This essay, along with well-known methods for studying language and culture, is based on the DNA of the peoples of the planet, determined by the XY chromosomes of the FTDNA global human genome database. The author of this article began such a study in the monographs "The Cradle of the Aryan Race" and "Reincarnation - the Key to Truth", published in 2011 by the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic. To establish paternity, they rely on the fact that the Y chromosome is invariably passed on from father to son, as well as through generations over millennia, in contrast to the female mt-DNA (mitochondrial DNA), which is used to identify peoples. Therefore, it is useful to note: if a Y-chromosome fertilizes an egg from an XY male pair, then an XY boy will be born. If an egg is fertilized with an X chromosome, an XX girl is born. Therefore, the famous expression of M. Gorbachev “Who is hu and ha-ha?” is appropriate, where “who” sounds in English “hu”, respectively, in Gorbachev, you can pronounce XY like hu, and XX - ha-ha .
So, what is the difference between mother tongue and mother tongue? This problem arose in connection with the stereotype according to which it is customary to assume that the language spoken by the people is their native language. Such a stereotype is far from the truth for most of the peoples of Eurasia, since ethnogenesis was formed in the process of migration, mainly the conquest of some peoples by other peoples. Therefore, as a result of countless wars over many millennia, peoples were subjected to forced assimilation. Many peoples have even forgotten the language spoken by their ancestors, and in the language of some peoples there is a mixture of several languages, which is felt in dialects and pronunciation.
Mother is engaged in education, teaching language and culture, and creation, construction and protection of culture and ancestral lands is entrusted to the father. The language is instilled with mother's milk, and if there is no father, then there is no one to give the skills of creation, construction and protection of the hearth. Ancestors, according to Orthodox customs and traditions, are called the paternal line, but, in no case, not the maternal line. The peoples of Europe ascend to their ancestors along the lines of both father and mother, therefore the paternal line is called direct descendants. This is due to the fact that Catholics married cousins, entering into consanguineous marriages with cousins. Orthodoxy prohibits marriages up to the 7th generation. With the permission of the bishop, marriage on the 6th knee is allowed.
A well-known fact of history is the upbringing of Janissaries from captured boys so that the Janissaries completely forgot native language and spoke only Turkish. When you study a language, you become immersed in the culture of that language, you become a part of it, and sometimes a slave of culture, for example, when you live for a long time among the bearers of a different culture. If a foreigner marries a girl of the local culture, i.e. on an aboriginal woman, then she will instill in his children the language and culture of the aborigines with mother's milk. For example, the natives in France are the French. Children from mixed marriages, i.e. Mestizos or F1 hybrids will speak French. If the father is from Algeria, then the child's native language will be Arabic or Berber, and the mother's language will be French. However, people with good hearing will hear Semitic notes in the child's speech, which are distinctly heard among Odessa Jews, and they speak the languages of all peoples. Each mother teaches her child in her own way, and therefore remember the first lines of S. Yesenin's "Outgoing Rus'"
We don't know much yet
Pets of Lenin's victory,
And new songs
Let's eat the old way
As our grandparents taught us.
In Eurasia Kazakh language for the Kazakhs, it is the language of the mother, absorbed with mother's milk. The Germans call their language their mother's language, which Angela Merkel emphasized. The Kirghiz also call their language the language of their mother, and the Bulgarians speak of both Bulgarian and Turkish as the language of their mother. For Western Ukrainians Ukrainian language is the language of the mother, and the native language is Polish, since the native language is from the family, i.e. on the father's side, mother tongue. In addition, the pronunciation of Western Ukrainians is closer to Poles, but Eastern Ukrainians are closer to Russians, since the vocal apparatus has not changed for thousands of years, as it is formed under the influence of DNA, like anthropology, craniology, eye color, hair color, etc.
The genetic marker M17/M198 of the genus R1a1 is carried by Russians (>50%), Ukrainians (>50%), Belarusians (>50%), Swedes (25%), Norwegians (25%), Danes (16%), Kyrgyz (63 %), Tajiks of Khujand (64%) and Pashtuns (27%). These peoples are blood brothers (see to the right of the Mercator map or on a separate table). The population of Russia is 145 million people, Ukraine - 45 million, Belarus - 9.5 million. 9 million people live in Sweden, 5 million each in Norway and Denmark, 5.5 million in Kyrgyzstan, and half a million in Khujand. There are 12 million Pashtuns in Afghanistan. Consequently, the most powerful diaspora of the genus R1a1 M17 / M198 in Russia. The marker has not changed for many millennia. This makes it possible to determine the habitat, migration, and ethnogenesis of the genus R1a1 M17/M198 in Eurasia, i.e. his history. In general, who am I in this world.
The Poles are also from the genus R1a1, but differ in the M458 mutation, but in the north of Poland the genus R1a1 M17 / M198 predominates, since it goes back to the Prussians. According to the Rig Veda, the Poles in pagan times were Vaisii, Vanami (see the second root in the word Slavs), which corresponds to their consanguineous marriages. It is these Vans that are mentioned in the Scandinavian "Inglin Saga" with their leader Kvasir for the period up to the 9th century. In the population of Western Ukraine along the Curzon line, the M458 mutation indicates that they belong to Poles who speak the Ukrainian language, since their mother is Ukrainian, filled with the Commonwealth, i.e. they are incestuous nephews.
