Electronic Services
Full service name
Issuance of a building permit (except for protected areas and OKN)
Conditions for obtaining services on the site
Who can apply for the service:
Individuals
Developers can be applicants - individuals providing construction and reconstruction of capital construction facilities on their land plots.
Legal entities
Developers - legal entities that provide construction and reconstruction of capital construction projects on their land plots can act as applicants.
Individual entrepreneur
Applicants may be developers - individuals registered as individual entrepreneurs, providing construction, reconstruction of capital construction projects on their land plots.
Service cost and payment procedure:
For free
List of required information:
An application for the provision of a public service (hereinafter referred to as the application) is filled out by entering the relevant information into an interactive form on the Portal (original, 1 pc.)
- Required
- Provided without refund
A document confirming the authority of the applicant's representative to act on behalf of the applicant (in the case of an application for the provision of public services by the representative of the applicant) (original, 1 pc.)
- Required
- Provided without refund
Transfer agreement in cases established by budget legislation Russian Federation, a public authority (state body), the State Corporation for atomic energy"Rosatom", the State Corporation for Space Activities "Roscosmos", the management body of the state non-budgetary fund or body local government, powers of the state (municipal) customer, concluded during the implementation of budget investments, and title documents for the land plot of the right holder with whom the agreement was concluded (if there is an agreement) (original, 1 pc.)
- Required
The consent of all the right holders of the capital construction object in the event of the reconstruction of such an object, with the exception of the cases of reconstruction of an apartment building provided for in clause 6.2 of part 7 of Article 51 of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation. (original, 1 piece)
- Required
- Provided only for viewing (copying) at the beginning of the service
The decision of the general meeting of owners of premises and parking spaces in an apartment building, adopted in accordance with housing legislation in the event of reconstruction of an apartment building, or, if as a result of such reconstruction there is a decrease in the size of the common property in an apartment building, the consent of all owners of premises and parking spaces in apartment building (original, 1 pc.)
- Required
- Provided without refund
- Provided only for viewing (copying) at the beginning of the service
Confirmation of compliance of changes made to the project documentation with the requirements specified in part 3.8 of Article 49 of the Code, provided by a person who is a member of a self-regulatory organization based on membership of persons preparing project documentation, and approved by a specialist engaged by this person in accordance with the Code in organizing architectural and construction design in the position of the chief engineer of the project, in case of changes to the project documentation in accordance with part 3.8 of Article 49 of the Code. (original, 1 piece)
- Required
- Provided without refund
Confirmation of compliance of the changes made to the project documentation with the requirements specified in part 3.9 of Article 49 of the Code, provided by the executive authority or the organization that conducted the examination of the project documentation, in the event that changes are made to the project documentation in the course of expert support in accordance with part 3.9 of Article 49 of the Code (in in the absence of information in the information systems and resources of the city of Moscow or in the USRZ). (original, 1 piece)
- Required
- Provided without refund
Materials provided for by paragraph 3 of part 7 of Article 51 of the Code and contained in the project documentation approved in accordance with part 15 of Article 48 of the Code (if such project documentation is not subject to examination and is not available in the information systems and resources of the city of Moscow or in the event of an examination of project documentation and the lack of materials in the information systems and resources of the city of Moscow or in the USRZ). (original, 1 piece)
- Required
- Provided without refund
Results of engineering surveys (in the absence of information about them in the information systems and resources of the city of Moscow or in the USRZ) (original, 1 pc.)
- Required
- Provided without refund
Title documents for a land plot, including an easement agreement, a decision to establish a public easement, as well as an approved layout of the land plot or land plots on the cadastral plan of the territory, on the basis of which the specified land plot was formed and the town planning plan of the land plot was issued in in the case provided for by Part 1.1 of Article 57.3 of the Code (if Required documents and information about the rights to a land plot are not available in the Unified State Register of Real Estate, and also in the absence of these documents and information in the executive authority of the city of Moscow authorized to manage and dispose of land plots owned by the state of the city of Moscow, and land plots that are on the territory of the city of Moscow, state ownership of which is not delimited). (original, 1 piece)
- Provided without refund
A positive conclusion of the examination of project documentation, in accordance with which the construction, reconstruction of a capital construction facility is carried out, including if this project documentation provides for the construction or reconstruction of other capital construction facilities, including linear facilities (in relation to individual stages of construction in the case provided for part 12.1 of Article 48 of the Code), if such project documentation is subject to examination in accordance with Article 49 of the Code, a positive conclusion of the state examination of project documentation in cases provided for in part 3.4 of Article 49 of the Code (certified copy, 1 pc.)
- Can be obtained during the provision of services
- Provided without refund
Agreement on the reconstruction, which determines, among other things, the conditions and procedure for compensation for damage caused to the object during the reconstruction (original, 1 pc.)
- Required
- Provided only for viewing (copying) at the beginning of the service
Terms of service provision
7 working days
The result of the service
Happening:
- issuance of a permit
Receipt Forms
On the WEB site
2.25.2.6. Submission of an application for amendments to a building permit, except for changes solely in connection with a change in the right holder of a land plot or the formation of a land plot, less than 10 working days before the expiration of the construction permit, except for the following cases: a building permit until January 1, 2020, provided that no more than three years have passed from the date of expiration of the building permit until the date of receipt of the developer's application for amendments to the building permit; - submission of an application for amendments to the building permit within one year from the date of acquisition by the developer of rights to the land plot on the basis of an agreement on the completion of construction of an unfinished construction object and on the fulfillment by the developer of obligations to citizens whose funds are attracted for the construction of apartment buildings and whose rights violated, included in the register of affected citizens in accordance with the Federal Law of December 30, 2004 N 214-FZ "On participation in the shared construction of apartment buildings and other real estate and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation", or the acquisition by the developer of rights to a land plot in the manner prescribed by Articles 201_15-1 and 201_15-2 of Federal Law No. 127-FZ of October 26, 2002 "On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)".
Grounds for refusal to provide services
1. When issuing a building permit:
1.1. Non-compliance of the submitted documents with the requirements established by the urban planning regulations (with the exception of the case provided for by part 1.1 of Article 51 of the Code), the territory planning project and the territory surveying project (except for cases when, in accordance with the Code, the preparation of a territory planning project and a territory surveying project is not required), to the construction, reconstruction of a capital construction object that is not a linear object (hereinafter referred to as the requirements for the construction, reconstruction of a capital construction object), established on the date of issue of the urban planning plan of the land plot submitted for obtaining a building permit.
1.2. Non-compliance of the submitted documents with the requirements of the territory planning project and the territory surveying project, except for cases in which the construction, reconstruction of a linear facility does not require the preparation of territory planning documentation (in the case of an applicant applying for a permit for the construction of a linear facility).
