The soils and soil cover of the Far East are characterized by great diversity, which is determined by the bioclimatic heterogeneity of the conditions for their formation from the Arctic desert zone in the north to the forest-steppe zone in the south and from the humid ocean coast in the east to continental spaces in the west.
The history of the study of soils in the Far East goes back more than a hundred years, but the modern understanding of soils, soil-forming processes, and the peculiarities of regional soil formation has been developed over the past 50 years. It is reflected in individual publications and monographs by a number of authors. Soil knowledge, soil cover different subregions of the Far East is far from unambiguous. The most studied are the soils of the south of the Far East, which is associated with its more active, although not earlier development.
The peculiarity of the nature of the southern half of the Far East, its soils are described in the work of Yu.A. Liverovsky, B.P. Kolesnikov (1949). In special monographic works G.I. Ivanov (1964, 1966, 1976) most fully elucidated the issues of genesis and classification of soils in Primorye. A certain contribution to the study of soils of coniferous-deciduous and broad-leaved forests of the low mountains of Primorye was made by N.A. Kreida (1970), and soils of mountain dark coniferous forests - N.F. Pshenichnikova (1989). In the last decade, works have appeared that expand the understanding of the specifics of soil formation within mountainous (Pshenichnikov and Pshenichnikova, 2002) and lowland areas (Shlyakhov and Kostenkov, 2000) of continental oceanic ecosystems, as well as floodplain soils of southeastern Primorye (Shelest, 2001).
The characteristics of the soils of the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region are most fully reflected in the work of A. T. Terentiev (1969), and later in the monographs of the KhabKNII staff Yu.S. Prozorova (1974), Yu.I. Ershova (1984), A.F. Makhinova (1989).
The soils of the island ecosystems of Sakhalin and the Kuriles are comprehensively presented in two monographs by A.M. Ivleva (1965, 1977).
The soils of the Kamchatka Peninsula have been studied to a much lesser extent. The work of I. A. Sokolov (1973) is still the only most complete source on the relationship between volcanism and soil formation in the Far East.
The territory of the Magadan region is characterized by the least development and, as a result, its soils are the least studied. EAT. Naumov, B.P. Gradusov (1974) was one of the first to generalize the material on the features of taiga soil formation in the Far North-East of Eurasia. Somewhat later, the staff of the Institute of Biological Problems of the North of the Far Eastern Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences published the work "Geography and Genesis of Soils of the Magadan Region" edited by V. I. Ignatenko (1980).
To date, questions of the genesis and classification of soils in individual parts of the Far East have been developed with varying degrees of detail. It is expedient to generalize and generalize the available material on the soils of the entire Far East. Such an attempt was made by B.F. Pshenichnikov (1986) as part of the textbook "Soils Far East".
Present study guide the conditions of formation, the morphological structure of soils, the processes of soil formation, the classification and zoning of soils in the Far East region are considered, which, we hope, will help beginners to form an idea of the soils of the Far East among novice researchers.
First, let us briefly dwell on the theoretical issues of soil classification and soil-geographical zoning.
V. V. Dokuchaev was the first to give a scientific definition of soil as an independent natural-historical body of nature (the same as plants, animals, etc.), formed as a result of the simultaneous interaction of soil formation factors: climate, rocks, vegetation and wildlife, relief and age. A certain combination of soil formation factors leads to the formation of a genetic type of soil, accepted by V. V. Dokuchaev as the main classification unit.
According to the classification of soils in force in Russia (Classification and diagnostics of soils of the USSR, 1977), the main taxonomic unit - the genetic type of soils - combines soils with a single profile structure, formed as a result of the development of the same type of soil formation process under conditions with a similar nature of the water-thermal regime, on parent rocks of similar composition and under homogeneous vegetation.
Several dozen types of soils have been identified on the territory of Russia. Some of them are widespread, for example, chernozems, podzolic, brown forest. The latter are zonal soils in the south of the Far East.
Each genetic soil type is successively subdivided into subtypes, genera, species, varieties, and categories.
A soil subtype is a transitional group of soils between types that differ in the manifestation of the main and accompanying processes of soil formation. For example, with the development of the podzolization process in the soil, along with the burozem formation, a subtype of brown forest podzolized soils is formed; the development of the soddy process, along with the podzolic process, leads to the formation of a subtype of soddy-podzolic soil. The appearance of a subtype may also be due to the significant dynamics of the main feature of the type (for example: light gray, gray, dark gray forest soils) or facies features. natural conditions within the soil zone (for example, southern chernozem).
The genus of soils is distinguished within the subtypes and is represented by a group of soils, the qualitative genetic features of which are determined by the characteristics of the composition of the soil absorbing complex and the chemistry of salinization due to a number of local conditions: the composition of parent rocks, the chemistry of groundwater, and the relict features of the soil-forming substrate.
A soil type is a group of soils within a genus that differs in the degree of development of the main soil-forming process. For example, according to the degree of podzolization (weakly, medium, strongly podzolized), humus content (medium, highly humus).
Soil variety - a group of soils within a genus that differs in the granulometric composition of the upper horizons (for example, clayey, loamy, etc.).
