Animation activity in social and cultural service and tourism. Animation in socio-cultural service and tourism Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation GOU VPO Irkutsk State University Department of Service and Advertising Social

Animation activities in tourism should be considered in the context of cultural and leisure activities in general. Leisure and recreation in the broadest sense are associated with vast areas of society - from socio-economic relations to purely personal life person. Leisure is defined as the ability of a person to engage in a variety of activities of his choice in his free time. Leisure is a kind of activity that gives a person a feeling of pleasure, high spirits and joy. Leisure is necessary for people to relax, relieve stress, feel physical and psychological satisfaction, share their interests with friends and relatives, establish social contacts and get an opportunity for self-expression or creative activity. The fruitful use of leisure by a person is an important task of society, because when he carries out the process of his leisure communication with art, technology, sports, nature, as well as with other people, it is important that he does this rationally, productively and creatively. Recreational and tourism resources are resources for different types leisure activities. The study of tourism and recreation has expanded and intertwined in the conceptual apparatus and methodological tools, which allows us to define them as interrelated concepts that are largely determined by the category of "leisure".

Leisure is the ability of a person to engage in a variety of activities of his choice in his free time. Types of leisure activities can be classified into five groups: recreation, entertainment, holidays, self-education, creativity. Rest relieves fatigue and restores physical and spiritual strength. Passive rest relieves stress by relaxation, contemplation of nature, reflection, etc. Active recreation is a physical and cultural activity (physical education, tourism, reading, listening to music, etc.). Entertainment (watching movies, visiting theaters, concerts, museums, excursions, traveling, etc.) are compensatory in nature and provide a person with a change of impressions. Holidays combine relaxation and entertainment, allow a person to feel an emotional upsurge. Self-education (reading, lectures, debates, seminars, etc.) introduces people to the values ​​of culture and combines the acquisition of knowledge with entertainment. Creativity provides the most high level leisure activities. Children's leisure is carried out, first of all, in the family, as well as in special institutions (libraries, museums, clubs, art houses, sports clubs, amateur associations of interest, etc.).

The concept of leisure falls into four main groups:

D osug as contemplation- associated with a high level of culture and intelligence; it is a state of mind and soul. In this concept, leisure is usually considered in terms of the efficiency with which a person does something.

D osug as activity- usually characterized as non-work related activities. This definition of leisure includes the values ​​of self-realization.

D osug like free time, choice time- this time can be used in various ways, and it can be used for work-related or non-work-related activities. Leisure is considered as the time when a person is engaged in what is not his duty.

D osug integrates the three previous concepts- blurs the line between "work" and "not work" and evaluates leisure in terms that describe human behavior. Includes the concept of time and attitude to time.

The term "animation" is of Latin origin. (anita- wind, air, soul; animalus- animation) and means inspiration, inspiration, stimulation of vitality, involvement in activity.

Animation activity is one of the most important means of familiarizing people with culture, gives rise to new needs in them, and above all, the need for creativity.

Having received lodging and food, the tourist also wants to receive a proper share of entertainment. Entertainment, active and passive, is an indispensable element of the tour and depends on the direction and type of travel. The list of types of entertainment depends on the nationality of the tourist, the traditions he observes and the habitual way of life, but there are general types of entertainment that are easily perceived by any groups of tourists, and the specifics of animation objects.

Most often, entertainment is built on the organization of excursions to objects of tourist interest (museums, historical monuments), sightseeing tours of the city or area, observation natural phenomena or beautiful landscapes, other educational or recreational activities (for example, shopping or gambling). At resorts and good hotels, special groups of animators are hired, most often from among talented youth and students, who actively entertain tourists. .

Animation- this is a kind of service pursuing the goal of improving the quality of service, and at the same time it is a kind of advertising, re-attracting guests and their acquaintances, also pursuing the goal of promoting a tourist product on the market to increase the profitability and profitability of tourism. Hotel animation is one of the effective means of attracting guests to the hotel. It also affects the positive assessment of the hotel as a whole. These are a kind of additional services to the client, the purpose of which is to awaken positive emotions in him, to feel satisfaction from the rest and the desire to come to this hotel again. Tourist animation is a tourist service, in the provision of which the tourist is involved in active action. It is based on the personal contacts of the animator with tourists, on their joint participation in the entertainment offered by the animation program of the tourist complex. This is a kind of tourist activity carried out in a tourist complex, hotel, cruise ship, train, which involves tourists in a variety of activities through participation in specially designed leisure programs. Tourist animation is the most important part of the total activity of a tourist enterprise, an expression of its high degree of professionalism, the most important component of the tourist product. Therefore, like any other activity in a tourist enterprise, animation must be planned, clearly regulated, organizationally managed and provided with material, financial and human resources. The ultimate goal of tourist animation is the satisfaction of the tourist with the rest - his good mood, positive impressions, restoration of moral and physical strength. This is the most important recreational function of tourist animation. Thus, the value of tourism animation is to improve the quality, diversity and attractiveness of the tourism product; increase in the number of regular customers and demand for tourism products; increasing the load on the material base of the tourist enterprise, and, consequently, in increasing the efficiency of its use, profitability and profitability of tourism activities.

