Actively engaged in political activities. He was born at the beginning of 1859. His father is a famous architect, a nobleman.
Pavel received his education at the first Moscow gymnasium. During the next (1877-1878), Milyukov worked as a treasurer in the troops in the Transcaucasus.
After the end of the war, he entered Moscow University. In 1882 he graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology. Subsequently, Milyukov became a master of Russian history.
The theme of his master's work is the study and evaluation of activities on the Russian throne. Pavel Milyukov was the first to claim that Pyotr Alekseevich did not have a clear plan of action, his reforms took place spontaneously.
His most important scientific work on the History of Russia is the work "Essays on the History of Russian Culture". In his writings, Pavel Nikolayevich discussed the role of the state in the development of Russian society, and the historical paths of the country's development.
In 1886 Milyukov became Privatdozent at Moscow University. After working in this position for almost 10 years, he was fired and exiled to Ryazan for his political views. A year later he was invited to work abroad - in Sofia, to lecture on Russian history, he agreed.
In 1899, Pavel Nikolaevich returned to. In two years, he will visit prison dungeons, for revolutionary activity. In 1903 he went to the USA, where he lectured at Universities for two years. In 1905, the First Revolution began in the Russian Empire, Milyukov returned to his homeland.
In October 1905, together with a group of associates, he organized the Kadets party - the Constitutional Democratic Party. Milyukov was the undisputed leader of the new party, in its ranks he had the greatest respect among his comrades-in-arms. He actively participated in the development of the program of the "Cadet" party, believed that a limited monarchy should exist in the Russian Empire.
The power of the monarch, in the understanding of Milyukov, was limited by the constitution and the presence of the State Duma. In the period from 1907 to 1917, Pavel Nikolayevich was a member of the State Duma. He was very much affected by foreign policy issues. Pavel has repeatedly expressed his opinion on foreign policy from the rostrum of the State Duma.
In early 1917, the February Revolution took place in the Russian Empire. The emperor was forced to abdicate the Russian throne. All power passed into the hands of the Provisional Government. Miliukov remained a supporter of the Constitutional Monarchy, but he had few supporters.
As part of the Provisional Government, he took the chair of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. In his post, Pavel Nikolaevich spoke out for the fulfillment of all Russia's obligations to its allies in the Entente. Soon a power crisis arose. The composition of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Provisional Government changed. In the new team, Milyukov was assigned the position of Minister of Public Education. The new position seemed small, and he voluntarily resigned from the government.
Pavel Nikolayevich supported the Kornilov speech. After his failure, he was forced to flee to the Crimea. The coming of the Bolshevik party to power was assessed very negatively. Milyukov even went to the Don, where he helped Volunteer army.
At the end of 1918, Pavel Nikolaevich went into exile, where he tried to persuade Western countries to support the white armies in the fight against Bolshevism. In exile, in the future he was engaged in scientific and journalistic activities. Pavel Milyukov died in March 1943.
Milyukov Pavel Nikolaevich (1859-1943). Russian politician, historian, professor, publicist. Since the mid-90s - a political emigrant, before the revolution of 1905. - one of the organizers and active participants in the "underground" radical-bourgeois organization "Union of Liberation". In the revolution of 1905 - one of the most prominent inspirers of the liberal opposition to the government; in the struggle between the revolution and the autocracy, he always acts as a resolute supporter of "real" politics, showing a semi-ironic attitude to the ravings of the left Cadets who are too carried away about a constituent assembly and in every possible way seeking an agreement with the government with the aim of jointly eliminating the revolution on the basis of the constitution, i.e., dividing power between the tsar (in other words, a feudal landowner) and the liberal bourgeoisie. One of the organizers of the Cadet Party, since 1907 - Chairman of its Central Committee, editor of the newspaper Rech. Member of the III and IV State Dumas. He acted as an apologist for the imperialist aspirations of the Russian bourgeoisie; for persistent demands for the capture of the Black Sea Straits by Russia, he received the nickname Milyukov-Dardanelles. During February Revolution tried to save the monarchy. In 1917 - Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Provisional Government of the first composition; his note about the continuation of the war and fidelity to allied obligations aroused the indignation of the masses, and on May 15, 1917, P. N. Milyukov resigned. After the October Revolution, he collaborated with the White Guards, was the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Wrangel government. In 1920 he emigrated, from 1921 he lived in Paris. Leader of the left wing of the foreign Cadets, the "republican-democratic association", editor of their organ Latest News, published in Paris. Wrote a number of works on the history of the October Revolution, in particular "The History of the Second Russian Revolution" (in 3 volumes). With the outbreak of World War II, he took the position of that part of the Russian emigration that refused to cooperate with the Nazis. All 1000 biographies alphabetically:
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
As treasurer of the military economy, and then authorized by the Moscow sanitary detachment.
He graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University (; was expelled for participating in a student gathering in 1881, reinstated the following year). At the university he was a student of V. O. Klyuchevsky and P. G. Vinogradov. In his student years after the death of his father, he gave private lessons to provide for his family. He was left at the university to prepare for a professorship.
Milyukov's main historical work is Essays on the History of Russian Culture. In the first edition, " general concepts» about history, its tasks and methods scientific knowledge, defined theoretical approaches the author to the analysis of historical material, contains essays on the population, economic, state and social system. The second and third issues examine the culture of Russia - the role of the church, faith, school, and various ideological currents.
In the "Essays" he showed the great role of the state in the formation of Russian society, arguing that Russia, despite its peculiarities, followed the European path of development, and also gave his arguments regarding the adaptability of the Russian "national type" to borrowed public institutions. Believing that "there are a number of basic regular evolutions of various aspects of social life," Milyukov did not consider it possible to explain the historical process by the development of production or "spiritual principle." He strove to view a single history as a series of interrelated but different histories: political, military, cultural, etc.
Milyukov's main historiographical work was the book The Main Currents of Russian Historical Thought, which was a revised and supplemented course of university lectures. The book contains an analysis of the evolution of Russian historical science in the 17th - first third of the 19th centuries.
The first thing that catches the eye of anyone who followed the scientific path of P.N. and, in particular, his works on Russian history, is the extraordinary breadth of his scientific interests. Archeology, ethnography, linguistics, the history of the economy, social life, political institutions and political thought, the history of culture in the narrow sense of the word, the history of the church, school and science, literature, art, philosophy - all this attracted the attention of Milyukov and stopped his inquisitive the view of the researcher, he subjected all these far-flung series of phenomena to his own analysis. And, it must be added, in all these areas he was not an accidental guest, but a master, everywhere he embraced everything that had been done by historical science before him, and stood at the height of its modern achievements.
P.N. Milyukov: Collection of materials to celebrate his seventieth birthday. 1859-1929. Paris. pp.39-40.
Stupidity or betrayal?
Pavel Milyukov:“I called you these people - Manasevich-Manuilov, Rasputin, Pitirim, Stürmer. This is the court party whose victory, according to the Neue Freye Presse, was the appointment of Stürmer: “The victory of the court party, which is grouped around the young Empress.”
At a meeting of the State Duma, Milyukov was called a slanderer.
Pavel Milyukov:“I am not sensitive to the expressions of Mr. Zamyslovsky” (voices from the left: “Bravo, bravo”).
Later, in the conservative émigré press, allegations appeared that Milyukov deliberately used slander in order to prepare for a coup d'état, which he later regretted; in particular, the following, possibly falsified, extract from the letter was published:
Pavel Milyukov (from a letter to an unknown person. Possibly apocryphal):“You know that we took a firm decision to use the war to carry out a coup shortly after the outbreak of this war. Note also that we could not wait any longer, for we knew that at the end of April or the beginning of May our army was to go on the offensive, the results of which would immediately completely stop all hints of discontent and would cause an explosion of patriotism and jubilation in the country.
Foreign Secretary
Key Ambassadors(currently in office)
Kislyak Mamedov Yakovenko Grinin Orlov vacancy Afanasyev Razov Kadakin Zurabov
Churkin Chizhov Grushko
Lists of Soviet and Russian ambassadors:
USA Canada UK Germany
Introduction
1. Political activity of P.N. Milyukov
2. "Memories"
Conclusion
List of sources used
Introduction
The history of Russia is full of contradictory events and historical situations. Particularly interesting in this regard is the period of history from 1905 to 1917. This period is consecrated a huge number of memoirs of contemporaries, historical monographs Russian and foreign historians. It is very difficult to judge this time after almost a hundred years, since views on history have been redrawn several times during this time. Historians Soviet Union offered their own view, emigrants - their own, but to find out the reliability and reality of the events taking place at that time remains difficult today. Until now, the history of Russian revolutions has not been written, although there are now quite enough materials for this.
The book "Memoirs" by Pavel Nikolaevich Milyukov is one of those historical documents, which allows us to form our own understanding of the events of 1905-1917.
The purpose of this work is to consider the memoirs of one of the outstanding political figures and scientists of Russia in the early twentieth century
Before getting acquainted with the work of Milyukov, it is necessary to dwell on his biography, since the memoirs themselves are biographical, it will be interesting to compare the views of historians on the life of the author with his own views given in his memoirs.
Milyukov revolutionary historian political russia
1. Political activity of P.N. Milyukov
Pavel Nikolaevich Milyukov was born on January 15 (27), 1859 in Moscow, in the family of a poor architect, a native of the nobility, Nikolai Pavlovich Milyukov, and his wife Maria Arkadyevna, who came from a noble Sultanov family. He was the eldest of two children born in the marriage. His mother was involved in his early education.
