ideas from conflicting scientific paradigms or concepts as a methodological basis. Methodological basis research - the stated position, on the basis of which particular research questions will be understood and interpreted.
For example,
Theoretical and methodological foundations of the study:
- theoretical basis practical application project method by J. Dewey, W. Keel-Patrick, E. Collings;
– theories in which various approaches to design are substantiated pedagogical systems: personality-oriented (L. S. Vygotsky, V. V. Davydov, K. Rogers, I. S. Yakimanskaya); integrated approach (T. I. Baklanova, V. S. Bezrukova); M. N. Berulava, I. D. Zverev, T. S. Komarova, G. P. Novikova, V. N. Maksimova, V. D. Semenov, Yu. S. Tyunnikov, N. K. Chapaev); activity approach (L. S. Vygotsky, A. V. Zaporozhets, A. N. Leontiev, S. L. Rubinshtein, G. N. Shchukina, D. B. Elkonin).
– methodological foundations training in educational program"School of Russia".
The introduction also mentions: research methods in the form of a simple enumeration according to the principle from general (analysis of scientific literature on the problem, terminological analysis, survey, observation, descriptive methods, etc.) to specific ones (methods used in empirical research); experimental research base- organization, enterprise, division (for example, preschool, school, university, etc.), in which research or experimental work is carried out; sample - the total number of subjects and detailed by significant differences for the study (gender, age, social groups; experimental and control groups, etc.).
For example,
Research methods:
- theoretical: analysis of psychological, pedagogical and scientific and methodological literature; analysis and generalization of experimental data, formulation of conclusions and practical advice on the research topic;
- empirical: the study of the products of students' activities; diagnostic methods;
– data processing methods: quantitative-statistical (processing of numerical data, construction of diagrams, tables, histograms) and qualitative (differentiation of the obtained material by levels, groups, etc.)
It is possible (but not necessary) to highlight the item defense clauses, which are "answers" to the tasks set, formulated in the form of theoretical statements.
The introduction may state Theoretical and practical significance of the research- statements of what is fundamentally new revealed in this work, how and in what areas it will be possible to use the results of the study.
For example,
Theoretical significance of the study consists in clarifying the concepts of “project method”, “project technology”, in substantiating the stages of implementing the project method in teaching younger students.
Practical significance of the study is that the research materials can be used by teachers primary school V educational process as well as teachers and students pedagogical specialties universities.
If the study was carried out in several stages, then a brief description of each stage of the study: in what terms and what was done.
For example,
At the analytical and exploratory stage (2011–2012 academic years), the state of development of the problem of formation…
At the ascertaining stage (2012-2013 academic years) - it was developed, described and displayed ...
At the formative stage (2013-2014 academic years) - experimental training was conducted ...
During the control stage (2014), the results of experimental work were systematized and processed, conclusions were formulated ...
Actually the work is structured into chapters . Number of chapters in term paper– usually two (maximum three); in the thesis - two or three (if necessary - four). If the work is structured into three chapters, then the following logic is reasonable: the first chapter is theoretical; the second is the rationale and description of research methods; the third is the presentation of the results of the study and their discussion. In a more abbreviated version: the first chapter is theoretical; the second is empirical.
CHAPTER 1. Theoretical part of the work. Review and analysis of the state of knowledge of this problem. This chapter provides an overview of the history of the study of the problem discussed in the paper. This review can be structured according to scientific directions And scientific schools, on the historical stages of the development of science, on the development of ideas in foreign and domestic research, etc. In the first chapter, it is significant to discuss the basic concepts, giving them essential characteristic, and theoretical positions in relation to the issues considered in the study. When analyzing the history of a problem, it is reasonable to focus on unexplored aspects or controversial issues. As a result of the first chapter, a clear theoretical substantiation of the planned empirical research should be given, a conceptual apparatus should be formulated, and the logic of the study should be substantiated.
CHAPTER 2 The empirical part of the work. Contains justification and description of the procedure and research methods; characteristics of the sample, research space, collected materials; description of the course of experimental work, the main stages and logic of the study; description of the control and experimental groups; data processing tools. The chapter describes the results of an empirical study or experiment, their analysis and interpretation; conclusions are drawn.
It is important that the first and second chapters are meaningfully interconnected. The rationale for the course of the study, the choice of methods, the logic of analysis and interpretation of data should follow from the theoretical justifications of the empirical study.
Chapters should be divided into paragraphs. Chapters and paragraphs are numbered in Arabic numerals. The structuring of chapters and paragraphs should be consistent throughout the work.