The difference between the concepts of "animation", "recreational animation", "hotel animation", "tourist animation" is associated with the variety of existing forms and programs of leisure animation activities. This diversity affects not only the hotel business, in the formation of tourist routes, but also in general in the organization of people's leisure in modern life: in countries, cities, city governments and municipalities, in parks, clubs and associations, in organizations and educational institutions. Therefore, we can talk about animation programs of city and municipal, club and park, industrial and educational institutions(children, youth, students, pensioners, families, disabled people, national minorities, etc.).

Recreational animation- a type of leisure activity aimed at restoring the spiritual and physical strength of a person. Programs implemented for recreational purposes can be carried out by both tourist enterprises with tourists and guests, and leisure institutions with local residents. This gives us the right to assert that the concept of "recreational animation" is wider than the concepts of "tourist animation" and "hotel animation". Tourist and hotel animation are closely related to recreational animation, since the main role of animation programs both in hotels, tourist complexes and sanatoriums, as well as in specialized animation tours, is to improve the health of vacationers, distract them from everyday worries, to improve their mood, i.e., to restore vitality and energy. Tourist animation- this is a kind of tourist activity carried out at a tourist enterprise (tourist complex, hotel) on vehicle(cruise ship, train, bus, etc.) or in the place of stay of tourists (in the city square, in the theater or city park, etc.), which involves tourists in a variety of activities through participation in specially designed leisure programs. In other words, tourist animation is a tourist service, in the provision of which the tourist is involved in active action.

When preparing animation programs, such features of tourists as nationality, age, gender, number (individual, group, mass), as well as the active participation of tourists are taken into account.

Tourist animation is divided into three main types according to the importance, priority and volume of animation programs in general program travel (in the tourist product):

1. Animated tourist routes- targeted tourist trips for the sake of one animation program, or a continuous animation process deployed in space in the form of travel, moving from one animation service (program) to another, which are provided in different geographical points.

In this case, the animation program is a target, priority and dominant in the tour package of services, not only in terms of physical volume, but also in terms of content that stimulates mental strength. Such an animation program is a pricing factor in the tourist product. Typically, such programs are intended for individuals or homogeneous tourist groups united by a common interest (professional, hobby).

Such animation programs include: cultural, educational and thematic, folklore and literary, musical and theatrical, art history and science, festival, carnival and sports, or, for example, tours to casino centers located in different countries, organized for casino game lovers . Examples of the goals of tourist animation routes are shown in Table 1.1.

2. Additional animation services in technological breaks - programs designed to "support" the main tourist services specified in the tour package , and valid in circumstances due to travel, delays in transit and in cases of bad weather (when organizing sports and amateur tours, at beach resorts), as well as in the absence of snow at ski resorts, etc.

3. Hotel animation- a comprehensive recreational service based on the personal contacts of the tour animator with the tourist and their joint participation in the entertainment offered by the animation program of the tourist complex. It pursues the goal of implementing a new philosophy of hotel service - improving the quality of service provision.

In the animation service, several types of animation can be distinguished in accordance with the specifics of meeting human needs:

animation in motion- satisfies the human need for movement in combination with pleasant experiences;

animation through experience- satisfies the need for a sense of the new, the unknown, the unexpected when communicating, discovering, and also when overcoming difficulties;

animation through communication- satisfies the need for communication with new interesting people, the exchange of life experience, in the discovery inner world people and self-knowledge through communication;

animation through sedation- satisfies the need of people for psychological relief from everyday fatigue through calm, solitude, contact with nature;

cultural animation- satisfies the need of people for the spiritual development of the individual through familiarization with cultural and historical monuments and modern examples of the culture of the country, region, people, nation;

creative animation- satisfies a person's need for creativity, demonstrating their abilities and establishing contacts with like-minded people through joint creativity.

The program animation impact on a person during his rest in one way or another contributes to the preservation and restoration of his health: somatic, physical, mental, moral. These components of health determine the appropriate conditional typology of directions and programs of tourist animation:

- sports animation programs are intended for tourists who are fond of this or that kind of sport and come to the sports and tourist complex for sports according to a certain system of training combined with rest.

- sports and recreation programs differ from sports programs in that they are designed for tourists, sports and outdoor enthusiasts, for whom the tourist complex is the only place and opportunity to restore strength and health through active physical activity in clean nature and clean air.

- sports and entertainment programs are aimed at tourists of all ages. They are built on the involvement of tourists in active movement through tempting, exciting, funny contests and harmless competition.

- sports and educational programs are based on familiarizing tourists with spiritual and moral values ​​in the process of active recreation (hiking, walking tours).