IN historical documents different regions the same people have different names. Moreover, the sources reflect the military class, the army of conquerors in the language of the document. Therefore, the conquerors, out of fear, are presented as a formidable, wild crowd, according to which the name of the conquerors arises. A detailed study of the document makes it possible to understand the nature of the conquerors, to establish their belonging to a particular people by anthropological features, hair color, eyes, weapons, by the battle cry of the conquerors, given that the language of the conquerors is incomprehensible to the defenders. Read the book by G.V. Vernadsky " Ancient Rus'". At present, identification has been enriched by DNA analysis.
For example, according to Chinese and Persian sources, the Yenisei Kyrgyz are a tall, blue-eyed, blond and fair-haired people. We cross-examine various sources to eliminate bias. On the entire planet, only the Russian people respond to these signs, and the signs are recorded in DNA. After the invasion of Genghis Khan in the 8th century, the modern Kyrgyz have a Mongolian mother. Secondly, European geneticists isolated the gene of the white race, but it turned out that the whitest European has such genes, and Europeans from the R1b1 genus are half as many as Russians (Balanovsky E.V., Balanovsky O.P. Russian gene pool on the Russian Plain ). Vikings, Normans planed white XY into swarthy girls of Europe. This happened during the Viking campaigns from north to south along the Atlantic coast.
The Vikings, which in translation is the life of the king (vi - life, king - king), capture the area where they breed on the daughters of the conquered people R1b1 in order to replenish the army, since the campaign lasts for centuries. If F1 boys are born, they are brought up as warriors who go with their fathers to conquer distant lands. The F1 girls remain to ennoble the swarthy inhabitants of the conquered region with white genes. Therefore, in the north of Europe, the white population predominates, and in the south and inland regions of Europe, the swarthy one. Looking for XX woman!
The Kalmyk language is the Mongolian language, and Kalmyk is the native language, but the Kalmyks profess Tibetan Buddhism, since the Mongolian clan (С3с) comes from Tibet, about which see L. Gumilyov. The characteristic Mongolian EPAS1 gene gives them the epicanthus and overall fat layer. Chinese sources testify that the Mongols descended from Tibet and completely flooded Kashgaria in 798, subduing the Turks and Uighurs living there. As a result of the reproduction of the Mongols on the Uighurs, the Uyghur-speaking Mongols were born. Then, in 840, the Yenisei Kyrgyz defeated the Uighur Khaganate and drove the Oghuz Turks from Asia to the west. Going around the Caspian from the south and north, the Turks were divided into Seljuks and Ottomans. The Oghuz tribes are ten tribes of the Turks who headed the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (Country of the Turks) and plundered Altai. In the winter of 710-711 they killed Barsbek and devastated the Kyrgyz Khaganate. This Country of the Turks is mentioned in the Inglin Saga. The last wave of Turks reached Constantinople in 1453 and renamed it Istanbul.
Look how the Turk looks like a bull, scowling. Recall by translation that ogyz, oguz is a bull, kyr is to exterminate, kyrgyz is the erasers of ogyz, uy is a cow, Uighur is a holy cow. However, from the Old Russian vuy, uy is the brother of the wife, and therefore the Uighurs are the brothers of the wife (nephews), since the Uigur became the wife of the Yenisei Kyrgyz after 840. The children of the Kyrgyz Uighur will learn the Uighur language. Therefore, the Kyrgyz speak the same language with the Uighur-speaking Mongol, and they are similar to each other. Among the present-day peoples of Asia, such are the Kirghiz and Kazakhs. Among the Kazakhs, 50% C3s and 30% O, i.e. they are descendants of the Uighur-speaking Mongols. For reference, haplogroup O is the Chinese, and its presence among the Kazakhs is associated with the Chinese campaigns of the Tang Empire against the Huns and their descendants, the Turks. As the legend says, the Turks are descended from a she-wolf and a Hun prince thrown into a swamp with chopped off arms and legs (Lev Gumilyov).
As for the word Kyrgyz, I will reveal a secret. It consists of two words-roots: kir - enter, giz - appearance, which means: enter me. This word is pronounced by a woman in exhaustion from the upcoming copulation with a man, when she, having reached ecstasy, wants the man to pierce her, according to the formula XX+XY=SEX. All for sure, without any ha-ha, even English verb“sex”, by the root of the word, means the same process as the same Kyrgyz verb. The bottom line is that the ancient Kyrgyz language is the language of the Huns, which was the native language of the Angles and Saxons during the time of Attila (5th century). Latin half contains Turkic words. After the death of Attila, the Angles and Saxons incorporated into the Germanic tribes and speak their mother's language.
The Inglin Saga was translated into Russian by linguists who are not savvy in history and geography. The Saga says: in the east beyond the Don to the mountain range, which stretches from the northeast to the southwest, is the Country of the Aces of Great Sweden with the capital Asgard, and not far to the south is the Country of the Turks. Look at the map of the planet from Volgograd, since here the Don is shifted east to the Volga. You will see that the Ural stretches from north to south, and Siberia opens to the east in the passage between the Caspian and the Urals. In Siberia, only one mountain range stretches from the northeast to the southwest - this is the Sayan-Altai and then the Tien Shan. Moreover, in this direction it is the only one in the world, so it is impossible to confuse, even for a first-grader. Mountains are located from Altai to the northwest-west Western Siberia, up to Kolyma and Magadan. Now it is clear why in the Saga, in the south of Altai, the Country of the Turks - Kashgaria is mentioned. As written on the Mercator map of 1538, the Russian Plain is Scythia, and Altai is distant Scythia, moreover, the mountain range mentioned in the Saga is plotted. Of course, for a literate translator from Moscow or Kyiv, not far to the south of Turkey, in this case, Magadan is visible from the NKVD building in the east. Other literateists attributed the Caucasus, which has a latitudinal direction and is located in the south from the Don, to the east.