For example:
CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS …………………………….
CHAPTER 2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK…………..
CONCLUSION. This is a kind of "answer to the introduction." In conclusion, answers are given to the tasks set at the beginning of the study, the main conclusions are reflected, confirming (or refuting) the hypothesis. The conclusions on the empirical part of the study are especially valuable. Conclusions are meaningfully presented in a structured way, numbering each. The sequence of presentation of conclusions is from more general, directly responding to the problem posed in the study, to more specific ones. The conclusion may end with assumptions about further possibilities for studying this problem.
BIBLIOGRAPHY is a numbered list of literary or other sources on the problem used when writing the work (all personalities and sources mentioned in the work, as well as other literature on the problem considered by the author during the study). Requirements for the design of the list of references are presented in Appendix 4.
APPLICATION. It may contain the materials of the experiment in tables, diagrams, graphs; questionnaires or questionnaires, a program of correctional and developmental, training sessions, etc. If there are many applications, then a list of applications is given first.
Applications are made out as a continuation of the dissertation on its last pages. With a large volume or format, applications are drawn up as an independent block in a special folder (or binding), on the front side of which they give the heading "Appendices" and then repeat all the elements of the dissertation title page.
Each application must begin on a new sheet (page) with the word "Application" in the upper right corner and have a thematic heading. If there is more than one application in the dissertation, they are numbered in Arabic numerals (without the number sign), for example: "Appendix 1", "Appendix 2". The numbering of the pages on which the appendices are given should be continuous and continue the general numbering of the pages of the main text. The connection of the main text with the applications is carried out through links that are used with the word "look"; it is usually abbreviated and enclosed with the cipher in parentheses in the form: (see appendix 5).
Each application, as a rule, has an independent meaning and can be used independently of the main text. The reflection of the application in the content of the course or final qualifying work is usually in the form of an independent heading with full title each application.
All main structural parts of the work (introduction, chapters, conclusion, list of sources used, applications) should be started on a new page, and their name (title) should be written capital letters and highlight in bold. After the title of the chapter of the work (paragraph), the dot is not put.
Research work is evaluated not only by theoretical scientific value, but also by the level of general methodological preparation of scientific material, which, first of all, is reflected in its composition.
The structure of the research work is the sequence of the location of its main parts, which include the main text (i.e. chapters and paragraphs), as well as all parts of the reference and accompanying apparatus (tables, graphs, programs).
The student's research work must contain the following elements:
Title page;
Scroll symbols(if necessary);
Introduction ( general characteristics work);
The main part, represented by chapters;
Conclusion;
List of used literature;
Applications (if necessary).
Title page is the first page of the work and is filled out according to strictly defined rules. The title page must contain the following information:
Full name educational institution in which research work is carried out;
The title of the work, which should define the area of research, be as short as possible and exactly match the content of the study;
Surname, name, patronymic of the student;
Number and name of the specialty;
Genre of work, for example, final qualification work;
Surnames, initials, scientific degrees and the title of scientific supervisor and reviewer;
The city in which the educational institution is located;
Year of defense of research work.
After the title page is placed table of contents, which lists all the titles of the research paper and indicates the pages from which they begin. Headings in the table of contents should exactly repeat the headings in the text. Headings may not be abbreviated or given in a different wording or sequence. The table of contents should be placed at the beginning of the work, as this makes it possible to immediately see its structure.
List of conventions, symbols, units and terms.
If specific terminology is adopted in the work, as well as rare abbreviations, new symbols, designations, etc. are used, then their list can be presented in the form of a separate list placed before the introduction.
The list usually has the form of a column, in which the abbreviation is given on the left (in alphabetical order), and its detailed transcript is on the right.
If special terms, abbreviations, symbols, designations, etc. are repeated less than three times in the work, the list is not compiled, their decoding is given in the text at the first mention.
Introduction. In this part of the work, the relevance of the chosen topic, goals and objectives are briefly formulated. They formulate the object and subject of research, indicate research methods, the theoretical and practical value of the results obtained, the possibility of their use (where, when, by whom). After defining the goal, a working hypothesis is formulated - a scientific assumption put forward to explain any factors, features, characteristics and anticipating the result of the study.
The introduction notes the signs of novelty of the study, its practical, theoretical and social significance. Scientific novelty can be determined in the study by the difference between the obtained results and the known ones, in this case it is necessary to classify the degree of novelty (obtained for the first time, improved, further development provided, etc.), reveal the essence of new results.