- excursion programs are made up of various types of excursions, and training programs help tourists to acquire various skills and abilities (in swimming and other various types sports, crafts).

- cultural and educational animation programs Tourist complexes are built on introducing the tourist to the cultural, historical and spiritual values ​​of the nation, country, local population and include: visiting museums, theaters, cinemas, art galleries, parks, exhibitions, national folklore events, concerts, poetry evenings, meetings with famous cultural figures. Some of these programs are dependent on the solvency of tourists, the level of their intellectual development.

- adventure games animation programs are based on the contact of the tourist with interesting, exciting, unusual (for example, participation in role-playing games and competitions,

visiting the caves, a pirate outing, an evening of folk tales and legends, a night hike, a night descent in a ski resort, h themed picnic). These programs are in demand regardless of the age, gender, nationality, education of vacationers.

- amateur (creative and labor) animation programs are based on attracting tourists to creativity, co-creation, competition in the manufacture of local handicrafts, which arouses their interest in the national characteristics of the local population. After participating in such a program, the guest notes that he has learned to communicate in the local national language, got acquainted with national musical instruments, dances, cuisine, etc. The forms of these programs can be very diverse: an auction of crafts made from natural materials, an amateur photography competition, a festival of author's poems and songs, a concert of vocal and instrumental performers, an exhibition children's drawing, sand sculpture, etc.

- spectacular and entertaining animation programs include: festive events, competitions, exhibitions, festivals, carnivals, theme days, fairs, discos, dance evenings, amateur concerts, etc.

A animation programs such as "communication by interests" are in fact combinations of the programs mentioned, but here it is necessary to pay more attention to that relaxed, unobtrusive, comfortable environment that would be conducive to communication according to interests, desires, temperaments, nationalities, etc.

When organizing animation, taking into account the characteristics inherent in various age categories of tourists at tourist sites, it is possible to offer the following forms of leisure activities:

1. preschool age occupies a place between early and primary school age (from 3 to 6-7 years). It is also called the "age of the game", since it is the game that is the leading activity of this age. At the younger preschool age, the main content of the game is the reproduction of the objective actions of people that are not aimed at a partner or at the development of the plot. The introduction of a plot and a play role significantly increases the child's capabilities in many areas of mental life. In older preschool age, the main content of the game is the implementation of the rules arising from the role taken on. Game actions are reduced, generalized and become conditional. Role-playing game gradually replaced by a game with the rules. In addition to gaming, preschool age other forms of activity are characteristic: designing, drawing, modeling, perception of fairy tales and stories, etc.
In this age. the child moves from impulsive, situational behavior to personal, mediated by some idea or image. The image of behavior and the image of the result of the action become models and regulators in the child's own activity. This is clearly manifested in drawing and design: from spontaneous actions and imitation of ready-made samples, children move on to creating and implementing their own ideas. An essential feature of early childhood is the interconnection and interdependence of the state of health, physical and neuropsychic development of children. Physical exercises develop and strengthen the musculoskeletal system, prevent violation of posture and deformation of the skeleton. Physical exercises have not only health-improving, but also educational value. Attention and observation are brought up in children, strong-willed qualities develop, character is developed. Physical culture is one of the forms of active recreation for children. The introduction of such events into the practice of a preschool institution makes it possible to realize the child's natural need for movement, to make up for the lack of motor activity. The content of leisure is physical exercises familiar to children, but carried out in game form, as fun fun, attractions, which creates a positive emotional background that has a beneficial effect on the child's body.

2. School age. The classification of events through which cultural and leisure programs are implemented is proposed by N.S. Karpova Its classification is built in accordance with the three main stages of development of the personality of a child of school age, at each of which, in the opinion of the author, one or another form of leisure activities should be used, which are most suitable for the age of children.

Stage I - children from 6 to 10 years old. This is the period of teaching children certain rules and norms. At this age, children are waiting for clear instructions; certain restrictions, as it were, outline for them a certain zone of safety in which Small child feels protected. Based on this, the main way to carry out cultural and leisure activities with younger children is action according to the model, and the forms of its implementation are all kinds of games (games with rules, with toys, with synchronized actions), reading aloud, drawing, collecting, dramatization, holidays.

Stage II - children aged 11-13, it is extremely important for them to coordinate their actions with their peers, they want to participate in a common cause and know how their activities can be expressed in monetary terms. Adolescents of this age need an adult as an organizer, able to direct their stormy energy into a “peaceful” channel, to help them take independent steps towards self-affirmation. Here, the leading way of spending leisure time is the organization of collective creative activity, and its most popular forms are: games on the ground, games for the perception of each other, sports games, tourism, parties, holidays,
meetings with idols (in reality, through stories, videos), events to earn any benefits, dramatization.