Note that the researchers found that the Mercator map is known as the map of the ancient Aryans. It was captured by Alexander the Great in Central Asia and after the Crusades came to Europe. Mercator is credited with drawing a grid of parallels and meridians on the ancient Aryan map. A similar story happened with the map of the Turkish admiral Pierce, who was convicted of using the map of the ancient Aryans from the archives of Alexander the Great for travel.
Thus, the land of their ancestors - Asgard of the Norwegians and Swedes is located in Southern Siberia, and they do not know where they came from to Scandinavia and do not know the Old Norse language, since now they speak their mother's language. Thor Heyerdahl even wandered into the Caucasus in search of the homeland of his ancestors, but the genetics and the origin of the Scandinavians from the genus R1a1 M17 / M198 turned out to be the key to the puzzle. Even your name speaks of the blood defender of the faith. According to the syllables, scan-din-av contains in the roots "kan" - blood, "din" - faith, av (woof) - protector. Moreover, the Russians are one of the Scandinavian tribes, according to Swedish sources (Golovnev A.V. Anthropology of the movement (antiquities northern Eurasia) / Institute of History and Archeology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2009).
The narrative refers to the period before the 9th century, since the Saga says that the sons of Odin had to leave for the northern lands due to warming when the rivers overflowed, and the warming in Eurasia was in the 9th century. Now a similar warming has led to the fact that in winter the coast of the Northern Arctic Ocean free from ice. They moved on boats with belongings along the Ob and with horse guards along the Great Steppe. By the way, the Finns are not Scandinavians, but Ugrians, therefore they belong to the genus N1c1. Their relatives are Yakuts (N1c1=80%), Finns (N1c1=68%), Udmurts (N1c1=56%), but some are married to Europeans, others to Asians.
Expelling the Turks in the 9th century, the Kyrgyz established themselves in the Crimea with the settlement of Kyrgyz. Chinese sources note that after the defeat of the Uighurs in 840, the Kyrgyz disappeared somewhere. Where did the 80,000 regular heavily armed troops disappear to? Such an army must always be kept in sight, and the tentacles of Chinese intelligence extended to the Caspian and Iran.
The reason for the departure of the Kyrgyz army to the west is the collapse of the Frankish empire. In 840, King Louis died, so it took three years Civil War for an inheritance between the three sons of Louis. In 843, the Treaty of Verdun divided the empire into three parts and began the redivision of the world. From that moment on, in Europe, the Russian military class - the Kyrgyz caste - is identified with the Rossomons or Rosses, which corresponds to the Xatrias in India. It is in Asia that they are Kyrgyz, and in Europe, first, Scythians, and then Russians, and in the North Atlantic, the Viking caste. Beyond the Urals, advancing on the Turks, the Russian Khaganate went through the Khazars, who were puppets of the Western Turkic Khaganate. It was then that the Ashkenazi Levites were born, as evidenced by their DNA age.
In 860, the Rossomons firmly kicked the tail of Constantinople (Tsargrad), so much so that they did not understand how the Vikings attacked the city both from the sea and from land, when they were expected from the sea. However, Byzantine historians remembered and recorded that the Vikings called themselves Rossomons. On top of that, only the Vikings, ancient Russian warriors and the Yenisei Kyrgyz had the same weapons, armor, and, therefore, weapons forged in the same forge. Since that time, the Russian battle cry “hurrah” has been going on, so that the Turks do not doubt that they will be beaten (ur - bey).
In conclusion, let us return to the flight of the Seljuks and Ottomans. Some scrambled along the southern side of the Caspian and the Black Sea, others along the northern coast, but, whatever one may say, the finish line is in Constantinople. It was then in 860 that the Kyrgyz Rossomons nailed a shield to the gates of Constantinople. Then the Rossomon army arrives from the south at the crossing over the Dnieper, where Askold founds the city of Kyiv, which is known as the arrival of Askold with the Rossomons in 860. Then the Slavs, for the first time, are baptized from Askold. Askold in 882 was vilely killed by pagan Ugric peoples, but the memory of him is kept by Askold's grave in Kyiv, and Rurik was a pagan, like all of Europe. Long instilled Kievan Rus orthodoxy. Two centuries later, in 1056, the banner of Askold with Dinlins reigned in Kievan Rus, with the advent of which the construction of monasteries began, as a stronghold, support and defense of the faith. Previously, the pagans did not build anything. Let me remind you: din - faith; lin - lean production from English; As - the Almighty; gold - treasure, gold; mon is a person, and tyr is a fence. Brahmins are analogous to the Dinlins.
Dinlins, geguns, and then as jianguns, are mentioned in 201 BC in Chinese sources when describing the Yenisei Kyrgyz, who drove the Huns to the west. Moreover, the blond Dinlins were the tallest people on Earth, two meters and taller warriors. Read about the problem of dinlins in L. Gumilyov. Such people belong to the genus R1a1 M17/M198 of the Andronovo culture, whose bearers, the ancient Aryans, spread knowledge around the planet, including bringing it to the world 40 centuries ago. ancient india.
Heavenly country, what times?