The novelty of the results of research work is determined by the extent to which they develop ideas about a particular phenomenon, systematically clarify the essence of phenomena, processes, and how they contribute to the development of science and practice.
Scientific novelty is determined, for example, by the absence of similar studies, novelty of the topic, methodological solution, originality of setting goals, tasks, hypotheses.
At the end of the introduction, it is desirable to reveal the structure of the research work, list the main structural elements and justify the sequence of their location.
in chapters the main part of the research work an analysis of the theoretical material obtained from the literature on this issue is given, the methods and techniques of the study are considered in detail, the practical part is highlighted, and the results are summarized. The main part of the research work is divided into chapters, paragraphs, paragraphs. Each element of the main part is finished in semantic relation piece of work.
The main part of the work (represented by chapters) contains:
Review of literature on the topic and choice of research direction;
Description of sources of information;
Presentation of the general concept and basic research methods;
Analysis and generalization of research results.
The main part begins with a review of the literature on the issue under study (Chapter I) and is defined as a theoretical section in which the student reveals the main stages in the development of scientific thought on the issue under consideration.
The purpose of the theoretical section is to demonstrate orientation in the research problem, to substantiate the research hypothesis and the choice of ways to prove it.
The literature review begins with a presentation of the ideas of those authors who have made a significant contribution to the development of the problem. Then it is advisable to analyze and compare different points authors' point of view. Literary review should not turn into a continuous quotation.
In the theoretical section, briefly, but deep enough, systematized, the state of the problem should be stated on this moment, to characterize the subject of research: to determine the main categories and concepts, to classify them, to evaluate the achievements of domestic and foreign science on the problem under study. Referring to scientific publications, it is necessary to briefly state the debatable points of view on various issues and give them their own assessment with a clearly expressed position of the student.
At the end of the review, one should briefly characterize the state of the problem and point out insufficiently studied, debatable issues. This will make it possible to determine the relevance of the study;
It is advisable to end the review with a brief summary of the need for research in this area and define the subject of your research.
Thus, the text of the analytical review must meet the following requirements:
Reliability and completeness of information;
Logical structure;
Clarity, clarity of presentation;
compositional integrity;
Argumentation of conclusions.
In the first part practical section(Chapter II) sets out general concept and the main research methods, the theoretical justification of the proposed methods, algorithms for solving problems is given, their essence is stated, the scientific and theoretical justification for choosing the direction of research is given, the organization and content of the study are described: characteristics of the subjects, specific methods, research procedures, criteria for evaluating the results of the study.
In the second part of the practical section (Chapters III, IV) the data of the ascertaining (forming) experiment are given. The author's own research is presented with the identification of the new that he introduced into the development of the problem (results of study and training). The author needs to give his own assessment of the achievement of the goal and the completeness of the solution of the tasks, an assessment of the reliability of the results obtained, their comparison with similar results of domestic and foreign authors, the rationale for the need for additional research, negative results leading to the need to stop further research on a specific issue.
The order of presentation of the material should be subordinate to the purpose of the study, formulated by the author. The logical construction and purposefulness of the presentation of the main content is achieved only when each chapter has a specific purpose and is the basis for the next one.
When writing a paper, the student is obliged to indicate the authors and sources from which he borrows materials. Quotations must be enclosed in quotation marks. Free presentation of the borrowed text is allowed only with reference to the source of the borrowing.
At the end of each chapter, brief descriptive conclusions should be given, which makes it possible to clearly formulate the results of each stage of the study, making it possible to “free” the main results from secondary details.
Conclusion is not just a list of the results obtained, but a synthesis of the information accumulated in the main part. Here it is important to consistently, logically coherently present the results obtained and their relationship with the goal and objectives set in the introductory part of the work. The conclusion assumes the presence of a generalized assessment of the work done. At the same time, it is important to indicate what its main meaning is, what important side scientific results have been obtained, what new tasks arise. In some cases, it becomes necessary to indicate the ways of further research, as well as specific tasks that will have to be solved in the first place. Practical suggestions greatly increase the value of theoretical material.
List of used literature. After the conclusion, it is customary to post a list of references - this is a list of information sources on the basis of which the work was done (cited, mentioned in the text, used in the research process, but not reflected in the main text of the work). The list is in alphabetical order.
If the author makes a reference to any facts or cites the works of other authors, then he must indicate in the subscript where the materials are taken from. Works that have not actually been used should not be included in the list. It is not recommended to place reference books, encyclopedias, popular scientific publications in the list. If there is a need to use such publications, then they should be given in subscripts in the text of the research paper.