Stage III - children 14-17 years old. At this age, adolescents develop a sense of identity, "selfhood", awareness of their own individuality, the desire to express themselves; there is a definition of the life goals of the individual, a worldview is formed, skills of interaction with the opposite sex are mastered. At this age, teenagers are interested in an adult who is able to act as a consultant, adviser, senior and more experienced friend. Given these features, older teenagers, as in the previous case, it is best to offer, various options collective creative activity, but taking into account requests and interests. These can be: evenings of contemporary music, author's songs, disco shows, sports games, discussions, trainings; all kinds of forms of socially useful activities (charitable events; trips with concert programs; targeted expeditions - ethnographic, environmental, folklore; labor affairs with the possibility of personal earnings, etc.).

3. Youth group. By this period of life, young men and women become physically mature, their characters and worldviews are formed. The specific features of youth include the predominance of exploratory, creative and experimental activity in it. Young people are more inclined to play activities that capture the psyche as a whole, giving a constant influx of emotions. Gaming activity is universal, it attracts people of almost all ages and social status. Interest in gaming activities among young people is quite pronounced. The range of these interests is wide and varied: participation in television and newspaper quizzes, competitions; computer games; sports competitions. The phenomenon of the game gives rise to a huge, incredibly fast-growing world in which young people plunge recklessly. Numerous observations of the practice of preparing and holding youth cultural and leisure events indicate that their success largely depends on the inclusion of play blocks in their structures that stimulate young people's desire for competition, improvisation and ingenuity. Other features of youth leisure include the originality of its environment. The parental environment, as a rule, is not a priority center for spending leisure time for young people. The vast majority of young people prefer to spend their free time outside the home, in the company of their peers. When it comes to solving serious life problems, young people willingly accept the advice and instructions of their parents, but in the field of specific leisure interests, that is, when choosing forms of behavior, friends, books, clothes, they behave independently. The main activities of this period are study and productive work, which require a lot of effort. But energy and enthusiasm at this age are not to be occupied, therefore, the leisure program for young people can include: KVN, evenings and discos, auctions, fairs and theatrical performances, festivals and shows, sports and athletics, olympiads and debates, hiking, as well as games by type television: “What? Where? When?”, “Field of Miracles”, “Clever Men and Wise Men”, “Wheel of History”, etc. There are two most common subgroups in the tourist market for young people: young singles and young families without children. Most singles are young people who are not burdened with the cares and costs of raising and educating children, who prefer to spend their money on vacations, travel, dinners in restaurants and a fun life. Singles are characterized, as a rule, by a high level of education, the desire for success in professional activities, increased requirements for comfort and quality of life, and individualism. They pay a lot of attention to the organization of their free time, trying to fully enjoy life. Young single people travel more than their peers. (Garanin, Bulygina)

3. Middle-aged people. Ronald Kessler says: “Everything says that average age is the best time of life. A person is not yet worried about the illnesses and ailments of old age, and he is no longer tormented by the anxieties of young people: will anyone love him, will he ever be able to succeed in his work. main feature this age can be defined as the attainment of a state of wisdom by a person. Rean A.A. in his writings says that during this period of his life a person, as a rule, has extensive knowledge, the ability to evaluate events and information in a broader context and the ability to cope with uncertainty. Despite the decline in psychophysical functions, middle adulthood is probably one of the most productive periods in a person's creativity, especially if his activity is related to humanitarian knowledge. In his opinion, the desire of a middle-aged person to act without delay and immediately get a result changes the structure of his motivation, shifting its components in the direction of satisfying growing needs.
Among them, the main ones are: realization of one's creative potential; the need to pass something on to the next generation; adjustment of activities in terms of possible stagnation and missed opportunities; concern for maintaining close relationships with family and friends; preparation for a calm and prosperous life in old age.
In the context of these changes, there is a comprehension and reassessment of life as a whole; adjustment of the existing system of values ​​in three interrelated areas: personal, family and professional. In this regard, d for middle-aged people able-bodied, seeking to take a break from everyday work, calmer events are suitable: secular salons and competitions (beauty, humor, songs, etc.), literary drawing rooms and creative evenings, banquets, presentations and concerts.

4. Elderly people. The main task of personality development in old age is presented as adaptation to two simultaneously occurring processes - individual age development and development of society. Adaptation to aging consists in overcoming the psychological crisis, adapting to changes in social status and social roles as well as physical changes. Cultural and leisure activities can fill the life of an elderly person with meaning, provide opportunities for creative activity and self-realization, to improve psychological, social and physical well-being. The developing potential of leisure in old age is realized through activities aimed at mastering the values ​​of culture and inclusion in social life, and is provided by a combination of functions, content and pedagogical interaction corresponding to the characteristics of development in old age.