Soil discharges are a group of soils of the same type and the same mechanical composition, but developed on parent rocks of different origin and different petrographic composition (for example, on granites, limestones, alluvium).
In order to determine the type affiliation of the soil, it is first of all necessary to determine the type of soil profile based on the study of its morphological structure. How to do this is described in detail in our methodological guide for the first ecological practice (Urusov et al., 2002). Then it is necessary to compare the morphological parameters with the scheme of the morphological structure of various soils. Having determined the type of soil profile, it is necessary to determine the type of geographic landscape, the geographic range of a given soil, the main and accompanying elementary soil-forming processes, and the type of migration and accumulation of substances in a given soil.
In soil diagnostics, first of all, data on the morphological structure of the profile, conditions of soil formation, data on the content and nature of intra-profile differentiation of humus, the composition of absorbed bases, as well as intra-profile differentiation of physical clay and sand, silt and bulk chemical composition are used.
Soil-geographic zoning is the allocation of territories that are homogeneous in terms of the structure of the soil cover, similar in terms of soil formation conditions and their possible use in agricultural production.
In 1962, at Moscow State University (Soil-geographic zoning of the USSR, 1962), a scheme of soil-geographic zoning was developed, which is presented below.
Taxonomic system of soil-geographical zoning:
The soil bioclimatic belt is a set of soil zones and vertical soil structures similar in terms of radiation, thermal conditions and the nature of their influence on the development of vegetation, weathering and soil formation. Thermal conditions are the determining factor in the allocation of the belt.
Soil-bioclimatic region This is the area of soil zones and vertical soil structures within the soil-bioclimatic zone, distinguished by the peculiarity of moistening and continentality, and as a result, by specific features of vegetation development, weathering and soil formation. Diagnostic indicators in the allocation of the area are the conditions of moisture and continentality.
The vertical soil structure is the area of a certain number of vertical soil zones, determined by the position of a mountainous country in the system of soil-bioclimatic regions and the main features of the general orography. In terms of its taxonomic position in the zoning system, the vertical soil structure is identical to the soil zone on the plain. The leading indicators in identifying vertical soil structures are thermal conditions, moisture, and the type of soil formation in the lower zone. Soil province - a part of the soil zone, distinguished by the originality of its moisture and continentality, temperature differences, which determine the specifics of soils, soil formation conditions. Vertical soil zone - the area of a certain zonal mountain soil type.
Soil district - a part of a province or a vertical soil zone with a certain genetic type of relief, within which a certain combination of soils and parent rocks can be traced. The significant differences between the districts are due to the peculiarities of the local climate and vegetation cover. A soil region is an area of soils within a soil region with a relatively uniform topography, composition of the soil and vegetation cover, and a certain microrelief.
Specificity geographical location The Far East of Russia (Fig. 2), which crosses three soil-bioclimatic zones from north to south: polar (cold), boreal (moderately cold), subboreal (moderate), causes a wide variety of soil formation conditions and the allocation within them of the following soil regions, zones and provinces.
1http://www.priroda.ru/regions/info/detail.php?SECTION_ID=&FO_ID=440&ID=6452
2http://xn--80aa2bkafhg.xn--p1ai/article.php?nid=12709
3http://www.kmslib.ru/kraevedenie/geografiya
4http://ecology-of.ru/priroda/climat-goroda-khabarovsk
5 https://abc.vvsu.ru/books/u_ekologija/page0002.asp
6 http://samanka.ru/osobennosti-landshaftnogo-dizajna.html
Intensive human activity within major cities leads to a significant and often irreversible change in the environment. natural environment: the relief and hydrographic network undergo changes, natural vegetation is replaced by man-made phytocenoses, specific type urban microclimate, due to the increase in building areas and artificial surfaces, the soil cover is destroyed or greatly changed. All this leads to the formation of specific soils and soil-like bodies.
Natural urban system and soils
One of the problems of our time is the urbanization of the territory of countries with a high proportion of the urban population.
The growing growth of giant cities leads to intense human impact on the environment of both the metropolis itself and the vast spaces around it. As a rule, the area of influence of the city exceeds its territory by 20-50 times, suburban areas are polluted with liquid, gaseous and solid wastes formed in residential buildings and industrial centers. There is a problem of insecurity of cities with natural resource potential, which is expressed in insufficient areas of green spaces, the development of dangerous geodynamic processes (karst-suffosion, landslide, flooding, etc.), pollution of water and air environments. This leads to a loss of stability of territories, an increase in the abiotic nature of the system, an increase in the degree of environmental risk for all components of the environment: air, vegetation, soil, water and soil "(Fig. 10.1). 1
Rice. 10.1.
Table 10.1
In the process of urbanization, an urban ecosystem is formed, understood as a natural-urban system, consisting of fragments of natural ecosystems surrounded by houses, industrial zones, roads, etc. The urban ecosystem is characterized by the artificial creation of new types of systems as a result of degradation, destruction and (or) replacement natural systems. Anthropogenic violations of the functional cycle in the urban system depend on the source and type of human intervention, on load factors, on the quality of the environment, which leads to certain consequences, including negative ones (Table 10.1).