All materials that are not essential for understanding the scientific problem, auxiliary and additional materials that clutter up the text of the main part, are taken out in applications and notes
Structure, logic and design of students' research work
1. Structure and logic of research work.
Research work, like any creativity, is possible and effective only on a voluntary basis. Educational research can unfold outside the classroom and the usual academic work as additional, extracurricular, extracurricular work.
The main stages of the research work are the following provisions:
Find a problem - what needs to be studied.
The topic is what to call it.
Relevance - why this problem needs to be studied.
The purpose of the study is what result is expected to be obtained.
A hypothesis is what is not obvious in an object.
Novelty – what is new during the research.
Research objectives - what to do - theoretically and experimentally.
Literature review - what is already known on this issue.
Research methodology - how and what was researched.
The results of the study are our own data.
Conclusions - brief answers to the tasks.
Significance - how the results affect practice.
Let's consider the above steps in more detail.
The structure of the research work is standard, and standards cannot be deviated from. In the development with which the study begins, there are two main parts: methodological and procedural. First, it is necessary to highlight what needs to be studied - the problem.
Problem should be feasible, its solution should bring real benefit to the participants in the study. Then it should be called - subject.
Subject it must be original, it must have an element of surprise, unusualness, it must be such that the work can be done relatively quickly.
It is necessary to decide why this particular problem needs to be studied at the present time - it is relevance .
The research work should formulate target - what result is expected to be obtained, in what way, in in general terms, this result is seen even before it is obtained. Usually the goal is to study certain phenomena.
In the study, it is important to highlight hypothesis and protected positions. A hypothesis is a prediction of events, it is a probable knowledge that has not yet been proven. Initially, the hypothesis is neither true nor false - it is simply not proven.
Protected statements are what the researcher sees, but others do not notice. The position in the process of work is either confirmed or rejected. The hypothesis must be substantiated, that is, supported by literary data and logical considerations.
After defining the goal and hypotheses are formulated tasks research. Objectives and goals are not the same thing. There is one goal of research work, but there are several tasks. Tasks show what you are going to do. The formulation of the tasks is closely related to the structure of the study. Moreover, separate tasks can be set for the theoretical part and for the experimental part.
The work must be present literature review , i.e. a brief description of what is known about the phenomenon under study, in which direction other authors are researching. In the review, you must show that you are familiar with the field of research from several sources, that you are setting a new task, and not doing something that has already been done before you a long time ago.
Then it is described technique research. Her detailed description must be included in the text. This is a description of what and how the author of the study did to prove the validity of the hypothesis put forward.
The following are results research. Own data obtained as a result of research activities. The data obtained must be compared with the data of scientific sources from a review of the literature on the problem and the patterns discovered in the course of the study should be established.
It should be noted novelty results, what is done from what others have not noticed, what results are obtained for the first time. What shortcomings in practice can be corrected with the help of the results obtained during the study.
It is necessary to clearly understand the difference between the working data and the data presented in the text of the work. In the process of research, a large array of numbers is often obtained, which do not need to be presented in the text. Therefore, only the most necessary data is processed and presented. However, it must be remembered that someone may want to get acquainted with the primary material of the study. In order not to overload the main part of the work, the primary material can be moved to application .
The most advantageous form of data presentation is graphical, which makes it as easy as possible for the reader to perceive the text. Always put yourself in the reader's shoes.
And the work ends conclusions . In which thesis, in the order of the tasks, the results of the study are presented. Conclusions are short answers to the question - how the research tasks were solved.
The goal can be achieved even if the initial hypothesis fails.
2. Protection procedure.
The next stage is a report as a natural outcome of the research work. The results of the work are presented at the conference, publicly.
The task of the speaker: to accurately and emotionally state the very essence of the study. During the report, it is unacceptable to read out the work, but to briefly reflect the main content of all chapters and sections of the work. It must be borne in mind that the duration of the speech allowed by the regulations is 10-15 minutes. Therefore, when preparing a report, the most important is selected from the text of the work. Sometimes you have to “sacrifice” some important moments, if you can do without them. When presenting the material, one should adhere to separate plan corresponding to the structure and logic of the research work itself.
Everything else, if the audience has an interest, is stated in the answers to questions.
A written work and a report on it are completely different genres of scientific creativity.
II. General requirements and rules for the design of texts of research papers.
For the design of texts of research papers and abstracts, there are General requirements and rules.
The volume of the abstract ranges from 20 to 25 pages of printed text (without attachments), the report - 1-5 pages (depending on the class number and the student's readiness for this kind of activity).