He received his education at the 1st Moscow Gymnasium, located on Sivtsev Vrazhek. Even then, the sphere of his interests lay in the humanitarian field: he was attracted by ancient authors, classical music, he began to write poetry.
At the end of the gymnasium, in the summer of 1877, together with P.D. Dolgorukov P.N. Milyukov volunteered for Russian-Turkish war 1877 - 1978 as treasurer of the military economy, and then authorized by the Moscow sanitary detachment in Transcaucasia.
In 1877 he entered the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University. In 1879, after the death of his father, the Milyukov family was on the verge of ruin. To ensure a decent existence for his mother (the younger brother Alexei did not live with his family at that time), he was forced to give private lessons.
The first interest of P.N. Milyukov to political activity. He began to take part in student gatherings. In 1881, for participating in one of them, he ended up in a cell in the Butyrskaya prison for several hours and was expelled from the university, to which he could return only a year later.
Although when entering the university, P.N. Milyukov chose the Faculty of History and Philology; interest in history came only thanks to the influence of outstanding professors P.G. Vinogradov and V.O. Klyuchevsky, who appeared in his life as "real luminaries of learning and talent." Lectures and seminars by V.O. Klyuchevsky instilled in him Milyukov a love for the history of his native country, which he decided to study after graduating from university in 1882. For this purpose, he remained at the department to work on his master's thesis. In 1892, the dissertation was submitted for defense, and in 1896 it was published under the title “ State economy Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century and the reforms of Peter the Great.
At the end of the 80s. there have been changes in personal life P.N. Milyukov: he married Anna Sergeevna Smirnova, daughter of the rector of the Trinity-Sergius Academy S.K. Smirnov, whom he met in the house of V.O. Klyuchevsky. Like her husband, who had been fond of playing the violin all his life, Anna Sergeevna loved music: according to the reviews of others, she was a talented pianist. They had three children: in 1889 - son Nikolai, in 1895 - son Sergei, youngest child the only daughter in the family was Natalia. P.N. Milyukov taught at Moscow University for two years, but in 1895 he was fired. Taking part in reading educational lectures in the provinces, in one of them he pointed out the need to develop Russian citizenship, which is why he was exiled to Ryazan.
The link was given by P.N. Milyukov the opportunity to study archeology in depth, as well as to start writing his main historical work - Essays on the History of Russian Culture. In it, he showed the great role of the state in the formation of Russian society, arguing that Russia, despite its peculiarities, followed the European path of development, and also presented his arguments regarding the adaptability of the Russian "national type" to borrowed public institutions.
In the spring of 1897, having received an invitation from Sofia, P.N. Miliukov left for Bulgaria. Two years spent in Bulgaria and Macedonia, he was engaged in teaching activities. During this time, he managed to study the history and culture of the southern Slavs to such an extent that subsequently he was rightly considered the largest specialist in Russia on the Balkan issue.
Returning to Russia in 1900, P.N. Milyukov, at one of the public meetings, expressed opinions in opposition to the government, which is why he spent about six months in prison. Having been released in the summer of 1901, having earned a reputation as an oppositionist, he received an offer to edit the liberal publication Osvobozhdenie, which he refused. But when the magazine began to appear, he began to contribute to it. For "Liberation" he wrote the first program article - "From the Russian Constitutionalists" (1902). Cooperation in the journal continued until 1905.
In 1903 P.N. Milyukov traveled to the United States of America to lecture, and returned to his homeland in 1905 after hearing about the revolution in Russia. From April 1905 he was in Moscow. Gradually accustomed to the new political environment, he realized the need social change. Implementation of changes P.N. Milyukov considered it possible only under the condition of a "peace agreement between liberals and revolutionaries", which he sought to implement in the "Union of Unions", where he served as chairman in May - August 1905. His political views attracted public attention and united a significant number of supporters around him: after all by 1905 he had gained a reputation as an "inveterate revolutionary." Like-minded people created the Party of People's Freedom (Constitutional-Democratic), in drafting the program of which he took Active participation.
P.N. Milyukov went down in history as the permanent leader of the party, becoming in March 1907 the chairman of its Central Committee. He developed the Cadets' tactical line at all stages of the Party's existence, and was one of the best Party publicists and orators. In his views within the party, he always occupied centrist positions.
All the years of the functioning of the State Duma P.N. Milyukov remained ideological inspirer and the head of the Cadet faction, despite the fact that he did not enter the I and II Dumas because of the property qualification.
In 1906, the official printed organ of the Constitutional Democratic Party, the newspaper Rech, began to be published, one of the editors of which was P.N. Milyukov. On its pages, he published his numerous publicistic notes, and also wrote the editorials of almost all issues, in which he covered various issues of internal and foreign policy Russia.