These ecosystems have less recreational value than undisturbed ones. natural ecosystems(for example, forests), disruption of the biocirculation, reduction of biodiversity both in terms of composition and structural and functional characteristics, and an increase in the number of pathogenic microorganisms.
Violations and changes in the cycle in the ecosystem cause:
- 1. Deterioration of human living conditions, high level morbidity, the growth of genetic diseases, the emergence of new diseases.
- 2. Lack of clean drinking water and clean air.
- 3. Accumulation of pollutants in the human body, migration in trophic chains.
In soil science, there is a need to understand the importance of studying that surface cloak of an urban area, which until now has been called soil-soil, urban land, or simply land.
IN last years to loose substrates in cities, two conceptual approaches have been defined:
- 1. City soil - this is not soil from the point of view of classical Dokuchaev soil science, it is soil, a subject of study for geologists. At best, in the city, soils are common only in forest parks and urban forests - and only there is the place of application of the work of soil scientists.
- 2. City soil - this is soil, but which cannot always be determined from traditional soil-genetic positions, since the leading factor in soil formation in settlements, and above all in cities, is the anthropogenic factor.
Urban soil is a bioinert multiphase system consisting of solid, liquid and gas phases, with the indispensable participation of the living phase; it performs certain ecological functions. Soils in the city live and develop under the influence of the same factors of soil formation as natural soils, but the anthropogenic factor becomes decisive here.
In a broad sense urban soil is any soil that functions in the environment of a city.
In a narrow sense, this term implies specific soils formed by human activities in the city. This activity is both a trigger mechanism and a constant regulator of urban soil formation.
The term "urban soils" was first coined by Bockheim (1974), who defined it as "soil material containing an anthropogenic layer of non-agricultural origin more than 50 cm thick, formed by mixing, filling or contamination of the earth's surface in urban and suburban areas."
The following definition is currently accepted:
Urban soils are anthropogenically modified soils that have a surface layer more than 50 cm thick created as a result of human activity, obtained by mixing, pouring, burial or contamination of material of urban origin, including construction and household waste.
Common features of urban soils:
- parent rock - bulk, alluvial or mixed soils or cultural layer;
- inclusion of construction and household waste in the upper horizons;
- neutral or alkaline reaction (even in the forest zone);
- high pollution with heavy metals (HM) and oil products;
- special physical and mechanical properties of soils (reduced moisture capacity, increased bulk density, compaction, stoniness);
- upward growth of the profile due to the constant introduction of various materials and intensive eolian spraying.
All of the above properties separately we find in extra-urban soils, for example, in volcanic, alluvial. The specificity of urban soils is the combination of the listed properties.
Urban soils are characterized by the diagnostic horizon "urbic" (from the word urbanus - city) - a specific horizon of urban soils.
(L Horizon "Urbic" - superficial organo-mineral bulk, /C mixed horizon, with urban-anthropogenic inclusions (more- JJy more than 5% of construction and household waste, industrial waste), G more than 5 cm thick.
Characteristics of the urbic horizon:
- Location and age - has been formed in cities and towns for centuries, but can be constructed in the formation of lawns, squares, etc.
- soil-forming material serves as a cultural layer, bulk or mixed soils and fragments (shards) of natural soils.
- Color - various shades of dark brown tones.
- Addition- loose, layered; the upper part is overcompacted due to increased recreational load.
- Grading- light predominates or lightened due to inclusions.
- Structure weakly expressed.
- Stony - due to construction and household inclusions.
- Characteristically horizon rise upward due to dust fallout from the atmosphere and anthropogenic input of material.
- Observed high variability of properties in the horizon in terms of texture, bulk density, abundance of inclusions, and chemical properties.
Rice. 10.2.
- pH value mostly more than 7.
- Humus content varies, but more often high (5-10%), the composition of humus is often humate, the 2nd fraction of humic acids predominates.
The presence of the “urbic” horizon is the main difference between urban soils proper and natural historical soils. The material from which the urbic horizon is formed can be represented by the following diagram (Fig. 10.2).
- Moscow - Paris. Nature and urban planning. Ed. Krasnoshekova and Ivanov. M.: Inkombuk, 1997.
- Bockheim J.G. Nature and properties of highly disturbed urban soils. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1974.
A special place among the manifestations of anthropogenic impact on the soils of megacities belongs to the contamination of urban areas with heavy metals, since the rapid self-purification of soils from metal contamination to the level required, for reasons of hygienic and environmental safety, is difficult, and in many cases almost impossible.
The main sources of heavy metals in the city are: the transport and road complex, industrial enterprises, non-utilized industrial and municipal waste.
Total pollution of soils by chemical elements
Zinc, lead, copper, and mercury are widely distributed and actively accumulate in soils. The background concentrations mainly contain molybdenum, nickel, tin, barium, chromium, cadmium, beryllium, cobalt and boron.