1.3. Lack of documents required paragraphs 2.8, 2.9, 2.11, 2.12 Regulations for the provision of the public service "Issue of a building permit".
1.4. Non-compliance of the submitted documents with the requirements established in the permit for deviation from the limiting parameters of the permitted construction, reconstruction.
1.5. The applicant's application for the provision of a public service in relation to capital construction objects - apartment buildings within the boundaries of a land plot that is in state or municipal ownership, leased out for the integrated development of the territory, before the formation of land plots from such a land plot in accordance with the approved territory planning project and land surveying project;
1.6. Non-compliance of the submitted documents with the permitted use of the land plot and (or) restrictions established in accordance with the land and other legislation of the Russian Federation.
1.7. Non-compliance of the design documentation of capital construction facilities with the restrictions on the use of real estate objects established on the aerodrome territory.
2. When amending a building permit:
2.1. In the event of a change in the owner of a land plot on the grounds provided for in Article 51 of the Code;
- the absence in the application of the details of the documents provided for in paragraphs 2.9.1.1 and 2.11.1 of the regulation for the provision of the public service "Issuance of a construction permit", or copies of title documents for the land plot in the case provided for in paragraph one of paragraph 2.9.1.1 of the regulation for the provision of the public service "Issue building permits".
2.2. If a land plot is formed by combining land plots for which or one of which a building permit has been issued in accordance with the Code:
- the absence in the application of the details of the documents provided for in paragraph 2.12.2 of the regulations for the provision of the state service "Issuance of a building permit";
- the inaccuracy of the information specified in the application.
2.3. In the event of the formation of land plots by division, redistribution of land plots or separation from land plots in respect of which a building permit has been issued in accordance with the Code:
- the absence in the application of the details of the documents provided for in paragraph 2.12.3 of the regulations for the provision of the public service "Issuance of a building permit";
- unreliability of the information specified in the application;
- non-compliance of the planned location of the capital construction object with the requirements for the construction, reconstruction of the capital construction object, established on the date of issue of the town-planning plan of the formed land plot;
- non-compliance of the planned capital construction facility with the permitted use of the land plot and (or) restrictions established in accordance with the land and other legislation of the Russian Federation and in force on the date of the decision to amend the building permit.
2.4. If changes are made to a building permit, except for changes solely in connection with the extension of its validity or in connection with a change in the right holder of a land plot or the formation of a land plot:
- absence of documents stipulated by paragraphs 2.9.1 and 2.11 of the regulations for the provision of the public service "Issuance of a building permit";
- non-compliance of the planned location of the capital construction object with the requirements for construction, reconstruction of the capital construction object, established on the date of issue of the urban planning plan of the land plot submitted for obtaining a building permit or for amending the building permit;
- non-compliance of the planned capital construction facility with the permitted use of the land plot and (or) restrictions established in accordance with the land and other legislation of the Russian Federation and in force on the date of the decision to amend the building permit;
Non-compliance of the planned placement of the capital construction facility with the requirements established in the permit for deviation from the limiting parameters of permitted construction, reconstruction.
2.5. If changes are made to the building permit due to the need to extend its validity - the availability of information on the fact of the absence of construction, reconstruction work that has been started as of the date of filing the application or information of the state authority building supervision about the absence of a notice of the commencement of these works, if the sending of such a notice is mandatory in accordance with the requirements of part 5 of Article 52 of the Code.
2.6. Submission of the application less than 10 working days before the expiration of the building permit.
Grounds for refusal to accept documents
1. An applicant's application for a public service, the provision of which is not carried out by the executive authority providing the public service.
2. Submission by the applicant of documents that do not meet the established requirements.
3. Submission by the applicant of an incomplete set of documents provided for in paragraphs 2.8 and 2.9 of the Regulations for the provision of the public service "Issuance of a construction permit".
4. Submission by the applicant of documents containing unreliable and contradictory information.
5. Receipt by the responsible official of the executive authority providing the public service of the documents (information) necessary for the provision of the public service, using interdepartmental information interaction, including in the information systems and resources of the city of Moscow, including access to the Basic Register, containing contradictory intelligence.
6. Submission of documents that have become invalid.
7. Submission of an application on behalf of the applicant by an unauthorized person.
8. The application and (or) other documents required for the provision of public services, submitted in electronic form, are signed using an electronic signature that does not belong to the applicant, the applicant's representative or another person authorized in the manner established by the legal acts of the Russian Federation and the city of Moscow.
9. Incorrect filling of required fields in the form of an interactive application.
10. The presence of conflicting information in the interactive application form and copies (electronic images) of documents attached to it.
Office:
(Mosgosstroynadzor)
1. Specially protected natural territories in the city of Moscow include specially protected natural territories of federal, regional significance, the boundaries, categories and types of which are established in accordance with the legislation in the field of protection of specially protected natural territories.
2. The natural areas in the city of Moscow include those with nature conservation, nature and recreation, environmental protection and other natural qualities territories that are not duly classified as specially protected natural territories, the boundaries, categories and types of which are established in accordance with the legislation in the field of protection and use of natural and green areas.
3. Green areas, the boundaries, categories and types of which are established in accordance with the legislation in the field of protection and use of natural and green areas, include:
1) landscaped areas of common use, including squares, boulevards, gardens, parks, other areas;
2) green areas of limited use;
3) green areas special purpose.
4. The composition of specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas may include land plots that are reserved in accordance with the established procedure for state needs in order to restore the lost, restore degraded specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas or to create new green areas.
5. The composition of specially protected natural territories, natural and green areas may include the territories of objects cultural heritage, including monuments of landscape, landscape gardening, manor architecture, the boundaries, regimes of protection and use of which are established in accordance with the legislation on the protection of cultural heritage sites.
6. Within the boundaries of the territories of objects of cultural heritage, sections of the territory of valuable natural objects, the boundaries and protection regimes of which are established in accordance with the legislation in the field of protection of specially protected natural areas, in the field of protection and use of natural and green areas.
7. Within the boundaries of green areas, areas of the territory of valuable natural objects can be allocated, the boundaries and protection regimes of which are established in accordance with the legislation in the field of protection of specially protected natural areas, in the field of protection and use of natural and green areas.
Article 52
1. Planning for the development and placement of specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas in the city of Moscow is carried out in accordance with the legislation in the field of protection of specially protected natural areas, in the field of protection and use of natural and green areas, this Code.
2. Planning for the development and placement of specially protected natural areas in the city of Moscow is carried out on the basis of the General Plan of the City of Moscow by developing and approving, in accordance with the Law of the City of Moscow dated September 26, 2001 N 48 "On specially protected natural areas in the city of Moscow", the procedure for the development scheme and placement of specially protected natural areas in the city of Moscow. Planning for the development and placement of natural and green areas in the city of Moscow is carried out on the basis of the Master Plan of the city of Moscow and the scheme for the development and placement of specially protected natural areas in the city of Moscow as part of territorial and sectoral schemes.