For computer-generated text, font size 12-14, Times New Roman, normal; line spacing - 1.5; margins: left - 30 mm, right - 10 mm, top - 20 mm, bottom - 20 mm. (when changing the size of the margins, it must be taken into account that the right and left margins, as well as the upper and lower margins, must total 40 mm.). With the right parameters, the page should fit an average of 30 lines, and an average of 60 printed characters per line, including punctuation marks and spaces between words.
Text is printed on one side of the page; footnotes and notes are printed on the same page they refer to (with 1 spacing, in a smaller font than the text).
All pages are numbered starting from the title page; the page number is placed in the bottom center of the page; The title page does not have a page number.
The distance between the section title (chapter or paragraph headings) and the following text should be three spaces. The heading is located in the middle of the line, do not put a dot at the end of the heading.
The title page is the first page of the manuscript and is filled out according to certain rules.
The upper field indicates the full name of the educational institution.
In the middle field, the name of the topic is indicated without the word “topic”. This name is written without quotes. The title should reflect the problem stated in it and correspond to the main content of the work. When formulating a topic, one should follow the rule: the narrower the topic, the more words contained in the header. One or two words testify to the vagueness, lack of specificity in the content, that the work is “about everything and about nothing”.
Below, closer to the right edge of the title page, the surname, name, patronymic of the student, class are indicated. Even lower - last name, first name, patronymic and position of the head and, if any, consultants.
The lower field indicates the city and year of work (without the word “year”). The choice of the size and type of font of the title page is not of fundamental importance. After the title page, a table of contents is placed, which lists all the titles of the work and indicates the pages from which they begin. Table of contents headings should exactly repeat the headings in the text. This is followed by an introduction, the main text (according to the division into sections and with brief conclusions at the end of each section) and a conclusion. The main text may be accompanied by illustrative material (drawings, photographs, diagrams, diagrams, tables). If the main part contains quotations or references to statements, it is necessary to indicate the number of the source according to the list and the page in square brackets at the end of the quotation or reference.
For example:
Ancient wisdom says: “Tell me and I will forget, show me and I will remember, let me do it myself and I will learn”. After the conclusion, it is customary to place a list of sources (at least 3-5), which, as noted above, may include a variety of their types. When making a list of sources, literature is listed first (author, book title, city, publisher, year, number of pages), and then other sources. The list is built and numbered alphabetically by the names of the authors. If the author is not indicated in the source, then in the list such a source takes its place according to its name.
The design of the results of the study begins with the layout of the prepared texts into chapters in accordance with the approximate structure of the work. After the chapters are formed, they should be carefully read and edited both in terms of spelling and syntax, and in terms of content (check numbers and facts, footnotes, quotations, etc.).
Immediately after reading each chapter and making changes, they begin to write conclusions for the corresponding chapter. The conclusion of the chapter usually contains a statement of the essence of the issue discussed in it, and a summary of the results of the analysis done.
Introduction……………………………………………………………………….….2
Chapter I (chapter title)…………………………………………………………..4
Chapter II (chapter title)…………………………………………………………..7
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….10
References……………………………………………………………….12
Applications (questionnaires, tables, charts, diagrams, etc………..……..13
The headings should follow the logic of the research. The artistic title does not fit the headings of chapters and paragraphs. Must not be interrogative form heading sentences. Review the following table of contents. Without a research topic, it is impossible to determine the subject of research here. The research topic is indicated below the table of contents (font size 6).
1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………p. 3
2. Good-natured giants …………………………………………….. page 4
2.1. Terrible appearance and good disposition ………………………………..p. 4
2.2. Habitat ………………………………………………p. 6
2.3. Family …………………………………………………………p. 7
3. On the verge of extinction ……………………………………………….p. 8
3.1. Destruction of the natural habitat ………………p. 8
3.2. Killing for food ………………………………………….page 9
3.3. Unhealthy souvenirs ………………………………………p. 10
3.4. Diseases ………………………………………………………p. eleven
4. Help people ……………………………………………………. page 12
4.1. The fight against poaching ………………………………………p. 12
4.2. Nurseries …………………………………………………..p. 13
5. Conclusion ……………………………………………………….. p. 14
6. References ………………………………………………. .p. 15
7. Application ……………………………………………………….. page 16
Rescue of rare animal species. Gorillas
The introduction is the most important part scientific work, since it contains in a concise form all the main, fundamental provisions, the justification and verification of which the study is devoted to. The introduction may include: the relevance of the study; research problem; the wording of the topic; object, subject; goal, hypothesis; tasks; research methods; study structure; its practical significance and scientific novelty of the research; brief analysis literature. The volume of the introduction is usually 2-3 pages.