A study of the soil cover showed that about 43% of the area of the city belongs to the category of low (permissible) pollution (Zc less than 16). Soils with an average (moderately dangerous) level of pollution (Zc 16-32) occupy 28% of the entire territory. Severe (dangerous) soil pollution (Zc 32-128) was detected on 27% of the area, and the maximum (extremely dangerous) level (Zc more than 128) was recorded on 2%.
Soils with an acceptable level of pollution are distributed mainly on the periphery of Moscow, mainly in the west and southwest, and are associated with large urban forest parks. Fragmentally, such soils are found in the north, south and east of the city ().
Heavily polluted soils stretch in a wide strip from the northwest to the southeast, covering the central part of the city.
The centers of maximum soil pollution have been identified mainly in the area of industrial zones or are located in the zone of their influence. Most of these foci were recorded in the Central, South-Eastern, Southern and Eastern districts.
The lowest concentration chemical elements in the soils of the Western Administrative District.
Depending on the functional purpose of the territories, the level of content of chemical elements in soils decreases in the following order: industrial zones (Zc 45) - squares, boulevards, residential areas (Zc 31) - parks of culture and recreation (Zc 28) - wastelands (Zc 21) - natural and national parks (Zc 12-13).
The soils of industrial zones are subjected to the most powerful technogenic pressure, here even the average value of the pollution index (Zc) corresponds to a dangerous level of pollution. The soils of public gardens, boulevards and residential areas are also approaching a dangerous level of pollution. Squares and boulevards are usually located near highways and are affected by vehicle emissions. The main sources of soil pollution in residential areas are municipal waste and vehicles.
Soil pollution by individual chemical elements
The main pollutants of the city's soils are zinc, lead, copper, cadmium, tin, molybdenum and chromium.
Below is a brief description of the distribution of the most common and most toxic chemical elements in soils in the city.
Mercury
The established concentrations of mercury in soils in the territory of Moscow range from 0.02 to 2.1 mg/kg, with an average content of 0.2 mg/kg. Elevated metal concentrations are typical for the Central and South-Eastern districts of the capital.
In general, mercury contamination of the city's soils is insignificant and does not pose an environmental hazard.
Cadmium
The concentrations of this element in the soils of the city of Moscow vary widely with an average value of 0.3 mg/kg, which is significantly lower than the established MPC (2 mg/kg).
The highest concentrations of the element are typical for the South-Eastern, Southern and Central districts.
Cadmium contamination of soils in the city of Moscow is manifested to a greater extent than mercury contamination, however, in general, it is assessed as low.
Lead
It is widely distributed in the soil cover of the city, its average content is 96.5 mg/kg. The distribution of lead in the city is shown in fig. 6.5.2.
Approximately on 20% of the city area the level of lead concentration in the soil exceeds the value of APC (130 mg/kg), and on 5% of the territory the concentration of the element exceeds the APC by more than 2 times. Soils with lead concentrations below the TEC are distributed mainly on the periphery of the city. The soils of the Central Administrative District are the most polluted, and the soils of the Western and South-Western districts are least polluted.
In comparison with the results of monitoring in 2006, there was an increase in the content of lead in the soils of Moscow, which is undoubtedly associated with the ever-increasing number of vehicles in the city and the continued use of gasoline with lead additives.
Zinc
The soil of the districts of the Central Administrative District, SVAO, SAO, SEAD and VAO is most polluted, where contaminated soil with contents close to the APC occupies about 70-80% of the area. The soil of the western sector of the city is the least polluted - the districts of SZAO, ZAO, SWAO ().
Soils with zinc concentrations less than 0.5 APC in the surface horizons are distributed mainly on the periphery of the city, but relatively small areas of soils relatively uncontaminated with zinc are found throughout its territory.
Copper
On 91.5% of the area of the city, the copper content is below the APC value (less than 132 mg/kg). At the same time, in the territory of ZAO and SZAO, and in other districts in the strip from the district railway to the city limits, the copper content usually does not reach 0.5 OPC. In the central part of the city, concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 1 AEC value predominate. On 7.5% of the city's territory, the copper content is at the level of 1-2 APC, only on 1.4% of the territory it is 2-4 APC, and on 0.6% of the area it is above 4 APC values.
Chromium
The average content of chromium in the soils of the city is about 58 mg/kg. The average concentrations of the element in the soils of the administrative districts differ insignificantly and do not exceed the maximum allowable concentrations (MAC 90 mg/kg). The highest concentrations of chromium were found in the soils of the southern sector of the city, the soil of the Western and North-Western districts was least polluted.
On 7.5% of the city's territory, chromium content exceeds the maximum allowable concentrations in soils (MPC) up to 2 times, and only on 1.2% of the surveyed area do they exceed 2 MPC.
Nickel
The results of the study made it possible to assess the pollution of urban soils with nickel as insignificant and not representing a significant environmental hazard.
Manganese
Elevated levels of this element were found in the territories national park Moose Island and natural park Bitsa. Contents close to the background analogue were recorded in the parks of Tsaritsyno, Troparevsky, Filevsky, in Serebryanobor forestry. In the rest of the city, the content of manganese in soils is mainly below the background value.