On June 1907, the government dissolved the Second Duma, and a new electoral law was issued. As a result of the elections to the III Duma, P.N. Milyukov finally joined it. Despite the new working conditions, the tactics of the Cadet faction was to become more actively involved in state activity through participation in the work of the Duma.
In the III Duma, P.N. Milyukov became the chief expert on foreign policy issues, which he also dealt with in the Fourth Duma, and also spoke on various issues on behalf of the faction. It is interesting that in one of his speeches he used in relation to A.I. Guchkov, in his own words, "enough strong expression"," Although quite parliamentary, "for which he was called by the leader of the Octobrists to a duel (which, however, never took place).
In the first period of the work of the Fourth Duma, which lasted from the day it was opened on November 15, 1912 until the outbreak of the First World War, the Cadets faction headed by P.N. Milyukov drew attention to issues of general political significance, as well as to "criticism of the behavior of the government in the internal life of Russia, carried out in the form of requests."
At the end of 1915, P.N. Milyukov experienced a deep personal tragedy: during the retreat from Brest, his second son Sergei, who had gone to war as a volunteer in 1914, was killed.
After the February Revolution, P.N. Milyukov took part in the formation of the Provisional Government, which he joined as Minister of Foreign Affairs. After the abdication of Nicholas II, he tried to achieve the preservation of the monarchy in Russia until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly.
Sunset has begun at the ministerial post political career P.N. Milyukov: the war was unpopular among the people, and on April 18, 1917, he sent a note to the allies in which he outlined his foreign policy doctrine: war to a victorious end. This was the main drawback of P.N. Milyukov, a politician who cost him his career: being convinced of the correctness of his views and firmly convinced of the need to implement the program guidelines of his party, he imperturbably walked towards his goals, not paying attention to external influences, to the real situation in the country, to the mindset of the population. The manifestation of discontent and demonstrations in the capital after the note by P.N. Milyukov called for the resignation of the minister on May 2, 1917.
In the spring - autumn of 1917, P.N. Milyukov participated in political life Russia as chairman of the Central Committee of the Constitutional Democratic Party, a member of the permanent bureau of the State Conference and the Pre-Parliament. In August 1917, at the State Meeting in Moscow, according to V.A. Obolensky, P.N. Milyukov "unambiguously made it clear that in the phase into which the revolution had entered, the Provisional Government was doomed and that only a military dictatorship could save Russia from anarchy." Thus, he supported the proposals of General L.G. Kornilov. At the same time, he actively appealed to the Russian public about the need to fight Bolshevism.
Bolshevik coup P.N. Miliukov did not accept and began to use all his influence to fight the Soviet regime. He advocated armed struggle, for which he sought to create a united front. After October 1917, he left for Moscow to organize resistance to the Bolsheviks. In November 1917, he participated in a meeting of representatives of the Entente on the fight against Bolshevism. Having gone to Novocherkassk, he joined the volunteer military organization of General M.V. Alekseev. In January 1918, he was a member of the "Don Civil Council", created under the Volunteer Army of General L.G. Kornilov, for whom he wrote a declaration. He was elected to the Constituent Assembly from the city of Petrograd.
In May 1918, in Kyiv, on behalf of the conference of the Cadet Party P.N. Milyukov began negotiations with the German command about the need to finance the anti-Bolshevik movement. The convinced supporter of the Entente decided to take this step only because he saw in Germany the only real force at that time capable of resisting the Bolsheviks. Since the negotiations were not supported by the majority of the Cadets, he resigned from his duties as chairman of the Central Committee of the party (he later recognized the negotiations as erroneous).
In the winter - spring of 1918, he participated in the organization of the "National Center" operating underground in Moscow, and was a friend of its chairman. At the same time, P.N. Milyukov resumed his activity as a historian: in 1919, The History of the Second Russian Revolution was published in Kyiv, republished in 1921 in Sofia. In this work, the author offered a deep analysis of the causes and significance of the 1917 revolution.
In November 1918, P.N. Milyukov left for Western Europe in order to get support from the allies for the anti-Bolshevik forces. For some time he lived in England, where he edited the weekly "The New Russia", published on English language Russian emigrant Liberation Committee. He spoke in print and journalism on behalf of the White movement. In 1920 he published in London the book Bolshevism: An International Danger. However, the defeat of the White armies at the front and the conservative policy of the White leaders, which failed to provide the White movement with broad popular support, changed his views on how to rid Russia of Bolshevism. After the evacuation of the troops of General P.N. Wrangel from the Crimea in November 1920, he admitted that "Russia cannot be liberated against the will of the people."
In the same years, P.N. Milyukov received from Soviet Russia the tragic news of the death of his daughter Natalya from dysentery.