Also, in order to successfully compose an animation program, it is necessary to determine a number of criteria, namely:

A genre that creates a special atmosphere for the audience (drama, clowning, musical, etc.). At the same time, numbers and fragments should be combined in such a way that a single picture is formed and related structure elements of this view;

The name of this performance, which creates a mood and reveals its essence;

Scenario plan, which indicates a list of elements, fragments, events in the process of their development, characters, their relationships and movements; there must be a plot, a climax and a denouement;

Scenario, i.e. detailing the points of the scenario plan, as well as the literary part - the study of monologues and dialogues, the study of speech style;

Director's plan - translating literature into the language of action (if it is a production based on a literary work), compiling and coordinating a continuous effective chain, working with technology, light and sound.

In the process of creating an animation program, it is also necessary to take into account the venue of the event, the nationality of the participants in the program, the territorial coverage, etc. In order to meet the needs of guests of different nationalities, ages, wealth and abilities (physical, intellectual, etc.), animation programs must change throughout the season in terms of content, intensity, timing and other parameters. Animation programs largely depend on the size of the hotel, its location, functional orientation, available opportunities (including the range of services provided additional services), as well as on the professionalism and degree of versatility of tour animators, on their talent. The quality and volume of animation programs performed in tourist complexes, hotels are determined to a large extent by the availability of the required personnel and, in general, by the effectiveness of animation management. In a small hotel, animation programs can be handled by one person - a tour animation manager, in a medium-sized tourist complex - a tour animation department (service), and in large resort and club tourist complexes - specialized animation centers (leisure centers). The quality of an animation program is associated, as a rule, with interesting directorial discoveries, a rich arsenal of scenographic, musical, plastic, speech, lighting techniques in the development and implementation of animation programs.

♦ direct experiences, impressions and states experienced by a person who is included in a specific type of leisure activity and thereby satisfies his needs;

♦ comprehension by a person of perceived information, artistic images, general cultural context, which at this time is in the focus of his attention;

♦ his assessments that he has about the quality of rest, as well as services, if they are provided to him in this process.

Naturally, during the period of leisure, a person seeks to experience positive emotions, focus on constructive thoughts, receive high-quality service - in a word, achieve those states that are associated with a recreational effect. In the content of cultural and leisure activities, the following aspects are distinguished:

1. For a huge number of people, the source of positive states is positive sensory impressions and emotions. For the vast majority of people, such impressions and emotions develop as a result of movement and physical exertion in the fresh air, the perception of a natural landscape environment that is pleasing to the eye, and deep night sleep. A special kind of leisure that causes positive sensory states is associated with the absorption of varied, beautifully served and tasty food, staying in an aesthetically attractive space, a comfortable room. The list of positive sensory experiences reflects the prerequisites for recreational effect that people typically seek to acquire during both short and long-term leisure.

2. Another factor that allows you to achieve the desired content is related to the realization by a person at his leisure of his aspirations, the embodiment of his own life position. As an example, let us refer to the leisure of believers, members of political organizations or social movements. Believers often use their vacation time for pilgrimages, participation in the life of a church parish, rituals People who are passionate about social activities are able to attend political events in their free time in order to declare their goals at conferences, forums, protest demonstrations, discuss actual tasks movement.

3. Appeal of a person to favorite thing (hobby). Those who are not able to realize themselves at work, who are oppressed by the monotony of everyday existence, in their free time seek to restore the balance between tension and recreation in their favorite pastime, in which they can express themselves with the greatest freedom and breadth. Hobby classes allow different people to maintain a sense of self-identity, to feel a state of creative upsurge, self-realization. They are very diverse and varied. Such activities differ in nature, content, and forms of conduct: collecting matchboxes or inventing, embroidering or fishing, writing poetry or playing dominoes with neighbors. The range of content areas, individual preferences in such activities is exceptionally large. In our time, it is expanding even more due to the emergence of new hobbies related to technical capabilities, modern realities of life.

Due to the deep immersion of a person in the subject of passion, a hobby is endowed with an exceptionally high recreational effect, although from the outside it may sometimes seem that a person is busy with trifles. However, leisure organizers have long understood that such hobbies open up truly limitless opportunities for business.

4. Another kind of meaningful leisure is associated with the appeal and comprehension of professional arts and folk culture(your own or someone else's). This is one of the most stable and large-scale types of leisure activities, capable of performing many recreational functions, attracting large audiences in different historical periods among different peoples.

Let's stop at perception of works of art. People turn to art in different ways - with different goals, spending different amounts of time, etc. Usually a person shows interest not in art in general, but in some of its types and genres that attract him to the greatest extent. Some groups of art audiences refer to supporters of receiving artistic impressions from a living creative process or from original works of art in the theater, the Philharmonic, the museum, exhibition hall and others. In this series, fans of famous artists, singers, and performing musicians stand out.

Other art lovers are less likely to interact with the authors and performers of various works, as they limit themselves to turning to the products of the cultural industry - musical recordings, films, television programs, etc. They read books at home or in the library, watch TV, listen to musical recordings, etc.