3. Draft documents referred to in paragraph 1 of this article, containing provisions on the development and placement of specially protected natural territories, natural and green areas, on the establishment or change of their categories, boundaries, on the use of such territories, on the reservation of land for state needs for the purposes of development of such territories, on the construction, reconstruction of capital construction facilities in such territories, are subject to mandatory agreement with the executive authority of the city of Moscow, carrying out public administration in the field of environmental protection, which establishes the compliance or non-compliance of the project submitted for approval with the requirements of legislation in the field of protection of specially protected natural areas, in the field of protection and use of natural and green areas.
Article 53
1. The boundaries of specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas are established, changed in accordance with the legislation in the field of protection of specially protected natural areas, protection and use of natural and green areas, environmental protection, environmental expertise, taking into account the documents specified in Part 2 Article 52 of this Code, as well as taking into account the territory planning projects.
2. Establishment, change of boundaries of specially protected natural areas, natural and landscaped areas is carried out by the Government of Moscow in the presence of a positive opinion of the executive authority of the city of Moscow, exercising state management in the field of environmental protection.
Article 54
1. For the purposes of the sustainable development of the city of Moscow, the protection of the human right to a favorable living environment, the creation of conditions for the conservation and development of specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas, the General Plan of the City of Moscow, the scheme for the development and placement of specially protected natural areas in the city of Moscow, territorial Schemes and sectoral schemes, territory planning documentation establish indicators for the balance of areas of specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas, on the one hand, and areas of other types of territories, on the other hand. The specified balance indicators are established in relation to:
1) to the entire territory of the city of Moscow;
2) to the territories of the administrative districts of the city of Moscow, districts of the city of Moscow;
3) to the territories of functional planning formations.
2. Changing the boundaries of specially protected natural areas, the boundaries of natural and green areas is allowed only under the conditions of compliance with the established indicators of the balance of these territories and other types of territories or an increase in the share of specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas in the balance of territories specified in paragraphs 1-3 part 1 of this article.
Article 55
1. The regulation of urban planning activities in specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas is carried out in accordance with the categories, types, protection regimes, modes of use and zoning of these territories, established in accordance with the legislation in the field of protection of specially protected natural areas, in the field of protection and use of natural and green areas.
2. In accordance with the legislation specified in part 1 of this article, in specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas, urban planning regulation regimes are established, which determine:
1) functional purpose of the territory;
2) requirements and restrictions regarding the improvement of the territory;
3) requirements and restrictions in terms of construction, reconstruction, use of capital construction facilities, including facilities:
a) necessary to ensure the protection and maintenance of the territory;
b) necessary for serving visitors;
c) other objects that do not contradict the regimes for the protection of specially protected natural areas, the regimes for the protection and use of natural, green areas;
4) other requirements and restrictions of urban planning activities.
3. Regulation regimes for urban planning activities may be established in relation to the entire specially protected natural area, natural and planted areas or parts of the specified area.
4. Parts of specially protected natural territories, within which it is allowed to place capital construction objects, must be singled out in the rules for land use and development as separate territorial zones, for which urban planning regulations are established.
5. With regard to zones, sections of the territory of specially protected natural territories, natural territories intended for recreational use, placement of objects specified in clause 3 of part 2 of this article, in relation to green areas of common use, the regimes for regulating urban planning activities are established in accordance with the legislation specified in part 1 of this article, and in accordance with regional regulations.
6. With regard to green areas of limited use, green areas of special purpose, the regimes for regulating urban planning activities are established in accordance with the requirements of legislation in the field of protection and use of natural and green areas, technical regulations, requirements for the use of territories in zones with special conditions for the use of territories, as well as in accordance with local regulations.
7. Regimes for regulating urban planning activities in specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas are established as part of territorial, sectoral schemes, territory planning projects.
Article 56
1. The drawings as part of the planning projects for specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas should show the boundaries of zones, areas of the territory with protection regimes established in accordance with the legislation, regimes for the use of these territories, and urban development regulation regimes.
2. Planning projects for specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas, planning projects for other territories containing provisions on changing boundaries, categories, use of natural and green areas are subject to mandatory approval by the executive authority of the city of Moscow, which carries out state management in the field of environmental protection. environment, which establishes the compliance or non-compliance of the project submitted for approval with the requirements of legislation in the field of protection of specially protected natural areas, protection and use of natural and green areas.
3. No longer valid.
4. The development of an urban planning plan for an existing land plot planned for a specially protected natural territory, natural territory, green area of a capital construction object is carried out only on the condition that protection regimes, use regimes, and urban planning regulation regimes are established for the entire territory. In the town-planning plan of the specified land plot, restrictions on the use of the land plot, the capital construction object, necessary for compliance with the established protection regimes and the use of a specially protected natural area, natural, landscaped area, must be determined.
Article 57
1. The development of design documentation for capital construction projects in specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas is carried out in accordance with the requirements of legislation in the field of protection of specially protected natural areas, protection and use of natural and green areas, protection of green spaces. The construction organization project section as part of the design documentation for capital construction facilities should contain provisions and measures to ensure preparatory work, works on construction, reconstruction, overhaul of a capital construction facility compliance with the established regime for the protection of a specially protected natural area, natural, green areas. Conducting a state examination of the above design documentation is mandatory.
2. State expertise of project documentation and state environmental expertise of project documentation of facilities, construction, reconstruction, overhaul of which is supposed to be carried out in specially protected natural areas, is carried out in accordance with the Federal Law of November 23, 1995 N 174-FZ "On Environmental Expertise" and Town-planning code of the Russian Federation. Conducting a state examination of project documentation for objects, construction, reconstruction, overhaul of which is supposed to be carried out in natural, green areas is mandatory.
3. During the construction, reconstruction, overhaul of capital construction facilities:
1) the executive authority of the city of Moscow, authorized to exercise state construction supervision, checks the compliance of the work performed in the process of construction, reconstruction, overhaul of capital construction facilities with the requirements of technical regulations, including with regard to the requirements of environmental protection, specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas, as well as the compliance of the said works with the project documentation, including the provisions of the construction organization project specified in part 1 of this article;
2) the executive authority of the city of Moscow, exercising state administration in the field of environmental protection, ensures state control over the state of specially protected natural territories, natural, green areas in order to prevent violation of the protection regimes of these territories during the construction, reconstruction, overhaul of capital construction projects.
