Russian duel - the history of domestic prejudice. Essay on Literature on the topic The Poet Died

Final graduation essay.

Getting ready in class and at home.

Violin Tatyana Vladimirovna,

Candidate of Philology,

teacher of Russian language and literature of the highest category

GBOU RO "Taganrog Pedagogical Lyceum-Boarding",

"LEGION"

1. "Mind and Feeling".

Direction involves thinking about

reason and feeling as the two most important

components of the inner world

person that influences

aspirations and actions. Reason and feeling can be considered both in harmonious unity and in complex confrontation, which constitutes the internal conflict of the personality.

The theme of mind and feeling is interesting for writers of different cultures and eras: heroes literary works often face a choice between the command of feeling and the prompting of reason.

Interpretation of concepts Mind is the ability of a person to think logically and creatively, summarizing the results of knowledge.

Feeling is highest form emotional relationship of a person to objects.

Statements about the mind... The human mind is limited, but the human mind, that is, the mind of mankind, is unlimited.

VG Belinsky If you have a mind, do not trust the inexperienced.

Al-Samarkandi If reason is a gift from heaven, and if the same can be said about faith, then heaven has sent us two gifts that are incompatible and contradict each other. To eliminate this difficulty, it must be recognized that faith is a chimerical principle that does not exist in nature.

D. Diderot The whole life should be entrusted to reason alone, as a wise guardian.

Pythagoras Every creature has organs indicating its place in the world. For man, this organ is the mind.

L. N. Tolstoy Reasonable does not pursue what is pleasant, but what saves one from troubles.

Aristotle Every day something new in the world rules the firmament, Before which human witty calculation recedes. Let our mind, like the golden sun, sparkle from the heights, He will never find a solution to the mysteries of fate.

Al-Samarkandi The first thing of the mind is to distinguish between the true and the false.

A. Camus Sayings about Reason Reason does not have to choose if the choice is between truth and fiction.

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(A. S. Griboedov) "Learn to rule yourself"

(A. S. Pushkin) What is more important: to think or feel?

Can the “mind of the mind” be harmoniously combined in a person?

and "mind of the heart"?

Calculation or command of the soul? What do we choose?

“Reason is an incomparably higher ability, but it is acquired only by victory over passions”

(V. G. Belinsky) Life is a comedy for those who think, and a tragedy for those who feel (Martty Larney) Recommended works “Woe from Wit” by A. S. Griboyedov “Eugene Onegin” by A. S. Pushkin “What do?" N. G. Chernyshevsky "Fathers and Sons" I. S. Turgenev "War and Peace" L. N. Tolstoy "Foma Gordeev" M. Gorky Plays by W. Shakespeare, stories by O. de Balzac, novels by J. Galsworthy.

Introduction The conflict of mind and feelings is peculiar to each of us. The mind advises a person to act according to calculation, emotions, on the contrary, force them to make illogical decisions.

People who are in captivity of strong feelings often make mistakes, but only an indifferent attitude to the world encourages us to take action.

17.1 Why did I. A. Goncharov assert: “Griboyedov’s Chatsky, and with him the whole comedy, will hardly ever grow old”?

Refer to the article by I.A. Goncharov "A Million of Torments" and give the critic's arguments confirming the eternity of the plot and the hero of the comedy "Woe from Wit", the idea that each new era resurrects the shadow of Chatsky.

Support your opinion with the judgments of other writers and critics about the hero (V. G. Belinsky - “a screamer, phrase-monger, an ideal buffoon”, A. S. Pushkin - “not smart”, throwing pearls in front of pigs). Consider the nature of the discussion around the image of Chatsky (the hero embodying the comedy roles of the “unlucky groom” and “evil wise guy”, or accuser, reasoner, preacher; “clever madman”, Don Quixote, fighting for the truth, or “superfluous”

Human; revolutionary democrat).

Summing up, note the combination of concrete historical and all-human content in the character of Griboedov's hero.

Literary arguments (USE material)

17.1 Is it possible to agree that many scenes of the play "Woe from Wit"

A.S. Griboedov “are constructed in such a way that the comic becomes a means of expressing the tragic, and comedy itself becomes one of the forms of embodiment of modern tragedy” (E. V. Yusim)?

At the beginning of your reasoning, note that the work of A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" gave critics and readers a reason to reflect on the problem of his genre. Consider how this play combined both the comedy of situations (remember the dialogue between Famusov and Lizanka, the fall from Molchalin's horse), and the comedy of characters (the colorful figures of Skalozub, Famusov), and the tragedy of the main characters (Chatsky - from the mind, and Sophia - from feelings) .

The hero himself summed up his stay in Moscow:

"a million torments". Having also named his article about Griboyedov's comedy, I.A. Goncharov showed not only the drama of the work, but also the diversity of its genre interpretations: "and the picture of manners, and the gallery of living types, and the ever-sharp, burning satire."

Describe how Maxim Petrovich, a Frenchman from Bordeaux, Khlestov and many other regulars of Moscow living rooms became the objects of the merciless irony of the protagonist, which formed the actual satirical layer of the work. At the same time, Chatsky himself is a reasoner, but his essence is not exhausted by this role.

Emphasize that the story of Chatsky seems to us rather a tragedy of a strong, but misunderstood personality. The fourth act of the play becomes at the same time a comedic and tragic scene, where the guests of the ball represent the secular world of Moscow, where the drama of Sophia is played out - a person who has deceived himself.

The fate of Molchalin and Lisa is also bleak: exile, loneliness, the collapse of hopes. The fate of Chatsky, who failed on the love front and in the public arena, turns into a tragedy for the country that is expelling him from Moscow the best minds.

Summing up, note that the complex genre nature of A.S. Griboedova does not allow her to clearly distinguish between the comic and the tragic, which gives us the right to agree with the opinion of the literary critic.

2. "Honor and dishonor."

The direction is based on polar concepts related to the choice of a person:

Many writers focused on depicting various manifestations of a person: from loyalty to moral rules to various forms of compromise with conscience, up to a deep moral decline of the individual.

Interpretation of concepts Honor - worthy of respect and pride in the moral qualities of a person, his corresponding principles. This is a good name, honor, respect. There is a duty of honor, a matter of honor, a court of honor.

Disgrace is an insult to pride, taken seriously and experienced as a tragedy, dishonor, resentment, shame.

Proverbs and sayings about honor and dishonor Everyone has his own honor (Russian proverb) Honor hangs by a thread, but if you lose it, you can’t tie it with a rope (Russian proverb) Arrogance destroys dignity (Lak proverb) It’s better to be bad for a good one than good for a bad one (Russian proverb) Not a piece of cake, but honor is dear (Russian proverb) It is better to be a master in a village than a servant in a city (Assyrian proverb) Take care of your dress again, but honor from a young age (Russian proverb) Sayings about honor and dishonor Honor is more precious than life.

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Sample topics “I will not give up my honor to anyone”

"A slave of honor" or a hostage of prejudice? My choice.

Is it always possible to follow the laws of honor, or should one submit to fate?

“Honor is a diamond on the hand of virtue” (Voltaire) Recommended works “The Captain’s Daughter”, “The Shot”, “Eugene Onegin” by A. S. Pushkin “The Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov”, “A Hero of Our Time”

M. Yu. Lermontov “Fathers and Sons” by I. S. Turgenev “War and Peace” by L. N. Tolstoy “Duel” by A. P. Chekhov “Duel” by A. I. Kuprin “White Guard” by M. A. Bulgakov Entry option The honor of a nobleman, merchant, warrior ... In the old days, the slightest insult to human dignity was considered a dishonor. Duelists defended their principles in fights, defended the honor of their families. Because of insults or doubts about someone's moral qualities, wars began, dramas of bloody revenge were played out.

Even entire nations stood up against each other so that no one would doubt their courage.

Let us recall the heroes of Russian literature: Grinev, who challenges Shvabrin, who insulted Masha Mironova, Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov, who fought with the guardsman Kiribeevich, who encroached on the honor of his wife, Pierre Bezukhov, who defended his dignity in a duel with Dolokhov.

It seems that it could be more noble? But often such situations lead to sad consequences. Let us remember the unfortunate Lensky. He dies at the hands of a former friend, defending the noble name of his bride.

From history The theme of honor is one of the most popular in Spanish literature of the 16th-17th centuries. Around her was a sharp ideological struggle between different areas of ethical thought and sociology. From the Middle Ages, in the 16th-17th centuries, the idea of honor passed as a “gift of blood”, which belongs to the nobility from birth and fences it off from the lower classes.

In contrast to this narrow interpretation of honor, the Spanish humanists, including Cervantes and Lope de Vega, declare nobility and honor not as hereditary gifts, but as manifestations of human dignity, which finds expression in highly moral deeds. The formula of this humanistic interpretation of the idea of honor Cervantes put into the mouth of his hero Don Quixote: "Everyone is the son of his deeds." Sharing this concept of honor, Lope de Vega in some of his folk-heroic dramas (“Fuente Ovehuna” and others) goes further: he affirms the ideal of “peasant honor” as a sense of human dignity inherent in the peasant, in contrast to the feudal rapist and determining the moral superiority of man from the people.

Calderon, in his "dramas of honor" often pays tribute to the estate-noble ideas. This is especially felt in the plays devoted to marital honor ("The Doctor of His Honor", 1633-1635; "For a secret insult - a secret vengeance", 1635, etc.). Honor in these plays is likened to a fragile vessel, which "can break from the slightest movement."

*** .... the laws of honor are harsh and, like any law, must be strictly observed.

“Dura lex sed lex” (lat. Harsh law, but law) - the hero of Calderon laments more than once.

15. Do you agree with the opinion that the fist fight between Kiribeevich and Kalashnikov is the personification of the struggle between the permissiveness of the "state" law and the morality of the "private" person?

At the beginning of a detailed discussion, evaluate the role of the fisticuffs of Kiribeevich and Kalashnikov in the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov. Emphasize that this is the culminating episode of the work, in which the characters of the main characters are revealed and the conflict between them is resolved.

Considering the themes and problems of the fragment, point out the contradiction between state law and the concept of the honor of the merchant Kalashnikov.

Explain how Stepan Paramonovich decides to defend his dignity in fair fight, not finding an intercessor in the person of the king and supreme power.

Expressing your agreement or disagreement with the above opinion, note the courage of the merchant, who was not afraid to resist the supreme power and boldly answered the sovereign Ivan Vasilyevich: “I killed him [Kiribeevich] of my free will, but for what, I won’t tell you, I’ll only tell God alone ".

In conclusion, pay attention to the fact that the tsar, breaking his word and executing the hero, recognizes the nobility of Kalashnikov and promises to take care of his family. Make a conclusion that the cruelty of Ivan Vasilyevich is combined, therefore, with some justice.

literary arguments ( USE materials)

17.2 Merchant's son in a situation of "disgrace": Stepan Paramonovich ("Song about the merchant Kalashnikov" by M. Yu. Lermontov) and Tikhon Ivanovich ("Thunderstorm").

At the beginning of your discussion, emphasize that main character"Songs about Tsar Ivan Vasilievich ..." the merchant Kalashnikov is endowed with the features of an epic hero and, at the same time, a romantic character.

Tell us that Stepan Paramonovich is obsessed with one goal - the desire to take revenge on the guardsman who insulted his wife. Kalashnikov is not afraid of death or royal wrath. For him honor is the most precious thing. Stepan Paramonovich is ready to stand up to the end for the "holy truth-mother." He not only enters into a duel with Kiribeevich, but rebels against the system of arbitrariness and permissiveness royal power, because Ivan Vasilievich is ready to break his word, initially promising a righteous battle to his rivals.

Note that the hero A.N. Ostrovsky Tikhon Kabanov is a man of another era. He lives in a family where house building laws are strong. By virtue of his nature, he cannot understand his wife's longing for true love. Tikhon leaves for Moscow to enjoy freedom and does not heed Katerina's requests to take her with him.

Remember how, having violated the conjugal duty, the heroine publicly repents of sin. However, Tikhon is ready to forgive Katerina because he loves her. Only at the insistence of his mother, he beats his wife several times, according to house building customs, but he himself suffers from this. After Katerina's suicide, it is Tikhon who throws terrible accusations at Kabanikha: “Mother, it was you who ruined her! You! You!" He remains "to live in the world and suffer." His weakness is one of the reasons for the tragedy that broke out in the merchant's house of the Kabanovs.

As a conclusion, note the importance of specific historical and all-human factors that determine the behavior of the heroes of A. N. Ostrovsky.

3. "Victory and defeat."

The direction allows you to think about victory and defeat in different aspects:

socio-historical, moral-philosophical, psychological.

Reasoning can be connected both with external conflict events in the life of a person, country, world, and with the internal struggle of a person with himself, its causes and results.

Literary works often show the ambiguity and relativity of the concepts of "victory" and "defeat" in different historical conditions and life situations.

Interpretation of concepts Victory is not only success in war,

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Do you agree with the saying "Winners are not judged"?

Our victory is not for war, but for peace.

"The same happiness is to be victorious or defeated in the battles of love"

(K. Helvetius) " The Greatest Victory- victory over oneself "(Cicero) Recommended works "The Fate of Man" and "Quiet Flows the Don"

M. Sholokhov (moral victory of heroes over life circumstances) “Sotnikov”, “Obelisk” by V. Bykov “Star” by E. Kazakevich “Killed near Moscow” by K. Vorobyov, “Cursed and killed” by V. Astafiev “Blind musician” by V. Korolenko "I can jump over puddles"

A. Marshall Introduction Oh, that sweet word "victory"! But how treacherous fate is. Sometimes it gives us success that looks like defeat.

You can win competitions, or you can overcome your fear, doubts, triumph over circumstances.