Thus, the analysis of the content of heavy metals in the soils of the city showed that, according to the total indicator of pollution (Zc value), the existing technogenic pollution of the soil cover of the city on 43% of the territory is characterized by low level and satisfactory environmental situation. On 28% of the area, an average level of pollution was recorded, and on 29% - high and maximum levels pollution, which allows them to be classified as areas with an increased risk to the health of the population living here.
Home > DocumentMedia publications; video materials; illustrations.
Terms and conceptsEcological catastrophe, ecological crisis.
Forms of the lesson Lecture, conversation, students' messages, discussion "The problem is waiting for your solution."Environmental problems of Sakhalin
1). Problems associated with the impact on rare species of animals, primarily gray whales of the Western Pacific (Okhotsk-Korean) population, listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. Already now, scientists have noted the shift of whales, including females that feed calves, to the north of their feeding area. In the southern part of the feeding area, whales are disturbed by constant helicopter flights and ship traffic - the Molikpaq oil platform operates nearby. Under the Sakhalin-2 project, it is planned to build another platform within the feeding area of lactating female whales. Work on the construction of an underwater pipeline is carried out near the feeding whales and directly through the southern part of the pasture. According to experts, the noise impact associated with construction is unprecedented in its magnitude and impact on whales.
2). Problems associated with the construction of an onshore pipeline. The most important element of the Sakhalin-2 project is the construction of the pipeline. The pipeline, about 850 km long, is being built in a seismically active zone and will cross 1,103 rivers and streams, most of which are salmon spawning grounds. In 1995, the city of Neftegorsk, located 40 km from the planned pipeline route, was completely destroyed by an earthquake
3). Problems associated with the construction of a liquefied natural gas plant and an export terminal in Prigorodnoye. During the construction process, it is planned to dump one million tons of soil removed during dredging into Aniva Bay. Sakhalin Energy has effectively refused to consider dumping dredging waste outside the bay and has already started dumping. The discharge of soil into the Aniva Bay, which is the most important fishery reservoir, will lead to unpredictable consequences for its ecosystem (increase in water turbidity, oxygen deficiency in the water, which will be caused by acidification organic matter soil), and the construction and operation of the shipping terminal will inevitably disrupt the migration routes of salmon, the fishery of which forms the basis of the island's economy.
4). Problems of accidents and oil spills during production and transportation.
Estimates by independent experts show that it will not be possible to quickly eliminate the consequences of a large oil spill in the area of oil platforms. The spill will destroy the unique feeding biotope of gray whales and lagoon biocenoses, which are considered as wetlands of world importance. Ensuring the safety of year-round tanker transportation of oil from the terminal in Prigorodnoye is a significant problem. The accident of a large tanker will be a catastrophe, comparable to the loss of the Prestige tanker off the coast of Spain in 2003. No insurance will cover the damage to nature and the inhabitants of the island, and the entire burden of the consequences will fall on the regional and federal budgets.
5). The problem of ammunition disposal.
Decommissioned in the 90s, after reduction military units Sakhalin region, the ammunition was flooded in the Aniva Bay, and not in a specially designated place (in the 132nd square of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk), which is safe from the point of view of navigation and fishing. The hazardous cargo was launched from the self-propelled barge "Krasnogorets-11" on the night of June 28-29, 1995. All the authorities involved in this matter knew that the ammunition was flooded in violation of the established rules. What to do? It is not difficult to answer this question: it is urgent to examine the bottom of the Aniva Bay, first of all, in the Prigorodny area. Moreover, the guide offers help in this. Pacific Fleet, and on Sakhalin there are equipment and specialists capable of doing this work. In the same branch of the Krasnoarmeisky Research Institute of Mechanization of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Russian Ammunition Agency, search technology with a parametric locator has long been introduced. This device is able to detect and recognize any foreign objects at depths up to 200 m, even those that are covered with a layer of sand or silt up to 6 m high. For shooting 1 sq. km, it takes only 4-5 light days, but the guarantee of detection is one hundred percent. Survey 1 sq. km will cost about 1 million rubles. - the amount is small compared to the possible consequences of a man-made disaster. Unfortunately, I have not been able to get a clear explanation from the leaders of Sakhalin Energy, which is in full swing preparing for the construction of an LNG plant, whether they are aware of the problem of flooded munitions and what they are doing to ensure the safety of work. Nevertheless, we learned that the contract for the survey and demining of the Prigorodny water area was received by ... the security company Armor Group, and four dozen divers brought from Moscow should be engaged in this work. But with their help, 1 sq. km will have to explore for half a year! In addition, divers cannot see what is covered with silt, therefore, they will not give guarantees that all shells have been found. And, finally, the cost of diving operations is ten times higher than that of a parametric radar survey. However, it seems that Sakhalin Energy does not care about the amount of costs in this case either - after all, under the PSA agreement, any costs are compensated by hydrocarbons produced on the shelf.
6). Problem radioactive contamination.
In 1987 and 1997, helicopters of the Far Eastern Directorate civil aviation, fulfilling the difficult technical task of the Ministry of Defense, they delivered radioisotope power plants to the lighthouses, and in fact two real nuclear power plants, albeit very compact ones, operating on strontium-90. During the flight, due to emergency situations, the helicopter pilots were forced to dump dangerous cargo into the Sea of Okhotsk.