- Chapter 1. (Articles 1-10)
- Article 1
- Article 2
- Article 3
- Article 4
- Article 5
- Article 6
- Article 7
- Article 8
- Article 9
- Article 10
- Chapter 2. (Articles 11-18)
- Article 11
- Article 12
- Article 13
- Article 14
- Article 15
- Article 16
- Article 17
- Article 18
- Chapter 3. (Articles 19-22)
- Article 19
- Article 20
- Article 21
- Article 22
- Chapter 4. (Articles 23-27)
- Article 23
- Article 24
- Article 25
- Article 26
- Article 27
- Chapter 5. (Articles 28-30)
- Article 28
- Article 29
- Article 30
- Chapter 6. (Articles 31-33)
- Article 31
- Article 32
- Article 33
- Chapter 7. (Articles 34-37)
- Article 34
- Article 35
- Article 36
- Article 37
- Chapter 8. (Articles 38-44)
- Article 38
- Article 39
- Article 40
- Article 41
- Article 42
- Article 43
- Article 44
- Chapter 9. (Articles 45-50)
- Article 45
- Article 46
- Article 47
- Article 48
- Article 49
- Article 50
- Chapter 10. (Articles 51-57)
- Article 51
- Article 52
- Article 53
- Article 54
- Article 55
- Article 56
- Article 57
- Chapter 11. (Articles 58-65)
- Article 58
- Article 59
- Article 60
- Article 61
- Article 62
- Article 63
- Article 64
- Article 65
- Chapter 12. (Articles 66-70)
- Article 66
- Article 67
- Article 68
- Article 69
- Article 70
- Chapter 13. (Articles 71-74)
- Article 71
- Article 72
- Article 77
- Article 78
Specially Protected Natural Territories (PAs)- according to the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Specially Protected Natural Territories" dated March 14, 1995: "Specially Protected Natural Territories (SPNTs) are areas of land, water surface and airspace above them, where natural complexes and objects that have special environmental protection are located, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health-improving value, which are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established. Specially protected natural areas are objects of national heritage.
These are all state nature reserves and national parks and a significant part of state nature reserves. As established by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 30, 2004 No. 400, “until the adoption of the relevant regulatory legal act of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Natural Resource Management exercises state management in the field of organization and functioning of specially protected natural areas of federal significance.”
In total, 204 protected areas are currently operating in Russia. federal level with a total area of about 580 thousand square kilometers in 84 out of 88 subjects of the Federation (there is no federal-level protected areas only in the city of St. Petersburg, Volgograd and Tula regions, Stavropol Territory), which is approximately 3% of the territory of the Russian Federation.
This system of natural reserves is unique and of exceptional value in terms of maintaining the natural functioning of ecosystems and the conservation of biodiversity, including rare and endangered species, as well as environmental monitoring, scientific research and environmental education not only in Russia, but also on a global scale.
Types of protected areas and their purpose
- state nature reserves (including biospheric ones)
- health resorts and resorts
Reserves
Monuments of nature
Monuments of nature- these are unique natural objects (waterfalls, caves, picturesque rocks, etc.) or memorial natural objects (for example, larch in the Yaropolets estate, under which A. S. Pushkin rested).
Protected areas of the forest are allocated by foresters as reference(typical) or unique forest areas important for the conservation and reproduction of certain plant formations. Their visit is usually included in the routes of ecological tourism.
National parks and reserves
National parks and reserves- special types of protected areas that have an administration whose function includes the organization of both environmental and recreational activities. The significance of recreational activities in them is different: in the reserves, the nature protection function dominates and the cognitive recreational function is limited, in national parks both functions are of equal importance.
National parks are environmental institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, intended for use in environmental, recreational, educational, scientific and cultural purposes. The task of national parks, along with the nature protection function, is to create conditions for regulated tourism and recreation in natural conditions. This includes the development and implementation scientific methods preservation of natural complexes in conditions of recreational use. A differentiated protection regime is established on the territories of national parks, taking into account local natural, historical, cultural and social characteristics.
Links
- Federal Law on Specially Protected Natural Territories"
- Information and reference system "Specially Protected Natural Territories of Russia"
- "Specially protected natural territories of the Russian Federation", website of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation.
- Specially protected natural territories of the Chelyabinsk region"
- Normative legal acts regulating the activities of protected areas in the Leningrad region
Footnotes
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
See what "PA" is in other dictionaries:
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3.Specially protected natural areas (SPs)
Protected Areas and Tourism. State natural reserves. National and natural parks. State natural reserves. Monuments of nature. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens. Therapeutic areas and resorts. Ecological tourism.
Specially Protected Natural Territories (SPNTs) are objects of national heritage and are plots of land, water surface and airspace above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have a special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value, which withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.
To specially protected natural areas (SPNA) include: natural reserves, natural monuments, protected areas of the forest, national parks, nature reserves. The main purpose of these territories is the protection of valuable natural objects: botanical, zoological, hydrological, geological, complex, landscape.
According to the estimates of leading international organizations in the late 1990s, there were about 10,000 large protected natural areas of all kinds in the world. The total number of national parks was close to 2000, and biosphere reserves - to 350.
Specially protected natural areas are of great importance in the natural recreational potential of Russia. Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime and the status of environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are usually distinguished:
§ state nature reserves, including biosphere ones;
§ National parks;
§ natural parks;
§ state nature reserves;
§ monuments of nature;
§ dendrological parks and botanical gardens;
§ health-improving areas and resorts.
PAs can have federal, regional or local significance . Protected areas of federal significance are federal property and are administered by federal government bodies. PAs of regional importance are the property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and are under the jurisdiction of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation. Protected areas of local importance are the property of municipalities and are administered by local governments.
State natural reserves are environmental, research and environmental education institutions with the aim of preserving and studying the natural course natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems.
These reserves are the most traditional and strict form of territorial nature protection in Russia, which is of priority importance for the conservation of biological diversity.
On the territory of reserves, specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, plant and animal world), which have environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as samples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places of conservation of the genetic fund of flora and fauna.
reserves- environmental institutions, the territory or water area of which includes natural complexes and objects of unique ecological value, intended for use in environmental, scientific, scientific and educational purposes.
Unlike national parks, nature reserves have a very limited recreational use, mainly for educational purposes only. This is reflected in the functional zoning of the reserves. In particular, there are 4 main zones:
· zone of protected regime, in which flora and fauna develop without human intervention;
· a zone of scientific monitoring, in which the scientific staff of the reserve monitor the state and development of protected natural objects;
· zone of environmental education, where the nature museum of the reserve is usually located and strictly regulated trails are laid along which groups of tourists are guided to get acquainted with the natural features of the complex;
economic and administrative zone.
National parks are nature protection, environmental education and research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and which are intended for use in environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and regulated tourism.
Abroad, national parks are the most popular type of protected areas. In particular, in the United States, the history of the creation of some parks has more than a hundred years.
The task of national parks, along with the nature protection function, is to create conditions for regulated tourism and recreation in natural conditions.