Point out how the war is depicted in V. P. Nekrasov’s novel “In the trenches of Stalingrad”.

Through the prism of perception of the autobiographical hero, the military engineer Kerzhentsev, pictures of military everyday life pass:

blood, dirt, sweat. Romance and false patriotism are alien to him. "Trench Truth" tells about the mistakes and abuses in the war. So, the chief of staff Abrosimov, an ardent fanatic, orders to attack the machine guns. The rear assistant, Kaluga, is sure that everything is coming to an end, so he gets rid of the insignia, prepares civilian clothes for himself: “But we must save ourselves - we can still be useful to our homeland.”

Former graduate student Farber regrets that before the war he led an ostrich lifestyle, and all the rest did not prepare themselves enough for it, shirked from flight training. A fair assessment of Abrosimov’s strategy sounds from Farber’s lips: “Courage is not about climbing a machine gun with a bare chest ... The trenches invented by Shiryaev are not cowardice. This is a welcome. Correct take. He would save people. I think it is impossible to ... command such people.

The question arises: can the name of the teacher Ales Ivanovich Moroz be on the obelisk, who did not kill a single fascist, but simply accepted death along with his students. Recalling this long history, Tkachuk says: “He put his life on the block. Myself. Voluntarily.

Do you understand what this argument is? Teacher Moroz did a lot for his fellow villagers and students: despite his disability, he went on business in Grodno, drew up papers.

During the occupation, he continued to teach children: “I did not humanize these guys for two years in order to dehumanize them”; "We will not teach, they will fool." The feat of a teacher who always stays with people is no less majestic than death on the battlefield.

4. "Experience and mistakes."

Within the framework of the direction, it is possible to reason about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, people, humanity as a whole, about the price of mistakes on the way of knowing the world, gaining life experience.

Literature often makes one think about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes without which it is impossible to move along the path of life, and about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

Interpretation of concepts EXPERIENCE is, first of all, the totality of everything that happens to a person in his life and what he is aware of; a person can have experience about himself, about his talents, abilities, about his virtues and vices ... About experimental knowledge (Experience) - the unity of knowledge and skills (skills) acquired in the process of direct experiences, impressions, observations, practical actions, in contrast from knowledge...

A mistake is an incorrectness in actions, deeds, statements, thoughts, an error.

Statements about experience and mistakes Experience is the teacher of everything.

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(A. S. Pushkin) One experience gained is more important than seven wise teachings “Whoever dares a lot, inevitably makes mistakes in many ways”

(Menander) “I put one experience higher than a thousand opinions born only by imagination” (M. V. Lomonosov) Recommended works “The Captain’s Daughter”, “Eugene Onegin” by A. S. Pushkin “A Hero of Our Time”

M. Yu. Lermontov “Oblomov” A. I. Goncharova “Fathers and Sons” I. S. Turgenev “War and Peace” L.N. Tolstoy "Quiet Flows the Don" by M. A. Sholokhov Introduction variant They say that clever man learns from the mistakes of others, and the fool learns from his own. And indeed it is. Why make the same mistakes and end up in the same unpleasant situations that your relatives or friends have already been in? But in order for this not to happen, you really need to be reasonable person and realize that no matter how smart you are, the most valuable experience for you in any case is the experience of other people who have gone much longer than yours life path. You need to have enough intelligence not to get into a mess, and then not to rack your brains on how to get out of this mess. But those who most often learn from their own mistakes are those who consider themselves an unsurpassed connoisseur of life and do not think about their actions and their future.

Materials for literary arguments from the tasks of the exam

17.2. Do you agree with the opinion of G. A. Byaly, that "Bazarov's strength in the face of death reaches the proportions of heroism"?

Arguing about the statement of G. A. Byaly, consider the social,

political, philosophical views, aesthetic views of the protagonist of the novel "Fathers and Sons". Show in your reflection the collapse of the nihilistic worldview of Bazarov, who realized that “every person hangs by a thread”, the abyss can open up before him.

Talk about how, faced with the secret of love, nature and beauty, the maximalist hero realizes their eternal value. The real feeling, according to the author of the novel, is always tragic, and it destroys Bazarov.

Many researchers agree that the accidental death of an experienced physician is doubtful and death becomes a conscious choice of the hero. A person of such magnitude cannot labor in such an insignificant field. village doctor. Realizing the impossibility of accomplishing a feat, the nihilist decides to at least die heroically.

Bazarov's soul rises to unprecedented heights. When he passes away, he thinks only about people close and dear to his heart. In his words addressed to Anna Sergeevna, the voice of real feeling is noticeable. Now he is not ashamed to express his love for his parents and country. The hero tries to joke about his situation: “The old thing is death, but it’s new for everyone. I still don't give a damn…”

Explain how the epilogue of the novel expresses the main philosophical idea of the work: "passionate, sinful, rebellious hearts" leave, but eternal values - love, nature, sky - remain. No matter how passionately the hero wants to change the world, no matter how he denies poetry, love, music, life will take its toll.

The memory of Bazarov lies in the "endless life." The greatness of the hero's spirit was already embedded in the author's idea, who saw the central character of "Fathers and Sons" as "gloomy, wild, big in nature ... strong, vicious, honest", but "doomed to death."

Summarizing what has been said, emphasize that the scene on the grave speaks of the return of original harmony and the reconciliation of the hero's soul with eternity.

Comment on F. Nietzsche's statement that strong people must be able to "proudly die when it is no longer possible to live proudly." The courage, self-denial of leading figures and the tragedy of their fate expresses admiration and admiration for them.

Materials for literary arguments from the tasks of the exam

17.1. Comment on the statement of A. Ya. Esalnek: “In “Eugene Onegin” a novel situation was developed, which, having the fate of the individual in the center, made it possible to fully and multifacetedly recreate the life of the noble society of the first quarter XIX century."

In your essay, please point out that calling card to denote the uniqueness of Pushkin's work, the words of V. G. Belinsky about "Eugene Onegin" as an "encyclopedia of Russian life" began. Emphasize that this is one of those works in which “the age and modern man depicted fairly well." Onegin is the hero of the time, the bearer of the seal of disappointment, the “Russian melancholy”.

Note that artistic space"Eugene Onegin" covers both St. Petersburg and Moscow, and the whole modern Russia, its history and present. No wonder the author recalls the war of 1812 and Napoleon, who never saw the kneeling Moscow "with the keys of the old Kremlin." But not only the glorious past, but also the patriarchal and provincial nature of the modern capital is noticed by A.S. Pushkin. This is Griboyedov's Moscow with its bride fair, "incoherent, vulgar nonsense" in the living rooms.

An ailment whose cause It is high time to find - Similar to the English spleen, In short: Russian melancholy ... Consider how the aristocracy of both capitals is opposed to other segments of the population Russian Empire: local nobility, peasants. It is no coincidence that the action in the second chapter moves to the village. And here, drawing a gallery of local landowners, Pushkin anticipates N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls". The fate of Lensky, if he had not died “in the prime of life”, could have turned out like the life of Manilov, an idle dreamer. The destiny of Tatyana's mother is the life of a thrifty Korobochka, a limited housewife, and the storyteller's neighbor Buyanov "in a cap with a visor" resembles Nozdryov. There is in "Eugene Onegin" and his Plyushkin - Gvozdin, "the owner is excellent, the owner of poor peasants."

At the end of your reflection, emphasize that Pushkin's novel is an invaluable historical document, including the daily routine of a secular person, spiritual and property affairs, posters of the then theaters, restaurant menus, and even the history of costumes.

Materials for literary arguments from the tasks of the exam

17.2. Do you agree with the statement: “The story of Raskolnikov is the story of an intellect lost in the darkness of unbelief” (P. E. Fokin)?

Reflecting on the problem posed, give the statement of Dostoevsky, who said that God tormented him all his life. Among the heroes of the writer there are no atheists. Everyone is looking for his own God, even those who are obsessed with the idea of theomachism, only a person becomes his Christ. Such is the hero of the novel "Crime and Punishment" Rodion Raskolnikov. At the heart of his theory is the dream of feeling like a chosen one, having fallen into the highest category of people.

Extraordinary people for the sake of a lofty idea can allow themselves "blood in conscience", that is, the opportunity to "step over other obstacles."

The murder becomes for Raskolnikov a way of checking whether "he is a trembling creature or has a right." However, “blood according to conscience” does not give rest to conscience.

The mind and heart of the hero are at odds.

Show how the writer discovers two abysses in Raskolnikov's soul:

one of his essence commits murder, the second suffers and repents.

Point out that murder is disgusting and disgusting for Raskolnikov the man. Along with the dream, resistance to it lives in the soul of the transgressor. Life confirms the doubts of the hero: the "ordinary" Sonya turns out to be morally superior to Luzhin and Svidrigailov.

But the sin of murder is secondary. Rodion Raskolnikov is a sinner according to the Christian commandments: after all, pride is the greatest evil, and its consequence is dislike for people and the creation of an inhuman theory, according to which he is the “chosen one”, and they are “trembling creatures”.

Summing up, note that the hero’s mental crisis could turn into both the death of the personality and its rebirth, but this requires new life guidelines. Like Christ, who raised Lazarus from the dead, Sonya Marmeladova saves Raskolnikov's soul. As a conductor of the writer's philosophy, she is endowed with the gift of love and infinite compassion for people. By the power of her feelings, the heroine elevates Raskolnikov to herself. Rodion is freed from the fetters of the ungodly theory and returns to his present self. Under the pillow in hard labor he has the Gospel. This inspires hope that "the intellect lost in the darkness of unbelief" will find rest in faith.

5. "Friendship and enmity."

The direction aims at reasoning about the value of human friendship, about ways to achieve mutual understanding between individuals, their communities and even entire nations, as well as about the origins and consequences of enmity between them.

Interpretation of concepts Friendship is a close relationship based on mutual trust, affection, common interests.

Enmity - attitudes and actions imbued with hostility, hatred.

Statements about friendship and enmity of an enemy are more dangerous than a close one who turned out to be an enemy (Sh.

Rustaveli) By nature, people are not at all enemies to each other (J.-J. Rousseau) Hidden enmity is more dangerous than overt (Cicero) Whoever loves to kindle human enmity forever, in the end the fire will destroy him (Saadi) A treacherous friend is the most dangerous enemy ( G.

In this unfaithful world, don't be a fool:

Do not rely on those who are around, Look with a sober eye at your closest friend - A friend may turn out to be the worst enemy (O. Khayyam) Statements about friendship and enmity Who knows about the danger, but he is the enemy (I.-V. Goethe ) The worst enemies are from former friends: they hit on your weaknesses, they only follow them, on the most vulnerable spot(Gracian y Morales) To think that a powerless enemy cannot harm is to think that a spark cannot produce a fire (Saadi) An enemy is known and exposed in misfortune (Epictetus) That enemy is more dangerous who pretends to be your friend (G. Skovoroda ) Long tongues ... sow enmity between neighbors and between peoples (V. Scott) Sample topics “So people (I repent first) have nothing to do friends” (A.S. Pushkin) “Of two friends, one is always the slave of the other”

"There is no bond holier than fellowship"

“There is no enemy more cruel than a former friend” (A. Morois) I defeat my enemies by turning them into friends (A. Lincoln) Recommended works “Dubrovsky”, “Shot”, “The Captain's Daughter”, “Eugene Onegin” A. S. Pushkin "Hero of Our Time"

M. Yu. Lermontov "Taras Bulba", "How Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich"

N. V. Gogol "Oblomov" A. I. Goncharov "Fathers and Sons" I. S. Turgenev "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy Introduction What is true friendship? Can we be true to the bonds of fellowship? The ancient heroes Ajax and Patroclus were like brothers and remained faithful companions until their death. However, life often surprises us. Friendship develops into hostility, and hostility into a thirst for revenge.

Materials for literary arguments from the tasks of the exam

16. In what works of Russian writers and poets of the 19th century do heroes resolve a conflict situation with a duel?

In your answer to the question posed in the assignment, name at least two works of the 19th century that depict a duel between heroes and antagonists (for example, “The Shot” and “Eugene Onegin” by A.S. Pushkin, “A Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov, "Fathers and Sons" by I.S. Turgenev, "War and Peace" by L.N. Tolstoy, "Duel" by A.P. Chekhov).

Having determined the literary context, indicate the connection between the problems of this fragment and the named works. Consider the tragic finale of the duel between two friends Onegin and Lensky, the pseudo-romantic nature of the duel between Pechorin and Grushnitsky, the duel-game between Pavel Petrovich and Bazarov, the fight between Bezukhov and Dolokhov, the duel between von Koren and Laevsky. Remember how the declared topic will develop in the literature of the early twentieth century: in the battle of Yuri Romashov with the officer environment, the military system as a whole, the hero's opposition to the world order in A. I. Kuprin's story "Duel".

Summing up what has been said, note that, being an attribute of noble life, the duel plays a special role in the plot, being connected with the idea and problems of the work.

Materials for literary arguments from the tasks of the exam

8. How do Pechorin's words about friendship explain his relationship with other people?

Answering the question posed, in a detailed discussion, show the role of Pechorin's confession, reflections on friendship, love in revealing his character. Rate the irony and cynicism of Lermontov's hero.

Think about why Pechorin feels like a "moral cripple", "an indispensable face of the fifth act." Prove that Dr. Werner is the intellectual "double" of his friend.

Summarizing what has been said, note the skepticism of Lermontov's hero regarding friendly affection (“... of two friends, one is always the slave of the other”), which does not cancel at the same time friendly relations with Dr. Werner.