In 1920 P.N. Milyukov moved to Paris, where he headed the Union of Russian Writers and Journalists in Paris and the council of professors at the Franco-Russian Institute. In exile P.N. Milyukov wrote and published a lot: his works “Russia at a Turning Point”, “Emigration at a Crossroads” were published, “Memoirs” were started, and remained unfinished.
In the period from April 27, 1921 to June 11, 1940, P.N. Milyukov edited the Paris newspaper " Last news". It devoted much space to news from Soviet Russia. Since 1921, P.N. Miliukov found signs of revival and democratization in Russia, which, in his opinion, went against the policy of the Soviet government. In 1935, A.S. died. Milyukov. In the same year, P.N. Milyukov married N.V. Lavrova.
In the conditions of World War II, P.N. Milyukov was unconditionally on the side of the USSR, considering Germany as an aggressor. He sincerely rejoiced at the Stalingrad victory, evaluating it as a turning point in favor of the USSR. March 31, 1943, at the age of 84, P.N. Milyukov died in Aix-les-Bains, not having lived to see the victory, but until the last minutes of his life remaining true patriot native country. He was buried in a temporary plot in the cemetery in Aix-les-Bains. Soon after the end of the war, the only surviving child of P.N. Milyukova, his eldest son Nikolai, moved his father's coffin to Paris, to the family crypt at the Batillon cemetery, where A.S. Milyukov.
2. "Memories"
Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov began writing his “Memoirs” at the beginning of World War II. In his book, the author talks about a long life. But since he happened to be a participant in the most important events for the history of Russia, such as the surge in the liberation movement at the turn of the century, the revolutions of 1905-1917, the formation of Russian parliamentarism, the fall of the autocracy and the creation of a provisional government, Milyukov’s memoirs acquire the significance of a document of the era, reflected in the mind of one of her heroes.
It is known that memoirs are always historical source of a specific kind: they inevitably bear the imprint of subjectivity in the author's perception of certain facts or phenomena and in their selection for his story. With Miliukov's "Memoirs", the situation is even more complicated, since when writing them, he was deprived of the opportunity to use documents, literature, any materials that clarify and supplement the evidence of his exceptional memory.
For the first time, “Memoirs” were published in 1955 by the Chekhov Publishing House in New York under the editorship of Professors M.M. Karpovich and B.I. Elkin, belonging to the close circle of Pavel Nikolayevich. In the preface from the editors, it was indicated that, as is clear from the detailed table of contents compiled by the author, he set himself the goal of bringing the memories to the Bolshevik coup, but death prevented this plan from being carried out. In its finished form, the presentation is brought only to the chapter on the July uprising of 1917 and its consequences.
The editors also reported that when preparing the book for publication, they filled in the gaps left by the author in the manuscript due to a lack of reference materials, corrected the existing errors in dates and names, omitted some harsh judgments of a “purely personal nature”.
Milyukov also wrote about his political activities in his other memoirs, published during his lifetime. But there the reader will not find many essential details introduced into the memoirs, elements of political confession that are not present in them. internal development and the rise of an outstanding Russian scientist and politician.
The attitude towards Milyukov of his contemporaries throughout his life remained complex and contradictory, assessments of his personality were often polar opposites. He always had many enemies, and at the same time not a few friends. Sometimes friends became enemies, but sometimes it was true and vice versa. In the memoir literature it is difficult to find impartial, not colored by personal attitude judgments about this extraordinary person.
The ability to maneuver flexibly between political extremes, the desire to find mutually acceptable solutions coexisted in Milyukov with extraordinary personal courage, which he repeatedly showed at decisive moments in his life. As Prince V.A., who knew Pavel Nikolaevich closely, testified. Obolensky, he completely lacked a fear reflex.
There were legends about Milyukov's efficiency. During the day he managed to do a huge number of things, all his life, every day he wrote serious analytical articles, worked on books. Compiled in 1930, a bibliographic list of his scientific papers made 38 typewritten sheets.
In "Memoirs" the author's life is described in detail until the summer of 1917, how the situation developed further, we can learn from other memoirs: Milyukov P.N. History of the second Russian revolution., issue 2. - Sofia 1921.
“The memoirs are divided by the author into 9 parts, and, as is typical for a historian, they have a clear periodization. In the first part, “From Childhood to Youth” (1859 - 1873), the author talks about the first years of his life, from the narrative we can learn not only about his life, but also about the life and way of life of the people of that time. The second part of the book tells about the last gymnasium years of Pavel Nikolaevich 1873 - 1877 about his first musical, literary and other hobbies, as in other parts of the book, the impressions conveyed by the author in detail about what he saw, felt and meaningful, amaze and surprise. In the third part, the author shares his impressions of his life during his university years. Here, for example, we can see detailed psychological portraits such outstanding historians of that time as Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky. “From Student to Teacher and Scientist” covers the years 1882-1894, as in other parts, the author writes not only about his work, but also about his personal life, his incredible energy was enough not only for work, but he still had strength to visit the theater , concerts, collecting a personal library, which throughout his life he started from scratch three or four times.