The conclusion is usually no more than 1-2 pages. The main requirement for the conclusion: it should not verbatim repeat the conclusions of the chapters. In conclusion, the most general conclusions based on the results of the study are formulated and recommendations are offered. It is necessary to note the degree of achievement of the goal, the results of testing the conditions of the hypothesis, and outline the prospects for further research.
The conclusions should contain something new and significant that constitutes the scientific and practical results of the study.
Compiling a bibliographic list requires particular precision.
Rules for registration in the list of references various options publications. Options for building bibliography:
alphabetical;
systematic;
in the order of the first mention of works in the text;
chapters of scientific work.
Alphabetical arrangement. Example:
1. Avanesov, G.A. Criminology / G.A. Avanesov. - M., 1984.- ... p.;
2. Barsukov V.S. Providing information. security / V.S. Barsukov. - M., 1996. - ... p.;
3. Contract law. World practice. - M., 1992. - ... p.;
4. Shavaev, A.G. Security of banking structures / A.G. Shavaev // Economy and life. – 1994.- N16.- p.;
5. Gippius, Z. N. Works: in 2 volumes / Zinaida Gippius. - M .: Lakom-book: Gabestro, 2001.- (Golden prose silver age) Vol. 1: Novels. - 367 p.;
6. Kalenchuk, M. L. On the extension of the concept of position / M. L. Kalenchuk // Fortunatov collection: scientific materials. conf., dedicated 100th anniversary of Moscow. linguist. schools, 1897 - 1997 / Ros. acad. Sciences, Institute of Rus. lang. - M., 2000. - S. 26-32
Magazine article
Andreeva, O. Middle Ages: the cult of the Beautiful Lady / O. Andreeva // Science and Life. - 2005. - N 1. - S. 118 - 125.
Newspaper article
Karelian hut: [about the project to create a tourist. center in the village Shuya] // Prionezhie. - 2006. - September 1. (No. 32).
Legislative materials. Entry titled:
Russian Federation. Constitution (1993). Constitution Russian Federation: official text. - M.: Marketing, 2001. - 39 p.
according to the location, intra-text, subscript, extra-text links are distinguished;
when repeating references to the same object, primary and secondary references are distinguished;
Applications. The main requirements for the design of applications can be formulated as follows:
placed after the bibliographic list;
each application is issued on separate sheet and should have a title in the top right corner.
Illustrations for the research work are placed in order to make the material presented clear, specific, and figurative. Drawings are best placed immediately after the first mention of them in the context of the work. If, after mentioning the figure, the remaining space on the page does not allow it to be placed, then the picture can be placed on the next page. Tables, like figures, are located after the first mention of them in the text of the work. If the tables are not directly related to the text, then they can be placed in the application. All tables should have headings that briefly describe the content of the tabular data. Quotations in the text of the work are enclosed in quotation marks. Each quotation should be cited as the source. After bringing the parts of the work into a single whole, it is recommended to carry out a continuous numbering of footnotes. When presenting the concept of any author, you can do without citations. In this case, the main thoughts of the author are described in strict accordance with the original in meaning. But in this case, it is necessary to make a footnote to the source. Quotes can also be used to illustrate your own judgments. However, the researcher must be extremely careful in quoting and carefully monitor its correctness. Incomplete, deliberately distorted and tailored to the purpose of the researcher, the quotation does not decorate his work and does not add to its significance.
Introduction Structure
INTRODUCTION
- formulation of the research problem
- description of the relevance of the study of the chosen problem
- formulation of the goal, objectives, object, subject, research hypothesis
- a brief description of the degree of knowledge of the problem ( short review used literature and Internet resources):
- interpretation of the problem by domestic and foreign scientists, specialists
- the current state of the studied, researched subject,
- own opinion to the position of researchers
What type of information sources covers the research topic? Which authors and what aspects of the problem have been studied? What issues on the topic require further detailed study?
justification expediency of choosing research methods
practical significance of the problem under study
PROBLEM- DIFFICULTY, OBSTACLES, TASK
PROBLEM- this is a problem that contains a contradiction, does not have an unambiguous answer and requires research and search for solutions
PROBLEM- a question or set of questions, the solution of which is of interest to ....