Materials for literary arguments from the tasks of the exam

16. What Russian writers tested their heroes with friendship? How are these heroes close to Pechorin?

Give at least two examples that illustrate the stated topic. Compare them with the relationship between Pechorin and Werner. Point out that Pushkin's Onegin first acts as a mentor to the young poet Lensky, but then becomes a hostage public opinion, "killing a friend in a duel"; Turgenev's Bazarov condescendingly allows

Arkady Kirsanov to admire himself, but does not appreciate his friend:

“You are a tender soul, a weakling, where should you hate! .. You are shy, you have little hope for yourself ...”; how Prince Bolkonsky feels his superiority over his young friend Pierre, and the cold brethren Dolokhov meets Bezukhov in a duel.

Emphasize that the union of lyceum students in A.S. Pushkin, the front-line brotherhood of Cossacks in the novel "Quiet Flows the Don" represent a qualitatively different nature of friendship.

In conclusion, indicate that the plot diagram of the relationship between the characters of "Eugene Onegin", "Fathers and Sons", "War and Peace"

points to some correctness of Pechorin's philosophy and at the same time exposes its cynicism.

"Russian language. Literature. Final final essay in grade 11. GEF" Teaching aid is intended for those who want to successfully prepare for writing a final essay in the 11th grade. The book was written with thematic areas final essay in graduating classes for 2016-2017 academic year, as well as requirements for the structure, content and evaluation final work.

The authors have developed a system of various creative tasks, which can be performed directly in the workbook. Thus, the format of the manual allows you to use it as a practice book. The book is addressed to teachers and school graduates, however, it can be used to prepare for writing essays in the 9th-10th grades.

New Series "Theme tests in literature"

Manual of the series "Preparing for the Unified State Examination"

edited by N.A. Senina's Handbook is the most complete publication on literature, designed to prepare for the exam. It contains fifteen author's educational and training options, written in accordance with the 2017 specification, a dictionary of literary terms and reference materials with comments from program works, answers to all tasks of the first part, as well as materials for the answers of the second part, which will help develop writing skills in a fairly short time

MAOU "Secondary school No. 60 for the social adaptation of children with disabilities in Ulan-Ude" Teacher of Russian language and literature Zubkova Galina Petrovna Russian language lesson in grade 11 in preparation for composing a reasoning (thematic area "Honor and dishonor") on the topic "Honor is the dignity of a morally living person" . (D.S. Likhachev) The objectives of the lesson: analyze the content of the source text, prepare for writing an essay of reasoning; to form the ability to determine the main problem of the text, to formulate the author's position; the ability to create a system of arguments confirming the validity of the conclusions; stimulate mental activity, creativity; the formation of a civil position through reflection on honor and dishonor, and nobility and meanness, on loyalty and betrayal. Equipment: presentation, handout Course of the lesson 1. Organizing moment Teacher: 3 What: 1 we know, 2 we want to know, 3 we learned We know: requirements for evaluating an essay, composition of an essay, reasoning We want to know: Actualization of the topic. Guess what the thematic direction of our essay is from the following examples. A well-known scientist, archaeologist, historian, specialist in the field of ancient culture, specialist in Islamic art and architecture. Custodian and Director of Palmyra, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Khaled Asaad was born, lived and worked in Palmyra. He devoted more than 50 years to the study of antiquity. It was Asaad who headed the world-famous open-air museum and took care of the preservation of the treasures of Palmyra. In 2015, he was arrested by ISIS militants (a terrorist organization banned in Russia), who demanded to give them the historical artifacts of the famous Palmyra. For more than a month, the militants tortured the 81-year-old scientist, trying to force Khaled Asaad to open the places where valuable historical treasures were hidden. Khaled Asaad withstood the torture. The militants executed him, cut off his head, then hung him next to one of the columns of the famous Palmyra and arranged a “photo session”. In the memory of the son of Khaled Asaad, the words of his father remained: “I was born here and will stay in Palmyra, protecting it. Even if it costs me my life." "I am old. Where should I run and why? Let what is happening now with my people happen to me.” Another example. Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin (1842 - 1904) - artist, writer, recognized master of battle scenes. The artist considered it impossible to paint battle scenes without participating in battles. He creates all his canvases on the basis of what he saw and felt. He said, "The truth demands the truth." You can write a true picture of life only by seeing and realizing reality. V.V. Vereshchagin was already 62 years old when he accepted the proposal of the commander of the Pacific squadron S.O. Makarov to take part in the campaign of the flagship battleship Petropavlovsk. The news of the Japanese attack on the Russian fleet again persistently called him on the road. On the day of death

the artist's ship was noticed sketching views from the deck of a maneuvering vessel. Only a minute and a half was enough for Petropavlovsk, which was blown up by Japanese mines, to hide in the abyss of the Yellow Sea, taking with it the bodies of Makarov, Vereshchagin and six hundred and forty people of the team. Until the end of his life, the artist fought against the war with his paintings. He said: “You must not be afraid to sacrifice your blood ...” The great poet A.S. Pushkin defended this moral concept in a duel with Dantes. And we know that he paid for it with his life. And now let's combine these examples and answer the question: by what moral concept do people guide their actions? It is defended, protected, cherished, cherished, afraid of losing and ready to give their lives for it. Prefer to die but keep it. Thematic direction "Honor and dishonor" Approximate themes of the essays "Take care of honor from a young age" B) "True honor cannot tolerate untruth" (Henry Fielding). C) “You cannot dishonor someone who is not afraid of death” (Jean Jacques Rousseau) d) “Honor is the dignity of a morally living person” (D.S. Likhachev) e) Honor and honesty give birth to the mind, and dishonesty takes it away. E) What does it mean to walk the path of honor? G) “I will not give up my honor to anyone” H) “A slave of honor” or a hostage of prejudices? My choice. I) Is it always possible to follow the laws of honor, or is it necessary to submit to fate? "Honor is the dignity of a morally living person." (D.S. Likhachev) Let's define the purpose of the lesson. Lesson steps. Find the key words in the quote. How do you understand these moral qualities? The direction is based on polar concepts related to the choice of a person: to be true to the voice of conscience, to follow moral principles, or to follow the path of betrayal, lies and hypocrisy. Honor - human dignity, decency, nobility, good name, directness, fidelity to the word, honesty. “Honor is the inner moral dignity of a person, valor, honesty, nobility of soul and a clear conscience” dictionaryV. I. Dahl). Honor is the moral qualities of a person worthy of respect and pride, his corresponding principles. This is a good name, honor, respect. Set phrases: duty of honor, matter of honor, court of honor. Disgrace is an insult inflicted on self-esteem, taken seriously and experienced as a tragedy, dishonor, resentment, shame, betrayal. Choose definitions for the concept of honor: officer, military, merchant, civil, male, female, girlish, human, personal ... Remember the proverbs about honor. Take care of the dress again, and honor from a young age. Honor hangs in the balance, but if you lose it, you won’t tie it with a rope. Not a piece of the pie, but honor is dear. .

Where there is honor, there is truth. Everyone is honest with their merits. Everyone has their own honor. Not the honest one who is chasing honor, but the one for whom she herself is running. The mind gives birth to honor, and dishonor takes away the last. Honor is firm, in the word stand. Honor is protected by the head. Better death on the field than shame in captivity. Disgrace is worse than death. . On merit and honor. Aphorisms Honor is dearer than life. Schiller F. True honor is the decision to do under all circumstances what is useful to most people. Franklin B. My honor is my life; both grow from the same root. Take away my honor and my life will be over. Shakespeare W. I agree to endure any misfortune, But I will not agree that honor suffers. Corneille Pierre Every courageous, every truthful person brings honor to his homeland. Rolland R. I will endure injustice, but not dishonor. Caecilius. We have no right to live when honor has perished. Corneille Pierre Conclusion: How can we characterize the concept of "Honor"? 1. The introduction is the thesis of the essay, it can be 1) A chain interrogative sentences, which are designed to fix attention on the key concepts of the topic; In the form of nominal sentences that reflect the basic concepts of the future composition; In the form of rhetorical questions, interrogative in form, but affirmative in content; In the form of a lyrical introduction, presenting personal impressions related to the theme What is honor? Why is she so highly valued at all times? What qualities in a person form honor? What is the difference between honor and dishonor? Is honor a permanent quality of a person or does it manifest itself only in certain situations? Is honor a moral quality of each person or a feature of individual people? Why, in the same circumstances, one behaves like a hero, while the other thinks only of himself? Recommended literature:  A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", "Shot", "Eugene Onegin"  B. Vasiliev "Tomorrow there was a war"  M. Yu. Lermontov "Song about the merchant Kalashnikov", "Hero of our time"  I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”  A. P. Chekhov “Duel”  A. I. Kuprin “Duel”  F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”  L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace” , "Anna Karenina"  V. Rasputin "Live and Remember"  V. Bykov "Sotnikov"

 Ch. Aitmatov “And the day lasts longer than a century”  M.A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita” V. Bykov “Sotnikov” 1. A word about the writer 2. Acquaintance with the source text way to one loop "(text of the novel "Sotnikov" by V. Bykov.) Working with the text So, explain the meaning of the failed title "Two ways to one loop" The Pope awarded the writer V. Bykov for the story "Sotnikov" a special prize of the Catholic Church. This fact indicates what a universal, moral principle is seen in this work. The enormous moral strength of Sotnikov lies in the fact that he was able to accept suffering for his people, managed to keep the faith, not to succumb to that vile thought that Rybak succumbed to. "Anyway, now death does not make sense, it will not change anything." This is not so - suffering for the people, for the faith always makes sense for humanity. 2. Determine the topic of the text 3. What is this text about? 4. What questions does the author think about? So what is the author's problem? (1 method: V. Bykov raises the problem of betrayal. How do they become traitors? 2 method: “When it becomes clear where is glory and where is shame? (when a person faces a choice to live as a scoundrel or die defending his honor) Formulate a problem using one of the proposed options. Write down the answer in a notebook. What category does the problem belong to? (moral) For what purpose does V. Bykov introduce a little boy into the episode of Sotnikov's death? How do R. and S. behave in captivity? (R. tricks, tries to deceive S. does not compromise and tries to take everything upon himself in order to save the lives of other people.) 1. Let's make a conclusion about the moral position of the heroes (how do they act?): 2. What qualities underlie their actions? .Ready to die, just to save the lives of other people.Faithful to his duty to the Motherland.Rybak 1.He makes a deal with the enemy in order to save his life.2.Sotnikov's courage is based on fortitude, a sense of responsibility for the lives of other people, honesty, adherence to principles , uncompromising. 2. The basis of actions is cunning, opportunism, lies, hypocrisy, fear for one's life, compromise with conscience. What is the reason for Rybak's fall? (he thought about himself, and not about the people around him (he did not leave the sick Sotnikov only because he was afraid of the condemnation of his comrades,) This is how the author says about it.

V. Bykov: “I think that the reason for the fall of Rybak is his spiritual omnivorousness, lack of formation ... Moral deafness does not allow him to understand the deafness of the fall. Only at the end, with an irreparable delay, he discovers that in other cases surviving is no better than dying ... As a result, spiritual death, which turns out to be bitter and more shameful than physical death ”Can we determine the author's position from these words? (spiritual death, worse and more shameful than physical death) Do you agree with the author's opinion? V. Bykov wrote: “First and foremost, I was interested in two moral problems, which can be formulated as follows: “What is a person in the face of the destructive force of inhuman circumstances? What is he capable of when the possibilities to protect life are exhausted to the end and it is impossible to prevent death? Bottom line: A person can always face a moral choice: to defend his honor and remain true to his principles, or forever lose his own dignity. A deal with one's own conscience leads to dishonor. Does this opinion echo the quote from the essay? Is this problem relevant today? What makes it relevant? (Yes. We started the lesson with real-life examples that confirm this idea.) Home task: write an essay on this topic.

In the 19th century, epigrams were written on everyone: on each other, on kings, ballerinas and archimandrites. But by some irony of fate, Pushkin's biting quatrain Alexander Sergeevich himself was subsequently not happy that he wrote it, played a cruel joke on a person who was less worthy of it than others.

In the spring of 1801, the Russian ambassador to England, Count Semyon Romanovich Vorontsov, sent his son Mikhail to his homeland, which he did not remember at all. He was a little over a year old when his father, a diplomat, having received a new appointment, took his family away from St. Petersburg.

Nineteen years ago, on May 19, 1782, the count took his first child in his arms. A year later, the Vorontsovs had a daughter, Ekaterina, and a few months later, the count was widowed - his young wife, Ekaterina Alekseevna, died of transient consumption. And Vorontsov arrived in London with two small children. Count Semyon Romanovich never married again, devoting his whole life to Misha and Katya.

From a young age, Semyon Romanovich inspired his son: any person belongs first of all to the Fatherland, his first duty is to love the land of his ancestors and valiantly serve it. And perhaps it is only with firm concept about faith, honor and in the presence of a thorough education

Count Vorontsov was no stranger to pedagogy even before: at one time he even compiled programs for Russian youth in military and diplomatic education. He was inspired to do this by the conviction that the dominance of ignoramuses and foreigners in high positions is very harmful to the state. True, Vorontsov's ideas were not met with support, but he could fully realize them in his son.

Semyon Romanovich himself selected teachers for him, he himself compiled programs in various subjects, he studied with him himself. This well-thought-out system of education, coupled with Mikhail's brilliant abilities, allowed him to acquire the store of knowledge with which he would subsequently amaze his contemporaries throughout his life.

Vorontsov set himself the goal of raising a Russian from his son and nothing else. Having lived half his life abroad and having all the outward signs of an Angloman, Vorontsov liked to repeat: "I am Russian and only Russian." This position determined everything for his son. Apart from national history and literature, which, according to his father, should have helped his son in the main thing - to become Russian in spirit, Mikhail knew French and English perfectly, mastered Latin and Greek. His daily schedule included mathematics, natural sciences, drawing, architecture, music, military affairs.