You called me to distant lands
Far away lands, far away seas,
Where in the blue silence we can be alone.
The basis of the name "gegun", as a people, is their battle cry. According to the syllables, ge-gun means get or ket hun, i.e. out, so that it was clear to the Huns, since they spoke the Turkic language. The verbs get and ket are often used in Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan during the color revolutions.
It was easy to deal with the jiangong, as it Chinese name sky-iron people processing iron. The Chinese accurately indicated that the word "jiasha" is meteorite, heavenly iron. Further, it was not difficult to guess, taking into account the Slavic dialects, that jiasha is iron distorted by Chinese speech. In addition, Chinese sources pointed to the habitat of jianguns in the Ural region, i.e. on the most ancient developments of iron ore, on the ability of the Yenisei Kyrgyz to extract iron, copper, gold, silver and process it into weapons. On the other hand, in Western sources, Rosses are people associated with ore.
By the way, meteoric iron has magnetic properties, and the Yenisei Kyrgyz, from ancient times until 840, made arrowheads from it. For any weapon, you need to find the center of gravity, so the arrow was hung on a horsehair. A torsion balance is obtained, and the arrowhead will point to the North magnetic pole. An arrow with such a tip was used as magnetic compass, and therefore our ancestors were not lost in this world and knew how to return to their native home. Such is the history of the Fatherland, dear jiashi! From the first steps since 840, when the ancestors first started building the state, next year 2015 will be 2015 - 840 = 1175 years of unshakable existence of Russia on the world map. In addition, taking into account Askold's dinlins, counting from 201 BC, we get 2215 years, and there is not a single state on the planet with such a history.
Today we continue the story of the great Tatar poet and educator Gabdulla Tukay, whose work is the most valuable cultural heritage not only Tatarstan, but all of Russia.
In the previous issue, we said that Tukay was an internationalist, at the same time, sincerely loving his people. Indeed, he proudly asserted that the historical destinies of the peoples of Russia are inseparable, in particular, he spoke with inspiration about friendship between the Russian and Tatar peoples. At the same time, Tukay rightly believed that the free development of the Tatar people is possible in a free Russia and in friendly interaction with other peoples. Therefore, when, after the suppression of the revolution of 1905, from the rostrum State Duma the voices of the Black Hundreds began to be heard, arguing, in particular, that the Tatars and other peoples professing Islam should move to Turkey, Tukay was clearly angry. His response in a poem "We won't leave!"(1907) was biting and fair:
We were born here, we grew up here, here we are.
meet the hour of death
Fate itself connected us with this Russian land.
No, Black Hundreds, it's not for you, it's not for you to confuse the holy dreams:
We are moving towards a common goal, we want a free Russia,
Our answer is clear and simple, please remember forever:
Do you feel better in Turkey? Pity yourself there, gentlemen!
Tukay's selfless love for his people helped him revolutionize Tatar poetry. He freed his works from obsolete Eastern rhetoric, enriching them with lively folk speech. Modern scholars note that before Tukay, Tatar literary language consisted of Tatar words proper by only 10%, and the language of his works - by more than 60%. The poet was convinced that the aesthetics of folk poetry most truly reflects the spiritual wealth of the people: “We must remember that folk songs are a never fading, clean and transparent mirror. folk soul". He himself learned to comprehend the historical and social experience of the people through the prism of folk art. Based on his own experience, Tukay argued that the national Tatar poetry would be understood and assimilated by the people only if it was created "in the spirit of the people, folk in form and rhythm."
Tukay himself wrote a real ode to the beauty of the Tatar language and love for it. This poem "Tugan tel" ("Native language"), which became a kind of anthem of the Tatar people:
Mother tongue is a holy language, father and mother tongue,
How beautiful you are! I comprehended the whole world in your wealth!
Rocking the cradle, my mother opened you to me in a song,
And then I learned to understand my grandmother's fairy tales.
Native language, native language, with you I boldly walked into the distance,
You exalted my joy, you enlightened my sorrow.
It was the creative heritage of Tukay that influenced the vocabulary, grammatical and lexical norms, as well as on the pronunciation adopted in the modern Tatar literary language.
In the highest circles of Europe, knowledge of several languages has always been welcomed. But how are things really?
Probably, you will not surprise anyone with knowledge of English - international language communication and business negotiations.
It is easier in this regard for children from mixed marriages - bilinguals from early childhood, and sometimes even trilinguals.
Who are the most modest experts, and who is entitled to the first place?
Unfortunately, the British royal family is not famous for knowledge foreign languages. And the first place can rightfully belong to the ruling ducal family of Luxembourg: children have been bilingual since childhood (daddy's Luxembourgish, mother's Spanish), and besides, they are fluent in English, French and German.
Of course, you shouldn't forget. that before any important visit, representatives of the royal families must undergo an intensive special course state language specific country.
If you have to meet any representative of the royal family of Europe or the world, what language will you speak?
Below is useful information.
Queen Margrethe of Denmark speaks English
Great Britain
Traditionally, British aristocrats study French at school.
Queen Elizabeth of Britain is fluent in French, her husband the Duke of Edinburgh speaks German, French and English. Born Prince of Greece and Denmark, Philip later tried to learn even Greek. The Queen's children studied French at school, but none of them speaks well in this language. The late Diana also did not speak foreign languages. She tried to learn French in a boarding house, but abandoned this business. The Prince of Wales learned Welsh at a beginner level. William and Harry studied French at school, William also tried to learn Swahili. During the Canadian tour, William gave a French speech, in which he probably did not express himself for a long time. His wife Katherine is rumored to be fluent in French and Italian.