PROBLEM originates in a problematic situation
SUBJECT- perspective from which the problem is considered
SUBJECT is an object of study in a certain aspect characteristic of this work
SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE(importance) of the topic - its significance for the development of mental and practical human activity
RELEVANCE - the need to study this topic in the context of the general process of cognition
OBJECT OF STUDY- this is the carrier of the problem, to which the research activity is directed (this is what
applied research) Object of study May be individually described And reviewed
SUBJECT OF STUDY- this is a specific part of the object within which the search is carried out (phenomena, their individual aspects, some aspects, etc.)
SUBJECT OF STUDY is a property or characteristic of an object
EXAMPLES
|
OBJECT OF STUDY |
SUBJECT OF STUDY |
RESEARCH TOPIC |
|
creativity of Dostoevsky |
evaluation of his work in the socio-cultural environment through the understanding of the text |
Evaluation of Dostoevsky's creativity in the socio-cultural environment through understanding the text |
|
drinking water |
drinking water quality |
Assessment of the quality of drinking water consumed by residents of the city of Vologda |
|
teenagers |
affection and love |
The emergence of attachment and love in adolescents |
|
oral and written public speech |
Old Slavonicisms |
Features of the functioning of Old Slavonicisms in modern oral and written speech |
|
speech image of J. Chirac and J. Bush |
means of creating a speech image |
Speech image of a politician: J. Chirac and J. Bush |
Requirements for the formulation of the research topic
Make the topic targeted, i.e. make it accessible and understandable to those who will participate in its development, as well as understandable to whom it is directed.
Make it concise, without unnecessary words, convenient for quick reading, and besides, harmonious.
Express in it the main content of the entire study and designate the subject of transformation.
Make the topic problematic.
Movement from the old to the new (formation…, development…, creation…).
It should be understandable, accessible (scientific language in moderation).
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
- assumptions, assumptions that require verification by experience and theoretical justification in order to become reliable knowledge
HYPOTHESIS- "scientific hypothesis put forward to explain some phenomena"
Hypothesis- is the intended answer to the given problem
Hypothesis is the starting point of the study, confirmed and refuted in the course of theoretical reasoning and the course of the experiment
Hypothesis -"a conjectural answer to an emerging question, developed on the basis of a comprehensive study of the theoretical and practical state of the problem"
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
- this is the final (specific) result that the researcher would like to achieve upon completion of his work
identifying the relationship of certain phenomena…………..
study of the development of phenomena……….
description of a new phenomenon……….
summary………….
identifying patterns………..
creation of classifications………….
grade……………….
and etc.
TASKS- this is the choice of ways and means to achieve the goal in accordance with the hypothesis put forward
Tasks it is better to make it in the form of a statement of what needs to be done in order for the goal to be achieved
- to study - to determine
- reveal - generalize
- show - justify
– open - test, etc.
Goal setting mistakes:
The purpose of the study is not formulated at all. In this case, the Conclusion does not summarize the results, but returns to the beginning of the work.
The purpose of the study is wider or narrower than the topic indicated in the title of the work, or does not follow from it.
The purpose of the study is limited to the identification and collection of material; it presupposes a simple description; the goal is replaced by the task of one (usually the first) of the stages of work.
CONCLUSION
are summed up
results of theoretical and empirical research
conclusions are drawn
contained
evaluation of research results
the practical significance of the study is noted
determined
prospects for further work (if necessary)
The conclusion of the work is its completion and corresponds to the tasks and goals formulated in the Introduction.
Conclusion includes conclusions (brief repetition of one most important thought of each section without examples and evidence)
The conclusion includes a generalization, attempts to predict the development of issues covered in the work
Indication, if possible, of the direction of further research and proposals for the possible practical use of the research results
Any repetitions of the material presented are best framed with new phrases, new formulations that are different from those previously formulated.
The text is written in the third person (do not use "I", "WE", "OUR")
For example: The research topic touches on… The stated goal assumed…. Solving the identified (designated) problem... The results of the study allow us to formulate ......
Structure and content of educational and research work ( guidelines for students and leaders)
By participating in research competitions, creative works it must be remembered that the assessment of the research competence of students depends on the structure and content of the work, on the correct presentation of the results of their research. Often, due to non-compliance with the basic requirements, works that deserve attention do not pass the qualifying competition. These provisions are suitable for writing student term papers.
Work structure ( basic elements):
Title page;
Content;
Introduction;
Main part;
Conclusion;
List of sources;
Applications.
Choosing a Research Topic
Research topic - this is a collapsed (abbreviated) description of the studied property of an object or phenomenon.