5. Information aspect. In spending leisure time and mastering the arts, the role of mass media(MASS MEDIA). Technical communication channels, as well as a variety of techniques, provide a multi-million audience with almost unlimited opportunities to get acquainted with art, to get artistic impressions not only at home, but also in various situations at almost any time of the day.

For example, music recordings can be listened to even in public transport. However, in this case, the artistic and psychological effect of perception is noticeably reduced. Many amateurs do not consider this fact an obstacle to satisfying their aesthetic needs, although objectively it should be recognized as such, since it is accompanied by a considerable number of socio-psychological, artistic and pedagogical costs in comparison with the perception of "live" art or artistic originals. But along with the costs this way turning to art allows amateurs to form personal collections - fiction and art history literature, copies of paintings and art products, film libraries, musical sound recordings, etc.

To the informational type of meaningful leisure, which develops on the basis of technical means, one should attribute the appeal of people to the socio-political and scientific information- watching TV, listening to the radio, surfing the Internet. Nowadays, such information is also relatively available. Various information media are very diverse and compete with each other. The total daily media audience in different countries is estimated at billions of listeners and viewers.

6. Special mention should be made of this variant of passion for art, which is associated with amateur art activities: playing music, participating in performances, making art products, drawing, etc. This way of mastering art at leisure is associated with a deep and effective immersion of a person in the world of beautiful recognition of the high mission of art in social development. Let's name another option for hobbies in art at leisure - acquaintance with historical monuments and artistic masterpieces of the culture of other peoples. A person spends his free time on long trips, visits other countries to visit museums of interest to him, visits popular film forums or theater festivals.

7. The specific and vivid content of leisure activities is formed through direct participation in game, competition or in progress monitoring their progress.

We have identified the main content aspects of leisure. There are other substantive aspects that are of a secondary nature. Many specialized types and leisure activities include many other possibilities. In other words, many different content aspects intersect in this or that kind of leisure.

Subjective goals and motives of cultural and leisure activities. The goals and motives of a person who turns to one or another leisure activity, as a rule, are formed on the basis of habits, inclinations of character, life experience. At the same time, a person strives at his leisure to get acquainted with something curious, to learn something new for himself. He is capable of making mistakes when evaluating certain leisure activities and his attitude towards them, because he judges this subjectively. Therefore, leisure organizers should not overestimate his motivation regarding this or that activity. But you can't underestimate her either. Only the person himself can act as an expert of his leisure.

Under leisure purposes refers to ideas about the total result that a person wants to achieve in certain leisure activities and which he perceives as preferable, desirable. The subjective goals of a person are more specifically determined than the goals of pragmatic studies. If in labor activity If, in the household, a person is guided mainly by goals related to practical benefits, saving physical strength, the material effect of his work, then a person tries to bring the goals of leisure beyond the utilitarian framework. Goals, of course, perform positive or negative functions associated with recreation, although the person himself sees in them an opportunity to enjoy.

The main thing in leisure is the hedonistic, non-utilitarian nature of spending free time, freedom from the usual duties, the implementation of those aspects internal development which are difficult to implement in other areas of practice. Therefore, leisure in human ideas is contrasted with workdays, social obligations, and household chores.

Leisure motives are more complex than goals. If the goals of leisure are most often formulated by the person himself, then the motives (the totality of internal prerequisites and external causes) are not always fully and fully realized by him. They can acquire both discoveries and an implicit character for others and for a person, they can be evaluated both (external) and voluntarily accepted (internal). Leisure motivation is far from always possible to determine by the statements of a person. Here, as a rule, needs, unconscious inclinations, implicit desires and human complexes are intricately intertwined. The motives for turning to one or another type of leisure are extremely diverse, very flexible, sometimes whimsical, reflecting subjective preferences, external circumstances, as well as hidden attitudes that a person himself cannot always rationally comprehend. Motivation for getting freedom in terms of leisure and recreation, according to researchers, one of the basic characteristics of leisure. Free time and leisure are considered by many people as the opposite of coercion, as the opposite of social and family obligations. Indeed, in comparison with duties at work, with functional loads in the household, a person on vacation can fully feel the voluntariness of his choice of this or that occupation. The factor of freedom of action is very important for a person, allowing him to compensate for its absence, which he feels at work and at home, in a dynamic and eventful life in modern urban conditions.

Functions of leisure activities in human life. A person is relatively easily able to formulate the goals and motives of his leisure, but it is difficult for him to talk about leisure functions, those. about its holistic purpose and place in life.

Previously, we analyzed individual functions of leisure. Here we present them in a generalized form. Leisure creates opportunities for a person to realize the needs and aspects of his internal development, which is impossible to the full in the business sphere, in the household, against the backdrop of everyday worries. Thereby compensatory functions are implemented, because in utilitarian areas of practice, freedom of action and choice is limited. Here, a person is far from always able to realize his creative potential, turn to his favorite activities, experience an entertaining effect that removes internal stress, and so on.