As you know, sea water is an aggressive environment, and experts believe that the protective housings of generators, which have lain on the seabed for 18 and 8 years, are about to collapse, and then a strong radioactive contamination will occur. The activity of the generators lying on the seabed is about 700,000 curies! The ingestion of one curie of strontium into the human body can lead to death. And 700,000 curies are more than enough for all the inhabitants of Sakhalin to receive a lethal share of radiation, which, by the way, knows no boundaries. It will destroy unique fish and biological resources and cause irreversible environmental consequences for the entire Asia-Pacific region. As search of generators of result did not give yet.
6) The problem of forest fires. Annually, localized forest fires occur on Sakhalin. Forests are burning in the Nogliksky, Smirnykhovsky, Poronaysky and Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsk regions of the region. The main cause of fire is most often careless handling of fire. In 2002 alone, 38 forest fires broke out on Sakhalin, covering over 4,220 hectares in total. Such large losses are largely due to the poor material and technical support of the civil defense and emergency departments of the Sakhalin Region.
7) Problems of general industrial pollution of the environment. Explained by lack of funds industrial enterprises for environmental protection measures.
Ejection of the ship "Christopher Columbus"
on the Kholmsky coast
An environmental problem is forest
fires shown in the satellite image.
According to Nikolai Smirnov, head of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation for the Sakhalin Region, the first plan in Russia, approved by the governor of the region, is already being examined by the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation. The creation of an oil spill response system will be coordinated with the federal and Far Eastern authorities, in particular, the parties intend to interact with the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation, the Ministries of Transport and Communications and natural resources Russian Federation, as well as with the Governments of the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories. The Sakhalin authorities are ready to present to these authorities their results on the development of OSR (oil spill response) operations. For the next three years, Sakhalin will also adopt the regional target program "Creation and development of a territorial oil spill response system in the Sakhalin Region", which will also be developed on the basis of joint funding. Representatives of the Ministry of Emergency Situations highly appreciate the signing of this agreement. According to them, it will help to better and faster coordinate the work of emergency services. The problem is waiting for your solution
Group environmental projects for the study of problems socially significant for the Sakhalin region.
It is carried out in three stages. Stage I - preparatory. The goal, objectives and method of research are formed, the area of study is determined, the area of study is determined. Groups of students are formed, each of which will solve specific problems. With the help of the teacher, questionnaires are compiled for questioning and interviewing the population. Stage II - study of the problem. Students conduct observations, or interview the population, get acquainted with documents, data on the studied problem, prepare photo materials. Stage III is the final one. The collected material is systematized and summarized. Each group prepares a progress report social cards, tables, diagrams, etc. Registration of research results. Familiarization with them for all students can take place in the form of: speeches at a conference, debate, examination, etc., in the form of defending projects, role-playing games, organizing an exhibition, the best works etc. Topics creative works determined by the choice of students and teachers.
Section VI
Lessons 30-32
hometown economy
Kholmsk
Goals and objectives of the lesson Introduce children to the economy of their hometown; its role in the economy of the region; to form students' understanding of the most important problems - economic, social, environmental, and the causes of their occurrence; continue to develop students' ability to work with various sources of geographic information and make a geographic forecast. Educational visual complexVideo materials; media publications; photos; illustrations.
Terms and conceptsCity-forming and city-service enterprises.
Forms of the lesson Lecture, conversation, students' messages.Materials for lessons
the largest enterprises in the city.
Kholmsk is the main sea gate of Sakhalin.
SZMP is undergoing a period of improvement. Modernization of the Sakhalin Western Seaport in Kholmsk
carried out jointly by Exxon Neftegaz Limited (ENL), operator of the Sakhalin-1 project, and Sakhalin Energy, operator of the Sakhalin-2 project. Taking into account the importance of uninterrupted and safe logistics support of offshore operations on Sakhalin, in July 2004 the companies created a joint committee that developed a draft agreement and terms of reference for the modernization of the existing port.
The final agreement outlines ways to modernize existing equipment (a 32-ton Sokol crane) and purchase new equipment (gantry cranes, forklifts, pipe carriers, a powerful 60-ton Condor gantry crane). In the shortest possible time, it is also planned to build modern warehouses for storing pipes and supplying floating drilling platforms, equipped with a modernized stacking system, as well as a well-maintained port administration office building with a canteen, a medical center, and showers on the territory of the port. In general, the planned modernization expands the port's ability to serve the entire sea traffic flow of Sakhalin, in addition to the vessels necessary to support offshore oil and gas operations (such as the FESCO Sakhalin icebreaker, designed to provide year-round delivery of materials and equipment to the Sakhalin area). mining).
The Sakhalin Western Seaport Modernization Project was funded by the Sakhalin-1 consortium members and Sakhalin Energy on a parity basis, with the latter taking over the management of the entire operation. A 5-year contract for the management of the port operation was signed with Sakhalin Shelf Service Company.