Since 1895, P.N. Miliukov traveled a lot. First, he talks about exile in Ryazan, then about a trip to Bulgaria and Macedonia, about the first period of his life in St. Petersburg, about trips to America and England. All these wanderings are devoted to the fifth part of the book, covering the years 1895-1905 of the author's life.
The last parts of the book - from the sixth to the ninth, tell about the political life of Milyukov during the years of the Russian revolutions, from here we can learn about the course of the first and second revolutions in Russia, about the creation of the Cadets Party and its activities. This part of the "Memoirs" is of great interest to scholars, historians, and lovers of Russian history this period. As mentioned above, the author did not have time to bring his memories to the planned moment of his life, that is, October - November 1917, but what Milyukov told was very helpful to historians in studying this period of Russian history.
Conclusion
Like all memoir literature, this book is full of subjective opinions and the views of the author, but at the same time, it fully conveys the views educated people of that time, both Milyukov himself and his like-minded people.
In his memoirs, the author talks about a large period of his life, for 58 years many events take place in his life, for example, it is interesting that the author's views on the same phenomena change over the course of his life and they are described in detail in this book. This indicator helps to quite fully represent the interests, views, character of the author.
The fact that the author was deprived of access to various types of documentary sources somewhat reduces the value of this book from the point of view of historians, since, as we know, undocumented facts constantly cause disputes among historians. However, this does not diminish the value of the book for intellectual readers.
The book of Milyukov's Memoirs was published several times over the course of fifty years, it earned popularity outside of Russia, and after the collapse of the USSR, they were able to get acquainted with it in Russia. In Russia over the past 15 years, it has also been published several times.
Like any memoir literature, it is very difficult to read “in one fell swoop”, since a huge number of events and opinions of one person, which very often contradict each other, are difficult to perceive. But this book of memoirs is very clearly divided into periods, which indicates not only that the author was a strict and very organized person, but also allows you to read it selectively, for example, to get acquainted only with the political aspects of the life of P.N. Milyukov.
List of sources used
1. Works by P.N. Milyukov
Milyukov P.N. History of the second Russian revolution. Issue 1 - 3. Paris, 1921 - 1924.
Milyukov P.N. History of the second Russian revolution., issue 2. - Sofia 1921.
Milyukov P. Emigration at the Crossroads. Paris, 1926.
Milyukov P.N. Russia at the turning point: the Bolshevik period of the Russian revolution. Vol. 1 - 2. Paris, 1927.
Milyukov P.N. Essays on the history of Russian culture. Paris, 1937.
Milyukov P.N. "Memories. - New York.: Chekhov Publishing House., 1955.
Milyukov P.N. Memoirs (1859 - 1917). In 2 vol. M., 1990.
Milyukov Pavel Nikolaevich. "Memories" - M .: Vagrius., 2001.,
Milyukov P.N. Living Pushkin. M., 1997.
Bibliography of publications about P.N. Milyukov.
12. Alexandrov, Sergei Alexandrovich (1960-). The leader of the Russian cadets P.N. Milyukov in exile / Afterword. M.G. Vandalkovskaya; [Assoc. researchers grew up. islands of the 20th century]. - M. : AIRO-XX, 1996. - 151 p. : silt
13. Vakar N.P. N. Milyukov in exile // New Journal 1943 No. 6, p. 375.
14. Vandalkovskaya, Margarita Georgievna. P.N. Milyukov A.A. Kizevetter: history and politics / Ros. acad. Sciences. In-t grew up. stories. - M.: Nauka, 1992. - 285, p.
15. Vernadsky G.V. P.N. Milyukov and the place of development of the Russian people // New Journal., 1964. No. 74., p. 255.
Gessen I.V. Years of Exile: A Life Report. Paris, 1979.
Dumova N.G. The Kadet counter-revolution and its defeat - M., 1982.
18. Dumova, Natalya Georgievna. Churchill and Milyukov against Soviet Russia / USSR Academy of Sciences. - M.: Nauka, 1989. - 202,
19. Karpovich M.M. P.N. Milyukov as a historian // New magazine. 1943. No. 6. Sir. 366.
Kizevetter A.A. At the turn of two centuries - Prague., 1929.
21. Makushin, Alexander Vasilievich. P.N. Milyukov: the path in historical science and the transition to political activity (late 1870s - early 1900s): Abstract of the thesis. dis. for the competition scientist step. Ph.D. : Spec. 07.00.02 / [Voronezh. state university]. - Voronezh, 1998. - 24 p.