Therefore, in the most conditional version, 4 functional zones are distinguished on the territory of any national park:
· zone of protected regime, within which any recreational and economic activity is prohibited;
· zone of custom regime – preservation of natural objects under strictly regulated recreational use;
· zone of cognitive tourism - organization of environmental education and familiarization with the sights of the park;
· zone of recreational use, including areas for recreation, sports and amateur hunting and fishing.
Natural parks of regional importance is a relatively new category of protected areas in Russia. They are environmental recreational institutions under the jurisdiction of the subjects of the Federation, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant environmental and aesthetic value, and intended for use in environmental, educational and recreational purposes. Parks are located on lands granted to them for perpetual (permanent) use, in some cases - on lands of other users, as well as owners.
One of the most "mass" categories of specially protected natural areas are state nature reserves, which are available in almost all regions of the Russian Federation. The declaration of a territory as a state natural reserve is allowed both with and without withdrawal from users, owners and proprietors of land plots.
State natural reserves are areas (water areas) of particular importance for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance.
State natural reserves can be of federal or regional significance and have a different profile. Landscape reserves are intended for the conservation and restoration of natural complexes (natural landscapes); biological (botanical and zoological) - conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals (including valuable species in economic, scientific and cultural terms); paleontological - conservation of fossil objects; hydrological (marsh, lake, river, sea) - conservation and restoration of valuable water bodies and ecological systems; geological - preservation of valuable objects and complexes of inanimate nature.
Monuments of nature – unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin.
Land and water areas, as well as single natural objects, can be declared natural monuments.
Monuments of nature may have federal, regional or local significance, depending on the environmental, aesthetic and other value of protected natural complexes and objects.
Russian legislation singles out another category of protected natural areas - dendrological parks and botanical gardens. These are predominantly urban and suburban facilities created to fulfill educational, scientific, and only partially recreational purposes.
Botanical gardens and dendrological parks carry out the introduction of plants of natural flora, study their ecology and biology under stationary conditions, develop the scientific foundations of ornamental gardening, landscape architecture, landscaping, introduce wild plants into culture, protect introduced plants from pests and diseases, and also develop methods and techniques of breeding and agricultural technology for the creation of sustainable decorative expositions, the principles of organizing artificial phytocenoses and the use of introduced plants to optimize the technogenic environment.
Dendrological parks and botanical gardens can be of federal, regional significance and are formed, respectively, by decisions of the executive bodies of state power of the Russian Federation or representative and executive bodies of state power of the relevant subjects of the Federation.
You can get acquainted with the types and forms of recreational use of specially protected natural areas by studying the textbook excerpts from the articles on this issue below.
THERAPEUTIC AND IMPROVING AREAS- specially protected natural objects, which, in accordance with the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories" dated March 14, 1995, may include territories (water areas) suitable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as recreation for the population and possessing natural healing resources (mineral waters, therapeutic mud, brine of estuaries and lakes, therapeutic climate, beaches, parts of water areas and inland seas, other natural objects and conditions). RESORT - a specially protected natural area developed and used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, which has natural therapeutic resources and the buildings and structures necessary for their operation, including infrastructure facilities (Federal Law "On natural therapeutic resources, therapeutic areas and resorts" dated February 23, 1995 .).
There are K. of local significance (run by local governments), K. of regional significance (run by a state authority of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation) and K. of federal significance (run by federal government bodies).
Types of institutions: sanatoriums, rest houses, boarding houses, resort polyclinics, health resort. hotels, to lay down. hotels.
The main types of resorts:
Balneotherapy (min. water)
Mud (medical mud)
Climatic (forest, seaside, mountainous, climatic koumiss - medicinal)
!!! See the table with resorts in the tour notebook. resources in seminars!!!
Ecological tourism(especially in the form of biospheric ecotourism) is the most environmentally friendly type of nature management. Within its framework, knowledge can go in line with either the educational process or simply familiarization. The difference between the first type of cognition and the second one is that the educational process is associated with the purposeful and thematic acquisition of information about the elements of the ecosystem, while the introductory process is associated with unprofessional observation of nature. Familiarization can take place in passive (stationary stay in the natural environment), active (associated with the transition of a tourist from one natural object of interest to another) and sports (overcoming natural obstacles when passing routes) forms.
Therefore, it is necessary to define eco-tourism as an activity based on the following principles:
Ø Journey into nature, and the main content of such trips is acquaintance with wildlife, as well as with local customs and culture.
Ø Minimization of negative consequences of ecological and socio-cultural nature, maintenance of environmental sustainability of the environment.
Ø Contribute to the protection of nature and the local socio-cultural environment.
Ø Environmental education and awareness.
Ø The participation of local residents and their receipt of income from tourism activities, which creates economic incentives for them to protect nature.
Ø Economic efficiency and contribution to sustainable development visited regions.
These signs indicate recognized authorities in this field as fundamental for ecological tourism - N.V. Moraleva and E.Yu. Ledovskikh, members of the Dersu Uzala Ecotourism Development Fund.
4.Cultural and historical tourist resources.
Concept, essence. Material and spiritual cultural and historical objects.
material- all means of production and material values of society (monuments of history and culture, enterprises of all branches of the national economy) that can satisfy the cognitive needs of people;
spiritual- achievements of the society in the state-public life, science, culture, art.
In complex recreational resources a special place is occupied by cultural and historical resources, which are the legacy of past eras of social development. They serve as a prerequisite for the organization of cultural and cognitive types of recreational activities, on this basis they optimize recreational activities in general, performing quite serious educational functions. The spaces formed by cultural and historical objects to a certain extent determine the localization of recreational flows and the direction of excursion routes.
Among cultural and historical objects the leading role belongs to historical and cultural monuments, which are most attractive and on this basis serve as the main means of satisfying the needs of cognitive and cultural recreation. Depending on their main features, historical and cultural monuments are divided into 5 main types: history, archeology, urban planning and architecture, art, documentary monuments.
MONUMENTS OF HISTORY. These may include buildings, structures, memorable places and objects connected with the most important historical events in the life of the people, as well as with the development of science and technology, culture and life of peoples, with the life of prominent people of the state.
MONUMENTS OF ARCHEOLOGY. These are settlements, barrows, the remains of ancient settlements, fortifications, industries, canals, roads, ancient burial places, stone sculptures, rock carvings, ancient objects, sections of the historical cultural layer of ancient settlements.
MONUMENTS OF URBAN PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE. The following objects are most typical for them: architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, quarters, squares, streets, remnants of the ancient planning and development of cities and other settlements, civil, industrial, military, religious architecture, folk architecture, as well as monumental, pictorial, decorative and applied works related to them, landscape art, suburban landscapes.
MONUMENTS OF ART. These include works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied and other types of art.