According to ENL Vice President Mark Hackney, the modernization of the Sakhalin Western Sea Port in Kholmsk is an important component of the successful implementation of the tasks of Stage 1 of the Sakhalin-1 project and will provide additional opportunities for both Sakhalin people and the Sakhalin economy. “This fundamental upgrade of an important commercial cargo hub will at the same time increase the usefulness of the port for everyone, not just offshore projects. This will be another aspect of the overall infrastructure improvement process that has resulted from the development of the Sakhalin-1 and Sakhalin-2 projects and supports the economy of the Sakhalin region.” This year, industrial site No. 3 was put into operation - a full-fledged container terminal equipped with seven systems. Here everything is ready for the concentration and temporary storage of heavy containers and other oversized cargo.
OJSC Sakhalin Shipping Company (SASCO) is the largest shipping company in the Far East. The fleet of the Sakhalin Shipping Company has ice-class vessels and can operate on almost all sea lines of the World Ocean. SASCO is the third largest shipping company in the country in terms of transshipment cargo transportation and the first in terms of growth in domestic passenger traffic. This company plays a city-forming role and influences the state of the region's economy.
Sakhmortek LLC - subsidiary of SMP. Freight forwarding company providing services and agency activities for the transportation of goods following in direct mixed railway-water traffic by ferries and transport ships on the Vanino-Kholmsk-Vanino line. Provides services for the shipment of goods to the countries of Southeast Asia.
Ferry Vanino-Kholmsk is one of the structural subdivisions of SASCO. It delivers up to 90% of all cargo arriving on Sakhalin. Reading the local press, I found material that this enterprise is about to undergo big changes. In recent years, it has become a brake on shippers and consignees. Back in 2002, an average of 39 wagons per day were transported from the mainland to Sakhalin, while at the same time, up to 300 wagons accumulated on the Far Eastern Railway. This was stated by Deputy Minister of Railways of the Russian Federation Vladimir Yakunin at a meeting with the management of the Sakhalin Shipping Company. It is not only the obligatory replacement of wagon wheel sets, taking into account the narrow gauge on Sakhalin, that hinders the transportation of goods. Only 4 ferries operate on the Vanino-Kholmsk line instead of the previous 10. But even they are not fully loaded with wagons, since the ferry takes another 6-8 vans on each trip. The leadership of the Ministry of Railways made a decision to reconstruct the Sakhalin railway and transfer it to a standard wide gauge.Kholmsky commercial seaport - sea gates of Sakhalin. It receives the main flow of cargo and passengers. The port is ice-free all year round and can accommodate any medium-tonnage vessels up to 5,500 tons with a draft of up to seven meters. The harbor protected from waves by two breakwaters with a depth of more than 9 meters allows receiving domestic and foreign ships with a displacement of up to 7 thousand tons. The port has three berths with a length of 360 meters for processing the transport fleet and two specialized berths with a length of 130 meters for receiving Sakhalin ferries. The port is a highly mechanized enterprise with 13 portal cranes from 5 to 40 tons, 35 forklifts from 1.5 to 10 tons and other handling equipment. Cargoes such as coal, metals, pipes, equipment, containers are handled here. Customs, quarantine, migration and passenger services are located in the seaport of the port. On its territory there is a parking lot and a gas station. The port receives medium-sized ships and ferries all year round. In 2005, the Kholmsk Commercial Sea Port received 79 million rubles in revenue, which is 23.8% more than in the previous year. 62 cargo ships and 380 ferries were processed. Cargo turnover amounted to 1146.9 thousand tons. The volume of loading and unloading operations in value terms increased by 42.3% compared to last year and amounted to 25.6 million rubles. The enterprise in the reporting period worked with a profit, in the corresponding period of last year had a negative financial result.
In 2000-2001, dredging was carried out and the port's ship handling capacity increased. The enterprise has started processing large-tonnage vessels for the Sakhalin-2 project.
CJSC Marine Company Sakhalin-Kuriles carries out regular sea transportation of goods and passengers on the Sakhalin - Otaru line by the ships "Marina Tsvetaeva" and "Igor Farkhutdinov".Fishery enterprises.
In the total volume of industrial production of the Kholmsky district, the fish industry occupies from 70 to 80%. According to the results of the 1st half of 2005, the largest share in the total volume of production in the main types of economic activity falls on fishing - this is 47.4%. The volume of production amounted to 114.4% compared to the level of 2004.
In the first half of 2005, enterprises of the fishing industry transferred tax payments to the local budget in the amount of 12.5 million rubles, which is more than 10% of the total amount of tax revenues. As of July 1, 2005, the arrears in tax payments amounted to 17.6 million rubles and doubled compared to the previous year, which explains the bankruptcy of two large enterprises in the industry (CJSC Sakhrybkom and OJSC Kholmsky Marine Resources RKZ-28) and the difficult financial situation of OAO Sakhalin Rybak.