In the Windsor family, polyglots, perhaps, are representatives of the Kentish branch of the dynasty. Prince Michael of Kent speaks Russian, having received a military translator's diploma. His daughter Gabriella speaks Spanish. In the family of the eldest son of the Duke of Kent, children speak several languages.
Prince William speaks French in Quebec (Quebecers expected more)
Norway
Queen Sonja, in addition to her native Norwegian, speaks English and French well.
So, besides native Norwegian...
King Harald - English
Crown Prince Haakon - English
Crown Princess MM - English
Princess Martha Louise - native Norwegian, English, some Dutch.
Crown Princess MM (English)
Sweden
By right, the first place belongs to Queen Silvia, a translator by profession - bilingual (her father's native language is German, her mother's mother tongue is Portuguese, she grew up in Brazil), as well as English, Swedish, Spanish, French. In addition, she speaks sign language.
King Carl-Gustaf - native Swedish, English, German
Crown Princess Victoria - native Swedish, English, German, French
Prince Daniel is native Swedish and English.
Princess Madeleine - native Swedish, German, English. a little french
Chris O'Neill is bilingual, speaks English and German, but has not yet been able to master Swedish.
Prince Karl-Philip - except Swedish, English.
Princess Sofia is native Swedish and English.
Crown Princess Victoria speaks German
Crown Princess Victoria, Princess Madeleine and Prince KF speak English
Denmark
In addition to native Danish:
Queen Margrethe - excellent English, French, German, Swedish
Crown Prince Frederik and Prince Joachim - English, French (mother tongue of their French-born father Prince Henrik), German
Crown Princess Mary - native English, Danish, rumored to have learned French after marriage
Princess Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg, ex-wife of Prince Joachim - English, French, German, French, Danish, Cantonese, Japanese (3 years study in Japan)
Princess Marie - native French, English, Italian, Danish
Belgium
Queen Mathilde - French, Flemish, English, Italian, Spanish
King Philip - French, Flemish, German, Italian, French, Spanish
Children of Princess Astrid and Prince Lorenzo - French, Flemish, German, English
Queen Paola - French, English, Italian, German
The King of Belgium and his sister were accused of insufficient knowledge of the Flemish language.
Netherlands
Queen Maxima - native Spanish, Dutch, English, Italian, French
King Willem-Alexander - native Dutch, excellent German, English, French, Spanish
Princess Beatrix - native Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, some Danish
King VA speaks German and Maxima speaks English
French Queen Maxima
Morocco
King Mohammed VI - native Arabic, French (Moroccan Francophones), Spanish, English
Princess Lalla-Salma - native Arabic, excellent French, English, Spanish
English speech of Princess Lalla Salma
Monaco
Princess Grace spoke to the children in English, Prince Rainier in French, and among themselves the children spoke in French.
Prince Albert - bilingual, native French + English (American dialect), Italian, some German
Princess Charlene - native English, a little Afrikaans, French Charlene is difficult
Princess Caroline - native French, English (mother's mother tongue), Italian, German
Andrea, Pierre and Charlotte Casiraghi - French, English, Italian, some German
Princess Stephanie is bilingual. like her older brother and sister, speaks French and English
Luxembourg
Grand Duchess Maria Theresa - native Spanish, Luxembourgish, German, French, Italian and some English
Grand Duke Henri - native Luxembourgish, German, French, English
The couple's children also own several European languages. The Crown Duchess of Luxembourg Stefania speaks Russian, little is known about her level. but it's still official. Stephanie's native language is French.
Spain
Queen Sophia - native Greek, excellent English, Spanish, German ( higher education), French
King Juan Carlos - native Spanish, Catalan, French, Italian, Portuguese, English
Infanta Cristina - native Spanish, English, French, Greek, Catalan
Infanta Elena - English, French, Catalan (and native Spanish, of course)
Queen Letizia - native Spanish, English
King Felipe - native Spanish, Catalan, English, French
According to rumors, Infantes Leonor and Sophia learned Chinese at school.
Future King Felipe (English speech)
Future Queen Leticia (English speech)
The family of the Emir of Qatar speaks English and French, in addition to their native Arabic.
Princess Maria Romanoff and her son George also speak several foreign languages. Princess Maria Vladimirovna is fluent in Russian, English, French and Spanish. She also speaks Arabic, German and Italian to a lesser extent. Prince George speaks Russian, English, German, French and Spanish to varying degrees.