P.N. Milyukov: historian, politician, diplomat: Proceedings of the International. scientific conf., Moscow, May 26-27, 1999 / [Ed.: V.V. Shelokhaev (responsible editor) and others]. - M. : Rosspen, 2000. - 558, p.
23. Obolensky V.A. My life. My contemporaries. Paris, 1988.
24. Platonov, Sergei Fedorovich (1860-1933). Letters of Russian historians: (S.F. Platonov, P.N. Milyukov) / [Compiled by: Doctor of Historical Sciences. V.P. Korzun and others]; Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, Om. state un-t. - Omsk: Polygraphist, 2003. - 304, p.
Rutkevich, Natalia Alekseevna. Philosophy of the history of Russian liberalism: P.B. Struve and P.N. Milyukov: (Comparative analysis): Abstract of the thesis. dis. for the competition scientist step. PhD in Philosophy : Spec. 09.00.11 / Rutkevich N.A.; Ros. acad. Sciences, Institute of Philosophy. - M., 2002. - 26 p.
26. Savich N.V. Memories. SPb., 1993.
Sedykh A. Far, close - New York., 1970.
28. Tribunsky, Pavel Alexandrovich. P.N. Milyukov as a historian of Russian historical thought: Abstract of the thesis. dis. To the competition scientist step. Ph.D. : Spec. 07.00.09 / [Ros. state humanit. university]. - M., 2001. - 22, p.
29. Tyrkova-Williams A.V. On the way to freedom. London, 1990.
Shulgin V.V. 1917 - 1919//Persons: Biographical almanac. M.; SPb., 1994. Part 5. P.121 - 328.
Tutoring
Need help learning a topic?
Our experts will advise or provide tutoring services on topics of interest to you.
Submit an application indicating the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.
MILYUKOV, PAVEL NIKOLAEVICH(1859–1943), Russian politician, leader of the Kadet Party, historian. Born on January 15 (27), 1859 in Moscow, in the family of an inspector and teacher at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. He studied at the 1st Moscow Gymnasium, where he discovered great abilities in the field of humanities especially in learning languages; in 1877 he entered the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University. He studied with professors F.F. Fortunatov, V.F. Miller, M.M. Troitsky, V.I. Guerrier, P.G. Vinogradov, V.O. Klyuchevsky. Communication with the latter determined the choice of profession and scientific interests associated with the study of the history of the Fatherland.
From his first year at the university, Miliukov joined the student movement, joined its moderate wing, which stood up for university autonomy. In 1881, as an active participant in the movement, he was arrested, then expelled from the university (with the right to be reinstated a year later). The time he missed for classes was spent in Italy, where he studied the art of the Renaissance.
After graduating from the university, he was left at the department of Russian history, headed by V.O. Klyuchevsky, to "prepare for a professorship." In preparation for the master's (candidate's) exam, he taught special courses on historiography, historical geography, and the history of the colonization of Russia. The course in historiography was later made into a book. The main currents of Russian historical thought(1896). At the same time he taught at the 4th women's gymnasium, at the Agricultural College, at the higher courses for women.
In 1892 Milyukov defended master's thesis based on a book published the same year The State Economy of Russia in the First Quarter of the 18th Century and the Reform of Peter the Great. In the preface, the author wrote: historical science“puts in turn the study of the material side historical process, the study of the history of economic and financial, the history of social, the history of institutions. The dissertation was highly appreciated by the scientific community: the author received the S.M.Soloviev Prize for it. However, the proposal to immediately award a doctoral degree did not pass, V.O. Klyuchevsky protested, and this long years cooled the relationship between student and teacher.
Gradually Milyukov began to pay more and more attention to educational activities. He was elected chairman of the Commission for the organization home reading, collaborated in the Moscow Literacy Committee, repeatedly traveled to the provinces to give lectures. In 1894 for a series of readings in Nizhny Novgorod lectures, which contained "allusions to the general aspirations of freedom and condemnation of the autocracy", Milyukov was arrested, expelled from Moscow University and exiled to Ryazan.
The years spent in exile were filled with scientific work. In Ryazan, Milyukov began his most significant research - Essays on the history of Russian culture(First they were published in a magazine, in 1896-1903 they came out as a separate edition in three issues). The first issue outlines "general concepts" about history, its tasks and methods of scientific knowledge, defines the author's theoretical approaches to the analysis of historical material; here - essays on the population, economic, state and social system. The second and third issues examine the culture of Russia - the role of the church, faith, school, various ideological currents.
While in exile, Milyukov received an invitation from Sofiysky high school head a department in Bulgaria world history. The authorities allowed the trip. The scientist spent two years in Bulgaria, lectured, studied the Bulgarian and Turkish languages (in total, Milyukov knew 18 foreign languages). The deliberate ignorance of the solemn reception at the Russian embassy in Sofia on the occasion of the name day of Nicholas II caused irritation in St. Petersburg. The Bulgarian government was required to fire Miliukov. The "unemployed" scientist moved to Turkey, where he took part in the expedition of the Constantinople Archaeological Institute, in excavations in Macedonia.