Of particular note educational and educational leisure functions. At first glance, it may seem that they are significant mainly for children and youth. Indeed, during the period of socialization and individual development of the individual, leisure acquires a great educational value. At the same time, these functions remain the most important even in a more mature age of a person. At this time, to a lesser extent, but still it is necessary for him to broaden his horizons, maintain social ties, and respond to the demands of the time. In adults, researchers call the complete processes not upbringing, but secondary socialization, which, in essence, is also associated with individual development. Leisure has ample opportunities to carry out this secondary socialization of adults and the elderly with the greatest effect.

IN Everyday life leisure activity performs many different functions recreational and health-improving and therapeutic type. Without their implementation, many people inevitably develop a state of stress, increased neuroticism, mental imbalance, turning into stable diseases.

In addition, leisure activity allows the individual realize the opposite vectors of your existence. On the one hand, leisure activities create the possibility of interpersonal interaction with many strangers (during holidays, mass spectacles, travel, etc.) and thus give rise to a sense of unity, the general connection of people with each other. On the other hand, at leisure, a person often seeks to be alone, to feel the calming effect of solitude, to think about those aspects of his life that, in everyday worries, do not fall into the focus of his attention. At the same time, on vacation, a person easily makes acquaintances, interacts spontaneously and friendly with different people. But this freedom allows us to better understand the special significance of close people, to realize the role of family and kinship relations.

In general, leisure activity is capable of performing the functions of improving the psyche, developing the inner world, and expanding the individual living environment. Thus, leisure integrates many disparate aspects of a person's life into a single whole, forming in him ideas about the fullness of his existence. life without leisure modern man would not only be flawed, it would lose one of its basic cores, it would become unbearable.

Types and types of leisure activities depending on different content. Let's name the types of leisure based on unequal content orientation:

♦ cultural and artistic type (appeal to works of art, acquaintance with historical monuments, etc.);

♦ educational-developing type (studying in free time, participation in the work of circles, attending educational events, etc.);

♦ nature-recreational type (staying in nature, communicating with domestic animals and watching wild animals);

♦ sanatorium-improving and tourist type (travel, vacation at a resort, etc.);

♦ sports and entertainment type (direct participation in sports and observation of sports competitions);

♦ amateur-amateur type (hobby, amateur artistic activity);

♦ entertainment type

The identified most common and massive types, of course, do not exhaust the meaningful varieties of leisure activities, but allow the formation of new, mixed types and varieties of leisure. For example:

♦ folk games, sports activities and outdoor games (varieties: outdoor games, ball games, swimming in open water, etc.);

♦ amateur outdoor activities (hiking, fishing, hunting);

♦ cultural and artistic tourism (historical, museum tourism, visits to international film festivals, theater and entertainment events, etc.).

Currently, a new direction has been formed in the field of tourism - tourist animation, which has become a specific tourist product and a necessary element of tourist programs.

1. In the Tourist terminological dictionary, animation service is defined as the revitalization of programs of entertainment, recreation and leisure for tourists. Animation is the activity of developing and implementing special programs for spending free time, organizing entertainment and sports activities.

Socio-cultural animation is multifaceted, corresponding to the diversity of needs, interests and demands of vacationers. The purpose of socio-cultural animation is to actively introduce a person to culture on the basis of creativity, create conditions for relieving psychological stress, revealing the intellectual capabilities of the individual, emancipating the initiative, and inclusion in real life.

The social functions of animation activity are defined by scientists in different ways. They are interpreted as follows:

Production of new knowledge, norms, values, orientations and meanings;

Accumulation and storage of new knowledge, norms, values, orientations and meanings;

Reproduction of the spiritual process through the maintenance of its continuity;

Communicative support of sign interaction between the subjects of activity, their differentiation and unity;

Creation of a socialized structure of relationships mediated by cultural components;

Removing production fatigue, restoring lost strength, providing psychological relaxation through games and entertainment.

Animation services include small and large forms of performances, entertainment events, competitive game programs, tasting of alcoholic beverages with the involvement of theatrical elements.

Revival is achieved not so much by dramaturgy and screenwriting, but by involving tourists in the action, their participation in it.

Animation in tourism can be represented by:

Animation events (holidays, film festivals, competitive programs, masquerade shows, carnival processions, etc.)

Animated theatrical performances (knightly tournaments, humorous clown shows, gladiator fights, costume balls, evenings of meeting with fairy-tale characters, etc.)