English speech of the princess
NATIVE- NATIVE, native, native. 1. Being in a blood relationship in a straight line. Native father. Native son. Native grandfather. Native great-grandfather. Mother, daughter, grandmother. “And my own father is an enemy to me: he is not willing to go for an unloved Pole.” Gogol. || use towards… … Dictionary Ushakov
native- Related, relative, near, close, blood. Brothers of the same womb, of the same blood. They are flesh of our flesh, bone of our bones. See home… Synonym dictionary
native- NATIVE, oh, oh. 1. in sign. n., wow, m. Iron. appeal. Well, dear, do you want a crunchy (face)? 2. Foreign, made abroad. And what, the sweater is soviet (Soviet)? Non-native. 3. Originally inherent in this thing, this type. At your… … Dictionary of Russian Argo
NATIVE- NATIVE, oh, oh. 1. Consisting in direct (blood) relationship, as well as in general in relationship. Native sister. R. uncle. Stay with relatives (n.). 2. Own by birth, by spirit, by habits. R. edge. Home country. R. language (the language of their homeland, they speak Rum with ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
native- native, short. f. m. and Wed. not used, native, native and obsolete and colloquially native ... Dictionary of pronunciation and stress difficulties in modern Russian
native- adj., use very often 1. You call a relative a person who is your blood relative in a direct line, as well as any relative in general. Native mother. | Brother. | Lera was my sister on my father's side. 2. You are relatives ... ... Dictionary of Dmitriev
native- PO Box, o/e 1) Being in consanguinity in a straight line, as well as in any relationship in general. Native father. Native mother. Native family. Young Mikhail, on a female knee, descended from Rurik, for his own grandmother, the wife of Nikita Romanovich, was dear ... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language
native- oh, oh. Dear, close to my heart. == Native [Communist] party. pathet. The Soviet people unanimously and ardently support the political course of their native Communist Party. Worker, 1984, No. 5, 2. Factory workers warmly approve ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of the Language of Soviet Deputies
native- I see native 3); Wow; m. Hello, dear. II PO box, o/e. see also native, native, relatives, dear 1) Being in a blood relationship in a straight line, as well as in any relationship in general ... Dictionary of many expressions
native- (th, oe) native mother b±han enin; brother baldiokhan aga; native home of baldiohan dё̄ … Russian-Nanai dictionary
native- ▲ close to (whom), the soul is close to the soul (# edge). darling. paternal. fatherly. close (# relationship). short. close. sincere (# friend). bosom. unforgettable. unforgettable. indelible. memorable. painfully familiar (# traits) … Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language
Books
- Native alphabet. Educational-methodical complex in 4 parts. Part 4 , N. V. Antonenko , T. M. Klimenkova , O. V. Naboychenko , M. V. Ulyanova , Toolkit to the textbook `Native primer` is intended for teachers and parents. The manual contains scientific and theoretical material, representing a natural method ... Category: Miscellaneous Series: Bioadequate textbooks Publisher: TRADITION, Manufacturer: TRADITION, Buy for 331 UAH (Ukraine only)
- native space. Democratic Movement. Memories. Part 4, A. E. Levitin-Krasnov, Your attention is invited to the publication NATIVE SPACE. DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT. MEMORIES. PART 4… Category:Other memoir authors Publisher:
Mother tongue is a holy language, father and mother tongue,
How beautiful you are! I comprehended the whole world in your wealth!
Rocking the cradle, my mother opened you to me in a song,
And I learned to understand my grandmother's fairy tales.
Native language, Native language, with you I boldly walked into the distance,
You exalted my joy, you enlightened my sorrow.
Mother tongue, together with you for the first time I prayed to the Creator:
“Oh God, forgive my mother, forgive me, forgive my father!”
These lines of the famous poem of the great Tatar poet Gabdulla Tukay cannot leave indifferent any person of any nationality. Through the native language from early childhood, a person, like a sponge, absorbs all the information about the world around him, perceives the peculiarities of the worldview of his national culture, its values and foundations. The native language is directly related to the formation of personality, its self-determination. But it's no secret that in modern world globalization and urbanization, the tendency of the disappearance of the linguistic diversity of the peoples inhabiting Russia is spreading more and more.
In this regard, more and more government programs are now appearing to support and develop the disappearing languages of the ethnic groups inhabiting the Russian Federation. These programs are part of larger programs aimed at the ethno-cultural development of the peoples of Russia, on the one hand, and at strengthening the unity of the Russian people, on the other. The tasks of these programs are aimed at solving such important and acute issues as the development of regions and interethnic relations.
Looking into the history of Russia, we can say that these tasks were faced by the rulers of our state throughout its existence. Russian tsars and emperors, from Ivan the Terrible to Nicholas II, understood that for the prosperity and well-being of the country entrusted to them, the rallying of a huge population is very important Russian Empire. And a lot of attention was paid to this issue, and one of the areas of this activity was education through publishing, publishing books in native languages. different nationalities. Thanks to this activity, many nationalities in general for the first time had their own written language and printed matter.
And quite recently, I began to understand that, as a Tatar by nationality, it was very interesting for me to learn more about the history of my native language in the context of Russian history, about editions and translations of books into the Tatar language. And the very first fact surprised me very much: it turns out that the first printed edition in the Tatar language appeared under Tsar Peter I in 1722. It was a special "Manifesto" with a translation into Tatar. The purpose of this publication was to familiarize the population of the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus (Tatars, Nogais, Azerbaijanis, Dagestanis, Balkars, etc.) with the causes and objectives Persian campaign. A copy of the "Manifesto" is now kept in St. Petersburg, at the Institute of the Peoples of Asia and Africa of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Further publication of books in the Tatar language was associated with educational and missionary goals. Tatars are the second largest ethnic group and the most numerous people of Muslim culture in Russian Federation. The Tatar people have an ancient and colorful history, closely connected with the history of all the peoples of the Ural-Volga region and Russia as a whole. And the government has always well understood the importance of the full integration of the Tatar people into life Russian society. Thus, during the reign of Empresses Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740) and Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761), the Office of Newly Baptized Affairs was established and successfully operated, which also included the opening of missionary educational schools. It should be noted that, according to the results of the activities of the Office, the number of newly baptized from 1740 to 1762 amounted to almost 270 thousand people, some of them were Tatars.