DOCUMENTARY MONUMENTS. These are acts of state authorities and administration, other written and graphic documents, film and photo documents and sound recordings, as well as ancient and other manuscripts and archives, records of folklore and music, rare printed publications.
to cultural and historical The prerequisites for the recreational industry include other objects related to the history, culture and modern activities of people: original industrial enterprises, agriculture, transport, theaters, scientific and educational institutions, sports facilities, botanical gardens, zoos, ethnographic and folklore attractions, handicrafts , folk customs, holiday rituals, etc.
All objects used in cognitive and cultural recreation are divided into 2 groups - movable and immovable.
The first group consists of art monuments, archaeological finds, mineralogical, botanical and zoological collections, documentary monuments and other things, objects and documents that can be easily moved. The consumption of recreational resources of this group is associated with visits to museums, libraries and archives, where they are usually concentrated.
The second group includes monuments of history, urban planning and architecture, archeology and monumental art and other structures, including those monuments of art that are an integral part of architecture. From the standpoint of cognitive and cultural recreation, it is important that the objects of this group are independent single or group formations.
The next, more important stage in the assessment of cultural and historical objects is their typology for recreational significance.
The typology is based on the information essence of cultural and historical objects: uniqueness, typicality among objects of this type, cognitive and educational value, attractiveness (external attractiveness).
informative cultural and historical objects for recreational purposes can be measured by the amount of necessary and sufficient time for their inspection. To determine the time of inspection of the object, it is necessary to classify the object on the basis that would reflect the duration of the inspection.
You can choose 2 classification features:
the degree of organization of the object to display
the location of the sightseers in relation to the object of inspection.
According to the degree of organization, objects are divided into specially organized and unorganized for display.
Organized objects require more inspection time, as they are the purpose of the inspection and form the basis of the excursion. Unorganized objects serve as an accompanying excursion with a general plan, a background that is captured at one glance without detailed consideration.
According to the location of the tourists, the objects are divided into
interior (internal inspection of the object)
exterior (external inspection of the object). The total time for viewing exterior objects is always longer than the time for visiting interior objects (perhaps, with the exception of museums and some other repositories of historical values).
MONUMENTS OF HISTORY AND CULTURE AND THEIR VARIETIES
Monuments of religious architecture. Monuments of religious architecture are the most ancient ones that have survived to our time. These are churches and monasteries of various confessions (religions): Orthodox churches, Catholic cathedrals, Lutheran churches, Jewish synagogues, Buddhist pagodas, Muslim mosques.
Now, during the revival of religiosity, pilgrimages are becoming very relevant. Travel to cult complexes can be carried out by different groups with different goals. There are several forms of such travel.
Monuments of secular architecture. Monuments of secular architecture include urban development - civil and industrial, as well as suburban palace and park ensembles. Of the most ancient buildings, the Kremlin and boyar chambers have survived to this day. Urban architecture is usually represented by palace buildings, administrative buildings (offices, shopping arcades, noble and merchant meetings, governors' houses), theaters, libraries, universities and hospitals, which were often built at the expense of patrons according to the designs of famous architects. Since the formation of the Yamskaya chase along the roads for royal persons, postal stations and travel palaces have been revived, which have now entered the city limits or stand along the old tracts. Industrial architecture includes buildings of factories and plants, mines, quarries and other structures. Country architecture is represented by estates and palace and park ensembles, such as, for example, Petrodvorets and Pavlovsk in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, Arkhangelskoye and others in the Moscow region.
archaeological sites. The archaeological monuments include settlements, mounds, rock paintings, earthen ramparts, ancient quarries, mines, as well as the remains of ancient civilizations and excavations of the earliest periods. Archaeological monuments are of interest to specialists - historians and archaeologists. Tourists are mainly attracted by rock paintings, inspection of exposed archaeological layers, as well as archaeological expositions.
Ethnographic monuments. The ethnographic heritage involved in tourist routes is represented by two types. These are either museum expositions in local history museums, museums of folk life and wooden architecture, or existing settlements that have preserved the features of traditional forms of management, cultural life and rituals inherent in the area.
Ethnographic monuments are classified as cultural heritage according to the following criteria: uniqueness and originality of ethno-cultural and socio-cultural conditions; compact residence of small peoples and old-timers, where traditional ways, customs and forms of nature management are most fully preserved.
HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL POTENTIAL AND THE METHOD OF ITS EVALUATION
Historical and cultural potential is the basis of educational tourism. It is represented by various types of historical monuments, memorial places, folk crafts, museums, that is, combinations of objects of material and spiritual culture.
Cultural heritage is the legacy of the historical development of civilization that has accumulated in a given territory.
Each era leaves its mark, which is found in the cultural layers during archaeological excavations. Almost every area can be of interest for educational tourism. But places where people lived for a long time, store more traces of material culture.
In historical and cultural potential includes the entire socio-cultural environment with traditions and customs, features of household and economic activities. Tourists, visiting this or that country, perceive cultural complexes as a whole.
Evaluation of cultural complexes for recreational purposes is carried out by two main methods:
1) ranking cultural complexes according to their place in world and domestic culture. Produced by experts: objects of world, federal, regional and local significance are installed;
2) necessary and sufficient time for inspection. This method allows you to compare different territories in terms of the prospects of the historical and cultural potential for tourism.
For cultural complexes, as well as for natural ones, important characteristics are reliability and capacity.
The reliability of cultural complexes is determined by two factors: resistance to recreational loads and the stability of its compliance with the value criteria that have been formed among the population.
The first factor determines what flow of tourists a given cultural complex can withstand. This is especially important for museums, where it is necessary to maintain a certain temperature and humidity regime in order to preserve exhibits. There is an urgent question about the use of modern technical means to increase the resistance of cultural complexes to recreational loads and to regulate the flow of tourists.
The second factor is related to the long-term interest of tourists in this cultural site. Their interest in world heritage sites (Egyptian pyramids, ancient architecture of Athens, architectural and historical and cultural monuments of Paris, St. Petersburg, etc.) remains stable.
The capacity of a cultural complex is determined by the duration of the period during which tourists can perceive the information contained in it, and depends on two factors: the attractiveness of the object of inspection and the psychophysiological capabilities of a person, which are distinguished by a significant individuality and have a certain limit.
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Chapter 5
Urban lands as an object of special protection
5.1. Protection of lands of specially protected natural areas
One of the important areas of using data from the assessment of the state and monitoring of lands is their application in the development of measures for the protection of lands. Measures for the protection of urban lands from negative processes, carried out on lands of various purposes and classification, are considered in detail (Sizov A.P., 2009). Below will be given a description of land protection measures carried out on the territory of lands subject to special protection. Such lands, which are ecological and historical-cultural framework urban areas, in accordance with land and town planning legislation, can be allocated as territorial zones of specially protected areas (Zemelny ..., 2001; Town planning ..., 2004). IN zones of specially protected territories includes land plots on which natural complexes and objects of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other especially valuable significance are located. These sites are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use, and a special protection regime is established for them.