The father considered it necessary to give his son a craft in his hands. The ax, saw and planer became not only familiar objects for Mikhail: the future Most Serene Prince became so addicted to carpentry that he gave him all his free hours until the end of his life. This is how one of the richest nobles of Russia raised his children.

And now Michael is nineteen. Seeing him off to serve in Russia, his father gives him complete freedom: let him choose a job to his liking. From London to St. Petersburg, the son of the Russian ambassador arrived all alone: without servants and companions, which indescribably surprised Vorontsov's relatives. Moreover, Michael refused the privilege, which was due to having the title of chamberlain, assigned to him, even when he lived in London. This privilege entitles a young man who decides to devote himself to the army to immediately have the rank of major general. Vorontsov, on the other hand, asked to be given the opportunity to start his service from the lower ranks and was enlisted as a lieutenant of the Life Guards in the Preobrazhensky Regiment. And since the life of the capital did not satisfy the young Vorontsov, in 1803 he went as a volunteer to the place where the war was going on, in Transcaucasia. Harsh conditions were tolerated by him stoically.

Thus began the fifteen-year, almost uninterrupted military epic of Vorontsov. All promotions and awards went to him in the powder smoke of battles. Patriotic War In 1812, Mikhail met with the rank of major general, commander of the consolidated grenadier division.

GeneralJacobin

In the battle of Borodino on August 26, Vorontsov and his grenadiers received the first and most powerful blow from the enemy on the Semyonov flushes. It was here that Napoleon planned to break through the defenses of the Russian army. Against 8,000 Russians with 50 guns, 43,000 selected French troops were thrown, whose uninterrupted attacks were supported by the fire of two hundred guns. All participants in the Borodino battle unanimously recognized: Semenov flushes were hell. The fiercest battle lasted three hours the grenadiers did not retreat, although they suffered huge losses. When someone later dropped that Vorontsov's division "disappeared from the field," Mikhail Semenovich, who was present at the same time, sadly corrected: "It disappeared on the field."

Vorontsov himself was seriously wounded. He was bandaged right on the field and in a cart, one wheel of which was hit by a cannonball, was taken out from under the bullets and cannonballs. When the count was brought home to Moscow, all the free buildings were filled with the wounded, often deprived of any help. On the carts from the Vorontsov estate, the lordly property was loaded for transportation to distant villages: paintings, bronze, boxes with porcelain and books, furniture. Vorontsov ordered that everything be returned to the house, and that the convoy be used to transport the wounded to Andreevskoye, his estate near Vladimir. The wounded were picked up all over Vladimirskaya road. A hospital was set up in Andreevsky, where up to 50 officer ranks and more than 300 privates were treated at the full support of the count until his recovery.

After recovery, each soldier was supplied with linen, a sheepskin coat and 10 rubles. Then in groups they were transported by Vorontsov to the army. He himself arrived there, still limping, moving with a cane. Meanwhile, the Russian army was moving inexorably to the West. In the battle of Craon, already near Paris, Lieutenant General Vorontsov independently acted against the troops led personally by Napoleon. He used all the elements of Russian combat tactics, developed and approved by A.V. Suvorov: rapid infantry bayonet attack deep into enemy columns with artillery support, skillful deployment of reserves and, most importantly, the admissibility of private initiative in battle, based on the requirements of the moment. Against this, the French bravely fought, even with a two-fold numerical superiority, were powerless.

“Such feats in the eyes of everyone, having covered our infantry with glory and eliminated the enemy, certify that nothing is impossible for us,” Vorontsov wrote in an order after the battle, noting the merits of everyone: privates and generals. But both of them personally witnessed the enormous personal courage of their commander: despite the unhealed wound, Vorontsov was constantly in battle, took command of the units whose commanders had fallen. No wonder the military historian M. Bogdanovsky, in his study on this one of the last bloody battles with Napoleon, especially noted Mikhail Semenovich: “The military field of Count Vorontsov was lit up on the day of the Craon battle with a brilliance of glory, sublime modesty, the usual companion of true dignity.”

In March 1814, Russian troops entered Paris. For four long years, very difficult for the regiments that fought through Europe, Vorontsov became the commander of the Russian occupation corps. A plethora of problems befell him. The most urgent ones are how to maintain the combat readiness of a mortally tired army and ensure the conflict-free coexistence of the victorious troops and the civilian population. The most down to earth: how to ensure a tolerable material existence for those soldiers who fell victim to charming Parisians, some had wives, and besides, an addition to the family was expected. So now Vorontsov was no longer required to have combat experience, but rather tolerance, attention to people, diplomacy and administrative skill. But no matter how many worries, they all expected Vorontsov.

A certain set of rules was introduced in the corps, drawn up by its commander. They were based on a strict requirement for officers of all ranks to exclude from circulation by soldiers actions that degrade human dignity, in other words, for the first time in the Russian army, Vorontsov, by his will, forbade corporal punishment. Any conflicts and violations of the statutory discipline were to be dealt with and punished only according to the law, without the "vile custom" of using sticks and assault.

Progressive-minded officers welcomed the innovations introduced by Vorontsov in the corps, considering them the prototype of the reform of the entire army, while others predicted possible complications with the St. Petersburg authorities. But Vorontsov stubbornly stood his ground.

Among other things, in all divisions of the corps, by order of the commander, schools were organized for soldiers and junior officers. Senior officers and priests became teachers. Vorontsov personally composed learning programs depending on situations: one of his subordinates learned the alphabet, someone mastered the rules of writing and counting.

And Vorontsov also adjusted the regularity of sending correspondence from Russia to the troops, wishing that people, cut off from their homeland for years, would not lose touch with their homeland.

It so happened that the government allocated money for the Russian occupation corps for two years of service. The heroes remembered love, women and other joys of life. What it resulted in, one person, Vorontsov, knew for sure. Before sending the corps to Russia, he ordered to collect information about all the debts made during this time by corps officers. In total, it turned out one and a half million banknotes.

Believing that the winners should leave Paris in a dignified manner, Vorontsov paid off this debt by selling the Krugloye estate, which he inherited from his aunt, the notorious Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova.

The corps marched east, and rumors were already circulating in St. Petersburg that Vorontsov's liberalism indulged the Jacobin spirit, and the discipline and military skills of the soldiers left much to be desired. Having made a review of the Russian troops in Germany, Alexander I expressed dissatisfaction with their insufficiently fast, in his opinion, step. Vorontsov's answer was passed from mouth to mouth and became known to everyone: "Your Majesty, by this step we came to Paris." Returning to Russia and feeling obvious hostility towards himself, Vorontsov submitted a letter of resignation. Alexander I refused to accept it. Whatever you say, it was impossible to do without the Vorontsovs

Governor of the South

In February 1819, the 37-year-old general went to his father in London to ask permission to marry. His fiancee, Countess Elizaveta Ksaveryevna Branitskaya, was already in her 27th year when, during her trip abroad, she met Mikhail Vorontsov, who immediately proposed to her. Eliza, as Branitskaya was called in the world, a Pole by her father, a Russian by her mother, relatives of Potemkin, possessed a huge fortune and that incredibly charming charm that made everyone see her as a beauty.

The Vorontsov couple returned to St. Petersburg, but not for long. Mikhail Semenovich did not stay in any of the Russian capitals - he served wherever the tsar sent him. Appointment to the south of Russia, which happened in 1823, he was very pleased. The edge, to which the center still could not reach the hands, was the focus of all possible problems A: national, economic, cultural, military and so on. But for an enterprising person, this vast half-asleep space with rare patches of civilization was a real find, especially since he was given unlimited powers by the tsar.

The newly arrived governor-general began with impassability, an ineradicable Russian misfortune. A little more than 10 years later, having traveled from Simferopol to Sevastopol, A.V. Zhukovsky wrote in his diary: "A wonderful road a monument to Vorontsov." This was followed by the first Black Sea commercial Russian shipping company in the south of Russia.

Today it seems that the vineyards on the spurs of the Crimean mountains have come down to us almost since antiquity. Meanwhile, it was Count Vorontsov, having appreciated all the advantages of the local climate, who contributed to the emergence and development of Crimean viticulture. He ordered seedlings of all varieties of grapes from France, Germany, Spain and, inviting foreign experts, set them the task of identifying those that would take root better and be able to produce the necessary yields. Painstaking selection work was carried out for more than a year or two winemakers knew firsthand how stony the local soil is and how it suffers from lack of water. But Vorontsov, with unshakable tenacity, continued his plan. First of all, he planted vineyards on his own plots of land, which he acquired in the Crimea. The mere fact that the famous palace complex in Alupka was built to a large extent with the money Vorontsov received from the sale of his own wine speaks eloquently of Mikhail Semenovich's remarkable commercial acumen.

In addition to winemaking, Vorontsov, carefully looking at the activities that had already been mastered by the local population, did his best to develop and improve existing local traditions. From Spain and Saxony, elite breeds of sheep were issued and small wool processing enterprises were set up. This, in addition to employment, gave money to both people and the region. Not relying on subsidies from the center, Vorontsov set out to put life in the region on the principles of self-sufficiency. Hence Vorontsov's previously unprecedented in scale transformative activities: tobacco plantations, nurseries, the establishment of the Odessa Agricultural Society for the Exchange of Experience, the purchase of agricultural implements new for that time abroad, experimental farms, a botanical garden, livestock and fruit and vegetable exhibitions.

All this, in addition to the revival of life in Novorossia itself, changed the attitude towards it as a wild and almost burdensome land for the state treasury. Suffice it to say that the result of the first years of managing Vorontsov was an increase in the price of land from thirty kopecks per tithe to ten rubles or more.

The population of Novorossiya grew from year to year. A lot was done by Vorontsov for enlightenment and scientific and cultural upsurge in these places. Five years after his arrival, a school of oriental languages was opened, in 1834 a school of merchant shipping appeared in Kherson to train skippers, navigators and shipbuilders. Before Vorontsov, there were only 4 gymnasiums in the region. With the foresight of a smart politician, the Russian governor-general opens a whole network of schools precisely in the Bessarabian lands recently annexed to Russia: Chisinau, Izmail, Chilia, Bendery, Balti. At the Simferopol gymnasium, a Tatar department begins to operate, in Odessa, a Jewish school. For the upbringing and education of children of poor nobles and higher merchants, in 1833 the Highest permission was received to open an institute for girls in Kerch.

His wife also made her own contribution to the count's undertakings. Under the patronage of Elizaveta Ksaveryevna, a charity home for orphans and a school for deaf and dumb girls were created in Odessa.

All the practical activities of Vorontsov, his concern for the future of the region were combined in him with a personal interest in his historical past. After all, the legendary Taurida absorbed almost the entire history of mankind. The Governor-General regularly organizes expeditions to study Novorossiya, describe the preserved monuments of antiquity, excavations.

In 1839 in Odessa, Vorontsov established the Society of History and Antiquities, which was located in his house. The count's personal contribution to the collection of antiquities at the Society, which began to replenish, was a collection of vases and vessels from Pompeii.

As a result of Vorontsov's keen interest, according to experts, "the entire Novorossiysk Territory, Crimea and partly Bessarabia in a quarter of a century, and the hard-to-reach Caucasus in nine years were explored, described, illustrated much more accurately and in more detail by many internal constituent parts the most extensive Russia.

Everything related to research activities was done fundamentally: many books related to travel, descriptions of flora and fauna, with archaeological and ethnographic finds, were published, as people who knew Vorontsov well testified, "with the unfailing assistance of an enlightened ruler."

The secret of Vorontsov's unusually productive activity was not only in his state mentality and extraordinary education. He impeccably mastered what we now call the ability to "assemble a team." Connoisseurs, enthusiasts, craftsmen in a thirst to draw attention to their ideas high face, did not upholster the count's threshold. “He looked for them himself,” one witness of the “Novorossiysk boom” recalled, “he got to know them, brought them closer to him and, if possible, invited them to joint service to the Fatherland.” One hundred and fifty years ago, this word had a specific, soul-elevating meaning that moved people to many

In his declining years, Vorontsov, who dictated his notes in French, will classify his family union as happy. Apparently, he was right, not wanting to go into details of a far from cloudless, especially at first, marriage of 36 years. Lisa, as Vorontsov called his wife, tested her husband's patience more than once. “With innate Polish frivolity and coquetry, she wanted to please,” wrote F.F. Vigel, and no one was better than her in that. And now let's do brief digression back in 1823.

The initiative to transfer Pushkin from Chisinau to Odessa to the newly appointed governor-general of the Novorossiysk Territory belonged to Alexander Sergeevich's friends Vyazemsky and Turgenev. They knew what they were seeking for the disgraced poet, being sure that he would not be bypassed with care and attention.

At first it was. At the first meeting with the poet at the end of July, Vorontsov received the poet "very affectionately." But in early September, his wife returned from Belaya Tserkov. Elizaveta Ksaveryevna was in her last months of pregnancy. Not the best, of course, the moment for acquaintance, but even that first meeting with her did not pass without a trace for Pushkin. Under the stroke of the poet's pen, her image, albeit sporadically, appears on the margins of manuscripts. True, then somehow disappears, because then the beautiful Amalia Riznich reigned in the poet's heart.

Note that Vorontsov, with complete benevolence, opened the doors of his house to Pushkin. The poet comes and dine here every day, uses the books of the count's library. Undoubtedly, Vorontsov was aware that before him was not a petty clerk, and even in bad standing with the government, but a great poet entering into glory.

But month after month goes by. Pushkin in the theater, at balls, masquerades, sees Vorontsova, who has recently given birth, lively, smart. He is captivated. He is in love.

The true relationship of Elizabeth Ksaveryevna to Pushkin, apparently, will forever remain a mystery. But there is no doubt about one thing: she, as noted, was "nice to have a famous poet at her feet."