The Islamic religious literature of that time was mainly brought from abroad, and these books were only in Arabic. But in 1802, by decree of Emperor Alexander I, the first Tatar printing house was opened at the gymnasium in Kazan, and within just three years, 11,000 Tatar alphabets, 3,000 Korans and up to 10,000 other books of religious content were printed in it. After that, literacy began to spread widely among the Tatars, and printed books began to diverge in huge numbers.
At the same time, Emperor Alexander I issued a nominal decree to the Synod, according to which it was required to provide: translation into the Tatar language of the creed, prayers, a short catechism; teaching the Tatar language in seminaries for candidates for places in Tatar parishes. The first translation of the catechism into the Tatar language was published in 1803. In 1816-1826, A. Troyanovsky, teacher at the Kazan Theological Academy. published a Tatar grammar and a dictionary of the Tatar language.
A great event for the Tatar people was the founding of Kazan University in 1804, which soon turned into a major scientific and cultural center. With its opening, favorable conditions were created for the spiritual development of not only the Russian population, but also representatives of other nationalities.
In 1806-1820. in Astrakhan, a mission of the Edinburgh Bible Society was opened, which also translated and published books of Holy Scripture in Turkic languages. The activities of this society were also carried out with the financial support of Emperor Alexander I and under the protection of his troops. In 1817, 4,000 catechisms in the Tatar language were transferred from the Edinburgh Society to the Orenburg province. The books were printed in Arabic script and, like many translations of that time, contained a lot of Arabicisms and were not very understandable. ordinary people. During the reign of Nicholas I (1825-1855), much attention was paid to the use national languages in missionary schools. Many Christian religious texts are also translated into Tatar.
At the same time, the Tatar printing house at the gymnasium merged with the university one. Over the next 20 years, it produced 193 editions in Arabic script. The Tatar alphabet was published 33 times with a circulation of up to 10 thousand copies. But the modern written Tatar language has a Cyrillic basis, and I had a question when and for what reason it was introduced into the Tatar language.
At the Kazan Theological Academy in 1847, a commission was created to translate sacred and liturgical books into the Tatar language, in which one of the main places was occupied by the teacher of the Tatar and Arabic languages \u200b\u200bNikolai Ivanovich Ilminsky. For 11 years, the commission worked on translations into Arabic books of Holy Scripture.
N.I. Ilminsky was the first to wonder why the Tatars do not perceive Holy Bible, which the missionaries carry to them, and understood that the Holy Scriptures are alien to the Tatar people, because the learned Arabic language is incomprehensible to them. Then Ilminsky left the work of eleven years, left the commission and began all the work anew. It was he who created the folk Tatar script and began to translate Christian literature anew. N.I. Ilminsky wrote: “In order for the translation to really serve the Christian enlightenment of the baptized Tatars, for this it must be done in a language that is completely understandable to them, i.e. colloquial, because they do not have a bookish language. In order to completely break the connection between the Christian Tatars and Mohammedanism, the alphabet itself in the aforementioned translations should be used in Russian with the use of Tatar sounds. The alphabet was created, grammar - the written language of the spoken Tatar language was fully developed.
Later it was created new commission with the tasks of translating into the national Tatar language according to the Ilminsky system. This commission, besides him, included the professor of KDA Mirotvortsev (for translations into Mongolian languages), the head of the Siberian foreign school Yakovlev (into Chuvash and other languages) and other translators. Gradually, those who had to deal with translations began to come to Kazan from all over Russia. Kazan has become the center of a huge translation activity. Ilminsky's disciples worked in Central Asia, translating the Holy Scriptures and divine services into Uzbek, Turkmen, Tajik and other languages. It was a huge undertaking, which had no analogues in the West.
In 1862, the Primer was published in the folk Tatar language with the Russian alphabet, adapted by N.I. Ilminsky for the Tatar language.
Of course, such a huge activity required the support of influential people, senior officials and the clergy. And Nikolai Ivanovich was not alone, he was supported by the Moscow Metropolitans - first Metropolitan Filaret (Drozdov), then Metropolitan Innokenty (Veniaminov), Chief Procurators of the Holy Synod - Count D.A. Tolstoy, then K.P. Pobedonostsev, teachers of the Kazan Theological Academy and the public. A few years later, the Tatar script based on the Cyrillic alphabet was adopted everywhere, including by Muslim Tatars. There is probably no need to explain how important this event was for the Tatars, for their native Tatar language and for Russia as a whole. After all, we know from history that for many centuries the Tatars, although they were part of the peoples of the Russian Empire, placed their aspirations and hopes for the future on the eastern Muslim countries. There were popular beliefs among the Tatars that in the future the day would come when the Turkish Sultan would liberate the Tatars from the Russian Orthodox government and establish a faithful Muslim state.
At present, in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, I also observe this dangerous trend. Just ten years ago, I could not have imagined that in our ordinary Tatar village, girls would suddenly start wearing hijabs. And the news that one of the local young guys, whom I considered an unbeliever, was convicted and imprisoned for distributing extremist Muslim literature, generally shocked me. And it's all happening among Tatar population, where mixed Russian-Tatar marriages are very common, and in my memory there has never been ethnic conflicts. Of course, these events lead to sad thoughts and feelings about the future of your family, loved ones and your homeland.