The most important components of lands belonging to the zones of specially protected territories are lands of specially protected natural areas12
Next up is PA.
AND lands of cultural heritage13
Next - OKN.
As cities grow, the need for natural surroundings increases; this need becomes more acute the faster urbanization proceeds. All more people consider natural environment the most important basis for their quality of life. The formation of protected areas, the composition of objects related to them, and the content of environmental protection measures are regulated by environmental legislation (Ob osobenno., 1995).
Specially protected natural areas - plots of land, water surface and air space where natural complexes and objects of special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance are located and for which a special protection regime has been established._
Taking into account the peculiarities of the territory protection regime and the status of objects, the following protected area categories:
1. State nature reserves, including biospheric ones (not typical for the territory of settlements);
2. National parks;
3. Natural parks;
4. State nature reserves;
5. Monuments of nature;
6. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens;
7. Therapeutic areas and resorts.
State natural reserves are environmental, research and environmental education institutions with the aim of preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems. On the territory of state natural reserves, specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna) that have environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as samples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places are completely withdrawn from economic use. conservation of the genetic fund of flora and fauna. State natural reserves are objects of federal property.
Status state natural biosphere reserves have state natural reserves, which are included in international system biosphere reserves that carry out global environmental monitoring.
State natural reserves, including biospheric ones, are not typical for the territory of settlements.
National parks are nature protection, environmental education and research institutions, territories (water areas 14
Water area (from lat. aqua - water) - a body of water within natural, artificial or conditional boundaries.
) which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and are intended for use in environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism. National parks are exclusively federal property.
natural parks are environmental recreational institutions under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant environmental and aesthetic value, and are intended for use in environmental, educational and recreational purposes.
State natural reserves are areas (water areas) of particular importance for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance. May be federal or regional.
Monuments of nature– unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin. May be federal or regional.
Dendrological parks And botanical gardens are conservation institutions whose task is to create special collections of plants in order to preserve diversity and enrich flora, as well as the implementation of scientific, educational and educational activities. May be federal or regional.
Territories (water areas) suitable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as recreation for the population and possessing natural healing resources (mineral waters, therapeutic mud, brine of estuaries and lakes, healing climate, beaches, parts of water areas and inland seas, other natural objects and conditions ) can be attributed to health-improving areas. Territories used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, which possess natural therapeutic resources, as well as buildings and structures necessary for their operation, including infrastructure facilities, are resorts. Therapeutic areas and resorts may be of federal, regional or local importance.
State authorities of the Russian Federation, its constituent entities or local governments may also establish other categories of protected areas (territories on which monuments of landscape art, protected coastlines, protected river systems, protected natural landscapes, biological stations, micro-reserves, etc.) are located. To protect protected areas from adverse anthropogenic impacts, adjacent areas of land and water space can be created security zones or a regulated county.
5.1.2. Regimes of special protection of specially protected natural areasThe protection of SPNA lands in urban conditions includes the following activities:
♦ restriction of economic activity;
♦ monitoring the state of protected areas;
♦ implementation of measures to maintain protected areas in a condition corresponding to their purpose;
♦ implementation of comprehensive programs aimed at the protection of protected areas;
♦ economic incentives for the protection of protected areas, including the establishment of tax incentives;
♦ bringing to responsibility for non-compliance with the regime of protection and use of protected areas and other measures.
Economic activity in protected areas sharply limited. If possible, 3 groups of sites are distinguished:
♦ areas where economic activity is not allowed;
♦ areas where limited economic activity is allowed;
♦ areas where economic activities are allowed for environmental purposes.
On the territory of all 3 groups of protected areas, actions that cause harm to natural objects are not allowed, including:
♦ distortion of the historically formed protected landscape;
♦ construction of capital construction facilities not related to environmental protection purposes;
♦ carrying out works leading to violation of the hydrogeological regime of the area, soil cover, the emergence and development of erosion and landslide processes;
♦ use of salts as anti-icing agents;
♦ violation of the habitats of plant and animal species included in the Red Book or rare in a particular protected area;
♦ making fires, burning dry leaves and grass, including spring fires;
♦ preparation and collection of all types of plants and their parts (with the exception of regulated haymaking in order to prevent overgrowing of meadows with woody vegetation);
♦ land use for horticulture and horticulture;
♦ damage or unauthorized felling of trees and shrubs;
♦ Unauthorized planting of trees and shrubs, as well as other unauthorized actions of citizens aimed at equipping certain sections of protected areas;
♦ intentionally disturbing, trapping and destroying, destroying nests and burrows of wild animals;
♦ visitor stay with various types tools for shooting or catching animals;
♦ holding mass sports, entertainment and other events outside the places specially allocated for these purposes;
♦ change in the functional purpose of a land plot or its part, if it can lead to an increase in anthropogenic pressure on the natural complex;
♦ unauthorized placement of non-stationary objects of the small-scale retail network;
♦ dog walking within the protected areas of protected areas;
♦ entry and movement vehicle in violation of the established order.
In order to differentiate modes of protection and use carried out zoning of protected areas on the basis of a planning project in accordance with the established category of protected areas. To the main zones and areas of protected areas in urban conditions include the following (On especially ..., 2001):
♦ reserved areas, intended for the conservation (restoration) of natural communities of particular value, rare and endangered species of plants or animals, other objects of animate and inanimate nature;
♦ zones of protection of historical and cultural objects, intended for the preservation and restoration of objects of historical and cultural heritage;
♦ educational and excursion zones, intended for use for the purpose of environmental education and education of the population;
♦ recreation centers, intended for mass recreation of the population;
♦ fitness and health zones, designed for individual and group physical education;
♦ walking areas;
♦ administrative and economic areas, intended for the placement and operation of facilities serving protected areas;
♦ plots of third-party land users(provided to legal entities and citizens whose activities are not related to the protection and use of protected areas and do not contradict the established regime);
♦ protected landscape areas.
Within zones and plots, in accordance with the regime of protection of protected areas and their intended purpose, differentiated regimes of protection, economic and other use are established.
5.2. Protection of lands of cultural heritage sites
5.2.1. General characteristics of cultural heritage sitesThe composition of objects of cultural heritage and the content of protective measures on the lands occupied by these objects are regulated by urban planning and special legislation (On objects ..., 2002).
Objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation- objects of immovable property with related works of painting, sculpture, arts and crafts, objects of science and technology and other objects of material culture resulting from historical events, which are of value in terms of history, archeology, architecture, urban planning, art, science and technology, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology, social culture and are evidence of eras and civilizations, genuine sources of information about the origin and development of culture.