But what about the all-powerful governor? Although he was used to the fact that his wife was always surrounded by admirers, the poet's ardor, apparently, crossed certain boundaries. And, as witnesses wrote, "it was impossible for the count not to notice his feelings." Vorontsov's irritation was further strengthened by the fact that Pushkin did not seem to care what the governor himself thought about them. Let us turn to the testimony of an eyewitness of those events, F.F. Vigel: "Pushkin settled in his wife's living room and always met him with dry bows, to which, however, he never answered."

Did Vorontsov, as a man, a family man, have the right to get annoyed and look for ways to stop the red tape of an overly emboldened admirer?

“He did not stoop to jealousy, but it seemed to him that the exiled clerk dared to raise his eyes to the one that bears his name,” wrote F.F. Vigel. And yet, apparently, it was precisely jealousy that forced Vorontsov to send Pushkin, along with other petty officials, on an expedition to exterminate locusts that had so offended the poet. How hard Vorontsov experienced his wife's infidelity, we know again first-hand. When Vigel, like Pushkin, who served under the governor general, tried to intercede for the poet, he answered him: “Dear F.F., if you want us to remain on friendly terms, never mention this scoundrel to me.” Said more than sharply!

The irritated poet, who returned "from the locust", wrote a letter of resignation, hoping that, having received it, he would still live next to his beloved woman. His romance is in full swing.

Although at the same time no one refused Pushkin from the house and he still dined with the Vorontsovs, the poet's annoyance at the governor-general because of the ill-fated locust did not subside. It was then that the famous epigram appeared: "Half-my lord, half-merchant ..."

Spouses she, of course, became known. Elizaveta Ksaveryevna must be given her due was unpleasantly struck both by her anger and injustice. And from that moment on, her feelings for Pushkin, caused by his unbridled passion, began to fade. Meanwhile, the request for resignation did not bring the results that Pushkin had hoped for. He was ordered to leave Odessa and go to live in the Pskov province.

The novel with Vorontsova is Pushkin's feat in creating a number of poetic masterpieces. They brought the unceasing interest of several generations of people to Elizabeth Ksaveryevna, who saw in her the Muse of a genius, almost a deity. And to Vorontsov himself, who for a long time, apparently, gained the dubious fame of the persecutor of the greatest Russian poet, in April 1825, the charming Eliza gave birth to a girl, whose real father was Pushkin.

“This is a hypothesis,” wrote one of the most influential researchers of Pushkin’s work, Tatyana Tsyavlovskaya, “but a hypothesis is strengthened when it is supported by facts of a different category.”

These facts, in particular, include the testimony of Pushkin's great-granddaughter, Natalya Sergeyevna Shepeleva, who claimed that the news that Alexander Sergeyevich had a child from Vorontsova comes from Natalya Nikolaevna, to whom the poet himself admitted this.

The youngest daughter of the Vorontsovs outwardly differed sharply from the rest of the family. “Among the blond parents and other children, she was the only one with dark hair,” we read in Tsyavlovskaya. Evidence of this is the portrait of the young countess, which has successfully survived to this day. An unknown artist depicted Sonechka at a time of captivating blossoming femininity, full of purity and ignorance. Indirect confirmation of the fact that the chubby girl with plump lips is the daughter of the poet was also found in the fact that in the “Memoirs of Prince. M.S. Vorontsov for 1819 1833 ”Mikhail Semenovich mentions all his children, except for Sophia. In the future, however, there was not even a hint of the absence of the count's paternal feelings for his youngest daughter.

Last appointment

“Dear Alexey Petrovich! You must have been surprised when you found out about my appointment to the Caucasus. I was also surprised when this assignment was offered to me, and I accepted it not without fear: for I am already 63 years old ”So Vorontsov wrote to his fighting friend, General Yermolov, before leaving for a new destination. Peace was not foreseen. Roads and roads: military, mountain, steppe they became his life geography. But there was some special meaning in the fact that now, completely gray-haired, with the recently awarded title of the Most Serene Prince, he was again heading to those regions where he had rushed under the bullets of a twenty-year-old lieutenant.

Nicholas I appointed him viceroy of the Caucasus and commander-in-chief of the Caucasian troops, leaving behind him the Novorossiysk general government.

The next nine years of his life, almost until his death, Vorontsov in military campaigns and in the works to strengthen Russian fortresses and the combat readiness of the army, and at the same time in unsuccessful attempts to build a peaceful life for civilians. The handwriting of his ascetic activity is immediately recognizable he had just arrived, his residence in Tiflis is extremely simple and unpretentious, but here the beginning of the city numismatic collection was already laid, in 1850 the Transcaucasian Society was formed Agriculture. The first ascent of Ararat was also organized by Vorontsov. And, of course, again the trouble of opening schools in Tiflis, Kutaisi, Yerevan, Stavropol, with their subsequent merging into a system of a separate Caucasian educational district. According to Vorontsov, the Russian presence in the Caucasus should not only not suppress the identity of the peoples inhabiting it, it simply must be considered and adapted to the historically established traditions of the region, the needs, and the character of the inhabitants. That is why, in the very first years of his stay in the Caucasus, Vorontsov gives the green light to the establishment of a Muslim school. He saw the path to peace in the Caucasus primarily in religious tolerance and wrote to Nicholas I: “The way Muslims think and treat us depends on our attitude towards their faith” military force he didn't believe.

It is in military policy Russian government in the Caucasus, Vorontsov saw no small miscalculations. According to his correspondence with Yermolov, who for so many years pacified the militant highlanders, it is clear that the fighting friends agree on one thing: the government, carried away by European affairs, paid little attention to the Caucasus. Hence the long-standing problems generated by an inflexible policy, and besides, disregard for the opinion of people who knew this region and its laws well.

Elizaveta Ksaveryevna was inseparably with her husband in all places of service, and sometimes even accompanied him on inspection trips. With noticeable pleasure, Vorontsov reported to Yermolov in the summer of 1849: “In Dagestan, she had the pleasure of going two or three times with infantry in martial law, but, to her great regret, the enemy did not show up. We were with her on the glorious Gilerinsky Descent, from where almost the whole of Dagestan is visible and where, according to the common legend here, you spat on this terrible and damned region and said that it was not worth the blood of one soldier; It’s a pity that after you some bosses had completely opposite opinions.” According to this letter, it is clear that over the years the couple became closer. Young passions subsided, became a memory. Perhaps this rapprochement also happened because of their sad parental fate: of the six children of the Vorontsovs, four died very early. But even those two, having become adults, gave their father and mother food for not very joyful reflections.

Daughter Sophia, having married, did not find family happiness the spouses, having no children, lived separately. Son Semyon, about whom they said that “he was not distinguished by any talents and did not resemble his parent in any way,” was also childless. And subsequently, with his death, the Vorontsov family died out.

On the eve of his 70th birthday, Mikhail Semenovich asked for his resignation. His request was granted. He felt very bad, although he carefully concealed it. "Idle" he lived less than a year. Behind him are five decades of service to Russia, not for fear, but for conscience. in higher military rank Russia field marshal Mikhail Semenovich Vorontsov died on November 6, 1856.

P.S. For services to the Fatherland, His Serene Highness Prince M.S. Vorontsov was erected two monuments in Tiflis and Odessa, where the Germans, Bulgarians, and representatives Tatar population, clergy of Christian and non-Christian denominations.

Portrait of Vorontsov is located in the front row of the famous "Military Gallery" Winter Palace dedicated to the heroes of the war of 1812. The bronze figure of the field marshal can be seen among the prominent figures placed on the Millennium of Russia monument in Novgorod. His name is also on the marble plaques of the St. George Hall of the Moscow Kremlin in the sacred list of the faithful sons of the Fatherland. But the grave of Mikhail Semenovich Vorontsov was blown up along with the Odessa Cathedral in the early years of Soviet power

Ludmila Tretyakova

Final graduation essay. Getting ready in class and at home. Skripka Tatyana Vladimirovna, Candidate of Philology, teacher of the Russian language and literature of the highest category, Taganrog Pedagogical Lyceum-boarding school, author of teaching aids of the LEGION publishing house

1. "Mind and Feeling". The direction involves thinking about reason and feeling as the two most important components of a person’s inner world, which influence his aspirations and actions. Reason and feeling can be considered both in harmonious unity and in complex confrontation, which constitutes the internal conflict of the personality. The theme of reason and feeling is interesting for writers of different cultures and eras: the heroes of literary works often face a choice between the command of feeling and the prompting of reason.

Interpretation of concepts Mind is the ability of a person to think logically and creatively, summarizing the results of knowledge. Feeling is the highest form of a person's emotional attitude to objects.

Statements about the mind... The human mind is limited, but the human mind, that is, the mind of mankind, is unlimited. VG Belinsky If you have a mind, do not trust the inexperienced. Al-Samarkandi If reason is a gift from heaven, and if the same can be said about faith, then heaven has sent us two gifts that are incompatible and contradict each other. To eliminate this difficulty, it must be recognized that faith is a chimerical principle that does not exist in nature. D. Diderot The whole life should be entrusted to reason alone, as a wise guardian. Pythagoras Every creature has organs indicating its place in the world. For man, this organ is the mind. L. N. Tolstoy Reasonable does not pursue what is pleasant, but what saves one from troubles. Aristotle Every day something new in the world rules the firmament, Before which human witty calculation recedes. Let our mind, like the golden sun, sparkle from the heights, He will never find a solution to the mysteries of fate. Al-Samarkandi The first thing of the mind is to distinguish between the true and the false. A. Camus

Statements about the mind The mind does not have to choose if the choice is between truth and fiction. Cicero Reason is an incomparably higher ability, but it is acquired only by victory over the passions. VG Belinsky Let your mind guide things. He will not let your soul go to harm. Ferdowsi There are three paths to reason before man: the path of reflection is the most noble; the path of imitation is the easiest; path personal experience- the hardest way. Confucius The human mind has three keys that open everything: a number, a letter, a note. Know, think, dream. Everything is in it. V. Hugo Explore everything, give reason the first place. Pythagoras Persuasion is the conscience of reason. Shamfort There are feelings that replenish and obscure the mind, and there is a mind that cools the movement of feelings. MM Prishvin Two extremes: cross out the mind, recognize only the mind. B. Pascal

Proverbs and sayings about the mind Birds are given wings, and man has a mind. Where the mind is not enough, ask the mind. The first is bad - a bad mind. Time gives the mind. Mind is the salvation of the soul. Every Jeremey, understand about yourself. Time and chance teach reason. Without reason, strength is like rotten iron. A bird has wings, and a man has a mind. The wise will find what goes where. It is necessary to apply the mind, where the force will not take. The mind is more beautiful than gold, and the truth is the light of the sun. The mind will conquer the force. The wise will judge, but the fool will judge. Strong in mind, but weak in heart. If only I had that mind in advance that comes after. Mind and mind will be thoughtful at once. There is a lot of mind-reason, but there is nothing to put hands on. The mind is strong. For reasonable people there are no difficult obstacles. Strength overcomes any obstacle, reason overcomes strength. (Azerbaijani) Mind is the treasure of man. (Ukr) And the power of the mind is inferior. (ukr) Mind grows together with a person. (Latvian) The human mind is the most powerful force. (muzzle) A person has been studying reason all the time. (ukr) Don't weaken your mind, it's caught - don't miss it. (Khakas) Good man and in old age does not lose his mind. (Kirg) A wise man's horse will not get tired and the robe will not wear out. (Turkmen) It is not the pen that writes, but the mind. (ukr) In a person, appreciate not beauty, but reason. (uzb)

Statements about feelings Feeling is fire, thought is oil. VG Belinsky If feelings are not true, then our whole mind will turn out to be false. Lucretius When we are ready to succumb to the dictates of feelings, Modesty always prevents us from admitting it. Know how to recognize behind the coldness of words The excitement of the soul and heart is a gentle call. J.-B. Moliere In the world of feelings there is only one law - to make the happiness of the one you love. Stendhal... Among the fields, near the vast expanses of the sea, feelings become higher and purer. A. Frans To be sensual means to be suffering. K. Marx

Statements about feelings Without a certain mental culture, there can be no refined feelings. A. Frans It is known that a fiery feeling is expressed briefly, but strongly. GR Derzhavin No imagination can come up with such a multitude of conflicting feelings that usually coexist in one human heart. La Rochefoucauld Whom nothing angers has no heart, and the insensitive cannot be a person. Gracian y Moralis Feeling in itself does not constitute poetry; the feeling must be born of the idea and express the idea. Meaningless feelings are the lot of animals; they humiliate the person. VG Belinsky The most unpleasant feeling is the feeling of one's own impotence. T. Carlyle

Approximate topics “The mind is not in harmony with the heart” (A. S. Griboedov) “Learn to rule yourself” (A. S. Pushkin) What is more important: to think or feel? Can the “mind of the mind” and the “mind of the heart” be harmoniously combined in a person? Calculation or command of the soul? What do we choose? “Reason is an incomparably higher ability, but it is acquired only by victory over passions” (V. G. Belinsky) Life is a comedy for those who think, and a tragedy for those who feel (Martty Larni)

Recommended works "Woe from Wit" by A. S. Griboyedov "Eugene Onegin" by A. S. Pushkin "What to do?" N. G. Chernyshevsky "Fathers and Sons" I. S. Turgenev "War and Peace" L. N. Tolstoy "Foma Gordeev" M. Gorky Plays by W. Shakespeare, stories by O. de Balzac, novels by J. Galsworthy.

Introduction The conflict of mind and feelings is peculiar to each of us. The mind advises a person to act according to calculation, emotions, on the contrary, force them to make illogical decisions. People who are in captivity of strong feelings often make mistakes, but only an indifferent attitude to the world encourages us to take action.