My personal search for myself and the meaning of life was also stormy and heterogeneous. In the post-Soviet time, a whole sea of all kinds of teachings from different religions of the world, Buddhism, Hinduism and various sectarian beliefs, poured into our country, and it was very fashionable to understand these areas, to be in the know, to be considered knowledgeable. The very first acquaintance with Christianity took place in Latvia, where Protestant missionaries handed me small pamphlets about the life of Jesus Christ and several prayers: they seemed very interesting to me, and I even gave them to my children to read. In the early 90s, I began to subscribe to the journal Science and Religion, which printed icons of the Mother of God with short prayers. Quite intuitively and unconsciously, I cut them out and took care of them, although at that time I still could not comprehend and explain my interest in Orthodox icons. But later, when an inner understanding came that it was necessary to somehow determine oneself, the decision was made in favor of Islam. The logic seemed to be simple: Tatar means Muslim.
But a few years ago, events occurred that radically changed my life and the life of my family. My daughter went to study in St. Petersburg and upon her return received Orthodox baptism in one of the churches in Ufa, and later left again, now to work, in northern capital. She could not get married for a very long time. Everything seemed to be for this - and desire, and even boyfriends, but for some reason something always didn’t work out, my family and I were very worried about her. All her friends had been married for a long time and took care of the family, and it was clear that she was often tormented by the question, what is all the same wrong with her? And when she was already 28 years old, a few months after she was baptized and worked a little in the Orthodox community, she was immediately proposed to marry. For her and for me, of course, it was a shock and a joy. And now she has been married for several years to a very a good man and happy. I associate this joyful event with another important event in my life.
I came to St. Petersburg to visit my daughter and met Fr. Alexander and members of the Society for the Memory of Abbess Taisia. At that time, I still had no thoughts about baptism, but the words of the priest were very memorable that the family is like a tree, and if the tree itself is good and healthy, then the branches of this tree will be good and fruitful. After reflecting at my leisure on these seemingly simple and obvious words, I realized that if I accept Orthodoxy, then both myself and my children, we will all change for the better. And, as if to confirm these words, 2 years after my baptism, my son, who firmly considered himself a Muslim, himself expressed a desire to accept Orthodoxy and was baptized.
Once, returning from St. Petersburg to Ufa by train, I was traveling in a compartment with a young woman who spoke Tatar. After talking about many things, we talked about religion, and the conversation turned to prayers, about understanding their meaning, and then she admitted that she was baptized in order to pray consciously. She believed that in order to understand Muslim prayers, one must know Arabic, and she could not say prayers without knowing what. Then she showed me a very beautiful small Kazan icon of the Mother of God, which she constantly carried with her.
Some time later, Fr. Alexander suggested that I translate into Tatar the book “Orthodox Catechism”, published by the Society for the Memory of Abbess Taisia, so that readers from Tataria and Bashkiria could get acquainted in their native language with the basics of Orthodoxy, set forth by the teacher of the Moscow Theological Academy Ivan Aleksandrovich Glukhov in his lectures and painstakingly recorded by the priest during his studies at the seminary. This proposal made me very happy, and I was grateful to him for this opportunity.
When starting work on translating the book "Orthodox Catechism", it seemed to me that I had enough knowledge about Orthodoxy, but the further the work went on, the more I realized that I was mistaken. I noticed that I find in the book a lot of answers to questions that have worried me for a long time. And it is very important that in our vain world there is such a book where invaluable knowledge about the universe, about man and his attitude to God, to his life and other people is so briefly and clearly stated. I would also like to note that after reading this book, you begin to think more about your sinfulness and about how little we attach importance to it in the turmoil of everyday affairs.
And, of course, it was very pleasant that the "Orthodox Catechism" - a book indispensable in every home - is being translated into my native Tatar language, and my compatriots will also be able to draw on the spiritual riches collected in this wonderful book.
After reading the book "Orthodox Catechism" in Tatar, my friend, a Tatar by nationality, said that she could not even imagine how important knowledge was presented in this book. She said: “It was as if I woke up and began to look at life in a completely different way. Somehow my relationship with people began to change. She herself began to show more patience with her loved ones and began to feel better. After the death of my husband, I was in disarray and eventually became seriously ill, I could not even go to work. And after reading this book and constantly rethinking what was written in it, I looked at myself, at my state of mind, at my pain in a completely different way. I began to kind of come to life and advised my children to read this very valuable book. Now she is married, and I learned from mutual acquaintances that she is doing well.
Translation into Tatar is also very important because it is the second most common language in Russia after Russian. Tatar language refers to the Kypchak subgroup of the Turkic group of the Altai language family. Experts distinguish three dialects: western (Mishar), middle (Middle Volga and Urals) - a reference, it is spoken by the majority of the Tatar-speaking population of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, and eastern (Siberian-Tatar) dialects. The translation of the book "Orthodox Catechism" is made in the modern Tatar language, which is close to the middle dialect in phonetics, vocabulary and morphology, and since I live in the north-eastern part of Bashkortostan, in the translation, readers can notice the influence of the Zlatoust dialect inherent in this area.
Perhaps the translation was not perfect, and my knowledge and efforts were not enough to avoid all the mistakes and shortcomings that arise during the translation. But I really hope that readers will be able to forgive me for them, and in the future there will be reprints of the catechism, taking into account the wishes of readers.
Now, after the passage of time, I have become even more aware of how important it is to publish spiritual books in the native language of the reader. This was understood before, several centuries ago, and is understood even now by those who value the culture of their native people and the role of Orthodoxy in its preservation. And I am very grateful to God that I was able to take at least a small part in such an important and great cause.
Alla Sadretdinova