Requirements for choosing a topic:
Theoretical and practical significance of the topic;
Compliance with cognitive abilities;
Availability of the material on the basis of which it is organized for research;
The topic should be concise and expressive, clearly indicating the studied property of the object. Chosen according to the interests of the student.
INTRODUCTION
This piece of work may include:
relevance of the topic (or its scientific interest);
Objective;
tasks that need to be solved in order to achieve the stated goal of the work;
the object, subject and methods of research are determined;
methods for achieving goals, objectives;
equipment list;
hypothesis (not for all types of work);
practical significance of the work;
a brief description of the structure of the work and the literature used in it.
All of the above isscientific research apparatus . It is at the stage of its development that the student especially needs the help of a leader.
Relevance
Relevance - an important element of the study, shows the importance, significance of studying this particular object or phenomenon. Shows the outlook and content of students' motivation.
Relevance is why and why we study this particular problem.
Target
Target - e then a concise description of the intended (planned) result of studying the object (phenomenon)and a generalized description of the activity directed at the object.
This is the expected outcome of the study.
Goal Setting Requirements:
The purpose of the work should be specific, clearly formulated in order to clearly highlight the question to which we want to get an answer;
The target must be available for a particular study.
The goal should give an idea of the intended outcome of the study.
It should be distinguished that the goal and the task are not the same:
The goal is much broader than the task;
The purpose of the work follows from the proposed topic, and the tasks correspond to the formulated goal.
Research objectives
Tasks - This is a brief description of the actions that must be performed to achieve the result outlined in the goal.
Tasks should answer the question: “What to do?”
Revealing it …
Definition it …
Compare it …
Analyzed at …
Consideration et …
Representing it … and etc.
Tasks should reveal the content and sequence of actions that are supposed to be performed as part of the study.
Object of study
Defining the object of study, the question is clarified:« What exactly are we researching?
Subject of study
Item research - this is what we are studying in the object of study. Thisstudied property of the object.
Statement of the hypothesis
Hypothesis – the assumption of a causal relationship between the studied property of the object and certain environmental factors.
A hypothesis can be expressed by a formula that includes two parts: "If" (description of a factor or state), "Then" (description of the nature of the relationship, the intended consequence).
Equipment
Short description equipment and materials necessary for the study. Or a list of them.
Methods
Methods are methods of obtaining information about the object under study.
MAIN PART OF THE WORK
It should include a literary review of the problem under study (properties of an object, phenomenon) and a research part.
First chapter work is usually purely theoretical (a general overview of the object or phenomenon being studied).
Second chapter (analytical, research) is devoted to the analysis of any historical period, industry, territory, a certain problem is identified and described. Object research.
In the third chapter (project) offers possible solutions to the problem found.
Actually - research
Work with literature on the research topic;
Setting up the experiment and organization of the study;
Accounting for experiment data;
Mathematical processing of the received data;
Formulation of conclusions.
Research methodology
Method - a way to achieve the goal, a set of techniques.
Methods and techniques - this is, with the help of what and how we will explore.
Theoretical methods:
Practical Methods:
comparative analysis information from the scientific literature,
modeling,
system analysis,
methodology for resolving contradictions,
construction
design.
Observation
Measurement
Questionnaire
Interview
Testing
Conversation
Experiment
Research results
Statement of observations;
Results of experiments, measurements;
Comparison and discussion;
Diagrams, tables, graphs, drawings and other materials.
CONCLUSION
Conclusion - along with the introduction is an obligatory part of the structure of the work.
Here answers are given to all the tasks set in the introduction, general conclusion and a conclusion is given on the achievement of the goal of the course. The prospects for further work on the problem posed or the possibility of using the results of this work are determined.
In conclusion, the mainconclusions , clearly formulated in abstract form and usually numbered.
Conclusions should correspond to the tasks, their number. This is a description of the results of the stages of the study. Concise, concise, specific. The conclusions should be compared with the hypothesis, confirm it, or refute it.
APPS
Applications is a visual representation of the results obtained.
Applications can be presented in the form of: diagrams, ttables, graphs, figures, photographs, etc.
Application requirements:
1. Volume is limited to 10 pages (usually).
2. Each application on its own sheet. Signed in the upper right cornerAnnex 1 etc. )
3. The number and name of the tables are signed above the table. The number and title of the figures are signed under the figure.
4. The material received in the appendix should be referenced in the main text of the work.
Under the research competence of a student, one should understand the ability to develop (model) the scientific apparatus of research and predict its results. The structure and content of the work confirm these skills. They help to present the work publicly in the form of a report at scientific and practical conferences.