Literary arguments (USE material) 17.1 Why did I. A. Goncharov say: “Griboyedov’s Chatsky, and with him the whole comedy, will hardly ever grow old”? Refer to I.A. Goncharov’s article “A Million of Torments” and give the critic’s arguments confirming the eternity of the plot and the hero of the comedy “Woe from Wit”, the idea that each new era resurrects the shadow of Chatsky. Support your opinion with the judgments of other writers and critics about the hero (V. G. Belinsky - “a screamer, phrase-monger, an ideal buffoon”, A. S. Pushkin - “not smart”, throwing pearls in front of pigs). Consider the nature of the discussion around the image of Chatsky (the hero embodying the comedy roles of the “unlucky groom” and “evil clever man”, or accuser, reasoner, preacher; “smart madman”, Don Quixote, fighting for the truth, or “extra” person; revolutionary democrat ). Summing up, note the combination of concrete historical and universal content in the character of Griboedov's hero.

Literary arguments (USE material) 17.1 Can we agree that many scenes of the play "Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboedov “are constructed in such a way that the comic becomes a means of expressing the tragic, and comedy itself becomes one of the forms of embodiment of modern tragedy” (E. V. Yusim)? At the beginning of your reasoning, note that the work of A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" gave critics and readers a reason to reflect on the problem of his genre. Consider how this play combined both the comedy of situations (remember the dialogue between Famusov and Lizanka, the fall from Molchalin's horse), and the comedy of characters (the colorful figures of Skalozub, Famusov), and the tragedy of the main characters (Chatsky - from the mind, and Sophia - from feelings) . Point out that the comedy, in addition to the author's will, began to be perceived as a tragicomedy. The hero himself summed up his stay in Moscow: "a million torments." Having also named his article about Griboyedov's comedy, I.A. Goncharov showed not only the drama of the work, but also the diversity of its genre interpretations: "and the picture of manners, and the gallery of living types, and the ever-sharp, burning satire." Describe how Maxim Petrovich, a Frenchman from Bordeaux, Khlestov and many other regulars of Moscow living rooms became the objects of the merciless irony of the protagonist, which formed the actual satirical layer of the work. At the same time, Chatsky himself is a reasoner, but his essence is not exhausted by this role.

Literary arguments (USE material) Give the opinions of Griboedov's contemporaries as arguments. So, V.G. Belinsky called Griboedov's hero "a screamer, a phrase-monger, an ideal jester", who profanes everything sacred that he talks about. A.S. Pushkin saw a comedic hero in Chatsky, denying him the mind: "It is not good to throw pearls in front of Repetilov." Emphasize that the story of Chatsky seems to us rather a tragedy of a strong, but misunderstood personality. The fourth act of the play becomes at the same time a comedic and tragic scene, where the guests of the ball represent the secular world of Moscow, where the drama of Sophia is played out - a person who has deceived himself. The fate of Molchalin and Lisa is also bleak: exile, loneliness, the collapse of hopes. The fate of Chatsky, who failed on the love front and in the public arena, turns into a tragedy for the country, which expels the best minds from Moscow. Summing up, note that the complex genre nature of A.S. Griboedova does not allow her to clearly distinguish between the comic and the tragic, which gives us the right to agree with the opinion of the literary critic.

2. "Honor and dishonor." The direction is based on polar concepts related to the choice of a person: to be true to the voice of conscience, to follow moral principles, or to follow the path of betrayal, lies and hypocrisy. Many writers focused on depicting various manifestations of a person: from loyalty to moral rules to various forms of compromise with conscience, up to a deep moral decline of the individual.

Interpretation of concepts Honor is the moral qualities of a person worthy of respect and pride, his corresponding principles. This is a good name, honor, respect. There is a duty of honor, a matter of honor, a court of honor. Disgrace is an insult to pride, taken seriously and experienced as a tragedy, dishonor, resentment, shame.

Statements about honor and dishonor Honor is dearer than life. F. Schiller Real honor is the decision to do under all circumstances what is useful to most people. B. Franklin My honor is my life; both grow from the same root. Take away my honor and my life will be over. W. Shakespeare Before reason, before God, the “honor” of a person is measured by a different measure than in the Roman forum. L. Feuchtwanger Gain honor neither by vanity, nor by the beauty of clothes or horses, nor by adornment, but by courage and wisdom. Theophrastus I agree to endure every misfortune, But I will not agree that honor should suffer. P. Corneille One of the main definitions of honor is that no one should by his actions give anyone an advantage over himself. G. Hegel

Statements about honor and dishonor Every courageous, every truthful person brings honor to his homeland. R. Roland In the matter of honor, language is unsuitable for Astrology. Lope de Vega The honor of a girl is all her wealth, it is more precious than any inheritance. W. Shakespeare Not correcting a mistake, but perseverance in it brings down the honor of any person or organization of people. B. Franklin I will endure injustice, but not dishonor. Caecilius It is a man's honor to depend only on his diligence, his behavior, and his mind for the satisfaction of his needs. G. Hegel Where can you find someone who would put the honor of a friend above his own? Cicero... A woman knows little about honor. May it become her honor to love always stronger than they love her, and never be second in love. F. Nietzsche To deprive another of honor means to deprive one's own. Publius Men have only one honor, so many lovers! Love is easy to forget, but honor is impossible. P. Corneille To each his honor will give offspring. Tacitus Shame and honor are like clothes: the more shabby, the more careless you treat them. Apuleius Disgrace equal drags behind him who betrayed love and who left the battle. P. Corneille True honor cannot tolerate untruth. G. Fielding

Approximate themes “I will not give my honor to anyone” “A slave of honor” or a hostage of prejudices? My choice. Is it always possible to follow the laws of honor, or should one submit to fate? "Honor is the diamond in the hand of virtue" (Voltaire)

Recommended works "The Captain's Daughter", "The Shot", "Eugene Onegin" by A. S. Pushkin "The Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov", "A Hero of Our Time" by M. Yu. Lermontov "Fathers and Sons" by I. S. Turgenev "War and world” by L. N. Tolstoy “Duel” by A. P. Chekhov “Duel” by A. I. Kuprin “The White Guard” by M. A. Bulgakov

Entry option The honor of a nobleman, merchant, warrior ... In the old days, the slightest insult to human dignity was considered a dishonor. Duelists defended their principles in fights, defended the honor of their families. Because of insults or doubts about someone's moral qualities, wars began, dramas of bloody revenge were played out. Even entire nations stood up against each other so that no one would doubt their courage. Let us recall the heroes of Russian literature: Grinev, who challenges Shvabrin, who insulted Masha Mironova, Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov, who fought with the guardsman Kiribeevich, who encroached on the honor of his wife, Pierre Bezukhov, who defended his dignity in a duel with Dolokhov. It seems that it could be more noble? But often such situations lead to sad consequences. Let us remember the unfortunate Lensky. He dies at the hands of a former friend, defending the noble name of his bride.

From history The theme of honor is one of the most popular in Spanish literature of the 16th-17th centuries. Around it there was a sharp ideological struggle between different areas of ethical thought and sociology. From the Middle Ages, in the 16th-17th centuries, the idea of honor passed as a “gift of blood”, which belongs to the nobility from birth and fences it off from the lower classes. In contrast to this narrow interpretation of honor, the Spanish humanists, including Cervantes and Lope de Vega, declare nobility and honor not as hereditary gifts, but as manifestations of human dignity, which finds expression in highly moral deeds. The formula of this humanistic interpretation of the idea of honor Cervantes put into the mouth of his hero Don Quixote: "Everyone is the son of his deeds." Sharing this concept of honor, Lope de Vega in some of his folk-heroic dramas (“Fuente Ovehuna” and others) goes further: he affirms the ideal of “peasant honor” as a sense of human dignity inherent in the peasant, in contrast to the rapist-feudal lord and determining the moral the superiority of the man of the people. Calderon, in his "dramas of honor" often pays tribute to the estate-noble ideas. This is especially felt in the plays devoted to marital honor ("The Doctor of His Honor", 1633-1635; "For a secret insult - a secret vengeance", 1635, etc.). Honor in these plays is likened to a fragile vessel, which "can break from the slightest movement." *** ....the laws of honor are harsh and, like any law, must be strictly observed. "Dura lex sed lex" (lat. Harsh law, but law) - the hero of Calderon laments more than once.

Literary arguments (materials of the Unified State Examination) 15 . Do you agree with the opinion that the fist fight between Kiribeevich and Kalashnikov is the personification of the struggle between the permissiveness of the "state" law and the morality of the "private" person? At the beginning of a detailed discussion, evaluate the role of the fisticuffs of Kiribeevich and Kalashnikov in the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov. Emphasize that this is the culminating episode of the work, in which the characters of the main characters are revealed and the conflict between them is resolved. Considering the themes and problems of the fragment, point out the contradiction between the state law and the concept of the honor of the merchant Kalashnikov. Explain how Stepan Paramonovich decides to defend his dignity in a fair duel, not finding an intercessor in the face of the king and supreme power. Expressing your agreement or disagreement with the above opinion, note the courage of the merchant, who was not afraid to resist the supreme power and boldly answered the sovereign Ivan Vasilyevich: “I killed him [Kiribeevich] of my free will, but for what, I won’t tell you, I’ll only tell God alone ". In conclusion, pay attention to the fact that the tsar, breaking his word and executing the hero, recognizes the nobility of Kalashnikov and promises to take care of his family. Make a conclusion that the cruelty of Ivan Vasilyevich is combined, therefore, with some justice.

Literary arguments (USE materials) 17.2 A merchant's son in a situation of "disgrace": Stepan Paramonovich ("Song about the merchant Kalashnikov" by M. Yu. Lermontov) and Tikhon Ivanovich ("Thunderstorm"). At the beginning of your discussion, emphasize that the main character of "Songs about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich ...", the merchant Kalashnikov, is endowed with the features of an epic hero and, at the same time, a romantic character. Tell us that Stepan Paramonovich is obsessed with one goal - the desire to take revenge on the guardsman who insulted his wife. Kalashnikov is not afraid of death or royal wrath. For him honor is the most precious thing. Stepan Paramonovich is ready to stand up to the end for the "holy truth-mother." He not only enters into a duel with Kiribeevich, but rebels against the system of arbitrariness and permissiveness of the royal power, because Ivan Vasilyevich is ready to break his word, initially promising a righteous battle to his rivals. Note that the hero A.N. Ostrovsky Tikhon Kabanov is a man of another era. He lives in a family where house building laws are strong. By virtue of his nature, he cannot understand his wife's longing for true love. Tikhon leaves for Moscow to enjoy freedom and does not heed Katerina's requests to take her with him. Remember how, having violated the conjugal duty, the heroine publicly repents of sin. However, Tikhon is ready to forgive Katerina because he loves her. Only at the insistence of his mother, he beats his wife several times, according to house building customs, but he himself suffers from this. After Katerina's suicide, it is Tikhon who throws terrible accusations at Kabanikha: “Mother, it was you who ruined her! You! You!" He remains "to live in the world and suffer." His weakness is one of the reasons for the tragedy that broke out in the merchant's house of the Kabanovs. As a conclusion, note the importance of specific historical and all-human factors that determine the behavior of the heroes of A. N. Ostrovsky.

3. "Victory and defeat". The direction allows you to think about victory and defeat in different aspects: socio-historical, moral-philosophical, psychological. Reasoning can be connected both with external conflict events in the life of a person, country, world, and with the internal struggle of a person with himself, its causes and results. Literary works often show the ambiguity and relativity of the concepts of "victory" and "defeat" in different historical conditions and life situations.

Interpretation of concepts Victory is not only success in war, the complete defeat of the enemy, but also good luck in the struggle for a dream, the realization of the desired, the achievement of goals. Win often hand goes hand in hand with defeat - failure in war, struggle, defeat. There is the concept of "Pyrrhic victory" - a victory that came at too high a price, similar to defeat, but representing moral superiority over the enemy.

Sayings about victory The battle for altars and hearths. Cicero We are Russians and therefore we will win. A. V. Suvorov It was not the one who won the battle who gave good advice, but the one who took responsibility for its implementation and ordered it to be executed. N. Bonaparte Does it matter whether you defeated the enemy by cunning or valor? Virgil Stronger than he who is first. Horace Wounds do not hurt the winners. Publius Obedience, learning, discipline, cleanliness, health, tidiness, cheerfulness, boldness, courage - victory. A. V. Suvorov Victory over those who are ready to put their chest under attack is not given for nothing. Lucan

3. "Victory and defeat". Victory... defeat... these lofty words are meaningless. Life does not soar in such heights; she ... gives birth to new images. Victory weakens the people: defeat awakens new strength in it ... Only one thing should be taken into account: the course of events. A. de Saint-Exupery There is nothing more joyful than victory. Cicero The more difficulties in the fight, The greater the victory will be. Lope de Vega Discipline is the mother of victory. AV Suvorov Victory depends on the valor of the legions. Y. Caesar Always win with those in whom there is agreement. Publius Came, saw, conquered. Y. Caesar

Proverbs and sayings about victory Victory is not expected, but caught up. You don't know victory if you're afraid. The war is difficult, but the victory is red. Do not wait for victory, but win in battle. Fight with enemies, hope for victory. To win, you need to stand strong, stand together. The road of victories sends steadfast greetings. Beat until victory, as grandfathers beat. To the inept to win - that to the legless to run. You can defeat one with your hand, but thousands with your head. To win without risk is to win without glory. Who dreams of victory does not think of death. Do not act at random, so that the cause of victory does not fail. Who fights bravely, he approaches victory. The one who does not let himself be intimidated wins. Whoever loves life will win. The one who has the least self-pity wins. Where there is truth, there is victory. They knew who they were beating, that's why they won. The law of victory is not to wait for a blow, but to defeat the enemy with a blow. Perhaps yes, I suppose - with a victory apart. Who is smarter, he will get the victory sooner. No matter how they hurt us, we won. Whoever has entered the road of victories will not deviate from it. Consolidate your victory, follow the enemy's heels. Our victory is not for war, but for peace. To firmly believe means to win. To defeat the enemy is to strengthen the world. The time will come - and the hour of victory will strike. The one who strives forward takes the upper hand in the war. Reversing the enemy is not yet grace; trample the enemy - that's grace. Life was not spared, but the enemy was defeated. It is better to die and win than to be alive and beaten. He wins who despises death. Victory gives excellent training and mutual gain. Not the fellow who has a brave look, but the one who creates victory. Skillful, brave and steadfast owns victory. Where there is courage, there is victory. To win, the first thing is to work skillfully. Do not act at random, so that the case does not fail.