There are three main type OKN.
Monuments- separate buildings, buildings and structures with historically developed territories (including religious monuments: churches, bell towers, chapels, churches, churches, mosques, Buddhist temples, pagodas, synagogues, prayer houses and other objects intended for worship); memorial apartments; mausoleums, individual burials; works of monumental art; objects of science and technology, including military ones; objects of archaeological heritage (traces of human existence partially or completely hidden in the ground or under water).
Ensembles- groups of monuments, buildings and structures for various purposes, clearly localized in the historically developed territories, including fragments of historical planning and development of settlements, which can be attributed to urban planning ensembles; works of landscape architecture and gardening art (gardens, parks, squares, boulevards), necropolises.
Landmarks- creations created by man, or joint creations of man and nature, including the places of existence of folk art crafts; centers of historical settlements or fragments of urban planning and development; memorable places, cultural and natural landscapes associated with the history of the formation of peoples and other ethnic communities, historical (including military) events, the life of prominent historical figures; cultural layers, remains of buildings of ancient cities, settlements, settlements, parking lots; places of religious rites. Sightseeing places, which are an outstanding integral historical, cultural and natural complex, in need of a special regime of maintenance, can be classified as historical and cultural reserves.
OKN are registered in unified state register of objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation, representing the state information system, which contains the relevant information about the OKN. OKN, as well as protected areas, are divided into objects according to their historical and cultural significance federal, regional And local (municipal) values. The Government of the Russian Federation may decide to recognize the OKN of federal significance especially valuable object of cultural heritage peoples of the Russian Federation. CHOs representing an outstanding universal historical, archaeological, architectural, artistic, scientific, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological value can be classified as world cultural and natural heritage sites in the manner prescribed by the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Such CHOs are included in the World Heritage List administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Committee (UNESCO) World Heritage.
CHOs are subject to state protection, and land plots within the boundaries of CHOs acquire a special legal regime in accordance with urban planning and land legislation.
5.2.2. Protection of lands of cultural heritage sitesIn order to ensure the safety of the cultural heritage in its historical environment, on the territory adjacent to it, cultural heritage protection zones: buffer zone, zone of regulation of development and economic activity, zone of protected natural landscape.
Secured territory- the territory within which, in order to ensure the safety of the cultural heritage site in its historical landscape environment, a special land use regime is established that restricts economic activity and prohibits construction, with the exception of the application of special measures aimed at conservation and regeneration 15
Regeneration (from Latin regeneratio - renewal, rebirth) - restoration, return to its original state.
Historical and town-planning or natural environment OKN.
Zone of regulation of development and economic activity- the territory within which the regime of land use is established, which restricts construction and economic activity, the requirements for the reconstruction of existing buildings and structures are determined.
Protected natural landscape zone- the territory within which a land use regime is established that prohibits or restricts economic activity, construction and reconstruction of existing buildings and structures in order to preserve (regenerate) the natural landscape, including river valleys, reservoirs, forests and open spaces, compositionally related to the CHO.
The required composition of the protection zones of the OKN is determined the project of zones of protection of OKN. The procedure for the development of such projects, the requirements for the regime of land use and town planning regulations within the boundaries of these zones are established by the Government of the Russian Federation. Boundaries of zones of protection of OKN, modes of land use And urban planning regulations within the boundaries of these zones, they are approved on the basis of a project in relation to the OKN of federal significance - by the state authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in agreement with the federal body for the protection of OKN, and in relation to the OKN of regional and local (municipal) significance - in the manner established by law subjects of the Russian Federation.
Design and implementation land management, excavation, construction, reclamation, economic and other works in connection with the presence of OKN or the potential possibility of such presence have their own characteristics (On objects ..., 2002).
The design and implementation of such works are carried out in the absence of CHOs in the given territory, and if they are, provided that the customer of the work meets the requirements for the safety of CHOs located in the given territory. Designing and carrying out such works on the territory monument or ensemble are prohibited, with the exception of work on the preservation of this monument or ensemble and their territories, as well as economic activities that do not violate the integrity of the monument or ensemble and do not create a threat of damage, destruction or destruction.
The nature of the use of the territory places of interest, restrictions on the use of this territory and requirements for economic activity, design and construction on the territory of a place of interest are included in the development rules and zoning schemes of territories developed in accordance with the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation.
Earthwork, construction, land reclamation, economic and other works must be immediately suspended contractor in case of discovery on the developed territory of an object with signs of OKN. At the same time, sections on ensuring the safety of discovered objects until the latter are included in the register of OKN, and the provisions of land management, town planning and project documentation, town planning regulations in the given territory are suspended until the relevant changes are made. The work contractor is obliged to inform the executive authority authorized in the field of protection of cultural heritage about the discovered object.
The condition of the lands is controlled by the relevant authorities for the protection of the CHO, which are obliged to conduct once every five years a survey of the state and photographic fixation of the CHO included in the register in order to develop annual and long-term programs for their conservation.
5.2.3. Protection of lands of historical settlementsA high concentration of valuable OKNs in settlements can serve as a basis for establishing their special status. Historic settlement recognized in the Russian Federation locality urban or rural type, within the territory of which there are various cultural heritage sites (monuments, ensembles, places of interest), as well as other cultural values created in the past, representing an archaeological, historical, architectural, urban planning, aesthetic, scientific or socio-cultural value, important for preserving the identity of the peoples of the Russian Federation, their contribution to world civilization.
In historical settlements, all historically valuable city-forming objects are subject to state protection (layout, development, composition, natural landscape, archaeological layer, the relationship between different urban spaces, volumetric and spatial structure, fragmentary and ruined urban heritage, the shape and appearance of buildings and structures, their relationship with natural and man-made environments, various functions of the historical settlement acquired by it in the process of development, as well as other valuable objects). Town-planning, economic and other activities in historical settlements are subject to special regulation and should be carried out only on condition that all CHOs and the above-mentioned historically valuable town-forming objects are preserved.
Protection of lands of historical settlements provided by a special regulation of urban planning activities in them, carried out by carrying out, under the control of the relevant bodies for the protection of cultural heritage and executive authorities in the field of regulation of urban planning, a set of the following measures:
♦ drafting based on historical and architectural, historical and urban planning, archival and archaeological research historical and cultural reference plan within the boundaries of a historical settlement with the designation of all urban planning elements and structures on land plots that are of historical and cultural value, both preserved and lost, characterizing the stages of development of this settlement;
development of urban planning regulations, relating to the size and proportions of buildings and structures, the use of individual building materials, color scheme, prohibition or restriction of the placement of parking lots, advertising and signboards, other restrictions necessary to ensure the safety of the cultural heritage site and all historically valuable city-forming objects of this settlement.