In 2005, enterprises of the Kholmsky District RPK received quotas for catching and extracting aquatic biological resources for industrial purposes in the amount of 83.6 thousand tons and 14.9 thousand tons for coastal fishing, including 208.8 tons of pink salmon. In the first half of 2005, enterprises have already mastered 40% of the allocated limits, although the fishing situation in the fishing areas was rather difficult. All enterprises (except OAO "Sakhalin Rybak") issued permissive documents for fishing in a timely manner. The catch of fish in January-June 2005 amounted to 34.5 thousand tons, the growth against the level of 2004 is 39.1%. The output of food products has been significantly increased. The production of canned food in the reporting period decreased by 40.3% compared to the previous year. The decrease was allowed in connection with the bankruptcy of one of the large canning factories on Sakhalin LLC Kholmskiye Sea Resources RKZ-28, downtime due to financial problems and the lack of raw materials LLC "Laperuz". Now the crisis situation has been eliminated and the RKZ-28 plant has been working again since the summer of 2005 under the new name of Kholmskekoprodukt LLC (RKZ-35). Despite the difficulties with raw materials, the output of Sakura Company CJSC has been increased. The status of a port city is supported by Sakhalinremflot OJSC, the only enterprise in the island region that carries out a comprehensive repair of ships with a warranty period. This enterprise now also owns the Baikovsky Shipyard. Kholmsky ship repairmen are ready to take on the stocks for a year. Poseidon LLC - one of the largest enterprises of the fish complex of the Sakhalin region. Created in 1991. The company has a fishing area in the south of Sakhalin, several units of a small fleet, a trawler-freezer "Cape Kurbatov", the daily capacity of which is 50 tons of finished frozen products. The company's products have received recognition in the Russian market and abroad. The company has repeatedly been awarded the commemorative badge “The Best Exporter of the Russian Federation”. Fishing collective farm "Priboy" (p. Pravda) - the leading enterprise operating in the field of extraction and processing of raw fish and seafood in the region. The enterprise has a mining fleet, a coastal fish processing shop, and refrigerators. The collective farm produces about 60 types of products: frozen, salted, smoked, dried fish, preserves (from herring, cod, seafood); shredded frozen sea kale; cooking; minced fish ice cream; salted salmon caviar. The company employs 220 people. The collective farm has repeatedly presented its products at the international specialized exhibition-fair "Fish Industry", thanks to high quality its products. CJSC "Company" Sakura " (p. Pravda) - is engaged in the manufacture of canned fish and preserves, fish cooking, seafood processing. For the taste of the discerning consumer, 12 types of fish cooking are produced. The production is equipped with modern canning lines. Completely modernized production and management system. A variety of containers are used: tin, aluminum, plastic, corrugated packaging. Production capacity - 7,200 tons of fish and 800 tons of seaweed per year. The products are in great demand among buyers and have won prizes in the tasting councils of the “Vprok” program, the “Demand” magazine, exhibitions of the CSM and the Fisheries Department of the Sakhalin Region Administration.
OJSC "Kholmskaya Tin Can Factory" is the only company on Sakhalin that produces bank containers for the fish processing and food industries of our region and other regions of Russia. The main type of product is jar No. 6 for canned food - salmon, saury. Additionally, it produces several types of cans. For example, No. 22 - caviar, traditional bank No. 25 - for herring.
The structure of the enterprise includes: a varnish printing section, a photographic section, a main production shop for the production of bank containers No. 6, No. 5, No. 28, No. 22, No. 25, a whole can, SKO covers, a mechanical, construction, energy, loading and unloading section and an instrumentation section .
As well as a laboratory for the quality of products, a garage and quality control department.
The technology of manufacturing products is also being improved. The company has three automatic lines for the production of cans with a welded seam. This production technology meets international standards and is safe for canned food storage. Now there was a transition to the production of stamped cans, intended mainly for storing caviar. The caviar jar was improved and supplied with a key. There are intentions to improve the consumer properties of other cans - also providing them with a key.
As you know, packaging is already half the success in selling a product. The plant has been using lithography in the production of containers for over 30 years.
First - schematic, and now - bright, clear and colorful. In recent years, new ways of making it have been developed. For the production of lacquered cans, modern technological equipment of the companies "Toyo-Sekan" (Janonia), "Continental" (USA), "Mavag AG", "Sudronic AG", "Fray AG" (Switzerland), "Krup", "Blema" is used , Karges-Hammer AG (Germany). The enterprise cooperates with large domestic and foreign firms for the supply of varnishes, tin and other materials. Among them are the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, the Novosibirsk Tin Plant, various Japanese and German companies. All products of the factory are certified.
Kholmskaya Tin Factory is one of the largest manufacturers of metal cans in Russia. For achievement top results and contribution to the development of the fish processing and food industry of the Sakhalin region, the staff of the enterprise was repeatedly awarded honorary diplomas. At the annual specialized exhibitions "Fish industry" in the Sakhalin region, the products of the factory are invariably awarded with high awards. Kholm Bank is valued not only in Russia, but also abroad. So, in 2001 in Frankfurt at the 29th ceremony of awarding international quality prizes JSC "Kholmskaya ZhBF" was awarded the European Prize in the nomination "For Quality" (an award of the new millennium).
Enterprises of the transport and communication system.
A developed infrastructure has been created in the Kholmsky district.