Proverbs and sayings about victory Victory does not wind in the air, but gets it with your hands. Victory is not given without a fight. Do the deed of victory boldly. The one with the most endurance wins. After the victory, we raise again. Confidence favors victory. We will sow more bread - we will be able to bring victory closer. The harder the fight, the more honorable the victory. All for the front, all for victory. Victory does not come by itself, it must be won. (ukr) Sharpen your hearing and eyesight: he who is brave and cunning will win. (Karel) A step forward is a step towards victory. (alto) Don't expect victory, but strive. (Turkm) Where there is victory, there is glory. (udm) Do not think that the enemy army is invincible. Say: "We will win" - and win. (storm) The strong man conquers one, the one who knows conquers a thousand. (Karakalpak) The winner will not say that he won, but will say that he fought. (head) Come on, brothers, either get a victory, or not be at home! (ukr) The desire of a heroic victory lives in a hot heart. (Karel) If you endure troubles, you will meet the holiday of victory. (belor) Winner at the top, loser at the bottom. (Avar) The winner has day, the vanquished has night. (Avar) The road is hard, but our victory. (ukr) What we fought for - we knew, but we became winners. (muzzle) Defeated by the enemy will die, defeating the enemy will be glorified forever. (Bashkirs) The winner will always find the winner. (load) It's not malice that wins, it's truth that wins. (Tatars) The one who boldly goes forward wins. A bold attack is half the victory. Whoever holds on tight wins. Fight and hope for victory - you will win. Victory is not in the air, but it is gained by struggle. The stronger the rebuff, the more glorious the victory.

Proverbs and sayings about victory To support each other is to win a victory. We won the war - we will win in the field. Good news when they say: “There is victory!” They knew who they beat and that's why they won. At least hack yourself, but defeat the enemy. Whoever stands for a just cause will always win. Cowards don't win. Victory does not come from lying down. Victory loves effort. Victory does not fall ready-made from the sky. The victory is winged: you miss the moment - and it is gone. It's not enough to wait for victory - you have to win. The one who does not flinch wins. The one who has the least self-pity wins. Heroes forge victory. Victory is not snow, it does not fall on your head. Stand up - win. Step has been taken forward, step to victory. The one who feels defeated is defeated. The sun is for the summer, the winter is for the frost, our struggle is for victory. Courage breeds victory. Victory is the companion of the brave and skillful. There are two wills in the field: the one who dares and knows how will win. Persistence brings victory. Confidence brings victory. Do not go back for victory; she is always ahead. A step over the corpse of an enemy is a step towards victory. We will not spare life, but we will defeat the enemy. Do not think that victory is given immediately, the enemy is steadfast. Surprise - win. Victory is not in the air, but it is gained by struggle. Victory will be achieved by those who fight to the death

Approximate topics "We will not stand up for the price." Do you agree with the saying "Winners are not judged"? Our victory is not for war, but for peace. “The same happiness is to be a winner or defeated in the battles of love” (K. Helvetius) “The greatest victory is a victory over oneself” (Cicero)

Recommended works “The Fate of a Man” and “Quiet Flows the Don” by M. Sholokhov (the moral victory of heroes over life circumstances) “Sotnikov”, “Obelisk” by V. Bykov “Star” by E. Kazakevich “Killed near Moscow” by K. Vorobyov, “Cursed and killed" by V. Astafiev "The Blind Musician" by V. Korolenko "I can jump over puddles" by A. Marshall

Opening Variant Oh, that sweet word "victory"! But how treacherous fate is. Sometimes it gives us success that looks like defeat. You can win competitions, or you can overcome your fear, doubts, triumph over circumstances.

Materials for literary arguments from the USE assignments Indicate how the war is depicted in V. P. Nekrasov’s novel “In the trenches of Stalingrad”. Through the prism of perception of the autobiographical hero, military engineer Kerzhentsev, there are pictures of military everyday life: blood, dirt, sweat. Romance and false patriotism are alien to him. "Trench Truth" tells about the mistakes and abuses in the war. So, the chief of staff Abrosimov, an ardent fanatic, orders to attack the machine guns. The rear assistant, Kaluga, is sure that everything is coming to an end, so he gets rid of the insignia, prepares civilian clothes for himself: “But we must save ourselves - we can still be useful to our homeland.” Former graduate student Farber regrets that before the war he led an ostrich lifestyle, and all the rest did not prepare themselves enough for it, shirked from flight training. A fair assessment of Abrosimov’s strategy sounds from Farber’s lips: “Courage is not about climbing a machine gun with a bare chest ... The trenches invented by Shiryaev are not cowardice. This is a welcome. Correct take. He would save people. I think it is impossible to ... command such people.

Materials for literary arguments from the tasks of the Unified State Examination Consider how the problem of moral choice is solved in the works of V. V. Bykov "Obelisk" and "Sotnikov". In the story "Obelisk" modernity and the past are conjugated. The death of the rural teacher Miklashevich poses an important dilemma for the storyteller. An obelisk is being erected in a Belarusian village in memory of children and partisans killed by the Nazis. The question arises: can the name of the teacher Ales Ivanovich Moroz be on the obelisk, who did not kill a single fascist, but simply accepted death along with his students. Recalling this long history, Tkachuk says: “He put his life on the block. Myself. Voluntarily. Do you understand what this argument is? Teacher Moroz did a lot for his fellow villagers and students: despite his disability, he went on business in Grodno, drew up papers. During the occupation, he continued to teach children: “I didn’t humanize these guys for two years in order to dehumanize them”; "We will not teach, they will fool." The feat of a teacher who always stays with people is no less majestic than death on the battlefield.

4. "Experience and mistakes." Within the framework of the direction, it is possible to reason about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, people, humanity as a whole, about the price of mistakes on the way of knowing the world, gaining life experience. Literature often makes one think about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes without which it is impossible to move along the path of life, and about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

Interpretation of concepts EXPERIENCE is, first of all, the totality of everything that happens to a person in his life and what he is aware of; a person can have experience about himself, about his talents, abilities, about his virtues and vices ... Experienced knowledge (Experience) is the unity of knowledge and skills (skills) acquired in the process of direct experiences, impressions, observations, practical actions, in contrast to knowledge... An error is an incorrectness in actions, deeds, statements, thoughts, an error.

Statements about experience and mistakes Experience is the teacher of everything. Y. Caesar Experience is a school where lessons are expensive, but it is the only school where one can learn. B. Franklin When the eyes say one thing, and the tongue another, an experienced person believes more in the first. W. Emerson Knowledge that is not born of experience, the mother of all certainty, is fruitless and full of errors. Leonardo da Vinci Who, having rejected experience, manages deeds, in the future he will see a lot of insults. Saadi Inexperience leads to trouble. AS Pushkin Experience is the best proof of all. F. Bacon Our true teachers are experience and feeling. J. -J. Rousseau Experience, in any case, takes a large fee for teaching, but it teaches better than all teachers. Carlyle Simplicity is the hardest thing in the world; this is the extreme limit of experience and the last effort of genius. J. Sand Experience teaches us too often. that people have so little control over anything as over their own language. B. Spinoza

Statements about experience and mistakes Experience is the best teacher. Ovid In life there is nothing better than your own experience. V. Scott It is more pleasant if you have grown wiser from the experience of others than others from yours. Plautus Exercises give rise to skill. Tacitus sentient being has nothing outside of experience; experience contains all the material of his thinking. True and real time belongs only to that which becomes the principle, the necessary foundation and cause of new, previously non-existent phenomena in time. Only in this case does living life that gives birth to another life. I. Fichte In any science, in any art the best teacher- experience. Cervantes It is from history that we draw experience; from experience the most vital part of our practical mind is formed. I. Herder

Sayings about experiences and mistakes The only real mistake is not correcting your past mistakes. Confucius It is easy to move from minor irreparable mistakes to major vices. Seneca Haughty and stubborn does everything in his own way, does not listen to anyone's advice and soon becomes a victim of his delusions. Aesop The reason for the error is ignorance of the best. Democritus Religious errors are dangerous, but philosophical ones are only ridiculous. D. Hume It is much easier to find an error than the truth. The error lies on the surface, and you notice it immediately, but the truth is hidden in the depths, and not everyone can find it. I.-V. Goethe If you are to be mistaken, let it be at the behest of your heart. J. Byron It is a mistake to take the advice of enemies, but you need to listen to them in order to do the opposite. This is the true correct course of action. Saadi

Statements about experience and mistakes Never be afraid to make mistakes - no need to be afraid of hobbies or disappointments. Disappointment is a payment for something previously received, maybe disproportionate sometimes, but be generous. Be afraid to generalize disappointment and don't color everything else with it. Then you will acquire the strength to resist evil and correctly appreciate its good sides. AS Green A reprehensible mistake is made by those who do not take into account their capabilities and strive for conquest at any cost. N. Machiavelli Love the truth, but be indulgent to errors. Voltaire Bear in mind that ignorance never does evil; only delusion is harmful. People err, not because they do not know, but because they imagine themselves to be knowledgeable. J. -J. Rousseau Everyone is convinced that others are mistaken when they judge him, and that he is not mistaken when he judges others. A. Maurois Digging out mistakes, they lose time, which, perhaps, would have been used to discover truths. Voltaire

Statements about experience and mistakes The one who does nothing is not mistaken. I made a mistake that I hurt myself: forward science. Make mistakes, admit it. Know how to make a mistake, know how to get better. And a bobble lives on big minds. There is no fire without smoke, there is no man without mistakes. A mistake in a word is not an argument. An error is not false. Mistake is not cheating. There are lees to every wine. Why was it necessary to fence a garden, why was it necessary to plant cabbage? A horse with four legs - and he stumbles. Ranks are given by people, but people can be deceived. And there is a stumble on a good horse. Madness happens even to the wise. Once you give a swing, you won’t be able to do it for a year. Repent, repent, but again for the same do not take. The horse also stumbles, but recovers. Don't be afraid of the first mistake, avoid the second. The error is red correction. He is more mistaken who does not repent of his mistakes. Managed to make a mistake, manage and get better. Denying an error is a double error. If you make a mistake, remember it for the rest of your life.

Proverbs and sayings about experience and mistakes For a mistake, although we are beaten, they are not knocked down. The fear of making mistakes is more dangerous than the mistake itself. I made a mistake that I hurt myself - forward science. Those who do not repent of their mistakes are more mistaken. A young mistake is a smile, an old one is a bitter tear. The foot stumbles, and the head gets. Mistakes start small. Mistake teaches people the mind-reason. Sat in a puddle, despite the cold. He does not make mistakes who does nothing. An error rides on an error and drives an error. A mistake is not a deception, it is not false. Mistake teaches people reason. Repent, but forward do not be mistaken. (load) Stumbled - straighten out. (Yakut) Whoever repeats a mistake, he makes a mistake intentionally. (Mariysk) An error in the front is noticed by the rear. (Kirg) A good one makes a mistake - he blames himself, a bad one makes a mistake - he blames a friend. (Kirg) Who does not recognize a mistake - makes another. (Oset) The fearful one does not recognize his father, the fool does not understand his mistake. (Kirg) From a small mistake, a big trouble. (cargo) One experience gained is more important than seven wise teachings Long experience enriches the mind A hundred tips will not replace a pair of experienced hands Long (... life) experience is more reliable than a tortoise shell.

Approximate topics “And experience, the son of difficult mistakes ...” (A. S. Pushkin) One experience gained is more important than seven wise teachings “Who dares a lot, he inevitably makes mistakes in many ways” (Menander) “I put one experience higher than a thousand opinions born only of the imagination ”(M. V. Lomonosov)

Recommended works "The Captain's Daughter", "Eugene Onegin" by A. S. Pushkin "A Hero of Our Time" by M. Yu. Lermontov "Oblomov" by A. I. Goncharov "Fathers and Sons" by I. S. Turgenev "War and Peace" L .N. Tolstoy "Quiet Flows the Don" by M. A. Sholokhov

Introduction It is said that a smart person learns from the mistakes of others, and a stupid person learns from his own. And indeed it is. Why make the same mistakes and end up in the same unpleasant situations that your relatives or friends have already been in? But to prevent this from happening, you really need to be a reasonable person and realize that no matter how smart you are, the most valuable experience for you in any case is the experience of other people who have traveled much longer than your life path. You need to have enough intelligence not to get into a mess, and then not to rack your brains on how to get out of this mess. But those who most often learn from their own mistakes are those who consider themselves an unsurpassed connoisseur of life and do not think about their actions and their future.