Upon returning to St. Petersburg for participation in the meeting, dedicated to memory P.L. Lavrov, the scientist was again arrested and spent half a year in prison. He lived in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, as he was forbidden to live in the capital. During this period, Milyukov became close to the liberal zemstvo milieu. He became one of the founders of the journal "Liberation" and the political organization of Russian liberals "Union of Liberation". In 1902-1904 he repeatedly traveled to England, then to the USA, where he lectured at the University of Chicago and Harvard, at the Lowell Institute in Boston. The course taught was turned into a book. Russia and its crisis(1905).
The scientist met the first Russian revolution abroad. In April 1905 he returned to Russia and immediately joined the political struggle. In mid-October, Milyukov headed the constitutional-democratic (Kadet) party created by Russian liberals. The party program proclaimed the need to turn Russia into a constitutional monarchy, popular representation with legislative rights, the abolition of class privileges, and the establishment of democratic freedoms. The national part of the program, defending the idea of unity Russian empire, at the same time included the right to free cultural self-determination, the introduction of an autonomous device with the Sejm was recognized for the Kingdom of Poland, for Finland - the restoration of the former constitution.
Although Milyukov was not elected to the State Duma of the first two convocations, he was the de facto leader of a large faction of Cadets. After being elected to the Duma of the third and fourth convocations, he became the official leader of the faction. In the Duma, he showed himself, on the one hand, as an advocate of political compromises with the authorities, and on the other, as a supporter of the bourgeois-democratic development of Russia. Milyukov's Duma speech "Stupidity or treason?" directed against Grigory Rasputin and other "dark forces" at the throne became widely known.
After the February Revolution, Milyukov joined the Provisional Committee of members of the State Duma, and then on March 2, 1917, as Minister of Foreign Affairs, he joined the Provisional Government headed by Prince G.E. Lvov. The foreign policy course of the leader of the Cadets was aimed at uniting with the allies in the Entente and the war with Germany, regardless of any sacrifices (the youngest son of the minister himself volunteered for the front and died), to the bitter end. The growing anti-war sentiment in the country forced the Miliukovs to resign during the days of the April crisis. He continued his political activities as chairman of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party. He participated in the Meeting of the five largest parties (the Cadets, the Radical Democratic Party, the Trudoviks, the Social Democrats, the Socialist-Revolutionaries), the Provisional Committee of the State Duma and the executive committees of the Council of Workers' and Soldiers' and the Council of Peasants' Deputies, where he stated that "The Soviets must leave the political arena if they cannot do state affairs.” He supported, along with other leaders of the Cadet Party, the rebellion of General L.G. Kornilov.
Milyukov took the October Revolution with hostility. All his efforts were aimed at creating a united front in the fight against Soviet Russia. In the name of defeating the Bolsheviks, the leader of the Cadets in the spring of 1918 did not disdain even to make an alliance with yesterday's opponents - the Germans. He became an active participant in all major anti-Bolshevik enterprises: the creation of the Volunteer Army (the program declaration of the army belonged to him), foreign military intervention, etc. An important part of Milyukov's political activity was the writing History of the second Russian revolution(1918–1921).
In the autumn of 1918, Milyukov left Russia, leaving first for Romania, then for France and England. From 1921 he lived in Paris. His main business was the development of a "new tactic" in the fight against the Bolsheviks. Uniting the "left" sector of emigration as opposed to the supporters of the armed struggle against Soviet power, Milyukov recognized the individual conquests of this power (the republic, the federation of individual parts of the state, the elimination of landownership), counted on its rebirth in the framework of the new economic policy and the subsequent collapse.
In France, Milyukov became the editor of the Latest News newspaper, which united around itself the best literary and journalistic forces of the Russian diaspora. He was the founder and chairman of the Society of Russian Writers and Journalists, the Club of Russian Writers and Scientists, the Committee for Assistance to the Starving in Russia (1921), one of the organizers of the Russian People's University. He lectured at the Sorbonne, at the College of Social Sciences, at the Franco-Russian Institute. Then Milyukov returned to scientific work: published a two-volume work Russia at a turning point(1927) about events civil war, prepared for publication an enlarged and revised edition Essays on the history of Russian culture(published in 1930–1937) and others.
After the attack of fascist Germany on the USSR, Milyukov closely followed the retreat Soviet army. In his last article The truth about Bolshevism(1942-1943), probably written after receiving news of the defeat of the Germans at Stalingrad, he openly declared solidarity with the Russian people fighting the invaders.
Milyukov died in Montpellier (France) on March 31, 1943. After the end of the war, his ashes were reburied at Parisian cemetery Batignolles.