Animation expositions (museum show, costume expositions). This may include animated show museums, when tourists and sightseers are met at the exposition by “revived” historical characters or when a show is organized in the hotel in the evening, but not contemplative, but with direct active participation tourists. For example, the once boring and rarely visited museum of the first English settlers in Plymouth (USA) has now become a national show with the help of an animated organization of the life-size exposition (a village with live characters doing the main work around the house, garden, etc.) ;

Animation in theme parks (attractions, meetings with cartoon characters, super shows). The first amusement parks appeared in Europe in the late 60s. But they began to experience a real tourist boom only in last years. Every year, the largest entertainment centers are visited by up to 10 million guests. Such tours are most popular among lovers of family vacations, honeymooners and small youth groups. Interestingly, the majority of visitors to the parks are not children, for whom they were designed, but adults. The main visitors to parks in different countries are foreign tourists. Along with interesting and exciting attractions, the main attraction of theme parks is the action taking place around. For example, the Walt Disney American Park is a real recreation and entertainment industry, arranged on a truly American scale. Its uniqueness as a tourism product lies not only in the fact that it has its own complex infrastructure for entertainment, accommodation, food, education, and its own own life, which includes tourists, meeting on the streets of the park and among the attractions of various cartoon characters and feature films Disney. Breakfasts and dinners surrounded by Disney characters are attractive for tourists. In addition, no amount of money can buy the feeling of a fairy tale in which you are around the clock;

Sports animation (collective and individual sports games, competitions, competitions, aerobics, shaping, yoga, dance evenings);

Hotel animation (entertainment, sports and recreational activities, evenings of rest, work of miniclubs, cafes, bars in hotels). Animators (most often young people) work with tourists constantly, one might say, around the clock. The main task of these workers is not to let people get bored.

Traveling tourists are united not only by their interest in the culture, customs, traditions of the peoples of the world, the desire to get acquainted with the unique monuments of the artistic culture of mankind, the best examples of the world and domestic literature, music, theater, but also the desire to relax and have fun.

So, summarizing all of the above, the formula for animation in tourism can be recognized as the following complex: the use of interest + revitalization of the exposition + the inclusion of tourists in action + a variety of entertainment.

The main task is to create comfort for the tourist, so that he is interested, so that he feels like a participant in the program, so that he remembers his vacation as his best pastime.

2. Animation in tourism began to develop as such since the 70s of the XX century. in the East, and only from the mid-90s it appeared in Russia. First, the animators mastered Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. Later - Turkey, where musical and circus groups presented their programs mainly in hotels. Dancers and circus performers were offered a slightly different field of activity - not just concert programs, but also communication with guests in a relaxed atmosphere. In the mid-90s, animation schools became widespread, where both Turks themselves and foreigners, including From Russia.

Recently, more and more tourist enterprises have begun to take care of the provision of animation services. As we already know, animators are specialists in organizing leisure activities at tourist enterprises, in sanatorium-resort and other health-improving institutions. Very often, uttering the word "animator", they immediately explain: "massive entertainer." However, the modern concept of animation is somewhat broader. Animation in tourism is considered as an activity for the development and provision of special programs for spending free time. Animation programs include sports games and competitions, dance evenings, carnivals, games, hobbies, activities that are in the sphere of spiritual interests. Therefore, a tour animator is a specialist engaged in the development of individual and collective animation programs.

By animation program we mean the combined common goal or a plan for conducting tourist, sports and recreation, cultural, educational and amateur activities. In addition to the concept of "animation program", the concept of "animation event" is often used, which is integral part animation program. For example, if we are compiling an animation program for the day, then it includes several animation events: sports competitions, evening entertainment, games on the beach, etc.

The development of animation programs is a special kind of activity, so the training of highly qualified animators is a socially significant task. The animator develops individual and collective programs leisure activities, orients tourists in the variety of its types, organizes a good rest for them, which is not only a means of getting rid of fatigue, but also a means of neutralizing the negative aspects of everyday life. A professional animator must develop such important qualities as competence, communication skills, organizational skills, the ability to work with people, a high culture of communication, non-standard thinking, business ingenuity, leadership, and fantasy.

During the day, tourists can see them at the boutique counter or teaching beginners on the court, at sports or fishing organized for tourists. In the evening, the same animators organize a colorful show involving tourists. As a form, animators usually have bright T-shirts, allowing tourists to see and recognize them from afar. On the T-shirt there is a card with the name of the animator and the flags of the countries whose languages ​​he speaks. They are friendly. They greet the tourist like an old acquaintance: “Well, how was yesterday's excursion, did you like it? Come play volleyball with us. A good memory for faces is their professional duty.

The essence of animation is revealed through understanding it. historical development, which has gone from the organization of leisure activities to animation as a profession, a component of the tourism product and an integral part of the experience economy. The types of animation, animation programs are characterized, their classification according to the most important criteria is presented. Examples of animation events are given, which reflect the specific historical and cultural features of individual countries.

Keywords: development of animation, animation typology, forms of leisure activities, leisure activities, animators, animation events, experience economy.

The core of animation is presented by means of comprehension of historical development from leisure activity organization to profession, part of product in tourism and essential part of impression economics. The types of animation, animation programs are characterized and classif ed by using the most important criteria. Considered examples outline historical and cultural specif cs of animation events in different countries.

key words: animation development, animation typology, forms of leisure, leisure activity, animators, animation events, impression economics.

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