Materials for literary arguments from the tasks of the exam 17.2. Do you agree with the opinion of G. A. Byaly, that "Bazarov's strength in the face of death reaches the proportions of heroism"? Arguing about the statement of G. A. Byaly, consider the social, political, philosophical views, aesthetic views of the protagonist of the novel "Fathers and Sons". Show in your reflection the collapse of the nihilistic worldview of Bazarov, who realized that “every person hangs by a thread”, the abyss can open up before him. Talk about how, faced with the secret of love, nature and beauty, the maximalist hero realizes their eternal value. The real feeling, according to the author of the novel, is always tragic, and it destroys Bazarov. Many researchers agree that the accidental death of an experienced physician is doubtful and death becomes a conscious choice of the hero. A person of this magnitude cannot work in such an insignificant field as a rural doctor. Realizing the impossibility of accomplishing a feat, the nihilist decides to at least die heroically. Bazarov's soul rises to unprecedented heights. When he passes away, he thinks only about people close and dear to his heart. In his words addressed to Anna Sergeevna, the voice of real feeling is noticeable. Now he is not ashamed to express his love for his parents and country. The hero tries to joke about his situation: “The old thing is death, but it’s new for everyone. I still don't give a damn…”

Materials for literary arguments from the tasks of the Unified State Examination Remember how the hero of I. S. Turgenev regrets about imperfect deeds: “I fell under the wheel. And it turns out that there was nothing to think about the future. “And I also thought: I’ll break off a lot of things, I won’t die, where: there is a task, because I am a giant.” “Russia needs me… No, apparently, it is not needed. And who is needed? And in his death throes, Bazarov shows his dignity, despite the tragic feeling of doom: “The power, the power is still here, but you have to die!”. As an illustration of your thoughts, give the opinion of D. I. Pisarev, who in the article “Bazarov” argued that “the personality of a merciless denier comes out as a strong personality and inspires respect in every reader.” Explain how the epilogue of the novel expresses the main philosophical idea of the work: "passionate, sinful, rebellious hearts" leave, but eternal values - love, nature, sky - remain. No matter how passionately the hero wants to change the world, no matter how he denies poetry, love, music, life will take its toll. The memory of Bazarov lies in the "endless life." The greatness of the hero's spirit was already embedded in the author's idea, who saw the central character of "Fathers and Sons" as "gloomy, wild, big in nature ... strong, vicious, honest", but "doomed to death." Summarizing what has been said, emphasize that the scene on the grave speaks of the return of original harmony and the reconciliation of the hero's soul with eternity. Comment on F. Nietzsche's statement that strong people should be able to "proudly die when it is no longer possible to live proudly." The courage, self-denial of leading figures and the tragedy of their fate expresses admiration and admiration for them.

Materials for literary arguments from the tasks of the exam 17.1. Comment on the statement of A. Ya. Esalnek: "In "Eugene Onegin" a novel situation was developed, which, having the fate of the individual in the center, made it possible to fully and multifacetedly recreate the life of the noble society of the first quarter of the 19th century." In your essay-reasoning, point out that the words of V. G. Belinsky about "Eugene Onegin" as an "encyclopedia of Russian life" became the calling card for designating the uniqueness of Pushkin's work. Emphasize that this is one of those works in which "the century is reflected and modern man is depicted quite correctly." Onegin is the hero of the time, the bearer of the seal of disappointment, the “Russian melancholy”. Explain how in the novel the author shows us the environment in which the “extra person” was formed, lonely, who became evidence of the spiritual crisis of society. Note that the artistic space of "Eugene Onegin" covers both St. Petersburg and Moscow, and all of modern Russia, its history and modernity. No wonder the author recalls the war of 1812 and Napoleon, who never saw the kneeling Moscow "with the keys of the old Kremlin." But not only the glorious past, but also the patriarchal and provincial nature of the modern capital is noticed by A.S. Pushkin. This is Griboyedov's Moscow with its bride fair, "incoherent, vulgar nonsense" in the living rooms.

Materials for literary arguments from the tasks of the Unified State Examination St. Petersburg is also ambiguously depicted. On the one hand, the best minds of Russia converged here: the Decembrists, writers, people of art (Chaadaev, Knyaznin, Kaverin, Istomina), on the other hand, “necessary fools”, false aristocrats flourish. The living rooms of the "northern Palmyra" are filled with disappointed young people who have become a symbol of the era of romanticism. The author of "Eugene Onegin" for the first time defines main problem century: An ailment whose cause It would be high time to find - Similar to the English spleen, In short: Russian melancholy ... Consider how the aristocracy of both capitals is opposed to other sections of the population of the Russian Empire: the local nobility, peasants. It is no coincidence that the action in the second chapter moves to the village. And here, drawing a gallery of local landowners, Pushkin anticipates N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls". The fate of Lensky, if he had not died “in the prime of life”, could have turned out like the life of Manilov, an idle dreamer. The destiny of Tatyana's mother is the life of a thrifty Korobochka, a limited housewife, and the storyteller's neighbor Buyanov "in a cap with a visor" resembles Nozdryov. There is in "Eugene Onegin" and his Plyushkin - Gvozdin, "the owner is excellent, the owner of poor peasants." At the end of your reflection, emphasize that Pushkin's novel is an invaluable historical document, including the daily routine of a secular person, spiritual and property affairs, posters of the then theaters, restaurant menus, and even the history of costumes.

Materials for literary arguments from the tasks of the exam 17.2. Do you agree with the statement: “The story of Raskolnikov is the story of an intellect lost in the darkness of unbelief” (P. E. Fokin)? Reflecting on the problem posed, give the statement of Dostoevsky, who said that God tormented him all his life. Among the heroes of the writer there are no atheists. Everyone is looking for his own God, even those who are obsessed with the idea of theomachism, only a person becomes his Christ. Such is the hero of the novel "Crime and Punishment" Rodion Raskolnikov. At the heart of his theory is the dream of feeling like a chosen one, having fallen into the highest category of people. Extraordinary people for the sake of a lofty idea can allow themselves "blood in conscience", that is, the opportunity to "step over other obstacles." The murder becomes for Raskolnikov a way of checking whether "he is a trembling creature or has a right." However, “blood according to conscience” does not give rest to conscience. The mind and heart of the hero are at odds. Show how the writer discovers two abysses in Raskolnikov's soul: one of his essence commits murder, the second suffers and repents. Point out that murder is disgusting and disgusting for Raskolnikov the man. Along with the dream, resistance to it lives in the soul of the transgressor. Life confirms the doubts of the hero: the "ordinary" Sonya turns out to be morally superior to Luzhin and Svidrigailov.

Materials for literary arguments from the USE assignments Consider Raskolnikov's "doubles" who live and act according to the principle "everything is allowed." Their fate is an example of the life behavior of Napoleons, "supermen". For the sake of the golden calf and the satisfaction of voluptuousness, the commandments of Christ are transgressed, the highest virtues are overthrown: obedience and abstinence. However, Luzhin turns out to be an ordinary person, Svidrigailov, committing suicide, eliminates himself as a carrier of evil. Finally, Raskolnikov's dream is destroyed by the hero's experiment on his own human nature. But the sin of murder is secondary. Rodion Raskolnikov is a sinner according to the Christian commandments: after all, pride is the greatest evil, and its consequence is dislike for people and the creation of an inhuman theory, according to which he is the “chosen one”, and they are “trembling creatures”. Summing up, note that the hero’s mental crisis could turn into both the death of the personality and its rebirth, but this requires new life guidelines. Like Christ, who raised Lazarus from the dead, Sonya Marmeladova saves Raskolnikov's soul. As a conductor of the writer's philosophy, she is endowed with the gift of love and infinite compassion for people. By the power of her feelings, the heroine elevates Raskolnikov to herself. Rodion is freed from the fetters of the ungodly theory and returns to his present self. Under the pillow in hard labor he has the Gospel. This inspires hope that "the intellect lost in the darkness of unbelief" will find rest in faith.

5. "Friendship and enmity." The direction aims at reasoning about the value of human friendship, about ways to achieve mutual understanding between individuals, their communities and even entire nations, as well as about the origins and consequences of enmity between them. The content of many literary works is associated with the warmth of human relations or hostility of people, with the development of friendship into enmity or vice versa, with the image of a person who is able or not able to appreciate friendship, who knows how to overcome conflicts or sows enmity.

Interpretation of concepts Friendship is a close relationship based on mutual trust, affection, common interests. Enmity - attitudes and actions imbued with hostility, hatred.

Statements about friendship and enmity An enemy is more dangerous than a close one who turned out to be an enemy (Sh. Rustaveli) By nature, people are not enemies to each other at all (J.-J. Rousseau) Hidden enmity is more dangerous than overt (Cicero) Whoever loves to incite human enmity forever, in the end his fire will destroy (Saadi) A treacherous friend is the most dangerous enemy (G. Fielding) In this unfaithful world, do not be a fool: Do not think of relying on those who are around, Look with a sober eye at your closest friend - A friend may turn out to be the worst enemy ( O. Khayyam)

Sayings about friendship and enmity Who knows about the danger, but he is the enemy (J.-W. Goethe) The worst enemies are from former friends: they hit your weaknesses, they alone are led, in the most vulnerable place (Gracian y Morales) To think that a powerless enemy cannot harm is to think that a spark cannot produce a fire (Saadi) An enemy is known and exposed in misfortune (Epictetus) That enemy is more dangerous who pretends to be your friend (G. Skovoroda) Long tongues ... sow enmity between neighbors and between peoples (V. Scott)

Approximate topics “So people (I repent first) have nothing to do friends” (A. S. Pushkin) “Of two friends, one is always the slave of the other” “There are no ties holier than fellowship” “There is no enemy more cruel than a former friend” (A. Morua) I defeat my enemies by turning them into friends (A. Lincoln)

Recommended works "Dubrovsky", "Shot", "The Captain's Daughter", "Eugene Onegin" by A. S. Pushkin "A Hero of Our Time" by M. Yu. Lermontov "Taras Bulba", "How Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich" N. V. Gogol "Oblomov" A. I. Goncharov "Fathers and Sons" I. S. Turgenev "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy

Introduction What is true friendship? Can we be true to the bonds of fellowship? The ancient heroes Ajax and Patroclus were like brothers and remained faithful companions until their death. However, life often surprises us. Friendship develops into hostility, and hostility into a thirst for revenge.

Materials for literary arguments from the tasks of the Unified State Examination 16. In what works of Russian writers and poets of the 19th century do the heroes resolve a conflict situation with a duel? In your answer to the question posed in the assignment, name at least two works of the 19th century that depict a duel between antagonist heroes (for example, “The Shot” and “Eugene Onegin” by A.S. Pushkin, “A Hero of Our Time” by M. Y. Lermontov, "Fathers and Sons" by I.S. Turgenev, "War and Peace" by L.N. Tolstoy, "Duel" by A.P. Chekhov). Having determined the literary context, indicate the connection between the problems of this fragment and the named works. Consider the tragic finale of the duel between two friends Onegin and Lensky, the pseudo-romantic nature of the duel between Pechorin and Grushnitsky, the duel-game between Pavel Petrovich and Bazarov, the fight between Bezukhov and Dolokhov, the duel between von Koren and Laevsky. Remember how the declared topic will develop in the literature of the early twentieth century: in the battle of Yuri Romashov with the officer environment, the military system as a whole, the hero's opposition to the world order in A. I. Kuprin's story "Duel". Summing up what has been said, note that, being an attribute of noble life, the duel plays a special role in the plot, being connected with the idea and problems of the work.

Materials for literary arguments from the USE assignments 8. How do Pechorin's words about friendship explain his relationship with people around him? Answering the question posed, in a detailed discussion, show the role of Pechorin's confession, reflections on friendship, love in revealing his character. Rate the irony and cynicism of Lermontov's hero. Think about why Pechorin feels like a "moral cripple", "an indispensable face of the fifth act." Prove that Dr. Werner is the intellectual "double" of his friend. Summarizing what has been said, note the skepticism of Lermontov's hero regarding friendly affection (“... of two friends, one is always the slave of the other”), which does not cancel at the same time friendly relations with Dr. Werner.

Materials for literary arguments from the tasks of the Unified State Examination 16. Which Russian writers tested their heroes with friendship? How are these heroes close to Pechorin? Give at least two examples that illustrate the stated topic. Compare them with the relationship between Pechorin and Werner. Point out that Pushkin's Onegin first acts as a mentor in relation to the young poet Lensky, but then becomes a hostage of public opinion, "killing a friend in a duel"; Turgenev's Bazarov condescendingly allows Arkady Kirsanov to admire himself, but does not highly appreciate his friend: "You are a tender soul, a weakling, where should you hate! .. You are shy, you have little hope for yourself ..."; how Prince Bolkonsky feels his superiority over his young friend Pierre, and the cold brethren Dolokhov meets Bezukhov in a duel. Emphasize that the union of lyceum students in A.S. Pushkin, the front-line brotherhood of Cossacks in the novel "Quiet Flows the Don" represent a qualitatively different nature of friendship. In conclusion, indicate that the plot diagram of the relationship between the heroes of "Eugene Onegin", "Fathers and Sons", "War and Peace" indicates a certain correctness of Pechorin's philosophy and at the same time exposes its cynicism.

"Russian language. Literature. Final final essay in the 11th grade. GEF" Educational and methodological manual is intended for those who want to successfully prepare for writing the final essay in the 11th grade. The book was written taking into account the thematic areas of the final essay in the graduating classes for the 2016-2017 academic year, as well as the requirements for the structure, content and evaluation of the final work. The authors have developed a system of various creative tasks that can be performed directly in the book. Thus, the format of the manual allows you to use it as a practice book. The book is addressed to teachers and school graduates, however, it can be used to prepare for writing essays in the 9th-10th grades.

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Russian duel - the history of domestic prejudice. Essay on Literature on the topic The Poet Died

GeneralJacobin

Governor of the South

Last appointment

Collection of ideal social studies essays

Anti-Soviet rebellion in Hungary (1956)